THE NATURE OF SCIENCEJulie Greer, Lindsey Craddock, Mia Wiersema, and Dalton Godfrey

UNIT ONE: LIFE & THE ENVIRONMENT

• Top Ten Main Ideas 1 All living matter is made up of “CHONPS”

(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur)

2 Bonds (covalent bonds strong, hydrogen bonds weak, polar/non-polar, hydrophobic/hydrophilic) *see slide 4

3 Characteristics of the elements (atomic weight/mass, electron cloud, octet rule, etc.) *see slide 5

4 Dehydration synthesis / Hydrolysis (dehydration synthesis releases water, hydrolysis uses water)

5 Water and its properties (surface tension, adhesion, and cohesion) *see slide 6

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6 Types of energy (potential and kinetic) *see slide 7

7 Van Der Waals interactions (occur only when atoms and molecules are in very close proximity)

8 The pH scale *see slide 8

9 Inductive and deductivereasoning *see slide 9

10 Qualitative/quantitative data*see slide 10

Right: A water (H2O) molecule, which is anoxygen molecule with two hydrogen moleculesbonded to it.

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BONDS / WATER PROPERTIES

Covalent bond: a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more valence electrons.

Hydrogen bond: a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

Hydrophilic: attraction to water molecules

Hydrophobic: repulsion away from water molecules4

Octet rule: The most stable condition is to have an outer level of 8 electrons.

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WATER AND ITS PROPERTIES

Surface tension: the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of water.

Adhesion: the clinging of one substance to another.

Cohesion: hydrogen bonds hold a substance together.

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TYPES OF ENERGY

Potential energy: the energy an object possesses due to its position.

Kinetic energy: the energy an object possesses when it is in motion

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THE PH SCALE

pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentrations in solutions.

The pH scale goes from 0 to 14. 0 is the most acidic and 14 is the most basic. Bases (alkaline) are substances that reduce the

hydrogen ion concentration. Acids (acidic) are substances that increase the

hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.8

REASONING

Inductive reasoning: a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

Deductive reasoning: a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.

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TYPES OF DATA

Qualitative data: data in the form of recorded descriptions.

Quantitative data: data recorded in the form of measurements or numbers.

Which is more accurate? Typically, quantitative data would be because, with qualitative data, what one person may describe as navy blue another may describe as black. But, with quantitative data, numbers are numbers and they cannot be debated.

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UNIT SEVEN: FORM & FUNCTION• Top Ten Main Ideas

1 The three domains (eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukarya)

2 Characteristics that distinguish the three domains *see slides 13 and 14

3 Kingdoms of eukarya (protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia)

4 The four groups of land plants (bryophytes, pteriophytes, gymnosperm, and angiosperm) 11

5 Homeostasis and its mechanisms (stimuli and

response)

6 Similarities and differences between skeletal structures in different animals

7 Characteristics of the nine groups of animals (porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, echinodermata, and chordata)

8 Characteristics of the subgroups of vertebrates *see slide 40

9 The hierarchy of life *see slide 15

10 The human respiratory system *see slide 16

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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE DOMAINS

Eubacteria: prokaryotic, no membrane-enclosed nucleus, DNA in a single circular chromosome.

Archaebacteria: obligate anaerobes, some (not all) have flagella, rigid cell wall supports the cell.

Eukarya: nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane, divides by mitosis, many organelles. 13

You can tell that this cell is eukaryotic because of itsplasma membrane and many organelles (ribosomes,mitochondria, etc.)

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THE HIERARCHY OF LIFE

With every step in the hierarchy of life, things get more complex.The hierarchy of life also goes on past organism and includes population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere, each morecomplex than its predecessor.

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THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The human respiratory system consists

of (among other things) the pharynx,

larynx, esophagus, and, obviously, the

lungs. The lungs have things called

bronchi and alveoli. Air travels down

pharynx and larynx, through the

trachea, into the bronchi/bronchioles,

and into the alveoli. When exhaling,

everything goes in the opposite direction.

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KEY VOCABULARY Chapter 1

Evolution- process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.

