the nervous system and the brain
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The Nervous System and The Brain. AP Psychology NCVPS. Nerves. AP Psychology NCVPS. The Nervous System. The electrochemical communication system of the body Two way communications: from the brain to the body for movement to the brain from the senses. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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AP PsychologyNCVPS
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AP PsychologyNCVPS
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• The electrochemical communication system of the body
• Two way communications:• from the brain to the body for
movement• to the brain from the senses
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• Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system, a nerve cell.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg
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• The Cell Body, or Soma, contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell viable.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg
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• Dendrites are the receiving extensions of a neuron. Electrical impulses are received and moved toward the cell body.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg
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• Axons are the sending extensions of a neuron. Electrical impulses are received and moved away from the cell body toward the axon terminals.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg
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• The myelin sheath acts like insulation, covering the axon and increasing the speed of the neural impulses.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg
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• A neural impulse moves from the dendrites, through the cell body, and through the axon before reaching the axon terminal.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg
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• Between neurons is a tiny gap known as the synapse, synaptic gap, or synaptic cleft.
• Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters carry signals across this fluid filled space from one cell’s axons to another’s dendrites.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg
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• Different neurotransmitters affect behavior in different ways.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zi63tXYCG8I/T1CXcGt1YDI/AAAAAAAAAOA/ALVMw3a-
GGs/s1600/neurotransmitters.gif
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• Some neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect, making it more likely that the next neuron will “fire.”
• Others have an inhibitory effect, making it less likely the next neuron will respond.
http://stoppullinghairout.com/blog/
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http://www.docstoc.com/?doc_id=2240369&download=1
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• Therapeutic drugs have been devised to help with specific behavior issues.• Agonists mimic a specific
neurotransmitter.• Antagonists block a
neurotransmitter’s effects.• Others prevent reuptake
or re-absorption. http://www.neurosurgical.com/Images/07_Med_Info/7.14%20Medication%20Function%20550.jpg
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• Some neurons have specialized functions.• Receptor cells• Sensory Neurons• Interneurons• Motor Neurons
http://www.popsci.com/files/imagecache/article_image_large/articles/nerve%20cell.jpg
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Receptor cells are cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into neural impulses that the brain can process.
http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~ikovacs/SandP/prepI_2.html
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Receptor cells
http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~ikovacs/SandP/prepI_2.html
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Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) carry information from the receptors cells to the spinal cord and brain.
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Interneurons process information in the brain and spinal cord.
http://img.tfd.com/dorland/thumbs/interneuron.jpg
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Motor neurons (efferent neurons) carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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AP PsychologyNCVPS
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• Remember, the Nervous System is:
• The electrochemical communication system of the body
• Two way communications:• from the brain to the body for
movement• to the brain from the sensesht
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• The nervous system has multiple divisions.
• The Central Nervous System
• The Peripheral Nervous System• The Somatic Nervous System
• The Autonomic Nervous System• The Sympathetic Nervous System
• The Parasympathetic Nervous System
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http://www.neurosciencerus.org/wyDiagramNervousSystem.jpg
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• The Central Nervous System• Consists of the brain and the
spinal cord
• Most information processing occurs in the brain.
• The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.
http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/19588.htm
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• The Peripheral Nervous System• The system that connects the brain
and the spinal cord to the rest of the body.
• It is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Images/Cancerinfo/Longdescriptions/Cancertypes/Nervoussystem_2011_large.jpg
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• The Peripheral Nervous System
http://lmtorbust.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/somatic-autonomic-venn-diagram.jpg
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• The Peripheral Nervous System
• The Autonomic Nervous System
• The Sympathetic Nervous System
• The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body
• Fight or flight responsehttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html
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• The Peripheral Nervous System
• The Autonomic Nervous System
• The Parasympathetic Nervous System
• The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html
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AP PsychologyNCVPS
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The Brain is the most complex organ of the human body and is responsible for processing all of neural impulses generated by the Nervous System.
http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/brain_structures_000334.htm
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The most primitive part of our brain.
