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THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY.
Report on the Observatory Department fOT the Yearending December 31, 1900.
The work at the Kew Observatory in the Old Deer Park at Richmond, now forming the Observatory Department of the National Physical Laboratory, has been continued during the year 1900 as in the past.
This work may be considered under the following heads:-
I. Magnetic observations. II. Meteorological observations.
III. Seismological observations. IV. Experiments and Researches III conneXlOll with any of the
departments. V. Verification of instruments.
VI. Rating of Watches and Chronometers. VII. Miscellaneous.
I. ~iAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS.
The Magnetographs have been in constant operation throughout the year, and the usual determinations of the Scale Values were madein January.
The ordinates of the various photographic curves - representing Declination, Horizontal Force, and Vertical Force were then found to be as follmvs :-
Declinometer: 1 em. = 0° 8"7. Bifilar, January, 1900, for 1 em. oH = 0'00051 C.G.S. unit. Balance, January, 1900, for 1 em. oV = 0'00049 C.G.S. unit.
The distance between the dots of light upon the vertical fOl·cecylinder having become too small for satisfactory registration, the clots were separated 011 June 20 by slightly altering the position of the zero mirror.
The curves have been quite free from any large fluctuations; indeed, no unusual disturbance has been registered for some time past. The principal variations that were recorded during the year took place OIl the following days :-
January 19th-20th; March 8th-9th and 13th; ~Iay 5th. The hourly means and diurnal inequalities of the magnetic elements
for 1900, for the quiet days selected by the Astronomer Royal, will he found in Appendix 1.
4~2 The lYational Physical Lctboratory.
A correction has been applied for the diurnal variation of temperature, use being made of the.records from a Richard thermograph as well as of the eye observations of a thermometer placed under the Vertical Force shade.
The mean values at the noons preceding and succeeding the selected .(luiet days are also given, but these of course are not employed in ,ct-tlculating the daily means or inequalities.
The following are the mean results for the entire year :-
:\iean Westerly Declination............ 16° 52'·7 Mean Horizontal Force ............... 0·18428 C.G.S. unit. Mean Inclination ........................ 67° 11'·8 Mean Vertical Force...... ... ......... ... 0·43831 C.G.S. unit.
Observations of absolute declination, horizontal intensity, and inclination have been made weekly as a rule.
A table of recent values of the magnetic elements at the Observatories whose publications are received at Kew will be found in Appendix IA to the present Report.
A course of magnetic instruction was given to Captain Denholm Fraser, R.E., ch?rged with a magnetic survey of India, and facilities were afforded him for making experiments with a view to improving the instrumental outfit for the survey.
A new magnetic hut was erected early in the year by Mr. Eldridge. It is larger and better lighted than the old hut, and has proved very useful.
II. ~IETEOROLOGICAL OBSERV.ATlONS.
The several self-recording instruments for the continuous registration of Atmospheric Pressure, Temperature of Air and Wet-bulb, 'Vind (direction, pressure and velocity), Bright Sunshine, and H.ain have been maintained in regular operation throughout the year, and the r-;tandard eye observations for the control of the automatic records have been duly registered.
The tabulations of the meteorological traces have been regularly made, and these, as well as copies of the eye observations, with notes ,.)f weather, cloud, and sunshine, have been transmitted, as usual, to the ~Ieteorological Office.
"\Vith the sanction of the Meteorological Council, data have been supplied to the Council of the Royal Meteorological Society, the Institute of Mining Engineers, and the editor of 'Symons' Monthly ~feteorological Magazine.' On the initiative of the Meteorological Office, some special cloud observations have been made in connection with the International scheme of balloon ascents.
Elecb·ogmph.-This instrument worked generally in a satisfactory manner during the year.
The small glass beaker mentionell in last ye<~r's Report is still
Report on the ObsCI'vatol'Y Depwrtment. 423
-employed, and by removing the sulphuric acid at regular periodsgenerally fourteen or fifteen days-the troubles previously experienced with the" setting" of the needle and with the shift of zero has been largely overcome.
No systematic use has been made of the thirty-six Clark cells mentioned in the 1898 Report, but they have been employed to check the :scale values of the two portable electrometers.
