the need for reformation in modern science charles w. lucas, jr common sense science 29045...
TRANSCRIPT
The Need for Reformation in Modern Science
Charles W. Lucas, JrCommon Sense Science29045 Livingston Drive
Mechanicsville, MD [email protected]
HOFSTADTER ELECTRON SCATTERING DATA
Proton
NeutronRadius r (10-13cm)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
4pr2
x ch
arge
den
sity
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
-0.5
Modern Science is in Trouble
Euclid’s Axiomatic Method for Science
• Logical procedure by which theories are deduced using logic from basic propositions (axioms)
• Propositions are constructed from a few primitive terms
• Terms may be defined arbitrarily or empirically• Science consists of a collection of arbitrary
and empirical propositions and all the logically derived theories from those axioms
Problems with Axiomatic Method
• Identification of primitive terms• Determination of fundamental
axioms
Newton’s Assumption
FORCE LAWSTHE AXIOMS OF SCIENCE
Newton’s Empirical Method of Axiom Discovery
• Systematic observation of forces• Experiments with forces• Measurement of forces• Mathematical formulation of force laws• Determine additional phenomena implied by force
law• Experimental testing of force laws and additional
phenomena• Modification of force laws as required by
experiment• Identification of minimum set of force laws
MathematicsThe Primary Tool of Science
• Enables an analysis of forces• Helps identify the primitives• Helps identify the causes of forces• Adds credibility to scientific
theories
Newton’s Conditions for Physical Force
• The force law must hold for some forces that are indisputably real
• If the forces acts on a macroscopic body, then it must be composed of forces acting on the microphysical parts of that body.
• All forces must have a known cause• All forces must be local contact forces
Newton’s Rules of Natural Philosophy
• No more causes of phenomena are allowed than are true and sufficient to explain them
• The same natural effects should always be assigned the same causes
• The qualities of bodies within reach of our experiments are assumed to be universal qualities of all bodies
• Propositions inferred by induction from experiment are to be considered as accurate or true until disproven or modified by other phenomena
Limitations of Newton’s Empirical Forces
amFInertiaofForce II
RR
mmGFGravityofForce GG
G
2
12
21
ExistentialismReaction to the Empirical Method
• World is not “real”• “Observer” is real and gives meaning• Science is not logical• Science is based on idealizations• Science does not agree with Common
Sense
Empirical Equations of Electrodynamics for v=constant
• Ampere’s Law
• Faraday’s Law
• Gauss Electrostatic Law
• Gauss Magnetostatic Law
• Lenz’s Law
• Lorentz’s Law
'3'
)','('1),(4),( rdrrtrJ
ctrJ
ctrB
p
dantrBdtdcdltrE ˆ,//1'','
qdantrE p4ˆ,
trBcvtrEqF i ,/,
trEtrEtrEwheretrEtrE ii ,,,,, 00
0),( trB
Maxwell’s Electrodynamics
• Ampere’s Law with point particle idealization
• Faraday’s Law
• Gauss Electrostatic Law
• Gauss Magnetostatic Law
• Linear Superposition Principle idealization
• Invention of Displacement Current in capacitors
),(4'3'
)','('1),(4),( trJc
rdrrtrJ
ctrJ
ctrB
pp
0),( trB qdantrE p4ˆ,
dantrBdtdcdltrE ˆ,//1'','
Maxwell’s Electrodynamics Supplemented By
• Special Relativity Theory for v/c Corrections
• Quantum Mechanics for Energy Quantization
Poincare’s Logical Criterion for Scientific Theories
• No two fundamental theories may use the same fundamental constant such as c
• Electrodynamics uses c in λf=c• Special Relativity uses c in E=mc2 & x’=(x-vt)/(1-v2/c2)1/2
• Quantum Mechanics uses c in E=hv=h(2π/λ)c • General Relativity uses c in Rab–½ Rgab=8πG/c4 Tab
• Poincare suggests that electrodynamics derived properly should explain relativity, gravity, and quantum mechanics
HOFSTADTER ELECTRON SCATTERING DATA
Proton
NeutronRadius r (10-13cm)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
4pr2
x ch
arge
den
sity
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
-0.5
Quantum Mechanics and Relativity Theory
Based on Key Experiments• Michelson-Morley Experiment of 1886• Einstein Photoelectric Experiment of 1905• Planck Blackbody Radiation Experiments• Eddington Gravitational Bending of
Starlight 1919
Michelson-Morley Experiment 1886
Discovery of Extinction Effect
C W Oseen
Photoelectric Effect
Heinrich HertzEinstein
Modern Photoelectric Effect
Blackbody Radiation
Balfour Stewart
Modern Interpretation of Blackbody Radiation
1
12)(
5
2
Tk
hc
Be
hcTI
Gravitational Bending of Starlight
Modern NASA Experiments onGravitational Bending of Starlight
Electrodynamic and Gravity Force Laws Have Similar Form
FCoulom b
q q
r
FG ravity
Gm m
r
1
4 0
1 22
1 2
1 22
1 2
p
Poincare says that force laws of the same mathematical form are due to the same fundamental force
StructuralismReaction to Existentialism
