the nature of slavery. the first emancipation during the american revolution slaves called for...
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The Nature of Slavery
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The First Emancipation
• During the American Revolution slaves called for freedom (using revolutionary ideals)
• Most northern states started to end slavery
• Free blacks increased in number, but most were still slaves.
• 1800, 89% of blacks are slaves
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Life Under Slavery
• The Expansion of SlaveryWhitney’s cotton gin (1793) made cotton cultivation profitable
• Influences the rapid and extensive expansion of slavery after the American Revolution
• “Trail of Tears” removal of indigenous people for cotton land
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• Vast increase in slaves in 1800’s• Slave population increases 7 times
between 1790-1860• Grew fastest in cotton producing states• Alabama & Mississippi• Virginia still has largest slave population• Slavery looks much different in deep
south
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Slave Labor in Agriculture
• Geography and region shaped the slave experience (environment & work)
• 55% of slaves cultivated cotton
• 10% Tobacco
• 10% Sugar, rice, hemp
• 15% Domestic servants
• 10% Factories
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• Tobacco: Important in VA, MD, KY
• Difficult crop to produce-long growing season, careful cultivation
• Rice: Remained in SC, GA. Slaves worked according to the task system, allowing some slave autonomy. Families together
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• Sugar: LA, Missouri. Required constant labor. Hard work. Deadliest. Mostly men-no families
• Cotton: Most important crop of the South. All day work.
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Price of Slaves Increases
• 1830s, male = $1,250
• 1860, male = $1,800
• Expensive
• For the very wealthy
• 1/4 of whites own slaves
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House Servants & Skilled Slaves
• 75% of slave workforce are field hands• In order to keep plantations and farms self
sufficient masters used slaves as house servants and craftsmen
• House Slaves: Often women, cook, clean, tend children, nurses. Men, butlers, gardeners.
• Work was sometimes less strenuous, but under constant supervision. Lived in mater’s house. Never get a break. On duty 24/7
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Domestic Slaves Cont.
• House servants did not live in slave communities. (no slaves quarters)
• Skilled slaves were more elite than domestic/house slaves.
• They were carpenters, blacksmiths, millwrights, etc.
• “Hire their time”• Frederick Douglass was a caulker -- gave %
of wage to owner--mostly men
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Urban and Industrial Slavery
• Most skilled slaves who hired their time lived in southern towns and cities
• Urban slaves: Worked for wages, could eventually buy freedom for themselves and family members--very rare
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• Women urban slaves worked as domestics, washer women
• Men as waiters and artisans
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Industrial Slavery
• Often employed slaves from urban areas
• Men, women and children worked in textile mills in GA, SC
• Worked in factories
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Domestic Slave Trade
• Expansion of slavery in south and west increased the domestic slave trade
• Owners sold men, women and children to slave traders
• Traders shipped slaves to slave markets in New Orleans and other cities
• Families torn apart
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• Slaves would be threatened…”Sold down the river”
• Sent down Mississippi as punishment.
• Slavery was worse in the South
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• Number of those traded was huge
• 1820-1860=50% of slaves were moved to the South
• Slave Prisons & Slave Pens
• Held in cities awaiting trade
• Humiliating process
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• “Coffles”: Most victims of trading moved on foot in groups called cofffles.
• Chained or roped together
• People are making tons of money on this
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Slave Families
• Sought to preserve families
• Marriage was unbinding
• Most slaves could choose their own mates, although there is evidence that masters often did this
• Procreation
• Assumed men would be less rebellious
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• Reproduction of “human chattel”
• Thomas Jefferson: “I consider a slave woman who brings a child every two years as more profitable than the best man on the farm”
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Sally Hemmings
• African American Jefferson’s what to be buried at Montechello along with all Jefferson’s white children and family.
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• Many slave marriages endure despite dislocations and distance
• Slave marriage ceremonies ranged from “taking up”
• To “jumping the broom”
• Various rituals to signify marriage
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In spite of difficulties enslaved parents instructed their children in family history, religion and survival skills
Extended family relationships are very important
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• High infant mortality: 50% of children born into slavery died before the age of 5
• Diets lacked necessary nutrients
• High rate of disease
• Care of children often fell to the elderly or older children
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• House servants often took children with them to the master’s house
• On small farms women strapped their babies to them while they worked in the fields
• On larger plantations-elderly look after children
• Infanticide
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• Adults taught children about the realities of plantation life
• Children learned survival skills• “careful what they said to whites”• Children started doing “light work” at 5
or 6• 55-65 years of free work out of one
person
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• Sexual abuse of slave women & the impact of this on the family
• Long term relationships between women and their masters were common
• White southerners justified sexual abuse in several ways:
• Blame the women as being promiscuous, as jezebel
• Said they seduced white men• Failed to note the impact of rape on black women • Also failed to look at the inability of black men to
protect their wives and daughters
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Food and Clothing
• Diet: cornmeal, slat pork, self grown vegetables
• Deficient in calcium, vitamin C, protein, iron
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• Generally received clothing allotments twice a year (fall & spring)
• Black women individualized clothing--dyed clothing to make it their own.
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Socialization of Slaves
• Children are provided with skills to protect themselves
• Folktales• Tricksters: Animals w/ human personalities • Most famous: Brer Rabbit, who uses his wits
to overcome threats from vicious antagonists • Whites believe in the “Happy Slave” and
likened slavery to a school and stated that they were protecting slaves
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• Uncle Remus Stories
• Disney “Song of the South” 1948
• Ideology of the “happy slave”
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• Divided consciousness: “two faced” behave one way in front of the master, and another way in front of other slaves
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Religion
• Protestantism: By the mid 19th century, most slaves practice
• In plantation churches, white masters told blacks that Christian slaves must obey their god and their masters
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Religion
• Semisecret black church: church services run by slaves
• Black preachers• Emphasized Moses: Deliverance from
bondage• Services include singing, dancing and
music• Kumbaya
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The Character of Slavery
• Historians have debated the character of slavery for over 100 years
• First historians believed slavery was fantastic--like a school where masters were actually loosing money
• Portrayed as benign, paternalistic
• Helping slaves
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• Other historians, however, have denied that paternalism had much to do with a system that rested on force.
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Punishment
• Masters often offered incentives to entice slaves to perform well.
• Yet slave labor is forced labor based on the threat of physical violence
• Whites believed slaves would not work unless they were threatened with the whip
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Punishment
• Fear of the lash: drove slaves to do the work and cooperate
• Parents teach children how to behave to avoid punishment
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Resistance to Slavery
• Resistance took on many forms:
• Work slowly
• Break tools
• Injured oxen, mules and other draft animals
• Spit in food
• Poisoned masters
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Resistance
• Fought off attempts at violence • Learned to read and write • Practiced own religions • Ran away• Lived in maroon communities & with Native
Americans• Mounted violent rebellions
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Resistance
• Arson
• Suicide
• Infanticide
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Resistance
• Over 250 armed revolts recorded
• Stono Rebellion
• Gabriel & Nana Prosser (1800)
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
• Denmark Vessey (1822)
• Amistad (1839)