Scale-value determinations of the electrograph were made on April 2, July 14, and October 25, and the potential of the battery has been tested weekly. Forty cells only have been employed during the year, giving about 30 volts.
With a view to promoting uniformity in procedure, the Superin. tendent, at the suggestion of the Meteorological Office, had an interview with Mr. C. T. R. Wilson, F.R.S., and Mr. W. Nash, of Greenwich Observatory, who were shown the electrograph arrangements and the means adopted for standardising the curves. The stoppage this .entailed in the working of the instrument was utilised in giving it a thorough cleaning. A new bifilar suspension was also fitted to the needle, and the wire leading from the can to the electrometer was beaded in paraffin wax in hopes of improving the insulation.
Inspections.-In compliance with the request of the Meteorological Council, the following Observatories and Anemograph Stations have been visited and inspected :-X orth Shields, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Alnwick Castle, Deerness (Orkney), Falmouth, and Fort William, by Mr. Baker; and Radcliffe Observatory (Oxford), Stonyhurst, Fleetwood, Armagh, Dublin, Valencia, and Yarmouth, by Mr. Constable.
III. SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
Professor .Milne's "unfelt tremor" pattern of seismograph h8A3 been maintained in regular operation throughout the year; particulars of
. the time of occurrence and the amplitude in seconds of arc of the largest movements are given in Table I, Appendix III.
The" disturbance" on January 20 was particularly noticeable. The movement was the largest that has yet been fully recorded at
the Observatory, the maximum amplitude being 15 mm., or 12·6 seconds -of arc. The next largest disturbance was on October 29, with a maximum of 12 mm., or 9·5 seconds of arc.
The action of the boom was not altogether satisfactory during August and September, and on September 27 the old boom was replaced by a new one of standard pattern. The balance weights are .at 117 mm. and the tie at 127 mm. from the cup end of the boom.
The point of the bearing pivot on the stand was also improved. A detailed list of the movements recorded from January 1 to
December 31, 1900, was made and sent to Professor Milne, and will he found in the' Report' of the British Association for 1901, "Seismological Investigations Committee's Report."
4i4 The National Physical Labo1'Cltury.
During October a Milne seismograph, No. 31, intended to be set up at the pniversity Observatory, Coimbra, was fitted up in the seismograph room, at the same height and in the same N.-S. direction as the Kew Instrument, and a series of comparisons were carried out till the end of the year. Several interesting features were noticed, and the results have been embodied in a paper by the Superintendent.
IV. EXPERIMEXTAL 'YORK.
Fog and .lI1ist.-The observations of a series of distant objects, referred to in previous' Heports,' have been continued. A note is taken of the most distant of the selected objects which is visible at each observation hour.
Atrnosphe1'ic EleGtTicity.-The comparisons of the potential, at the point where the jet from the water-dropper breaks up, and at a fixed station on the Observatory lawn, referred to in last year's' Report,' have been continued, and the observations have been taken since March on every day when possible, excluding Sundays and wet days. The ratios of the" curve" and the" fixed station" readings have been computed for each observation, and these have thrown considerable light upon the action of the self-recording electrometer, especially with reference to its insulation. Some direct experiments have also been made on this point.
The reservoir holding the supply of water for the water-dropper of the self-recording electrometer is supported upon six large" Mascart " insulators, and it was thought that perhaps this system of insulating the tank could be improved upon.
A quantity of fine paraffin wax, with a high melting point, was procured from Price's Candle Company, Limited, in rectangular blocks, and a number of cylinders of sulphur were cast at the Observatory. Three similar water tanks were supported upon three wax blocks, three sulphur blocks, and three Mascart insulators respectively. Each received a similar definite charge, and the rate of loss of charge was observed.
The observations-which are to be regarded only as preliminaryextended through May, June, and July, under various hygrometric conditions. The sulphur and paraffin when new and clean gave much the best values, but after the lapse of a few weeks the rate of loss became very similar for all three species of insulator. The deterioration was apparently due to accumulation of dust, &c. The provision of a hood or cover to the sulphur and paraffin blocks would undoubtedly improve the permanency of their insulating qualities.
Platinum TheTrnometTy.-The paper by the Superintendent, referred to in last year's Report, has been published in the Royal Society's , Proceedings,' vol. 67, p. 3.
