The National Policy

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Problems on the new dominion

• Smaller markets

• Unemployment

• Economic slow down

• Less taxes for the government

RecessionsDifficult economic times

• 1873-1879

• 1882-1885

• 1888-1891

• 1894-1896

• Eight decent years out of 23

The National Policy

• GoalsNational UnityEconomic prosperity

Three “Planks” in the policy

• Increase custom duties

• Build railways

• Encourage immigration

National Policy

• Custom DutiesProtect Canadian industries from foreign producers.

• Encourage local industry

National Policy

• Build RailwaysHelp settlers move into the westIncrease the access to markets

• Canadian Pacific Railway was promised to British Columbia

National Policy

• Encourage immigrationPrevent Americans from simply moving into the west.

Results• Higher prices of goods

• New textile and shoe industries grew

• Railway costs used up most of the capital

• Many Canadians emigrated to the USA

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Railways

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Improvements in agriculture

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Quebec Farms

• Subsistence FarmingEnough to feed the family with very little surplus for the market.

Surplus farming

• Produce more than the family needs and the farm sells the extra.

• The farm becomes a business

Modernizing farms

• Better farming techniques were know so Quebec set up farming schools.

• Agricultural colleges were established

• Agronomists were trained an sent out to educate farmers.

Big switch

• Farms in Quebec changed from growing wheat to dairy farming.

• Butter and Cheese could be sold to Britain and the USA

New business

• Butter and cheese factories grew in Quebec.

• Farms near growing cities had a market for fresh milk.

• Farmers grew hay and oats to feed cattle.

Specialization

• Instead of growing everything farmers grew special crops. Sold the surplus and bought the other goods they needed.

Specialization

• Tobacco in Joliette

• Vegetables near Montreal

• Apples on the south shore

• Farmers switched from sustenance farming to market farming.

Specialization

• Farmers now had more money and bought more capital equipment.

• Productivity increased.

Rural emigration problem

• Young people were still emigrating to the USA.

• Quebec tried to open new farm lands Colonies in QuebecLac St Jean, Gaspesie, Outaouais..

• Poor soils and short growing seasons led to a miserable existence.

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The first phase of industrialization

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Industrialization

• Change from cottage industry to factory production

Cottage industry

• Home business Raw materials were brought to a home.

• Also included skilled workers such as weavers, cabinet makers, masons….

Factory

• Capital investment led to the development of specialized places for production.

• Big change was people going to work.

Specialization

• Pin factory

• Specialization leads to simple tasks unskilled labour.Cheap labour

• Mass productionLower cost goods

Factors• Labour

• People moving into the cities and to Canada from Europe provided plenty of cheap labour.

Factors

• InfrastructureTransportation

• St Lawrence River, canals, railways

Factors

• CapitalInvestorsMachinery

Factors

• Water power from the rivers to run the machines.

Factors

• Tariff protection from outside competition

Companies

• Managers tended to be English

• Workers tended to be French or immigrants

Types of business

• Food processingFlour, Sugar, Meat packing, brewing,

• Leathertanning boots shoes

• TextilesSinning and weaving cloth

Types of business

• Tobacco

• Transportation equipment

• Wood

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Working conditions

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Working conditions

• Less than 20% of the population lived in the cities in 1867.

• 1900 36%

Working conditions

• Farm work is hardPeople thought city life would be easierMany tales of riches.

• People moved into the citiesThey found conditions very harsh

Working conditions

• Six day work week

• 60 to 72 hours per week

• Machinery was unguarded and unsafe

• Work places were not heated

• Shops were not ventilated

Working conditions• Low wages

$10 per man for a weekLess for some

• Women might get $3 per week and children less.

• Children would start working at 8 years old

• Many factories would hire more women and children

Working conditions

• No insurancenot for sickness or injury

• No unemployment insurance

• No two week vacations

• Managers could place fines on workers.

• Worker could be beaten/ punished

• Dismissed at will

Trade unions

• Unions were illegal Would be dismissed for trying to start one.

• Strike were broken with force.Police or Military

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Living conditions

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Living conditions

• Towns had grow slowly for many years

• When industrialization began towns grew quickly

• Conditions varied greatly

Living conditionsWorking class

• Wooden structures built near the factories

• Constant danger of fire

Living conditionsWorking class

• OvercrowdedNo laws as to how many people could cram in together

• No sewer systemOuthouse was shared by many families

• Often just a bucket

Living conditionsWorking class

• No water system

• Water was sold by water carriers

Living conditionsWorking class

• No power

• No refrigerationIce boxes

Living conditionsWorking class

• Factories had no pollution controls.

• No garbage pick up

• Cats were used to keep the rats in check.

Living conditionsWorking class

• High mortality rates300 per 1000 children did not live one year

• Malnutrition

• Epidemics disease

Living conditionsWorking class

• Dirt roads

• Dust in the summer

• No snow removal in winter

• Floods every spring

Living conditionsWorking class

• Needed animalshorses and cows even chickens pigs

• These animals were kept near peoplemanure, flies and poor hygene

Living conditionsUpper class

• Entrepreneurs, businessmen

• Professionals

• Montreal Golden square mile

• Stone buildings, large rooms

• Many servants

• Stable

Living conditionsupper-class

• Mortality rate was 187 per 1000Still very high compared to today.

• Children had milk

• Medical treatment

• Better hygiene

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Emigration and colonization

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Population Growth

• Immigration was part of the National policy, but the population grew slowly

• More people were moving out of Quebec than moving in.

Population Growth

• Few immigrants wanted to stay in Quebec

• More opportunities out west

Population Growth

• Farms were over populatedMechanization reduced the need for farm laborers

• They could look to the city or the rest of Canada for work.

Population Growth

• Most people looking for work came to Montreal.

• Low paid jobs for unskilled workers.

Emigration

• American factories offered better wages and jobs for entire families.

• 1,200,000 Quebecois left for the USA

• 62,000 went to Ontario

• 17,000 went west

Colonization

• The plan was to open new lans in Quebec to encourage people to stay.

• Supported by the Roman catholic church and the government

Colonization• Land offered cheap

Railways were built to make transportation easier

• Soils were thin and poorShort growing seasonno markets

• Only subsistence farming was possible

Colonization

• The plan was tough on people, but good for logging companies who now had a supply of cheap labour in the winter

• The roads and rails also helped the companies

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