the nature of living things: how they are organized chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
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The Nature of Living Things:How They Are Organized
Chapter 2
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Taxonomy of Living ThingsKingdom Features Examples
Monera • Prokaryotic• Unicellular
Bacteria
Protista • Eukaryotes that “don’t fit into other kingdoms”• Most are unicellular
Amoeba, Algae, Slime Molds
Fungi • Filamentous eukaryotes Yeast, Bread Mold
Plantae • Photosynthetic• Multicellular• Have cell walls
Moss, Flowering plants, Conifers
Animalia • Multicellular• Non-photosynthetic
Coral, Insects, Mammals
Next
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Monera
Table
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Protists
Table
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Fungi
Table
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Plants
Table
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Animals
Table
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Levels of OrganizationEukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells
• more complex• contain a nucleus• membrane-bound organelles• protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• simple cells• no nucleus• no organelles•bacteria
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells StructuresOrganelles Function
Plasma membrane Permeable cell membrane; separates external and internal environment
Nucleus Contains DNA
Cytoplasm Part of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane; contains cytosol
Ribosome Site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria Site of aerobic respiration (ATP synthesis)
Chloroplast Contains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis
Cell wall Boundary outside cell membrane
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Eukaryotic Nucleus
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Cellular MoleculesSmall Organic Molecules Macromolecules
• Occur free in solution in cytoplasm• Examples: - Simple sugars - Fatty acids - Amino acids - Nucleotides
• Larger molecules • Made of chains (polymers) of simpler/smaller molecules that act as building blocks (monomers)• Examples: - Proteins - Nucleic acids - Polysaccharides
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Small Organic Molecules
Glucose
Nucleotides
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Macromolecules
Smaller Organic Molecule or Monomers
Macromolecule or Polymer
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Macromolecules
Amino Acids (Monomers)
Proteins (Polymer)
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Macromolecules
Nucleotides (Monomers)
Nucleic Acid (Polymer)
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Proteins• Long polymers made up of many monomers
(amino acids)• 20 different amino acids can combine in
different number and sequence to produce huge variety of proteins
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form long chains, polypeptide chains
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For example:
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Function of Proteins
• Structural – help make up cells and cell membranes
• Catalysts (enzymes) or substrates (reactants)• Help regulate production of other proteins
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/
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Enzymes
• Group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
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DNA Structure
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DNA Structure• Nucleotides join together to form long strands• DNA consists of two strands• Strands twist around each other to form a double helix• Nucleotides are held together by a phosphodiester bond
– Connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another
• Nucleotide sequence can vary
Phosphodiester bonds
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Polarity of DNA
• Each strand of nucleotides has a 5’ end and 3’ end– The 3’ end used to bond to another nucleotide– The 5’ end is attached to the phosphate group
of the nucleotide
• A strand of DNA runs from the 5’ 3’
•Each carbon in the deoxyribose is numbered 1’-5’
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DNA Structure
• DNA consists of two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between the base pair
• Base pairs are complementary on opposite strands– Adenine only base pairs with thymine– Guanine only base pairs with cytosine
• Two strands are considered antiparallel because the polarity of each strand opposite– Necessary for nitrogen bases to align and form
hydrogen bonds
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DNA Animations
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html#
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/
• http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html• http://
www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/DNA_structure.html
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Images taken from:
• http://s569.photobucket.com/albums/ss139/kateharsh/Monera/?action=view¤t=bacecoli.png&newest=1
• http://www.williamsclass.com/SixthScienceWork/Classification/ClassificationNotes/ClassificationNotes.htm
• http://www.scientificentertainment.com/Brain-Eating_Amoeba.html• http://scienceblogs.com/neurotopia/2009/12/friday_weird_science_the_milli.php• http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm• http://inhabitat.com/2009/01/19/moss-carpet-by-nguyen-la-chanh/• http://plantimporters.com/plantphotos5.htm• http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/aa-oct-08/• http://www.mghs.sa.edu.au/Internet/Faculties/Science/Year8/livingWorld.htm• http://www2.volstate.edu/UGarimella/BIOL1010/BIOL1010lab.htm• http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12c.html• https://www.lakelawnandpond.com/WeedItemGroups.aspx?weed=46• http://www.biologyjunction.com/fungi_notes_b1.htm• http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0809/180Sec1/WongJ/Web/Default.html• http://www.insectcollectorshop.com/• http://sdakotabirds.com/species/baltimore_oriole_info.htm • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcid.php• http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcids2.php• http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/what-makes-an-amino-acid• http://www.npc.edu.hk/~chem/news/3_03/Hair%20Waves.htm• http://www.bioss.ac.uk/~dirk/genomeOdyssey/go_1955_to_66.html