Rep01't on the ObservatoTY lJe.:partment. 425
V. VERIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS.
The subjoined is a list of the instruments examined in the year 1900, compared with a corresponding retu!'n for 1899 :-
N umber tested in the year ending December 3i. , __ J-__ --,.
1899. 1900. Air-meters .............................. . 6 9 Anemometers ............................. . 23 1 Aneroids . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . .. . .... ~ ....... . 175 197 Artificial horizons ....................... . Barometers, Marine ....................... .
" Standard '" ................. .
" Station
Binoculars Compasses ................................ . Deflectors ................................... . Hydrometers ............................. . Inclinometers ............................ .. Photographic Lenses .................... . 1\'Iagnets ........... , ....................... . Telescopes ............................... " t
Rain Gauges ................................ . Rain-measuring Glasses ................. . Scales ...................................... .
9 92 85 15
404 43
6 241
9 160
3 561
19 44
Sextants .................................... 876 Sunshine Recorders...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Theodolites ................................. 24 Thermometers, Avitreous or Immisch's 5
" Clinical .................. 16,020 " Deep sea.................. 19 " High Range ............ 62 " Hypsometric ............ 39 " Low Range ............ 103 " Meteorological ......... 2,892
" Solar radiation ........ .
" Standard ............. ..
Unifilars Vertical Force Instruments .. , ........ . Declinometers ............................. .
104 5 1
Total ...... .. .... ...... 22,051
27 139 57 23
963 51
1 173 17
136 1
1,345 4
29 1
813 3
12
20,476 83 40 66 33
2,786 2
61 ;j
14 1
27,569
Duplicate copies of corrections have been supplied in 56 cases. YOL. LXYIII. 2 H
4~G The National Physical Labo1'ato1'Y.
The number of instruments rejected in 1899 and 1900 on account of excessive error, or for other reasons, was as follows :-
1899. Thermometers, clinical........................ 149
" ordinary meteorological .. . Sextants .......................................... 151 Telescopes ...................................... . Binoculars ...................................... . Various ............... ; ......................... .
49 21 14
1900. 116 79
122 116
31 28
Four Standard Thermometers have been constructed during the year.
There were at the end of the year in the Observatory, undergoing verification, 16 Barometers, 285 Thermometers, 15 Sextants, 250 Telescopes, 30 Binoculars, 2 Hydrometers, 4 Rain Measures, 2 Rain Gauges, and 4 Unifilar Magnetometers.
VI. RATING OF WATCHES AND CHRONOMETERS.
The number of watches sent for trial this year is slightly less than in 1899, the total entries being 403, as compared with 469 in the preceding year.
The "especially good" class A certificate was obtained by 98 movements.
This is a marked increase on the number obtained in 1899, and the general performance has been decidedly better.
The following figures show the percentage number of watches obtaining the distinction" especially good," as compared to the total number obtaining class A certificates :-
year.... .... .. .• 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900.
Percentage" especially good" 16'6 30'5 28'0 22'1 26'6 35'4
The percentage is thus higher than in any previous year. The 403 watches received were entered for trial as below:-For class A, 320; class B, 60; and 23 for the subsidiary trial. Of
these 21 passed the subsidiary test, 55 failed from various causes to gain any certificate, 50 were awarded class B, and 277 class A certificates.
In Appendix II will be found a table giving the results of trial of the 51 watches which gained the highest number' of marks during the year. The highest place was taken by Mr. A. E. Fridlander, of Cm'entry, with the keyless going-barrel Karrusel lever watch, No. 25,582, which obtained 90'1 marks out of a maximum of 100.
This is the first English lever watch to reach the 90 marks limit, and its performance is the best since 1892 .
.ll[l/?'ine Uh1'onometers.-During the year, 53 chronometers have been
Report on the Observatory Department. 427
entered for the Kew A trial and 1 for the B trial. Of these 44 gained A certificates, 1 a B certificate, and 9 failed.
The mean-time chronometer Arnold 86, and the hack chronometer Molyneux 2123 have been cleaned and re-timed.
VII. MISCELLANEOBS.
Commissions.-The work under this heading has been of a very varied character during the year. The following instruments have been procured, examined, and forwarded to the various Observatories on whose behalf they were purchased :-
For Lisbon and Portuguese 'V. Africa, a transit theodolite, a declinometer, a dip circle with two needles, a centre-seconds watch, and two chronometers.
