the next generation of neutrino telescopes -icecube design and performance, science potential...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The next generation of Neutrino telescopes -ICECUBE Design and Performance, Science Potential Albrecht Karle University of Wisconsin-Madison karle@alizarin.physics.wisc.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb75503460f94bc11be/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The next generation of Neutrino telescopes -ICECUBE
Design and Performance, Science Potential
Albrecht Karle
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Neutrino 2002Munich
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The IceCube Collaboration
Institutions: 11 US, 9 European institutions and 1 Japanese institution; ≈110 people 1. Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware2. BUGH Wuppertal, Germany3. Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium4. CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta USA5. DESY-Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany6. Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA7. Dept. of Technology, Kalmar University, Kalmar, Sweden8. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA9. Department of Physics, Southern University and A\&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA10. Dept. of Physics, UC Berkeley, USA 11. Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany12. University of Mons-Hainaut, Mons, Belgium13. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA14. Dept. of Astronomy, Dept. of Physics, SSEC, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA15. Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, USA16. Division of High Energy Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden17. Fysikum, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden18. University of Alabama19. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium20. Chiba University, Japan
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Outline of Talk
1. Overview2. Muon neutrinos from:
• a) diffuse sources• b) point sources• c) Gamma ray bursts
3. Electron Neutrinos: Cascades4. Tau Neutrinos5. The surface component: IceTop6. Detector: Optical sensor7. Summary
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IceCube has been designed as a
discovery instrument with improved:
• telescope area• detection volume• energy measurement of secondary muons
and electromagnetic showers• identification of neutrino flavor• angular resolution
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IceCube
1400 m
2400 m
AMANDA
South Pole
IceTop
Skiway
• 80 Strings• 4800 PMT • Instrumented
volume: 1 km3 (1 Gt)
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Project status
• Approved by the National Science Board• Startup funding is allocated.• Construction is in preparation (Drill, OM
design, OM production, DAQ and test facilities).
• Construction start in 04/05; possibly a few initial strings in 03/04.
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- flavours and energy ranges
• Filled area: particle id, direction, energy
• Shaded area: energy only
• Detect neutrinos of all flavours at energies from 107 eV (SN) to 1020 eV
Neutrino flavorμτe ( / )Log ENERGY eV1218156219e
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Neutrino sky as seen by AMANDA
Monte Carlo methods are verified on data.
cos(q)
Data
AtmosphericnMC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
cos
events
Methods are not yet optimized and fully developed for high energies.
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Track reconstruction in low noise environment
• Typical event: 30 - 100 PMT
fired• Track length: 0.5 - 1.5 km• Flight time: ≈4 µsecs • Accidental noise pulses:
10 p.e. / 5000 PMT/4µsec
AMANDA-II
1 km
10 TeV
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Angular resolution < 1° (med)
• Resolution ≈ 0.8 deg (median)
• Improves slightly with energy
• Better near horizon: ≈0.7° (Sample more strings)
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
2.25
2.5
0 -1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
muon energy 0.1 to 1.0 TeVmuon energy 1.0 to 10.0 TeVmuon energy 10.0 to 100.0 TeV
cos(zenith angle)
Search bin ≈ 1.0°
Solid angle: 2π/6500
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Effective area for muons
• Trigger: allows non contained events
• Quality cuts: for background rejection
• Point source selection: soft energy cut for atmos. neutrino rejection (Assumed spectrum: E-2, time of exposure 1 year)
QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Geometric detector area = 1km2Eff. area = Agen* (Ndet./Ngen)Efficiency ≈ effective area/km2Muon energy is the energy at closest approach tothe detector
log10(E/GeV)
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Effective Area vs. cos
QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture. Note that the detector is sensitive to downward
going muonsat energies above 1 PeV
Muon energyEffective areas are given after quality cuts (including up/down separation where needed)
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Point sources: event rates
AtmosphericNeutrinos
AGN* (E-2) Sensitivity(E-2/(cm2 sec GeV))
All sky/year(after quality cuts)
100,000 -
Search bin/year 20 2300 -
1 year: Nch > 32 0.91 610 5.3 x 10-9
3 year: Nch > 43 (7 TeV)
0.82 1370 2.3 x 10-9
Flux equal to current AMANDA limitdN/dE = 10-6*E-2/(cm2 sec GeV)
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Compare to Mrk 501 gamma ray flux
Sensitivity of 3 years of IceCube
Field of view:Continuous 24 h x 2 sr
(northern sky)
AMANDA prelim. limit
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Point source sensitivity
10-10
10-8
10-6
10-4
102 103 104 105 106
E2
(dN/dE ) [GeVcm
-2s
-1]
E( )GeV
- (3 )AMANDA II yr
- 10( 97)AMANDA B '
IceCube3 273C
Crab
AGN Core
501(Mk =γ)
.Atm
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Search for diffuse -fluxes
Method:• Assume a diffuse neutrino flux
(Hypothesis), e.g. the current AMANDA limit: dN/dE = 10-6*E-2/(cm2 sec GeV sr)--> 11,500 events /year
• The background is the atmospheric neutrino flux (after quality cuts): = 100,000 events / year
• Apply energy cut.