Biology- scientific study of life. Emergent Properties- new properties that arise with each step upward in the

hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

Prokaryotic Cell- a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid; the substance of genes. Genes- units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring. Genome- entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits. Hypothesis- a tentative answer to a well-framed question; an explanation on

trial. Controlled Experiment- an experiment designed to compare an

experimental group with a control group. Theory- an explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and

is supported by a large body of evidence. 17

Chapter 2

Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass. Element- a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Compound- a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. Trace Elements- elements required by an organism in only minute quantities. Atom- the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. Atomic Number- the number of protons written as a subscript to the left of the symbol for the

element. Mass Number- the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Atomic Mass- the total mass of an atom. Isotope- one of several forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a

different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass. Radioactive Isotope- an isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off

particles and energy. Electron Shells- where electrons are found, each with a characteristic average distance and

energy level. Valence Electrons- outer electrons in the outermost shell. Covalent Bond- sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. Single Bond- a pair of shared electrons. Double Bond- a double covalent bond. Electronegativity- the attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent

bond. Ionic Bond- a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Hydrogen Bond- a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom that’s also

attracted to another electronegative atom. Van der Waals Interactions- weak and only occur when atoms and molecules are very close

together. Chemical Equilibrium- the point at which the reactions offset one another exactly. 18

Chapter 3

Polar Molecule- the two ends of a molecule have opposite charges. Cohesion- binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. Adhesion- the clinging of one substance to another. Surface Tension- a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the

surface of a liquid. Specific Heat- the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of

that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius. Solution- a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances. Hydrophilic- having an affinity for water. Hydrophobic- seeming to repel water. Mole (mol)- an exact number of objects; Avogadro’s number. Hydrogen Ion- a single proton with a charge of 1+. Hydroxide Ion- a water molecule that has lost a proton. Hydronium Ion- a water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it. Acid- a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a

solution. Base- a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. pH- the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. Buffers- substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and

OH- in a solution. 19

Chapter 40

Anatomy- biological form of an animal. Physiology- biological function. Regulator- an animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate

internal changes in the face of external fluctuations. Conformer- an animal for which an internal condition conforms with a

change in an environmental variable. Homeostasis- the steady-state physiological condition of the body. Acclimatization- the process by which an animal adjusts to changes in

its external environment. Thermoregulation- the process by which animals maintain an internal

temperature within a tolerable range. Endothermic- warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism. Ectothermic- heat is mostly gained from external sources. Integumentary System- the outer covering of the body, consisting of

the skin, hair, and nails/claws/hooves. Countercurrent Exchange- the flow of adjacent fluids in opposing

directions that maximizes transfer rates of heat or solutes. Bioenergetics- the overall flow and transformation of energy in an

animal. Metabolic Rate- the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical

reactions over a given time interval.20

Chapter 41

Nutrition- good being taken in, taken apart, and taken up. Essential Nutrients- the materials that an animal’s cells require but cannot synthesize. Essential Amino Acids- amino acids that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must

be obtained from food in prefabricated form. Essential Fatty Acids- fatty acids that animals need, but cannot make. Ingestion- the act of eating. Digestion- food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. Enzymatic Hydrolysis- process in digestion that splits macromolecules from food by the

enzymatic addition of water. Absorption- the animal’s cells take up small molecules such as amino acids and simple

sugars. Elimination- undigested material passes out of the digestive system. Peristalsis- alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining

the alimentary canal. Sphincters- ringlike valves formed from a muscular layer. Amylase- an enzyme in saliva, hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller

polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose. Bolus- a lubricated ball of chewed food. Pharynx- throat region that opens to the esophagus and the trachea. Chyme- the mixture of ingested food and digestive juice. Protease- protein-digesting enzyme. Pepsin- an enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins. Pepsinogen- the inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by chief cells located in

gastric pits of the stomach. Ruminants- deer, sheep, and cattle.

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Chapter 42

Open Circulatory System- a circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there’s no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.

Closed Circulatory System- a circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

Cardiovascular System- a closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins; characteristic of vertebrates.

