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The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

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Page 1: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step

Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Page 2: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Primary metal requirements for C, N, and P acquisition and assimilation by marine phytoplankton

Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Page 3: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

K p K p

Am inoácido term inal -CO O H

R-CO O H

-NH

R-NH

=NH

2 3,5 - 4

Aspártico, G lutám ico 4 4 - 5

H istid ina Im idazol 6 6 - 7

Am inoácido term inal 9 7,5 - 8

C isteína SH 8 10

Tirosina Fenol 10 9,5 - 10,5

Lisina 10 10

Argin ina 12 12

3

3

2

+

+

+

Valores de K propios e in trínsecos de los grupos ionizables de las proteínas que intervienen en la un ión de los iones m etá licos

p a

a aResiduo am inoacíd ico G rupo ion izablepropio in trínseco

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 4: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Hierro

Proteínas hemínicas

Grupo hemo (Fe-protoporfirina IX)Mioglobina y hemoglobinaCitocromos (a, b, c, d, f, P-450, etc)Oxigenasas, peroxidasas y óxido-reductasas

Grupo sirohemoSulfito y nitrito reductasas

Page 5: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 6: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Fe 2

his F8 his E7grupo hem o(vista la teral)

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 7: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

CO2

CO2

HCO3-

HCO3-

H2O

H+

Cl-

CO2

CO2

HCO3-

HCO3-

H2O

H+

Cl-

Tejidos Pulmones

Page 8: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 9: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

O2

H+

Tejidos Pulmones

HbH+-CO2

CO2

Hb-O2

O2

O2

H+

HbH+-CO2

CO2

Hb-O2

O2

CO2 CO2

Page 10: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 11: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 12: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Hierro

Proteínas no hemínicas

Agrupaciones Fe-SFerredoxina y RubredoxinaFerritina y TransferrinaOxigenasas, Hidrogenasa y Nitrogenasa

Agrupaciones híbridas (Fe-S-O)Función no asignada (ciclo N?,protección frente al estrés oxidativo?)

Page 13: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

S

Fe Fe

S

S

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

[ 2Fe – 2S ]

[ 4Fe – 4S ] [ 3Fe – 3S ]

Fe

Fe Fe

S

S

Fe Fe

Fe S

S S

S

Fe

Page 14: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

2Fe.2S iron sulfur center from Rieske protein of the bc1-complex

Two 4Fe.4S iron sulfur centers ferredoxin

Iron Sulfur Centers

Page 15: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Rees & Howard (2003) Science 300, 929-931

Iron Sulfur Centers

Page 16: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Aragao et al. (2003) J Biol Inorg Chem 8, 540

Hybrid Cluster Proteins (HCPs)

The hybrid cluster contains both -S and -O bridges between pairs of iron atoms

Page 17: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Biological Iron Transport Agents

All multi-cellular and essentially all single-celled organisms require iron for growth, even though the biological availability of iron is extremely limited by the insolubility of iron hydroxide.

To overcome this difficulty, microbes synthesize low-molecular weight chelating agents called siderophores which bind and solubilize iron. These ferric siderophore complexes are then transported into the bacteria by specific receptor proteins.

In mammals, dietary iron is absorbed and bound to the iron transport protein transferrin. In cells, iron is stored by the protein ferritin.

http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~knrgrp/iron.html

Page 18: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Siderophores

http://www.nd.edu/~mmiller1/page2.html

Competition for iron between a host and bacteria is one of the most important factors determining the course of a bacterial infection.

Different organisms utilize structurally varied siderophores to also competitively bind iron and gain selective growth advantages.

Page 19: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Ferritin: Iron Storage

Mammalian ferritins are 24-mers assembled from two types of polypeptide chain which provide the molecule with different functions. H(eavy) chains catalyse the first step in iron storage, the oxidation of iron(II). L(ight) chains promote the nucleation of the mineral ferrihydrite enabling storage of iron(III) inside the protein shell.

Page 21: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Cobre

Tipo 1. Disposición tetraédricaProteínas azules de cobre: plastocianina, azurina, amicianina, etc.