Atmospheric
E-2 flux
True neutrino energy
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Eµ=10 TeV ≈ 90 hits Eµ=6 PeV ≈ 1000 hits
Energy reconstructionSmall detectors: Muon energy is difficult to measure because of fluctuations in dE/dx IceCube: Integration over large sampling+ scattering of light reduces the fluctutions energy loss.
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Event rates before and after energy cut
Note: Neutrinos from Charm production included according to: Thunman, Ingelmann, Gondolo,Astropart. Phys. 5:309-332,1996
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Diffuse flux, 3 years of IceCube
• Optimize energy cut.• Sensitivity of IceCube after 3
years of operation (90% c.l.):
dN/dE ≤ 4.8 x 10-9 * E-2/(cm2 sec GeV)
QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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1 pp core AGN (Nellen)2 pγ core AGN Stecker & Salomon)3 pγ „maximum model“ (Mannheim et al.)4 pγ blazar jets (Mannh)5 pγ AGN (Rachen & Biermann)6 pp AGN (Mannheim)7 GRB (Waxman & Bahcall)8 TD (Sigl)
from Mannheim & Learned,2000
MacroBaikal
IceCubeSensitivity after 3 years
Amanda
Example: Diffuse Fluxes - Predictions and Limits
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WIMPs from Sun/EarthLook for excess of muons from the direction of the sun or the center of the earth
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WIMPs from the Sun with IceCube
• IceCube will significantly improve the sensitivity.
• Similar sensitivity to GENIUS, …
J. Edsjö, 2000
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Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursts
Reject background by:
• Energy (number of fired PMT)• Angle (circular bin of 1º radius)• Time (≈ 10 sec/ GRB, coincident to known GRB,
gamma ray signal, e.g. from satellite detector)
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Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursts
Essentially background free detector:Only 200 GRB needed to detect standard fireball prediction (Waxman/Bahcall 99)
For 1000 GRB observed:
• Expected signal: 11 upgoing muon events• Expected background: 0.05 events
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Cascade event
Energy = 375 TeV
e + N --> e- + X
•The length of the actual cascade, ≈ 10 m, is small compared to the spacing of sensors•==> ≈ roughly spherical density distribution of light•1 PeV ≈ 500 m diameter•Local energy deposition = good energy resolution of neutrino
energy
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Event rates of cascades (e)
1
10
10 2
10 3
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.20 0.20 .4 0.60 .8 1
cos q
Assumed flux: dN/dE = 10-7*E-2/(cm2 sec GeV sr)
Rates at trigger levelEffective volume after background rejection:
1 km3 for E>30TeV
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τDouble Bang
τ + N -->τ- + X
τ + X (82%)
E << 1PeV: Single cascade (2 cascades coincide)E ≈ 1PeV: Double bangE >> 1 PeV: partially contained (reconstruct incoming tau track and cascade from decay)
Regeneration makes Earth quasi transparent for high energie ;(Halzen, Salzberg 1998, …)Also enhanced muon flux due to Secondary µ, and µ
(Beacom et al.., astro/ph 0111482)
Learned, Pakvasa, 1995
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τ at E>PeV: Partially contained
• The incoming tau radiates little light.
• The energy of the second cascade can be measured with high precision.
