the new dynamic

7/30/2019 The New Dynamic

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G Ohw Nyoglbj

G @ubnh co tmh Jmgo`bo` Nyoglbjs fcr Lcnhro

Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos Urcfhssbcogds

Jgrdtco Jmgrdhs Pbdjcxsco

77/71/1571



Jgrdtco Pbdjcxsco

7 | U g ` h

Bo fgst pgjhn dbfhstydh, argons pcsbtbco tmhlshdvhs jcostgotdy. Pmhtmhr bo jmbog, tmh XI,

cr mhrh bo tmh Xobthn Ztgths, argons grh adc``bo`, twhhtbo`, gon fbonbo` ohw wgys tc bothrgjt wbtm

tmh tgr`ht lgrihts. Bo tcngy”s lgriht, Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos bs jurrhotdy `cbo` tmrcu`m ab` jmgo`hs

nuh tc tmh hlhr`hojh cf scjbgd lhnbg gon `dcagdbzgtbco, aut surprbsbo`dy tmh trgnbtbcogd vgduhs

gon sibdd stbdd mcdn strco`.

^mh ohw hlhr`hojh cf scjbgd lhnbg bo lcnhro scjbhty mgs bothrkhjthn btshdf bo gdlcst gdd

grhgs cf scjbgd bothrgjtbco. Pbtm tmgt ah sgbn, Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos bs oc hxphjtgtbco. Zcjbgd lhnbg

mgs lgnh g lgkcr blpgjt co puadbj rhdgtbcos strgth`bhs tcngy. Zcjbgd lhnbg bs ocw ushn tc `gbo

hxpcsurh, jcotgjt tgr`ht lgrihts gon upmcdn tmh blg`h cf g jdbhot co g ngy tc ngy agsbs.

Zcjbgd lhnbg bo jcokuojtbco wbtm jdbhot rhdgtbcos jgo arbo` gwgrhohss tc tmh lgsshs gacut

g phrsco(s) gon/cr tmhbr argon. UQ prcfhssbcogds tcngy mgvh lgsthrhn tmh ush cf scjbgd lhnbg

fbonbo` g agdgojh bo arcgnjgstbo` g lhssg`h gon dbsthobo` tc tmh lgsshs. Xsbo` sbths dbih

Fgjhacci, ^wbtthr, gon Rcutuah prcfhssbcogds mgvh ahho gjjhss tmh lgsshs, gs whdd gs iocw

wmgt trhons grh jurrhot glco`st tmh lgsshs. Arcgnjgstbo` vbg scjbgd lhnbg, jgo ah g lhnbul bo

aubdnbo` ‘auzz‖, cr prcvbnbo` bofcrlgtbco tc furtmhr g argon. Jdbhots jgo hgsbdy ̀ gbo lcrh

puadbjbty, wbtmcut tmh mgssdh cf shttbo` up hvhots, gon prclctbcos bo mcph tmgt tmh phcpdh shh bt.

Co tmh ctmhr mgon, scjbgd lhnbg jgo ah go gvhouh tc dbstho gon `gtmhr bofcrlgtbco frcl

tmh lgsshs. UQ prcfhssbcogds gdwgys dcci fcr jcllhot, su``hstbcos, gs whdd gs bothrgjtbcos tc

uonhrstgon cr gffbrl tmhbr strgth`y fcr g jdbhot. ^gih tmh hxglpdh cf @cdboMgrrbs, g tcp 75 UQ

fbrl wmc rhprhshots jclpgobhs dbih Pgd-Lgrt, LjNcogdns, gon ^cyctg Lctcr, wbdd sphon gacut



Jgrdtco Pbdjcxsco

1 | U g ` h

$75 Lbddbco co thjmocdc`y gon trgbobo` fcr bts hlpdcyhhs. G dgr`h pcrtbco cf tmh lcohy bs `cbo`

tc ludtblhnbg ho`g`hlhot rccls, jgddhn tmh Arbn`h. (^blhs), 1577) Bo tmhsh rccls, hlpdcyhhs

lcobtcr scjbgd lhnbg bo rhgd tblh co ahmgdf cf jdbhots.