Tipo 2. Complejo plano-cuadradoNitrito reductasaSuperóxido dismutasaAmino oxidasaGalactosa oxidasa

Page 22: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Cobre

Tipo 3. Centro dinuclear: dos pirámides trigonales opuestasHemocianina (transporte de oxígeno)Tirosinasa (hidroxilación de fenoles)

Page 23: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Cobre

Tipo 4. Centro trinuclear (mixto tipos 2 y 3)Ascorbato oxidasaCeruloplasmina (transporte de Cu)Lacasa (oxidación de fenoles)

Page 24: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Ceruloplasmin (PDB: 1kcw)

There are six copper atoms: three are monocluclear (Type I); the three others form a trinuclear cluster (see above).

Page 25: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Finney & O’Halloran (2003) Science 300, 931

Cu trafficking in S. cerevisiae

Page 26: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Tipo 5. CuA (dinuclear) y CuB (mononuclear)Citocromo c oxidasa (complejo IV)

CuA

CuB

Page 27: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Cytochrome c oxidase – Complex IV

Cytochrome Oxidase Home Page

http://www-bioc.rice.edu/~graham/CcO.html

Subunit III (in blue) with an embedded phospholipid. Subunit IV (green, unique to this enzyme) Subunit I (yellow) - Subunit II (purple) Antibody fragment (cyan) used to drive crystallization.

Page 28: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Complex IV

The copper A center in subunit II

Iwata et al. (1995) Nature 376, 660-669

Page 29: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Complex IV: The cytochrome a3-CuB binuclear center

Iwata et al. (1995) Nature 376, 660-669

Page 30: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Molibdeno

Cofactor de molibdeno (MoCo)Xantina oxidasa Xantina deshidrogenasaNitrato reductasa (fotosintética)Sulfito reductasa (animales y bacterias)Aldehído oxidasa (mamíferos)CO2 reductasa (bacterias)

Cofactor de hierro y molibdeno (MoFeCo)Nitrogenasa (bacterias)

Page 31: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

O

C H CH O P O

O

C

S

O O

C

SH N

O H O

2

2

-

-HN

M o

cofactor de m olibdeno(M oco)

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 32: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Nitrogenase

Page 33: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Manganeso

Complejo fotooxidante del agua (OEC)Lectinas (proteínas que unen

polisacáridos)Piruvato carboxilasaSuperóxido dismutasa

Cobalto

Cianocobalamina (o vitamina B12)Enzimas que participan en reacciones detransferencia de hidrógeno y grupos metilo

Page 34: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

M n

M n

M n

M n

O O

O

O

O O

estructura de diam ante

O O

O

O

M n M n

M n

M n

estructura de cubo

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 35: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

PSII from

cyanobacteriaCyt c-549

Mn

Page 36: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

N

NN

NC o

Co-corrina

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 37: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Co

C N

vitam ina B 12

(cianocobalam ina)Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 38: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

..\..\PcMolecule Lite\Mols\Vitamin B12.mcm

Page 39: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Cinc

Regulador de la actividad de enzimasEstabilizador de proteínas y polinucleótidosEn enzimas:

Anhidrasa carbónica AldolasaFosfatasa alcalinaDeshidrogenasasPolimerasas de DNA y RNAPeptidasas y proteinasas

\biomodel\model1\INICIO.HTM

Page 40: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Structure of Zn(II) -lactamase (3bc2)

The Zn(II) is tetrahedrally coordinated by His86, His88, His149 and a water/hydroxide molecule

Dal Peraro et al. (2002) JBIC 7, 704-712

Page 41: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Níquel

Ureasa CO deshidrogenasa

Vanadio

Hemovanadina (en la sangre de los tunicados)Regulador de ATPasas y fosfatasasEn enzimas:

Bromoperoxidasa (algas pardas y rojas)Nitrogenasa (sustituye al molibdeno)

Page 42: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

Wolframio

Aldehído óxido-reductasas (termófilos)

Cromo

En el factor de tolerancia a la glucosa (potencia laacción de la insulina)

Page 43: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

O

CH

CHCH

CH

CH

(

(

OH

OH

CH

3

22

3

2

3

riboflavina( vitamina B )2

Page 44: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

..\PcMolecule Lite\Mols\FAD.mcm

..\PcMolecule Lite\Mols\FAD.mcmLos Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

..\..\PCM2L\Mols\FAD.mcm

Page 45: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la RosaEditorial Rueda, Madrid (1998-99)

Page 46: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Oligoelementos

No metales y semimetales

SelenioComo seleno-cisteína en:

Glutatión peroxidasaReductasas y deshidrogenasas

SilicioEsqueleto de SiO2 de las diatomeas

BoroEstabiliza las estructuras de los heterocistos (célulasfijadoras de N2 en cianobacterias filamentosas)

Page 47: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Anabaena sp. PCC 7119

Pseudanabaena sp. PCC 6903Cyanobacteria

Page 48: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Metales en biología  Metaloproteínas no enzimáticas

Transporte de dioxígeno (hemoglobina y mioglobina)Transferencia de electrones (citocromos)Función estructural de los iones metálicos (proteínas con Zn que regulan la expresión génica)

 Metaloenzimas

Enzimas hidrolíticos (anhidrasa carbónica)Enzimas redox de dos electrones (deshidrogenasas)Enzimas redox multielectrónicos (nitrito reductasa)Reorganizaciones (aconitasa, en el ciclo de Krebs)

 

Page 49: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Metales en biología  Comunicación

Magnetita para la navegación magnética en animalesNa+, K+ y Ca2+ en la transducción de señales celulares

Interacción con los ácidos nucleicosNa+ y Mg2+ en la estabilización de las estructuras de DNA y RNA

 Transporte y almacenamiento

Transferrina (transporte) y ferritina (almacenamiento) en animalesCeruloplasmina para el transporte de CuMetalotioneína para eliminación de tóxicos como Cd o PbSideróforos para la entrada de Fe en bacterias

Page 50: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Metales en Medicina

Mercurio Tratamiento de la sífilisHierro Tratamiento de la anemiaMagnesio Tratamiento de desórdenes

intestinalesOro Contra la artritis reumatoide

Titanio Implantes (dentales, p.e.) Tecnecio-99 Marcador radioisotópicoCisplatino Quimioterapia: AnticancerígenoAc-225 y Bi-213 Radioterapia: Generadores de

partículas alfa como terapiacontra el cáncer

Page 51: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Thompson & Orvig (2003) Science 300, 936

Metal ions in Medicine

Page 52: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Science, 9 May 2003

Metal ions in Medicine

A 3D high-resolution magnetic resonance angiogram of a human foot, showing blood vessels containing a Gadolinium-based contrast agent.

Page 53: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Crubzy et al. (1998) Nature 391, 29

False teeth (iron-made dental implant) of the Roman world

Page 54: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Cl

ClH3N Pt

NH3

Cisplatino, un anticancerígeno

Page 55: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Cl

ClH3N Pt

NH3

Cl

ClH3N Pt

NH3

Cl

H2OH3N Pt

NH3

H2O

H2OH3N Pt

NH3

HO-

H2OH3N Pt

NH3

Aductos Cisplatino-DNA

DNA (célula tumoral)

SANGRE

CITOPLASMA

Page 56: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Doble hélicede DNA

..\..\Estructuras\CisPlatinoDNA.msv

Page 57: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

2 n m

R E P L I C A C I Ó N D E L D N A

Page 58: The nitrogen cycle, including the metal cofactors in each enzymatically catalyzed step Morel & Price (2003) Science 300, 944

Metal Efecto del exceso Observaciones bioquímicas

Aluminio ¿Implicado en la enfermedad de Alzheimer y encefalopatías?

¿Interacción con el fosfato? Cross-linking de proteínas

Cadmio Reducción de la capacidad de filtración del riñón

Bloquea los grupos sulfhidrilos de los enzimas y compite con el cinc por sus sitios de unión. Estimula la síntesis de metalotioneína e interfiere con el metabolismo del Cu2+ y del Zn2+

Mercurio Daño al sistema nervioso central, desórdenes neuropsiquiátricos

Algunos de sus compuestos son solubles en lípidos

Plomo Saturnismo, daños al sistema nervioso periférico. Perturba la síntesis de hemo y afecta al riñón

El Pb2+ puede sustituir al Ca2+ con pérdida de la integridad estructural y funcional. Reemplaza al Zn2+ en la deshidrata del ácido aminolevulínico. Reacciona con los grupos sulfhidrilos

Talio Envenenamiento del sistema nervioso; entra en las células a través de los canales de K+

Tl+ es similar al K+ y se une con más fuerza a los ligandos de N y S

Efecto del exceso de metales no biológicos en el hombre y animales