Contains the hindbrain and the midbrain
From an evolutionary perspective, it controls survival functions of the body.
http://fultoncountybraininjurysupportgroup.health.officelive.com/stem.aspx
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Sometimes referred to as the medulla oblongata.
Located at the base of the brainstem
Controls life-supporting functions like heartbeat and breathing
Damage to this area can lead to death.
http://www.interactive-biology.com/107/what-parts-of-the-brain-control-respiration/
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◦ The “Little Brain”
◦ Processing center for reflexes involved in balance
◦ Also in those used in gross motor coordination
http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/18008.htm
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Located in the midbrain Involved with sleep, arousal,
and sustained attention Damage to this area can cause
a coma Not fully developed in
children (i.e. the shorter attention span of younger children)
https://ewwgrosser.wikispaces.com/Reticular+Activating+System+-+Period+9
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Located where the brainstem and the reticular formation end.
Serves as a communications relay for sensory input
Also involved in sleep and arousal
http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/thalamus.htm
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A system of structures closely link with the hypothalamus.
Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
Plays a role in regulating eating, drinking, and sexual activity.
Also linked with aggression
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg
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Part of the Limbic system
Located below the thalamus
Linked to hunger, thirst, sexual activity, and emotionality
Also connected to stress reactions
http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/HumanBody/NervousSystem/Hypothalamus.htm
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Part of the Limbic system
Plays a role in memory, especially short term memory and memory of recent events.
http://www.memorylossonline.com/glossary/hippocampus.html
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Part of the Limbic system
Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger
http://brainconnection.positscience.com/topics/?main=fa/fear-conditioning2
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The most developed structure in the human brain.
Consists of two layers, the outer of which is known as the cerebral cortex.
http://www.memorylossonline.com/glossary/hippocampus.html
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The outer layer of the cerebrum.
Divided into two hemispheres
Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes, each with a different function.
http://morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/cerebral_cortex_lobes.html
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A wide band of neurons that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Allows communication between the two portions.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8753.htm
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The long crevice that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres
This and other fissures in the brain create major divisions in the brain called lobes
http://minuscript.wordpress.com/2011/07/14/a-headache/
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Located behind the forehead.
Involved in planning and judgment
Contains the motor cortex and is involved in all bodily movements.
http://contemporaryhealthnutritionfitness.com/contemporary/?tag=frontal-lobe-development
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Located on the top of the head and toward the rear
Includes the somatosensory cortex and general association areas used in processing information, including general processing and mathematical reasoning
http://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/bparietal.asp
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Located at the rear of the cerebral cortex
Contains the primary visual processing center of the brain.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsycerebrum.html
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Located roughly above the ears
Contains the auditory processing areas of the brain
http://introspectional.com/section2/page3.php
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Involved in all bodily movement, both gross and fine.
Much is devoted to fine motor control.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsycerebrum.html
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Involved in all bodily sensations.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsycerebrum.html
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AP PsychologyNCVPS
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The concept of being “left-brained” or “right-brained” is no longer given much credit.
The brain is divided into two hemispheres but the two parts work together
http
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Click here for a quick test of right/left brain abilities!
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Both sides communicate through the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains*.
*For more about split brain surgeries, see http://nawrot.psych.ndsu.nodak.edu/courses/465projects05/splitbrain/splitbrain4.htm http://nawrot.psych.ndsu.nodak.edu/courses/465projects05/splitbrain/splitbrain4.htm
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http://www.thecomeupfoundation.com/2012_02_01_archive.html
Contains the brain’s spatial abilities
Allows organizing things in a given space, judging distances, etc.
Helps make connections between words
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http://www.thecomeupfoundation.com/2012_02_01_archive.html
Language functions are in the left hemisphere for the majority of the population
For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right
hemisphere.
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The brain area of the left frontal lobe
Directs the muscle movements involve in speech
If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech
http://faculty.vassar.edu/abbaird/resources/brain_science/images/brocas_area.jpg
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A brain area of the left temporal lobe
Involved in language comprehension and expression
Our ability to understand what is said to us
Usually in the left temporal lobe
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/second.html