For Mauritius, a Mason's hygrometer, an ordinary maximum and two solar maximum thermometers.
For the Central Physical Observatory, St. Petersburg, and the Baron Toll Expedition: A dip circle with six needles, two prismatic compasses, two aneroid barometers, a Robinson cup anemograph, a chronometer, and a deck watch.
For de Bilt (Utrecht), a vertical force magnet.
Paper.-Prepared photographic paper has been supplied to the Observatories at Hong Kong, Mauritius, Lisbon, Toronto, St. Petersburg, Stonyhurst, Oxford (Radcliffe); and through the Meteorological Office to Aberdeen, Fort William, and Valencia.
Photographic paper has also been sent in quarterly instalments to the India Office for use at Colaba (Bombay), Calcutta, and Madras.
Anemograph and Sunshine Sheets have also been sent to Hong Kong, Mauritius, and St. Petersburg; Papier Saxe to Coimbra; and Seismograph rolls to Mauritius.
Penclttlum Observations.-In June, Mr. Putnam, of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, swung half-second pendulums in the wooden room in the basement.
Libra1'y.-During the year the library has received pUblications from-
19 Scientific Societies and Institutions of Great Britain and Ireland,
96 Foreign and Colonial Scientific Establishments, as well as from several private individuals.
The card catalogue has been proceeded with.
Audit, &c.-The accounts for 1900 have been ~udited by Messrs. 'V. B. Keen and Co., chartered accountants. The balance sheet is appended.
2 H 2
428 The National Physical LaboTatoTY.
PERSONAL ESTABLISHMENT.
The staff employed is as follows :-
R. T. Glazebrook, Sc.D., F.R.S., Director of the Laboratory. C. Chree, Sc.D., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Observatory
Department. T. W. Baker, Chief Assistant. E. G. Constable )1
W. Hugo s . . h J F t l elllor Assistants III t e Observatory . os er ( T I
Department . . Gunter ""V. J. Boxall J
G. E. Bailey "'1
E. Boxall ~J unior Assistants. G. Badderly j Eight other Assistants. A Caretaker and a Housekeeper are also employed.
In addition to the above, Dr. J. A. Harker has been employed in the capacity of an Assistant in the Laboratory.
(Signed) R. T. GLAZEBROOK, Director.
List of Instruments, Apparatus, &c., the Property of the National Physical Laboratory Committee, at the present date out of the custody of the Director, on Loan.
To whom lent. Articles. Date of loan.
Executors of G. J. Portable Transit Instrument. • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • 1869 Symons, F.R.S.
The Science and Art Articles specified in the list in the Annual Department, South Report for 1893. • • •• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • • . 1876 Kensington.
Professor W. Grylls Adams, F.R.S.
Unifilar Magnetometer, by Jones, No. 101, conlplete ...•••••...•••..•...•.•••....••
Pair 9-inch Dip Needles with BaJ' Magnets ••. 1883 1887
Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S. Standard Barometer (Adie, No. 655) •..... ,. 1885
Mr. P. Baracchi (Melbourne U niversity).
The BorchgrevinkN ewnes Antarctic Expedition.
C. T. R. Wilson, F.R.S.
Unifilar Magnetometer, by Jones, marked N . .A.B.C., complete .••..•........•..••...
Dip Circle, by Barrow, with one pair of Needles and .Bar Magnets ....•..••.....•.
Tripod Stand •• , •••••......•••.••••..•...
Dip Circle, by Borrow, No. 24, with four Needles and Bar Magnets ••••.•.••••••.•.
Electrograms for 1897 ••••.•••••....•.•••.
1899
1899 1899
1898
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APPENDIX I.
MAGNETICAL OBSERVATIONS, 1900.
Made at the Kew Observatory, Old Deer Park, Rich
mond, Lat. 51 0 28' 6" N. and Long. Oh 1 m 158 '1 W.
The results given in the following tables are deduced from the magnetograph curves which have been standardised by observations of deflection and vibration. These were made with the Collimator .Magnet K.C. 1. and the Declinometer Magnet marked K.O. 90 in the 9-inch Unifilar Magnetometer by Jones.
