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The Near- Destruction of Deaf Education By Lauren Simerlink Next IndexMusic

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Grade 9 Social Studies: American History Index Content Standards: Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills Content Statements -Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of action. -The use of primary and secondary information includes and examination of the credibility of each source *Students will research facts about Milan 1880 and Deafness and organize it into a lesson to be taught to the class Deafness Title

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StandardsDeafness Early Deaf Edu Pre- Milan Edu Goals Of Milan Methods Theory of Lip reading Realities of Lip reading Lip reading 1 Lip reading 2 Effects LiteracyCognitive Psychological Social Reformation Stigma Summary Works Cited

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deaf-Partially or completely lacking the sense of hearing Deaf- The culture group comprised of people who use Sign Language as a means of communication. Members may or may not have the ability to hear Hearing- Label assigned to people who use vocal language as a primary means of communication Index Early Deaf EduEarly Deaf Edu. Title

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Early 1500s- Deaf education began -Ponce de Leon -Beginning of Oralism Beginning of Sign as an education method -Juan Pable Martin Bonet 1780s- Deaf people in France began learning in Sign Language -Became fully literate and educated (Sturley) Index Deafness Pre-Milan

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Deaf education continued to be stellar Deaf people who would have previously had no opportunities were becoming authors, teachers, and leaders in their societies (Sturley) until Millan 1880 Index Early Edu.

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Include Deaf people in the Hearing Community Improve Deaf literacy and cognitive processes Prevent a delay in language acquisition (thought to be the result of Sign Language) (Milan) Index Pre-Milan Methods

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Reform all Deaf schools to Oralism -Lay off Deaf teachers who signed to students -Hired non- signing Hearing teachers who were trained in the Oralist method Discourage students from signing Tell parents not to sign with their children Encourage Deaf-Blind students who have some site to lip-read (Sturley) Lipreading Index Goals

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Students learn to recognize the shapes of letters/sounds If words or sounds cannot be heard or lip read, it is easy to guess them from context (Hearing Link) Index Reality Methods

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Lipreading is drastically misunderstood by many Hearing people 30% comprehension (Oralism) -Results in misunderstanding, isolation, embarrassment Certain sounds look identical Visibility is affected by many factors -Speed, overbite, smiling, over or under enunciation (Bauman) Index Lip-reading Theory

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Voice Index Lip reading

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Index Effects Lip reading

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Literacy Cognition Psychology SocialSocial LifeLife Voice

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Deaf children who were exposed to Sign at an early age read better than Deaf children who were taught with Oralism at an early age (Brown) Average Deaf 17-year-old -4 th grade reading level -6 th grade math Index Lip-reading

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Difficulty understanding words with multiple meanings (ex: ran) Passive voice (Burke) Tenses -(s and ed are hard to hear) Abstract concepts -Delayed language acquisition (Effects) Auditory cortex (purple) is beside Wernickes Area (blue) Index Lip-reading

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Rate of mental illness twice as large as that of the general population (Ladd) Anger, depression, embarrassment, low self- confidence (Healthy Hearing) Index Lip-reading

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Deaf people were isolated - Couldnt sign or speak Felt awkward in public settings (Van Cleve) Index Reformation Lip-reading

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1950s- people began to realize Oralism was a failure Introduced Total Communication- speak and sign (Sturley) Index Social Effects Stigma

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Cannot hear anything Always need interpreter Can lip read perfectly Deaf are stupid (because of the voice) Hearing people tend to stare (Atcherson) Index Reformation Attitudes Deaf woman Singing Let It Snow. She posted this video on YouTube to prove a point about how it feels to not be able to understand another persons speech.

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Deaf is a culture- not a disability Millan 1880 almost destroyed the Deaf community Lipreading is an ineffective means of communication for the Deaf All Sign Languages are certified languages and can communicate as effectively as spoken languages Thriller in ASL Index Bibliography Milan 1880 Stigma