Zcjbgd Lhnbg gdsc, mgs tmh pcwhr cf rhgjmbo` tgr`ht gunbhojh gon lgrihts bo rh`grns tc

jdbhot rhdgtbco. Bo fgjt, UQ fbrls gjrcss tmh ogtbco grh gncptbo` tmh trhons Nr. Ncogdn I. Prb`mt

mgs jconujthn g stuny frcl 1556 tc 1571, survhybo` UQ fbrls tmh hlhr`hojh cf scjbgd lhnbg gon

g jmgo`h bo jclluobjgtbcos. ^mh survhy rhsudts smcw go bojrhgsh cf blpcrtgojh, yhgr gfthr yhgr

bo rh`grns tc jclluobjgtbco gon jdbhot cr`gobzgtbco. (Ncogdn Prb`mt Um.N., 1571) Furtmhrlcrh,

puadbj rhdgtbcos jclpgobhs mgvh ahho rhdgybo` co scjbgd lhnbg lcrh tmrcu`mcut tmh yhgrs. Pmho

gsi bo tmh stuny ‘^c tmh ahst cf ycur iocwdhn`h, mgs ycur cr`gobzgtbco hvhr jconujthn rhshgrjm

lhgsurbo` wmgt lhlahrs cf ctmhr strgth`bj puadbjs mgvh jclluobjgthn gacut ycur cr`gobzgtbco

vbg adc`s cr ctmhr scjbgd lhnbg3‖, tmh phrjhotg`h cf jclpgobhs goswhrbo` yhs whot frcl :2% bo

1556 tc >:% bo 1571. (Ncogdn Prb`mt Um.N., 1571). UQ prcfhssbcogd ush scjbgd lhnbg gs ihy

tccd fcr actm bofcrlgtbco `gtmhrbo` gon rhgjmbo` tgr`ht lgrihts.

Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos tcgny mgs fcuon lgoy ushs fcr scjbgd lhnbg, aut ocoh lcrh blpcrtgot

tmgo jrhgtbo` go blg`h. Zcjbgd lhnbg mgs ahjclh g wgy tc jcostgotdy gffbrl tmh blg`h cf g

argon cr Jdbhot. Gdtmcu`m scjbgd lhnbg jgo ah mhdpfud bo jrhgtbo` go blg`h bt jgo gdsc nhstrcy go

blg`h tcc. Fcr Bostgojh, Gotmcoy Phbohr g jco`rhsslgo, bo fgjt tmh ycuo`hst jco`rhsslgo tc

hvhr wbo g Ohw Rcri Jcuojbdlgo shgt fcuon mblshdf bo lujm trcuadh tc nuh tc scjbgd lhnbg.

Nhspbth mbs gjjclpdbsmlhots, mbs jgrhhr hon rhdgtbvhdy qubji nuh tc g dboi cf g ounh pmctc cf

mblshdf tmgt mh twhhthn tc wclgo co twbtthr. (Juclc, 1577) ^mbs bs oct go bscdgthn jgsh hbtmhr9

jco`rhsslho Jmrbs Dhh gon Lgri Fcdhy mgvh gdsc tgiho g mbt bo tmhbr jgrhhr nuh tc scjbgd lhnbg.



Jgrdtco Pbdjcxsco

: | U g ` h

Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos btshdf mgs hxpgonhn, gssblbdgtbo` lcnhro lgrihtbo` strgth`bhs wbtm

nbffhrhot judturhs grcuon tmh wcrdn. Gs argons `ht ab``hr, tmhy thon tc sprhgn cvhrshgs, lgibo`

`dcagdbzgtbco hvbnhot bo tmh puadbj rhdgtbcos prcfhssbco. (Jrhhnco & Lgb, 1558) UQ prcfhssbcogds

stbdd mcdn tmh tgsis cf jcoohjtbo` tc tgr`ht lgrihts, prcvbnbo` hxpcsurh gon lgbotgbobo` go blg`h

nhspbth tmh jmgo`h bo judturh. Jmuji ^gocwbtz fcuonhr cf `dcagd fbrl Frhsm @rcuon mgn tmbs tc

sgy, ‘Bo trutm wh”rh tgdibo` gacut tmh sglh pcsbtbvh UQ prgjtbjhs tmgt `ccn UQ phcpdh mgvh ahho

ncbo` fcr nhjgnhs… ^mhy rhgn gon uonhrstgon tmhbr tgr`ht gunbhojh, tmho mhdp jrgft stcrbhs tmgt

sphgi tc gon wbtm tmgt gunbhojh.‖ (Zwgddcw, 1575) Mbs stgthlhot smcws tmgt tmh sglh jcrh

vgduhs stbdd hxthot tc cvhrshgs wmho nhgdbo` wbtm ctmhr judturhs.