Cardiac Cycle- the alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart. Endothelin- a peptide produced by a blood vessel’s endothelium that causes the vessel to

constrict. Lymphatic System- a system of vessels and nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that

returns fluids, proteins, and cells to the blood. Erythrocytes- red blood cells. Leukocytes- white blood cells. Fibrin- the activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen; aggregates into threads that

form the fabric of the clot. Erythropoietin- a hormone that stimulates the production of erythrocytes; secreted by the

kidney when body tissues don’t receive enough oxygen. Partial Pressure- the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases. Surfactants- substances that are secreted by alveoli that decreases surface tension in the fluid

that coats the alveoli. Positive Pressure Breathing- inflating the lungs with forced airflow. Negative Pressure Breathing- pulling, rather than pushing, air into the lungs. Tidal Volume- the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath. Breathing Control Centers- networks of neurons that regulate breathing, located in the

medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain. Respiratory Pigments- proteins that transport oxygen in blood or hemolymph. Bohr Shift- a lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pH;

facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues.

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Chapter 43

Pathogens- infectious agents that cause disease. Innate Immunity- a form of defense common to all animals that’s active immediately

upon exposure to pathogens and that’s the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously.

Acquired Immunity- a vertebrate-specific defense that’s mediated by B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes; exhibits specificity, memory, and self-nonself recognition.

Complement System- a group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens.

Inflammatory Response- the changes brought about by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection.

Histamine- a substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable in inflammatory and allergic responses.

Natural Killer Cells- help recognize and eliminate certain diseased cells in vertebrates. Antigen- any foreign molecule that’s specifically recognized by the lymphocytes and elicits

a response from them. Major Histocompatibility Complex- a family of genes that encode a large set of cell-

surface proteins that function in antigen presentation. Humoral Immune Response- the branch of acquired immunity that involves the

activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.

Cell-Mediated Immune Response- the branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.

Active Immunity- long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen; can develop as a result of natural infection or immunization.

Immunodeficiency- a disorder in which the ability of an immune system to protect against pathogens is defective or absent.

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QUIZ YOURSELF! MULTIPLE CHOICESEE SLIDE 32 FOR ANSWERS

LIFE & THE ENVIRONMENT 1. All the organisms on your campus make up A) an ecosystem B) a community C) a population D) an experimental group E) a taxonomic domain

2. Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life’s hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal?

A) brain, organ system, nerve cell, nervous tissue B) organ system, nervous tissue, brain C) organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ D) nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell 5) organ system, tissue molecule

3. Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which Darwin’s theory of natural selection is based?

A) Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. B) There is heritable variation among individuals. C) Because of the overproduction of offspring, there is competition for limited resources. D) Individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the environment will generally

produce more offspring. E) A population can become adapted to its environment over time.

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4. Systems biology is mainly an attempt to A) understand the integration f all levels of

biological organization from molecules to the biosphere.

B) Simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller, less complex units.

C) construct models of the behavior of entire biological systems

D) build high-throughput machines for the rapid acquisition of biological data.

E) Protists are photosynthetic

5. Protists and bacteria group into different domains because

A) protists eat bacteria. B) bacteria are not made of cells. C) Protists have a membrane-bounded

nucleus, which bacteria cells lack. D) bacteria decompose protists. E) protists are photosynthetic.

6. Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms? 

A) matching DNA nucleotide sequences B)descent with modification C) the structure and function of DNA D) natural selection

E) emergent properties  

7. Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

A) The temperature decreased from 20 degrees C to 15 degrees C

B) The plants height is 25 centimeters (cm) C) The fish swam in a zig-zag motion. D) The six pairs of robins hatched an

average of three chicks. E) The contents of the stomach are mixed

every 20 seconds.  8. Which of the following best describes

the logic of hypothesis-based science? A) If I generate a testable hypothesis, test

and observations will support it. B) If my prediction is correct, it will lead to

a testable hypothesis. C) If my observations are accurate, they

will support my hypothesis. D) If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect

certain test results. E) If my experiments are set up right, they

will lead to a testable hypothesis. 25

9. A controlled experiment is one that A) proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make

careful records of the results. B) may include experimental groups and control

groups tested in parallel. C) Is repeated many times to make sure the results

are accurate. D) keeps all environmental variables constant. E) Is supervised by an experienced scientist.

10. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?