• Every system has a structure• There are laws responsible for the
structure of systems• There are unique elements that make
up system structures• Meaning is derived from the structure
of systems which act as signs
Sciences Which RejectedStructuralism
• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Geology• Astronomy
PostmodernismAttempt to Maintain Existentialism• Each field of study has its own truth or
reality defined by experts• Each field of study is supervised by a
group of experts to police the borders of that field with criteria for inclusion or exclusion
• Falsifiability is the criterion in each field for distinguishing the truly scientific from the pseudoscientific
PostmodernNeed for Reformation
• Postmodernism is a backward direction for science
• Major scientific theories introduced under existentialism have major problems
• New version of electrodynamics based on structuralism appears to be forward progress
New Version of theElectrodynamic Force
• Uses complete set of empirical laws• No point particle idealization• No supplemental theory of relativity• No supplemental theory of quantum
mechanics• No fictitious displacement current• Conserves energy and momentum always• Fields can be non-linear
New Electrodynamic Theory of Elementary Particles
• Consists of closed charge loops structures• No 25 adjustable constants as in Standard
Model• Based on combinatorial geometry• Predicts mass, internal structure, excited
states, decay modes and reactions of all observed elementary particles
• Fundamental forces are not “action-at-a-distance” forces due to boson exchange
Electrodynamic Force of Gravity – Average Force Between
Vibrating Neutral Electric Dipoles
F F F F F
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1, , , ,
r r r A f v
r r r A t
f
A A
q q q q
1 2 2 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
2
co s
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
p
Electrodynamic Force of Gravity – Average Force Between
Vibrating Neutral Electric Dipoles
F F F F F
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1, , , ,
Revised Law of Gravity
F G
m m
r rr G
m m
r rr r rG
1 2
2 1
2 1 21 2
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
4 5
8
FG
e
r rr
N Z A
c
N Z A
c
e
r rr r r
N Z A
c
N Z A
c
2
5
2
2 12 1 2
2 2 22
22
21 1 1
21
2
29
4
2
2 12 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 22
22
21 1 1
21
2
2p
p
Linear Motion Corkscrew Spiral Motion
Evidence for New Theory of Gravity
1. Vibrating dipoles radiate continuously the 2.7 0K cosmic background radiation
2. Cosmic background radiation is emitted and absorbed with some escaping causing force of gravity to decline
Earth expands due to declining force of gravity
Earth angular rate of rotation slows
Earth’s magnetic field decays
Moon recedes from earth
Hubble’s Red shift Law due to gravitational red shift
3. Non-radial term causes corkscrew spiraling motion of planets about the sun causing
Tilt of orbits with respect to equatorial plane of sun
Quantization of Planetary Orbits - Bode’s Law for Solar System
Quantization of Red shifts - Bode’s Law for Universe
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Predicted
Quantization of Redshifts on Universal Scale
STRETCH MARKS OF EARTH’S EXPANSION
Electrodynamic Force of Inertia Average Force Between Unit Charge and Vibrating Neutral Electric Dipole
A fr r r
r r r A t
r
A
q q q
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 1 1 1
2 1
1
1 1 2
co s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Full Inertial Force Law
F m A
A
cm R R AI i i 1
12
12
4 1
2 7
1 6
↑
Newton’s
2nd Law
↑
New Inertial Force Corkscrew Motion
me
Rc
A
ci1
2
21
21
2
2
4
3
p
Evidence for New Theory of Inertia
• Gyroscope experiments of Eric Laithwaite
Symmetry of New Electrodynamic Force Law
Fqq
R
V
cR
R A
c
V
c
V
cRV
cR R
V
cR Rx
cRxA
RV
c
'
s in
/
s in
3
12
22 2
2
12
22
1 2
12
22 1
2
3 12
22
3 2/
Uqq
R
V
c
V
c
'
s in
/2
12
2
12
22
1 2
R R V tt t
''
Galilean Transformation
Force
Scalar Potential
RadiationFI = mia
Evidence for Chiral Symmetry
• Structure of elementary particles• Structure of atoms• Structure of nuclei• Structure of molecules• Structure of crystals• Structure of plant leaves and flowers• Structure of solar system orbits• Structure of galaxies• Structure of the universe as a whole
The Trouble with Physics
• Point particle and other idealizations• Unphysical action-at-a-distance forces• Neglected physical structures in
elementary particles, atoms, nuclei, molecules
• Nonstructural notions of origin of quantum effects
Direction for Reformation
1.Science needs to be developed based on the physical internal structure of elementary particles, atoms, nuclei, and molecules.
2.Science needs to have all idealizations removed.
3.Science needs to be based on a more perfect union of the axiomatic and empirical scientific methods.