Pbtm `dcagd hxpgosbco ahjclbo` g futurh trhon lgoy nbffbjudtbhs jclh wbtm bt, wmho

nhgdbo` wbtm jdbhot rhdgtbcos. Lgoy bssuhs cf rhùdgtbcos gon fbogojbgddy systhls, jgo jgush

bssuhs wmho try tc prclcth g argon cvhrshg. G jcostgot prcadhl ahjclhs justclbzgtbco cf tmh

jdbhot cr argon tc fbt bo tmh ohw judturh cr lgriht. (Zrbrglhsm, 1552) Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos

prcfhssbcogds tcngy lust ah wcrdndbhr gon judturgddy nbvhrsh tmgo hvhr ahfcrh. Qhshgrjm tmho

ahjclhs ihy pgrt bo UQ prcfhssbcogd jglpgbò, fcr jhrtgbo gjtbcos jgo ah nhhlhn cffhosbvh bo

tmh ohw judturh.

Aut, wbtm `dcagdbzgtbcos jclhs lgoy gnvgotg`hs bo jdbhot rhdgtbcos. Coh ahbo` ohw

lgrihts, tmh ocvhdty cf g argon cr jdbhot jgo ah rhgddy sujjhssfud bo g fcrhbò lgriht. (Jrhhnco &

Lgb, 1558) Goctmhr ahohfbt bs tmgt ohtwcribo` ahjclhs arcgnhr. Ohtwcribo` wbdd gdwgys ah g

sthhpdh bo puadbj rhdgtbco, aut `dcagdbzgtbco prcvbnhs tmh cppcrtuobty tc jcoohjt wbtm ohw phcpdh

gon hstgadbsm ohw rhdgtbcosmbps



Jgrdtco Pbdjcxsco

> | U g ` h

Pbtm gdd tmh ohw boocvgtbcos, UQ prcfhssbcogds stbdd ohhn tc mcdn tmh ihy vgduhs cf pr.

^rgnbtbcogd UQ tgjtbjs grh stbdd blpcrtgot tc tmh grhg cf prcfhssbco. Zibdds dbih pbtjmbo` tc tmh

prhss, fgjh-tc-fgjh jclluobjgtbcos gon `rhgt wrbtbo` sibdds, mgs purpcsh glco`st tmh ohw lhnbg

cf tcngy. (Zwgddcw, 1575) Zgonrg Fgtmb, prhsbnhot cf Gffhjt Ztrgth`bhs wgs qucthn, ‘Gs

prcfhssbcogd jclluobjgtcrs, wh smcudn ah jcostgotdy hxpgonbo` cur tccdibts yhgr gfthr yhgr, oct

sblpdy rhocvgtbo` tmhl ay swgppbo` prhss rhdhgshs fcr Rcu^uah vbnhcs cr pmcoh jgdds fcr

twhhts.‖

^rgnbtbcogd Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos prcfhssbcogds grh stbdd hffhjtbvh pbtjmhrs, shttbo` up stcrbhs fcr

ohwsjgsthrs gon puadbjgtbcos. Urhss gon ctmhr trgnbtbcogd lhtmcns, wbdd gdwgys mcdn vgduh bo

rhgdl cf jdbhot rhdgtbco. Ausbohss ahbo` ncoh fgjh tc fgjh gs UQ prcfhssbcogd jgo `bvh g phrscogd

jcoohjtbco wmho nhgdbo` wbtm g jdbhot cr shgdbo` g ausbohss bnhg. Gdsc, wrbtbo` bs stbdd ihy fcr

trgnbtbcogd UQ prcfhssbcogds lgibo` tmh lgsthr jclluobjgtcrs. Dcu Mcfflgo JHC cf ̂ mh

Mcfflgo G`hojy, g lcrh trgnbtbcogd fbrl stbdds sphon lcst bts gjtugddy tgdi wbtm phcpdh gs

cppcshn tc adc``bo`, twhhtbo` gon htj. ‘Ph”rh nhfbobthdy usbo` scjbgd lhnbg tc jcoohjt wbtm

kcurogdbsts gon justclhrs, aut tmbs cutrhgjm bovcdvhs g ohws rhdhgsh lgyah 15% cf tmh tblh tcps.

^mh ctmhr =5% cf tmh tblh wh”rh tgdibo` wbtm kcurogdbsts, adc``hrs gon ctmhr bofduhojhrs gacut

bssuhs gon lgjrc tcpbjs‖ (Zwgddcw, 1575).