The Inclination was observed with the Inclinometer by Barrow, No. 33, and needles 3i inches in length.
The Declination and Force values given.in Tables I to VIn are prepared in accordance with the suggestions made in the fifth report .of the Committee of the British Association on comparing aud reducing Magnetic Observations.
The following is a list of the days during the year 1900 which were selected by the Astronomer Royal, as suitable for the determination of the magnetic diurnal inequalities, and which have been employed in the preparation of the magnetic tables :-
January ............... 3, 8, 9, 30, 3l. :February... ... ... ...... 3, 6, 7, 13, 28. March ... ............... 5, 11, 21, 27, 28. April ...... ... . .. ... . .. 3, 8, 15, 22, 25. May................ ..... 9, 10, 14, 21, 28. June .................. 10, 11, 16, 20, 25. July ..................... 14-, 15, 18, 22, 30. August.................. 6, 9, 10, 23, 30. September ............ 2, 7, 21, 25, 26. October ............... 2, 7, 13, 19, 3l. November ............ 0, 6, 11, 16, 30. December ............ :~), 6, 15, 23, 24.
436 The }{ational Physical Laboratoryo
Table I.-Hourly Means of the Declination, as determined from the
Hom~ i pr~~:~~Dgl_Mid~ 1_1._1_2~t~!4. ~ .. 5._! ~ 1~~'J_9'I~l11~_ (160 +) West Wintero
M~~~'. ! , ,I, i ' I ' I ' ' , I , I ' I ' I ' I, , Jano 00 56 °7 54 01
1
54 °1' 54 04/54 °5 54 °4 54 °3' 54 °2 54 °0 53 °6: 53 oS' 54 °4 55 °7 Febo 00 57 °1 54 °0 54 °3: 54 °6 54 05i 54 °5 54 °3 54 °0 53 °9 54 '0, 54 "II 54'6 55 °5 March ° 57°5 53°3 53 04',53"4 53 01i 52°9 52"S 52°5 51°8: 50"91 50°8 52"054°3 Octo 00 55"0 51"0 51°2 51 "3 1 51 °2 51 °1 51 °0 50'9 50 °2: 49° 3' 48 '8' 50'0 52 °5 Novo ° 01 54 '2 50061 50 °9 51 011 51 °1: 51·1 51 °0' 50 °7 50 °4 ' 49 °9, 49"9 51 °3 52 ° S Deco 00 52'1 5000150 °3 50 °3 50'3 50o ,1, 50"3 50 °3 50 °0, 49 °8, 49 °8 50 °5 51°4
Means 1-5~ 52-252-:4 52'5:5;5'52-~52-352-15r:7:~2;51-2 52°1 53°7 I ,I 1 I' I
:--~--~=-----~~~
Summero
I ,I I: I I I I I , I I I f I I I I I I
April •• 'I: 57'0 53°0, 53 °0 52'S 52 °8 52'4 ;;2 '2i 51°6 50 °6 49 oS 49 -9 51·5 54·5 May.. 57°1 5204152'5 52°2 51°9 51°6 50'5: 49°4 49'01 49 04 50°1 52'354°8 June •• ! 56 °1 52 °4 52 °3 52 °1 52 °0' 51·6: 50 "8, 49"9 49 °4 49 '5, 50"2 52 °1 54 °9 July .. 1 57"0 52 °2 52"3 52 "I' 51°8 51 021 49 "8i 49 "4' 49 °3 49"4 50'0 51"0 53 °4 Aug" ° ° I 57 "0 51 °6 51 °6 51 04', 51 °3: 50 "8' 50 "3 , 49 "41 48 °6 48" 8 50"2 52·6 55 °3
Sept.oo __ 57_"2_~~ 51°:~:151"~_50"7150"~i 50"~i~:~~~~~:~~ Means 56'9 52"2 52'252°0 51°8 51'4,30'7 50°0 49"3 49"3 50°0 52"054°6
I: I
Tab1e II.-Diurnal Inequality of the
Hours Mid~._ -'---_------'-____ . __ . ____ , ______ ~_. __ 5.J_~J -7-" -I -s"-I 9·1 10. 1 ~~ Summer Means.