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American Speech-Langauge-Hearing Association (N.d.). Effects of Hearing Loss on Development. Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/effects.htm http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/effects.htm Atcherson, Samuel R., M.Ed. Stigma and Misconceptions of Hearing Loss: Implications for Healthcare Professionals with Hearing Loss. Retireved from http://www.amphl.org/articles/atcherson2002.pdf http://www.amphl.org/articles/atcherson2002.pdf Bauman, Neil (March 200). Successfully Coping With Hearing Loss. Retrieved from http://www.hearinglosshelp.com/articles/speechreading.htm http://www.hearinglosshelp.com/articles/speechreading.htm Fleischer, Doris Zames. Frieda Zames. The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Brown, Rodger. Social Psychology, 2nd Edition. New York, NY: The Free Press. (R. Burke, personal communication, March 9, 2013). PBS (March 2007). Oral Education and Women in the Classroom. Retireved from http://www.pbs.org/weta/throughdeafeyes/deaflife/women.html http://www.pbs.org/weta/throughdeafeyes/deaflife/women.html (n.a.) (n.d.). Oralism and How it Affects the Development of the Deaf Child. Retrieved from http://www.csus.edu/wac/journal/2010/Hood_Research_Paper.pdf http://www.csus.edu/wac/journal/2010/Hood_Research_Paper.pdf Hearing Link (n.d.). HearingLink: Connecting People. Retrieved from http://www.hearinglink.org/lipreading http://www.hearinglink.org/lipreading Index Sturley, Nick (n.d.). Milan 1880. Retrieved from Bibliography Summary

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Healthy Hearing (September 6, 2012). Emotional effects Related to Untreated Hearing Loss. Retrieved from http://www.healthyhearing.com/content/articles/Hearing- loss/Types/50526-Emotional-effects-linked-to-untreated-hearing-loss-- not http://www.healthyhearing.com/content/articles/Hearing- loss/Types/50526-Emotional-effects-linked-to-untreated-hearing-loss-- not Madrid, Martha Manette. The Speech Organs and Their Functions. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/MariaMarthaManetteMadrid/the-organs-of- speech-and-their-function http://www.slideshare.net/MariaMarthaManetteMadrid/the-organs-of- speech-and-their-function Lad, Paddy and Mike Gulliver, Sarah Batterbury (n.d.). Reassessing Minority Language Empowerment from a Deaf perspective: The other 32 Languages. Retrieved from http://www.aberystwyth.ac.uk/mercator/images/LaddGulliverBatterb urypaper0904031.pdf http://www.aberystwyth.ac.uk/mercator/images/LaddGulliverBatterb urypaper0904031.pdf Sturley, Nick (n.d.). Milan 1880. Retrieved from http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/beforemilan1880.html http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/beforemilan1880.html Van Cleve, John Vickrey. Deaf History Unveiled: Interpretations from the New Scholarship. Washington, D.C. Gallaudet Unviersity press. Index Bibliography Picture Citations

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F1online. n.d. [Portrait of a little boy with missing two front teeth]. Retrieved from: http://www.f1online.pro/en/image-details/2948184.html http://www.f1online.pro/en/image-details/2948184.html Prognathism. n.d. [Example of mandibular prognathism]. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism SamMuslim, DDS Face Lift Dentistry. n.d. [Picture of teeth with overbite]. Retrieved from: http://www.faceliftdentistry.com/ http://www.faceliftdentistry.com/ Hearing Therapy Australia. n.d. [Diagram of theory of lipreading]. Retrieved from: http://hearingtherapyaustralia.com/info/lipreading.html http://hearingtherapyaustralia.com/info/lipreading.html CW Books. n.d. [Picture of books]. Retrieved from: http://www.readcwbooks.com/http://www.readcwbooks.com/ The Brain. n.d. [Picture of the brain with labels]. Retrieved from: http://www- rohan.sdsu.edu/~gawron/intro/course_core/lectures/aphasia_cases_slides.htmlhttp://www- rohan.sdsu.edu/~gawron/intro/course_core/lectures/aphasia_cases_slides.html Las Vegas Guardian Express. September 15, 2013. [Picture of a depresses man sitting with head in hands]. Retrieved from: http://guardianlv.com/2013/09/can-religion-and-spirituality-cause-depression/http://guardianlv.com/2013/09/can-religion-and-spirituality-cause-depression/ Return Yoga. n.d. [Picture of person sitting alone in crowd]. Retrieved from: http://www.returnyoga.org/2012/07/16/a-slice-of-the-beloved-the-yoga-of-relationships/ http://www.returnyoga.org/2012/07/16/a-slice-of-the-beloved-the-yoga-of-relationships/ Index Text Citations Picture Citations