Gdtmcu`m scjbgd lhnbg gon `dcagdbzgtbco pdgys g ihy pgrt bo lcnhro puadbj rhdgtbcos,

tmhrh grh lgoy gnvgotg`hs wbtm stbjibo` tc trgnbtbcogd puadbj rhdgtbcos. ^rgnbtbcogd UQ nchso”t

rhdy co trhons, fgns cr tmh ohwhst boocvgtbcos tc `ht tmh kca ncoh. Fcuonhr gon prhsbnhot cf

@haho Jclluobjgtbco stgthn, ‘G UQ phrsco”s kca rhlgbos tmh sglh… Bt”s jrbtbjgd tmgt wh”rh

boocvgtbvh gon stgybo` co tcp cf tmh dgthst gon `rhgthst9 mcwhvhr, wh gdsc ohhn tc gvcbn ‐smboy

cakhjt syonrclh” gon bosthgn lgih rhjcllhongtbcos agshn co tmh jdbhot”s ausbohss ohhns.‖



Jgrdtco Pbdjcxsco

8 | U g ` h

(Zwgddcw, 1575). ^rgnbtbcogd UQ fcjushs dhss co bovhotbco gon lcrh co jdbhot gon tmhbr ohhns.

Furtmhrlcrh ncbo` ausbohss fgjh-tc-fgjh `bvh UQ prcfhssbcogds go gjtugd ohtwcri cf phcpdh

vhrsus g vbrtugd ohtwcri. ^mbs lhgos tmgt prcfhssbcogd gjtugd mgvh tc jcoohjt wbtm g phrsco

lgibo` go gjtugd rhdgtbcosmbp. Gs stgthn ay Fcuonhr LjGdhgrohy, ‘Qh`grndhss cf mcw go

goocuojhlhot bs smgrhn - ‚ vbg wbrh, adc` pcst, twhht, cr ctmhrwbsh ‚ - tmh jrbtbjgd sthp mgs

mbstcrbjgddy ahho, gon wbdd rhlgbo, tmh mulgo hdhlhot. Ay nbrhjtdy rhgjmbo` cut tc ihy lhnbg gon

bofduhojhrs wbtm wmcl wh lgbotgbo rhdgtbcosmbps, wh”rh gadh tc hosurh tmhbr tblhdy gwgrhohss cf

tmh ohws.‖ (Zwgddcw, 1575).

^mh ohw nyoglbjs cf puadbj rhdgtbcos jgdds fcr UQ prcfhssbcogds tc bofush tmh sibdds cf

trgnbtbcogd puadbj rhdgtbcos wbtm lcnhro glhobtbhs. Uuadbj rhdgtbcos prcfhssbcogd mgvh tc dhgro

mcw tc hffhjtbvhdy ush trgnbtbcogd lhtmcns gon lcnhro lhtmcns tc ah hffhjtbvh bo tcngy”s lgriht.

Fcr hxglpdh, wbtm fgjh-tc-fgjh ausbohss co tmh nhjdboh, boocvgtbcos sujm gs vbnhc jcofhrhojhs

lgih bt tc wmhrh jdbhots rhdgtbcos jgo mgppho wbtm goycoh goywmhrh bo tmh wcrdn. Jclpgobhs

dbih ZIRUH gon CVCC jgthr tc ausbohsshs prcvbnbo` g jcovhobhot wgy tc vbrtugd jclluobjgth.

Lcrhcvhr, tmbo` sujm gs prhss ibts, grh sdcwdy up`rgnbo` tc lhnbg ibts prcvbnbo` `ccn

wrbtbo` gs whdd gs bothrgjtbvh wgys (sujm gs vbnhc, pcnjgst, gon lusbj) tc jgpturh gtthotbco wmho

pbtjmbo`. Glgong Dbttdhkcmo, Fcuonhr cf Lcpwgthr Zcjbgd Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos wgs qucthn sgybo`,

‘B nco”t ahdbhvh tmh prhss rhdhgsh bs nhgn, bt mgs ahho trgosfcrlhn , tc ahjclh tmbs dbvbo`,

arhgtmbo` tmbo`. Bf g rhdhgsh nchso”t mgvh g scjbgd hdhlhot „ tmgt bs, g wgy fcr vbhwhrs tc

jcllhot cr smgrh tc tmhbr scjbgd ohtwcris „ bt nchso”t mgvh dh`s‖ (Zwgddcw, 1575). ^mh ohw g`h

prhss ibt mgs ahjclh lcrh bothrgjtbvh `gbobo` fhhnagji gs tccd cf strgth`y. Hvho scjbgd lhnbg

jgo ah go hxhrjbsh bo `ccn wrbtbo`. Jclpgobhs grh turobo` tc adc``bo` lcrh gon lcrh fcr scjbgd

bothrgjtbco. Zbth dbih twbtthr jgo dboi, adc`s gon stbdd ush auzz tc jgpgadh tmh gtthotbco cf g tgr`ht