A) Theories are hypotheses that have been proven B) Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct

answers. C) Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope,

theories have broad explanatory power. D) Hypotheses and theories are essentially the same

thing. E) Theories are proved true in all cases; hypotheses

are usually falsified by test.

11. In the term trace element, the modifier trace means

A) the element is required in very small amounts. B) The element can be used as a label to trace atoms

through an organism’s metabolism C) The element is very rare on Earth D) The element enhances health but is not essential

for the organism’s survival. E) The element passes rapidly through the organism

12. Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has

A) a different atomic number.

B) one more neutron C) one more proton D) one more electron E) a different charge

13. The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound:

A) HS B) HS2 C) H2S D) H3S2 E) H4S

14. The reactivity of an atom arises from A) the average distance of the outermost electron

shell from the nucleus. B) the existence of the unpaired electrons in the

valence shell. C) the sum of the potential energies of all the

electron shells. D) the potential energy of the valance shell. E) The energy difference between the p and s

orbitals.

15. Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions?

A) The atom has more electrons than protons. B) The atom has more protons than electrons C) The atom has fewer protons than does a neutral

atom of the same element. D) The atom has more neutrons than protons. E) The net charge is 1-.

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16. What coefficients must be placed in the following blanks so that all atoms are accounted for in the products?

C6H12O6---_____C2H6O + _____CO2 A) 1;2 B) 2;2 C) 1;3 D) 1;1 E) 3;1

17. Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?

A) The concentrations of products and reactants are equal.

B) The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

C) Both forwards and reverse reactions are equal. D) The reaction is now irreversible. E) No reactants remain.

18. Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?

A) water’s change in density when it condenses B) water’s ability to dissolve molecules in the air C) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen

bonds D) the absorption of heat by the breaking of

hydrogen bonds E) water’s high surface tension.

19. A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. Id we could burn pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container

of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water?

(Note: A liter of cold water weighs about 1 kg) A) 50 degrees C B) 5 degrees C C) 10 degrees C D) 100 degrees C E) 1 degrees C

20. The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are

A) ionic bonds B) hydrogen bonds between water molecules C) covalent bonds between atoms within water

molecules. D) Polar covalent bonds E) Nonpolar covalent bonds

21. Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?

A) paper B) table salt C) wax D) sugar E) pasta

22. We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their

A) mass in Daltons B) mass in grams C) number of molecules D) number of atoms E) volume

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23. How many grams of acetic acid (C2H4O2) would you use to make 10 L of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid?

(Note: The atomic masses, in Daltons, are approximately 12 for carbon, 1 for hydrogen and 16 for oxygen)

A) 10.0 g B) 0.1 g C) 6.0 g D) 60.0 g E) 0.6 g

24. Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?

A) 4.0 M B) 10-10 M C) 10-4 M D) 104 M E) 4%

25. What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described in question 24?

A) 10-7 M B) 10-4 M C) 10-10 M D) 10-14 M E) 10 M

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ANIMALS / ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 1. Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same

shape has A) less surface area B) less surface area per unit of volume C) the same surface-to-volume ratio D) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and

the external source of oxygen E) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio

2. The epithelium best adapted for a body surface subject to abrasion is

A) simple squamous. B) simple cuboidal C) simple columnar D) stratified columnar E) stratified squamous

3. Which of the following is not an adaptation for reducing the rate of heat exchange between an animal and it’s environment?

A) feathers or fur B) vasoconstriction C) nonshivering thermogenesis D) countercurrent heat exchanger E) blubber or fat layer

4. Which of the following animals uses the highest percent of it’s energy budget for homeostatic regulation?

A) a hydra B) a marine jelly (an invertebrate) C) a snake in a temperate forest D) a desert insect E) a desert bird

5. Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ___________________ would have ______________________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

A) elephant; mouse

B) elephant; human C) human; penguin D) mouse; snake E) penguin; mouse

6. An animal’s inputs of energy and materials would expect its outputs

A) if the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because of its high metabolic rate

B) if it is more actively foraging for food C) if it is hibernating D) if it is growing and increasing its mass E) never; homeostasis makes these energy and material

budges always balance

7. Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become

A) obese B) anorexic C) overnourished D) undernourished E) malnourished

8. Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism?