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Acoustics 08 Paris. July 4, 2008. [Picture of Deaf girl with cochlear implant whispering into another girls ear]. Retrieved from: http://www.acoustics.org/press/155th/iglehart.htmhttp://www.acoustics.org/press/155th/iglehart.htm University of Nebraska: Special Education & Communication Disorders. n.d. [Picture of teacher signing to student]. Retrieved from: http://cehs.unl.edu/barkley/sped/deafed/pbl.shtmlhttp://cehs.unl.edu/barkley/sped/deafed/pbl.shtml WBUR: Bostons NPR News Station. November 1, 2013. [Picture of a teacher signing to a boy who has a cochlear implant]. http://www.wbur.org/npr/150245885/cochlear-implants-redefine-what-it-means- to-be-deaf http://www.wbur.org/npr/150245885/cochlear-implants-redefine-what-it-means- to-be-deaf Quincy Herald-Whig. September 26, 2012. [Signing for awareness>>QU Deaf Day] Retrieved from: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRFiWRLk7cCgDR67efLkPe5zElXrKf 6mfB3Dw39-KAHAvdyaB54https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRFiWRLk7cCgDR67efLkPe5zElXrKf 6mfB3Dw39-KAHAvdyaB54 IBM connecting. n.d. [Deaf church]. Retrieved from: https://encrypted- tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9pcatm31hjlVXgzgpE80f2Ua6fSMif55S2nOwc5WH4O28JT QChttps://encrypted- tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9pcatm31hjlVXgzgpE80f2Ua6fSMif55S2nOwc5WH4O28JT QC SoundBite Hearing System. n.d. [Diagram of inner ear]. Retrieved from: http://www.soundbitehearing.com/hearing-loss/single-sided-deafness.cfm http://www.soundbitehearing.com/hearing-loss/single-sided-deafness.cfm Milan 1880. n.d. [Pablos sign methods]. Retrieved from: http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/Resources/item11a1ac.gif http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/Resources/item11a1ac.gif Deaf Expressions. July 27, 2010. [Sign Language is Banned!]. Retrieved from: http://deafexpressions.blogspot.com/2010/07/you-say-oralism-isnt-perfect-right-on.html http://deafexpressions.blogspot.com/2010/07/you-say-oralism-isnt-perfect-right-on.html Index Picture Citations

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BBC News. October 15, 2012. [Ive missed a year of school with ADHD]. Retrived from: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=parent+telling+ch ild+no&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=kkBKkcc6BagbQM%3A%3B1jzWuDeQoSWXMM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%2 52Fnews.bbcimg.co.uk%252Fmedia%252Fimages%252F63447000%252Fjpg%252F_63447887_mother_telling_off_son.jpg% 3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.bbc.co.uk%252Fnews%252Fhealth-19910955%3B464%3B261 Dreamstime. n.d. [Royalty Free Stock Photos:Hands in handcuffs]. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=hands+in+handcu ffs&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=TDmNJlpUtj0sdM%3A%3B6VvD0fzxQs6VtM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fthu mbs.dreamstime.com%252Fz%252Fhands-handcuffs-isolated-over-white-background- 32915138.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.dreamstime.com%252Froyalty-free-stock-photos-hands-handcuffs- isolated-over-white-background-image32915138%3B1300%3B957 https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=hands+in+handcu ffs&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=TDmNJlpUtj0sdM%3A%3B6VvD0fzxQs6VtM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fthu mbs.dreamstime.com%252Fz%252Fhands-handcuffs-isolated-over-white-background- 32915138.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.dreamstime.com%252Froyalty-free-stock-photos-hands-handcuffs- isolated-over-white-background-image32915138%3B1300%3B957 DeafGeoff. March 3, 2012. [Lipreading:Examples of sounds and what mouths look like when saying them]. Retrieved from: http://deafgeoff.com/2012/03/03/lipreading-and-live-tweeting-bring-something-unique-to-twitter-during-events/ http://deafgeoff.com/2012/03/03/lipreading-and-live-tweeting-bring-something-unique-to-twitter-during-events/ B4tea: Daily Dose of News for your healthy lifestyle. n.d. [Picture of a womans lips]. http://b4tea.blogspot.com/2012/01/natural-tips-for-beautiful-soft-lips-in.html http://b4tea.blogspot.com/2012/01/natural-tips-for-beautiful-soft-lips-in.html GeekAlerts: Gadgets for Geeks. October 10, 2011. [Im a Man Beard]. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=man+with+beard &tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=KiUXimBXzFSQrM%3A%3B- Lyu30WBHJ0OfM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fu%252FIm-a-Man- Beard.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fim-a-man-beard%252F%3B570%3B624 https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=man+with+beard &tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=KiUXimBXzFSQrM%3A%3B- Lyu30WBHJ0OfM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fu%252FIm-a-Man- Beard.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fim-a-man-beard%252F%3B570%3B624 Index Video Citations Picture Citations

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YouTube music Awards. Deaf Girl Signing Let it Snow. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ASGJIv vXXE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ASGJIv vXXE YouTube Music Awards. Thriller in ASL. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5laIgaaFJ 8o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5laIgaaFJ 8o Lauren Simerlink. A point about lip reading. Index Picture Citations