Winter Meanso
1-0':1-0"41-0"3 -0"31-0"4 -0"51-;'71-1"1 -1"51-1"6 =0"6~t~~ I Annual Means.
1-0"61-0"5 !-0"5 1-0"6 [-0"81-1"2 1-1"7[-2"2 1-2"4 1-;'1 1-;'71.1"4 N OTE.-When the sign is + the magnet
,.
Report on the Observatory Department.
se1ected quiet Days in 1900, (Mean for the Year = 160 52"7, West,)
Noon'l 1. I 2. ! 3. I 4. I 5. i 6. I 7. / 8. I 9. 1 10./ 11.1 Mid.
Winter,
Summer, ---.--,----:-----.,-----;----~------------.--. -------.-.------
, I· , I ' I, , , I ' I' , , , , I '
437
Succeeding noon,
57'1 56'6 57 '2 56'2 58'1 56'7
57 '1 158 '1 57 '7 ' 56 '1 54,'7 53 '9 53 '5 53 '4 53 ,} 53 '1 53 '2 52 '9, 52 '7 56'9 ,57'6 56'8 1 55'3 53'7 52'7152'2152'2 52'2 52'3 52'6 52'7152'6 57'9 ! 58'7 58'4157'5 56'4 54'6153'4152'6 52'5 52'5 52'5 52'5152'5 56 '4 i 58 '1 57 '8 56 '2 54', 53 '61 52 '7 52 '8 52 '9 52 '8 52 '4 52 '41 52 '0 57 '4 I 57 '9 56 '7155 '3 53 '3 52 '1 51 '5 51 '9 51 '71' 51 '9 5l '7 51 '9 51 '7 57 '2 ! 57 '4 55 '6: 53 '5 52 '0 51'31 51'41 51 '6 51'5
1 51'6 51'4 51'4 51'3
---'-----'--.--,--,--:-- --!-- ----------57 '2 • 58 '0 57'2,55 '71 54 'II 53 '0 52 '5: 52 '4- 52 '31 52 '4 52:3
1
52 '3 52 '1 57 '0 .
Kew Declination as deduced from Table 1.
Noon / 1. i
I I
2. 1 3, i 4, ,
I 5. I
i 6. I 7. / 8. I 9. I 10. I n·1 Mid.
Summer Means,
, II I I' , I ' I I i I I Ii, I I I ' 1 I I , I '
I
' +4'5-r5'3 +4'5 1+ 3 '0 !+1'41+ 0 '3 ,-0'2 i-0 '3 -0'4-0'3 !-0'4 1-0 '4 :-0'6
Winter Means,
. +~4 1+2'.91+2'.31+1'.21~O'.51+0'·~b'·JO'.31~·41-0'.61-0'.61~O'.61-0~5 Annual Means,
I-------------------c--------·----------- -----
I I ' I I I ' I , i , I, I I I I I I, I +3'4 '+4'1 1+3'4 1+2'1 1+ 1 '0 1+ 0 '31-0'2 -0'3 :1,-0'41-0'4 1
1- 0 '5 -0"5 -0"5
I I : ! I I I points to the west of its mean position,
" east
4:38 l'ke J.Vational Physical Labo1'atm'y.
Table HL-Hourly Means of the Horizontal Force in C.G.s. units (corrected (The Mean for the
Hours : Preceding I Mid. I I. , noon.