A) lion- substrate feeder B) baleen whale- suspension feeder C) aphid- fluid feeder D) clam- suspension feeder E) snake- bulk feeder

9. The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

A) large intestine B) stomach C) pharynx D) rectum E) epiglottis 29

10. Which of the following enzymes works most effectively at a very low pH?

A) salivary amylase B) trypsin C) pepsin D) pancreatic amylase E) pancreatic lipase

11. Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

A) stomach- protein digestion B) oral cavity- starch digestion C) large intestine- bile production D) small intestine- nutrient absorption E) pancreas- enzyme production

12. After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder , a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of

A) starch B) protein C) sugar D) fat E) water

13. The mutualistic microorganism that help nourish a ruminant live mainly in specialized regions of the

A) large intestine. B) liver. C) small intestine.

D) pharynx. E) stomach.

14. If you were to jog a mile a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?

A) muscle proteins. B) muscle and liver glycogen C) fat stored in the liver D) fat stored in adipose tissue E) blood proteins

15. Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

A) the lungs of a vertebrate B) the gills of a fish C) the tracheal system of an insect D) the skin of an insect E) the parapodia of a polychaete worm

16. Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

A) vena cava B) left atrium C) right atrium D) left ventricle E) right ventricle

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17. Pulse is a direct measure of A) blood pressure. B) stroke volume. C) cardiac output. D) heart rate. E) breathing rate.

18. The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin A) occurs when fibrinogen is released from broken

platelets. B) occurs within red blood cells. C) is linked to hypertension and may damage artery

walls. D) is likely to occur too often in an individual with

hemophilia. E) is the final step of a clotting process that involves

multiple clotting factors.

19. In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from

A) forcing air from the throat down into the lungs B) contracting the diaphragm C) relaxing the muscles of the rib cage D) sing muscles of the lungs to expand the alveoli E) contacting the abdominal muscles

20. When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breath?

A) rising O2 B) falling O2 C) rising CO2 D) falling CO2 E) rising CO2 and falling O2

21. Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

A) higher Po2

B) higher Pco2 C) greater bicarbonate concentration D) lower pH E)lower osmotic pressure

  22. Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood

cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin) 

A) Hb + 4 O2 ---- Hb(O2)4 B) Hb(O2)4 ---- Hb + 4 O2 C) CO2 + H2O ---- H2CO3 D) H2CO3 ---- H+ + HCO3- E) Hb + 4 CO2 ---- Hb(CO2)4

23. Which of these is not a part of insect immunity? A) enzyme activation of microbe-killing chemicals B) activation of natural killer cells C) phagocytosis by hemocytes D) production of antimicrobial E) a productive exoskeleton

24. What is a characteristic of early stages of local inflammation?

A) anaphylactic shock B) fever C) attack by cytotoxic T cells D) release of histamine E) antibody- and complement-mediated lysis of microbs

25. HIV targets include all of the following except A) macrophages. B) cytotoxic T cells. C) helper T cells. D) cells bearing CD4. E) brain cells.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERS LIFE & THE ENVIRONMENT 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 D 9 B 10 C 11 A 12 B 13 C 14 B 15 A 16 B 17 B 18 D 19 C 20 B 21 C 22 C 23 D 24 C 25 C

ANIMALS / ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 1 B 2 E 3 C 4 C 5 A 6 D 7 E 8 A 9 C 10 C 11 C 12 D 13 E 14 B 15 C 16 B 17 D 18 E 19 B 20 C 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 D 25 B 32

FREE RESPONSESQuestion 1 It is important to firmly understand both the properties of

life and the 7 major themes of biology. The properties of life are important because every living thing is alike in that each shares at least one of the characteristics with something else, and the 7 major themes can be thought of as the chain that accounts for all living things.

A) List and describe 3 of the properties of life and provide an example for each.

B) List the hierarchy of life in order from smallest to largest and draw a picture that represents each

C) Differentiate populations and communities.33

Question 2 Knowing the structures and functions of our body parts is key to

staying healthy. As we look at different species of animals, we can see differences in skeletal structure and, therefore, diets.

A) Compare/contrast the dental compositions of carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores.

B) Explain how both food/liquids and oxygen travel through the pharynx, but one ends up in the stomach and the other in the lungs.