• Signature: Relatively low energy loss incoming track: would be much brighter than the tau (compare to the PeV muon event shown before)
Photoelectron density
Timing, realistic spacing
Result: high eff. Volume;Only second bang needs to be seen in Ice3
10-20 OM early hits measuring the incoming τ-track
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Density profile of double bang event
-300 m 300 m0 m
300 m
0 m
Shown is the expected photoelectron signal density of a tau event.The first interaction is at z=0, the second one at ≈225m.The diagram spans about 400m x 800m.
Pho
toel
ectr
ons/
PM
T
10
105
103
10-1
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Capture Waveform information (MC)
• Complex waveforms provide additional information
E=10 PeV
0 - 4 µsec
Events / 10 nsec
String 1 String 2 String 3 String 4 String 5
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DAQ design: Digital Optical Module- PMT pulses are digitized in the Ice
Photomultiplier
Design parameters:• Time resolution:≤ 5 nsec
(system level)• Dynamic range: 200
photoelectrons/15 nsec• (Integrated dynamic range: >
2000 photoelectrons)• Digitization depth: 4 µsec.• Noise rate in situ: ≤500 Hz
33 cm
DOM
For more informationon the Digital Optical Module:see poster by R. Stokstad et al.
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Coincident events• Two functions
– veto and calibration– cosmic-ray physics
• Energy range:– ~3 x 1014 -- 1018 eV– few to thousands of muons per
event
• Measure:– Shower size at surface– High energy muon component
in ice
• Large solid angle– One IceTop station per hole– ~ 0.5 sr for C-R physics with
“contained” trajectories– Larger aperture as veto
IceTop
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Schematic of IceTop detector• Two Ice Cherenkov tanks at top of each IceCube hole
– Each 3.6 m2; local coincidence for muon vs. shower discrimination
– Calibration with single muons @ ~1KHz per tank
• Integrated into IceCube– construction– trigger– data acquisition
• Heritage:– Haverah Park– Auger
Single μ
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Expectation for coincident events
• ~109 IceTop-IceCube coincidences/year
• Calibration beam for IceCube
• ~100/day with multi-TeV μ in IceCube
• Air shower physics to 1018 eV
Eshower
log(E/eV)
Log(Nµ) (1500m)
Events/ year
15 20 5e7
16 130 5*105
17 700 5000
18 4000 50
Some numbers: Shower energyNumber of muons / showerNumber of events / year
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SPASE - AMANDA: Energy resolution of air shower primary
1 PeV - 10 PeV
Entries 1798
Constant 3057.
Mean -0.3207E-01
Sigma 0.6900E-01
log(E_reconstructed)-log(E_true)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Energy resolution of air shower primary for 1<E/PeV<10:E ≈ 7% log(E)
(Mass independent; based on MC) Proton
Iron
5 6 7 8
Log(E_reconstructed)
5
6
7
8
Log
(E_
true
)
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Measuring mass and energy of cosmic ray primary particle
Unfolding energy and mass using
SPASE and AMANDAA
MA
ND
A (
nu
mb
er
of m
uon
s)
SPASEII (number of electrons)
Iron
Proton
log(E/GeV)
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Supernova detection in IceCube
• e + p --> n + e+ (10-40 MeV)
• Low PMT noise (<500Hz) increase due to the positrons
• AMANDA/IceCube records noise on the PMTs over 0.5 sec and summing up total rate over 10 sec intervals.
•Detectors to be connected to Supernova Early Warning System
AMANDA IceCube
MC
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Construction: 11/2003-01/2009
FY04:6FY05:12FY06:16FY07:16FY08:16FY09:14
AMANDA
SPASE-2 South Pole
Dome
Skiway
100 m
Grid North
IceCube
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South Pole
Dark sector
AMANDA
IceCube
Dome
Skiway
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Project status
• Approved by the National Science Board• Startup funding is allocated.• Construction is in preparation (Enhanced
Hotwater Drill, OM design, OM production facilties, DAQ and test facilities).
• Construction start in 04/05; possibly a few initial strings in 03/04.
• Then 16 strings per season, increased rate may be possible.
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Summary
• IceCube array allows– Very good event reconstruction (E,).– High sensitivity to muon-, electron-, tau-
neutrinos.– Particle identification over wide energy range.
• IceCube is a multipurpose detector covering a wide range of energies, signals, discovery potentials.
• Size and quality of information provides sensitivity in discovery range.
• Construction is in preparation.