0'18000 +
2. 7. 8. , 9. ! 10. Ill. I i j
Winter. ,---;--------------,--,----------
1900. I Ii
Months. I I'
Jan. .•• 407 1414 413 414 414 416 i 4<17 418 419 416 412 405 405 Feb. ... 404 414 415 415 416 416 I 417 419 417 415 412 408 407 March.. 408 421 421 421 421 420 421 419 419 415 408 401 399 Oct. ••. 422 443 443 442 443 444 446 446 444 439 427 421 420 Nov. .• . 436 I 441 442 441 442 443 443 443 441 437 432 430 431 Dec. ..·1 441 I 443 i 443 443 443 I 443 _ 443 443 I 444 444 444 443 441
Means. :1' 420-: 429 i 429-, 429 430! 430 I 431- 431-1
, 431- 428 ,- 422- 418 -! 417-
Summer. -------- ------ ----------~-----
A.pril .•. 1 405 1425 i 425 i 425 425 1 425 424' 424 424 420 412 404 402 May ... I 400 i 422 422 I 419 420 I 418 416 412 408 404 401 404 405 June ... ' 421 I 436 435, 433 434 I 435 435 430 427 423 415 409 40D July "'1 425 'I 446 442 II' 441 440 440 439 436 433 427 419 415 417 A.ug. .. . 421 I 437 436 435 435 1 433 432 429 422 414 409 411 416 Sept ... '1 428 I 439 438 1 436 436 436 434 432 427 421 416 413 416
~~; -m-i 43"4-:-433-1
432-/432-1-431 430-, -427-14;- 418-l
ill-I-409!-ill
Table IV.-Diurnal Inequality of the
Hours I Mid. 1-1-. - ---;.- --3-.-- -';--:...'_--_5._'--6. [ 7. i_,~~ __ ~l_~J_~_ Summer Means. = __ "~~ .0~~~I~~oo~~:-~~~~I:-·~~03;~3~0~~·~~~F~0;011- .0~0051- ' 000101- '00017[- .000191~~~00018_ Winter Means.
1 ill I I j Ii! + '00001 + 'OOOOli + '00001 i + '00002 + '00002 + '00003 + '00003: + '00003 '00000 - '00006
1
- '00010 : - 'OOOIl
Annual Means.
NOTE.-When the sign is + the
Rep01't on the Observatory Depa1'tmerzt. 439
for Temperature) as determined from the selected quiet Days in 1900. Year = 0·18428.)
---~~-------
i Noon-L1.12J 3 __ ! 4. i 5·1 6·1 7. I
I, Winter . ---------,------------'------:--------c.---"------~
. 1 407 413 415 414 414 413 414 414 4151416 4161415 416 412
407 411 413 413 413 416 416 417 4181418 417 418 417 411 405 413 418 421 422 423 424 426 427 425 425 426 426 410 423 431 436 440 441 443 444 445 445 444 445 445 445 430 433 438 440 441 441 442 443 443 443 443 442 441 441 431 I 440 443 442 444 445 446 I 445 445 444! 444 443 442 442 438 i -----------,------:----1------I 1_~19 _ ... 4~5 .. 427 _429~~29c~30~4:S::~;.4:2c L432 43~ 1431_~31~ ." c 422_1
411 \ 418 II 42411 428 42~--~~71-4~-; 430 -:31 430 II 42!J -[1--429 ---:;9-'--:0--' 409 412 414 414 417 422 I 428 431 429 429 42~ 428 428 407 416 424 4321435 435 4381441 441 440 439 436 i 435 434 410 424 431 435 440 443 442 443 446 446 446 445 I 444 444 430 429 435 435 437 435 434 435 439 438 439 438 l 439 4·39 427
, 428 I~_ 435 _ 435 _~ 436 \ 438 _ 442 440 _439 437 j 440 __ 439 __ 4~
1
42o-i 426 429 431 432 I 433 \436\438 437 437 436! 436 436 i, 420' I I ,I i I
----
Kew Horizontal Force as deduced from Table III. ------ ----------- ---;----;------,--- --- -- -_._._-'--'---,
I ~.n 1_1. 1_~2. J~3. 1,4. I 5~ I 6. I 7. I 8. I 9. L~o· __ L_~~_J~i~ __ I
Summer Means.
i - .000091~ ~~~~~F ~oo~~F .O~~~i~ .00004\ + .00001>1 + .00007\ + .000101 + .000091 + .000081 + .00007/ + .o~~-;! :~~ ,------I Wlnl" M, ....
~:ooo+ '000+ .oooo;! + '000011 + 'OOOOI! + '00002! + -0000+ .o_! +-0000'1 + .oooo,! +'00003: +'0000'1 + '0000
'
~~~~ I'
, 4=~-~~~·F~0~\~0~F00031 + .000051 + .00007: + .00006/ + .000061 + .00005! + .00(1051 + ·00005
reading is above the mean.
440 11he lVational Physical Labol'ato1'Y.
Table V.-Hourly :Means of the Kew Vertical Force in C.G.S. units (corrected (The Mean for the
--- - - ------~--------.-
I 1 I Precedmg 1 Mid. I I
I
I I 1 1 1 10. \ Hours. 1. 2. 3. .j 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 11.