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FREE RESPONSE ANSWERS (Possible) answers to question 1

A) Evolutionary adaptation: Over time, organisms have evolved to better suit their environments.-Example: Phylliidae (leaf bugs) have evolved to resemble leaves, which allows the insects to blend with

theirenvironments and avoid predators.Response to the environment: Organisms react to stimuli, creating cause-and-effect situations.-Example: A fly lands in a Venus flytrap. Consequently, the flytrap closes and traps the fly.Growth and development: Inherited traits and characteristics affects growth patterns in different

organisms.-Example: A human inherits a gene from his/her father that causes him/her to grow at a decelerated rate. B) -Atom  -Molecule  -Organelle  -Cell  -Tissue -Organ  -Organ system  -Organism  -Population  -Community -Ecosystem -BiosphereThe drawings are up to you.

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C) Population is the more specific of the two because it

describes a localized group of individuals of the same species, while the term community is more general because it accounts for all of the individuals (same species or not) living in a certain area.

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Answers to question 2

A) When looking at an array of different species, one can see differences―both major and minor―in dental composition. These differences are due to a species’ habitual diet. Carnivores typically have sharp incisors (front teeth) that can be used to snatch and kill prey. They also have elongated canines. Carnivores’ canines are longer than both herbivores’ and omnivores’. In contrast, herbivores (the exact opposite of carnivores) generally have flat, wide teeth that can easily grind things like grass and leaves. Herbivores usually also have canines, but, with some herbivorous animals, these teeth are not present. Finally, omnivores (those who exhibit both herbivorous and carnivorous characteristics) are sort of a mixture of the previous two: the dental structure of omnivores shows canines that are more prominent than those of herbivores, but less prominent than those of carnivores. Omnivores’ incisors (as well as premolars) are also less sharp than carnivores’. All three have both molars and premolars on the posteriors of the jaws.

B) In the human body, both foods/liquids and oxygen travel through the pharynx, yet one ends up in the stomach and the other ends up in the lungs. This is because, in the throat, the pharynx branches off into two different passageways: the larynx/trachea and the esophagus. When a person is not swallowing, a piece of cartilage in the throat (called the epiglottis) points upward. This allows oxygen to travel through the pharynx, then the larynx/trachea, and then end in the lungs (and then the other way when exhaling). In contrast, when a person is swallowing, the epiglottis points downward, restricting the access of food/liquids into the larynx/trachea (we wouldn’t want our hamburgers to go to our lungs!) and only allowing the food or liquid to go through the esophagus and end in the stomach.

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This picture also shows the

hierarchy of life. From the

atomic level to the organism,

population, community,

ecosystem, and biosphere levels,

the steps get more complicated

and illustrate emergent

properties.38

An important concept to grasp from unit one is organism growth anddevelopment. As shown in the diagram, developing offspring can looklots different than their parents. Though every organism generallygrows the same, there are little alterations that make big differences.

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VERTEBRATES

Fish: use a system of gills to breathe underwater.

Amphibians: breathe through gills at first stages of their lives but then develop lungs later.

Reptiles: cold-blooded; breathe using lungs.

Birds: breathe using lungs (which are not pliable like mammals’) and air sacs.

Mammals: warm-blooded; breathe using pliable lungs. 40

As fish swim, water passes through their gills, thereby allowing them to breathe.

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Carnivores have elongated caninesand sharp molars.

Omnivores have canines shorter and Molars less sharp than carnivores due toTheir diverse diets.

Herbivores have relatively flat molarsfor grinding plants. 42

LAB ELEVEN In lab 11, we experimented will pill bugs to understand the

concept of animal behavior. From this lab, you should have learned that individuals of one species will typically prefer one environmental condition of any other. In this case, the pill bugs preferred damp environments over dry ones.

It’s also important for you to have learned “learned” and innate behaviors and kinesis.

Learned behaviors are behaviors that are taught to individuals, while innate behaviors are those that are inherited.

Kinesis is a movement that is random and does not result in orientation with respect to a stimulus.

Also don’t forget agonistic behavior, which is the behavior exhibited when animals respond to each other by using aggressive or submissive means.

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THE END