the nineteenth century march 20, 2012. the industrial revolution “before the end of the eighteenth...
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THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
March 20, 2012
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
“Before the end of the eighteenth century,
the Industrial Revolution had begun
to transform work, living conditions,
population patterns, and economic
standards in many parts of Europe and the United States”
(983).
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
“Given all these events, rhetoric in the
nineteenth century clearly had to respond
to the changing nature of public
education as much as to the internal
economies of the discipline and related
intellectual movements” (983).
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RICHARD WHATELY
His version of rhetoric “focuses on argument to provide a defense for religion against the skepticism fired by science and rationalism”returns to classical invention as a way to generate arguments about absolute truth; not concerned with probable truthsEmphasis on audience
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RICHARD WHATELY
“Rhetoric must prove the truth since it “does not convey itself” (984)Rhetoric requires a theory of argument, invention concerned with ways of convincing uneducated congregationsMakes a distinction between conviction (reason) and persuasion (emotion), thus the way reasoning produces conviction is not always “logical or consistent” (985)
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WOMEN’S RHETORIC
As women’s education improved throughout the nineteenth century (through great trial, political battles and daily hardship), “women increasingly began to speak in public and to reflect on rhetorical practices” (987)
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WOMEN’S RHETORIC
Women’s rhetoric was challenging: it was “based not on culturally dominant values and well-established occasions for oratory but on strategies ‘to subvert popular belief’”(987)Faced challenges from cultural prohibitions from speaking, hostile audiences, and stereotypes that rejected women as authoritative (ethos)
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WOMEN’S RHETORIC
Women rhetors drew upon the ethos and collective strength of the churches: Protestant Christianity, Quakerism and Methodists churchArgued passionately against slavery, racism; argued for temperance, women’s civil rights and right to suffrage
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WOMEN’S RHETORIC
Sojourner Truth One of the most famous
African-American woman orator of the time
Born a slave, but freed when slavery abolished in NY
Became a travelling prophet who focused on denouncing slavery and the oppression of all women
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WOMEN’S RHETORIC
She said that "the spirit of the Lord had told her to avail herself of
the opportunity of speaking to so many children assembled together,
of the great sin of prejudice against color. Children, who made your
skin white? Was it not God? Who made mine black? Was it not the
same God? Am I to blame, therefore, because my skin is black? Does
it not cast a reproach on our Maker to despise a part of His children,
because He has been pleased to give them a black skin? Indeed,
children, it does; and your teachers ought to tell you so, and root up,
if possible, the great sin of prejudice against color from your minds.
While Sabbath School Teachers know of this great sin, and not only
do not teach their pupils that it is a sin, but too often indulge in it
themselves, can they expect God to bless them or the children?
Does not God love colored children as well as white children? And
did not the same Savior die to save the one as well as the other? If
so, white children must know that if they go to Heaven, they must go
there without their prejudice against color, for in Heaven black and
white are one in the love of Jesus. Now children, remember what
Sojourner Truth has told you, and thus get rid of your prejudice, and
learn to love colored children that you may be all the children of
your Father who is in Heaven."
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RHETORIC OF MEN OF COLOR
Like women, non-white rhetors “had to develop rhetorical strategies for heterogeneous and hostile audiences, to claim a hearing that their very appearance would often seem to deny them” (991)
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RHETORIC OF MEN OF COLOR
Frederick Douglass A powerful and
forceful agitator and orator against slavery and African-American civil rights as well as women’s rights
Published the famous abolitionist paper The North Star
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
For Nietzsche, all language is rhetorical
Draws from the philosophy of the
Sophists“. . .the traditional
philosophical search for truth that lies
beyond language and convention is a
hopeless delusion. . .”(997)
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
“What then is truth? A moveable host of metaphors,
metonymies and anthropomorphisms. . .Truth
sAre illusions which we have forgotten are illusions; they
are metaphors that have become worn our and have been drained of sensuous
force, coins which have lost their embossing and are now considered as metal and no
longer as coins.”--On Truth and Lies in a
Nonmoral Sense
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THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
March 20, 2012