Jgrdtco Pbdjcxsco

6 | U g ` h

lgriht. Bo stuny dhgn ay Nr. Ncogdn I. Prb`mt, UQ fbrls cvhr tblh fcuon scjbgd lhnbg tc

homgojh tmhbr cphrgtbcos cf jdbhot rhdgtbcos. Bo tmh stuny, tmhy survhyhn fbrls gsibo` ‘Zcjbgd

lhnbg mgvh homgojhn tmh prgjtbjh cf puadbj rhdgtbcos3 Gon, Zcjbgd lhnbg (bojdunbo` adc`s)

bofduhojh tmh trgnbtbcogd lgbostrhgl lhnbg3‖ (Ncogdn Prb`mt Um.N., 1571). ^mh rhsudts smcwhn

tmgt frcl 155= tc 1571 g prc`rhssbvh blpcrtgojh bo scjbgd lhnbg wbtmbo tmhbr cphrgtbcos cvhr tmh

jcursh cf yhgr.

Bo jcojdusbco tmh jmgo`hs tmgt argons fgjh bo futurh jgdds fcr truh prcfhssbcogds. Uuadbj

Qhdgtbcos prcfhssbcogds tmgt jgo ush scjbgd lhnbg tc tmhbr ahohfbt, gon gncpt tc ohw hovbrcolhots

& judturhs. Pmbdh tmh jmgo`hs lgy ah hvbnhot, trgnbtbco cf lgsthrbo` jclluobjgtbco stbdd mcdn

truh. Fcr oc lgtthr mcw lgoy boocvgtbcos jclh, Jdbhot Qhdgtbcos wbdd gdwgys mcdn tmh jcrh

trgnbtbcogd cf sujjhss9 jclluobjgtbo` tc jcoohjt.



Jgrdtco Pbdjcxsco

0 | U g ` h

Pcris Jbthn

Jrhhnco, U., & Lgb, G.-i. (1558). Uuadbj rhdgtbcos gon `dcagdbzgtbco; Aubdnbo` g jgsh fcr judturgd.

Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos Qhvbhw, :>>-:8>.

Juclc, J. (1577, Kuoh 6). Qhp. Gotmcoy Phbohr; '^mh Ubjturh Pgs cf Lh gon B Zhot Bt' .

Qhtrbhvhn Cjtcahr :5, 1571, frcl GAJ Ohws; mttp;//gajohws.`c.jcl/Ucdbtbjs/rhp-

gotmcoy-whbohr-pbjturh/stcry3bn<7:00>658

Ncogdn Prb`mt Um.N., L. M. (1571). Hxglbobo` Mcw Zcjbgd gon Hlhr`bo` Lhnbg Mgvh Xshn bo

Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos Ahtwhho 1556 gon 1571;Dco`btunbogd Gogdysbs. Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos

Qhvbhw, 1->5.

Fgbtmb, Z. (1571, Kudy 2). ^rgnbtbcogd UQ Bs Ztbdd Bo Ztydh; Fcur ^blhdhss Lhnbg Qhdgtbcos ^ccds.

Qhtrbhvhn Ocvhlahr >, 1571, frcl Auddnc` Qhpcrthr;

mttp;//www.auddnc`rhpcrthr.jcl/ngbdync`/grtbjdh/trgnbtbcogd-pr-stbdd-stydh-fcur-tblhdhss-

lhnbg-rhdgtbcos-tccds

Zrbrglhsm, I. (1552). @dcagdbsgtbco gon puadbj rhdgtbcos; Go cvhrvbhw dccibo` botc tmh futurh.

Urbsl Kcurogd , >-77.

Zwgddcw, H. (1575, Gu`ust 75). ^mh Futurh cf Uuadbj Qhdgtbcos & Zcjbgd Lhnbg. Qhtrbhvhn

Cjtcahr 77, 1571, frcl Lgrgadh Zcjbgd Lhnbg; mttp;//lgsmgadh.jcl/1575/5=/76/pr-

scjbgd-lhnbg-futurh/

^blhs), Z. H. (1577, Kuoh 7>tm). Lhnbg & Gnvhrtbsbo` . Qhtrbhvhn Cjtcahr 7>, 1571, frcl ^mh

Ohw Rcri ^blhs;

mttp;//www.oytblhs.jcl/1577/56/78/ausbohss/lhnbg/78gnjc.mtld3Sr<>

the new dynamic

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