I noon. I I
0'43000 + Winter. ----~~----- ------- ---- -- ------
I I W~ I 1
Months. I Jan. ... 842 845 845 845 844 I 8441 843 843 842 841 842 842 842 Feb. ... 828 833 832 832 832, 832 831 831 830 828 829 827 828 March.. 842 I 853 853 853 853 I 852 851 851 852 851 850 846 845 Oct. • .. / 832 846 845 845 844.' 844 843 843 844 845 842 1 840 835 Nov. ... 816 I 819 819 819 819. 818 818 I, 818 818 818 817 I 815 815 Dec. ..• 801 I 803 803 803 803 803 803 i 803 802 802 800: 797 799
I Mean, 1---;;7--1833- 833- 833 8331833 833i 83218311831830-[828- 827
I ~mm~ ------;------:----,-----~---~----,-----
I April... 841 858\857 856 8551854 854 853 852 851 848 844 838 May. .. 823 842 84t 841 841 841 843 842 841 838 834 828 823
\
June ... 818 836 1 835 834 834 I 835 835 834 836 836 833 830 826 July ... 821 835 834 834 833! 834 834 834 835 834 828 823 816
I
Aug. ••• 777 1 794< I 794 793 I 792 792 794 794 793 789 784 781 775 Sept .... I 825 836 836 836
1
1 835 835 8351837 836 834 829 S24 821
IMeans 1~7-1834-1 833- 832- 832-1832- 832- 832- 832 830 826 822 817 I ! J 1 I
Table Vr.-Diurnal Inequality of the
IIours! I
Mid. 1. I 2./ 4. 5. 6. 7·1 8. 9. I 10. I II.
Summer Means.
Winter Means. -- -----~----I------I---I-----I- --~I-------I--I - I I I l+ '00001
1
+ '00001!+ '000011+ '00001 '00000 I '00000 '00000 - '00001 !- .000011- '00002 - '00004 - '00005
Annual Means.
--I----I--~--I-----I-- - I 1 I' I I I 1 I ! + '00C02 + ·00002! + '000011 + ·00001, + '00001: + '00001 + ·00001 1+ '00001
1
- ·00001 - ·00003 - ·00006 - '00009 i I I' I I I '
NOTE. - When the sign is + the
Report on the Observatory DepartTI1 ent. 441
for Temperature), as determined from the selected quiet Days III 1900. Year = 0'43831.)
Noon. I 1.
I
2. I
3. i
4. I
5. I
6. I 7. I 8. 1
9. IlO·1 11.1 Mid. 1
Succeeding noon.
---
Winter.
I I
8431
843 I I
841 844 846 846 844 8441
845 845 844 844 843 840 827 829 833 835 835 835 834 833 833 832 832 831 831 823 841 842 847 852 854 855 I 854 854 854 853 853 852 852 839 833 I 837 839 844 847 847 847 847 848 847 R48 847 847 833 816 818 822 822 821 820 1821 822 821 820 820 819 819 814 800 803 805 806 806 805 805 805 805 805 805 804 804 802
-------- ---834- 834-1834-
------- ---833-1 833- 833-j--8~ 826 829 832 834 834 834 833
I 1
Summer.
! 838 842 847 852 855 857 859 858 8571856 856 855 854
1
832 819 824 831 835 840 844 843 842 842 841 840 839 839 820 828 823 829 832 836 840 842 843 843 841 841 840 839 822 818 822 825 833 838 842 842 842 841 841 840 839 838 I 825 775 778 783 789 792 795 795 794 794 793 792 792 791 i 771 821 826 832 838 841 841 839 840 839 840 839 839 837 I 823
------824- 830 -I 834-
--- ------ --1--1-- --1,----
817 819 837 I 837 837 836 835 835 834 833 I 815 ! -
Kew Vertical Force as deduced from Table V.
Noon I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8. 9. 10 i 11. [ Mid.
Summer Means.
Winter Means.
='000061 ~~~~~~~) _:~_o~~~J+ .ooo021~ '000031~ '00002\ + '00002\ + '000~2\ ~'000021 ~_ '~~O~21 +_~~~~2\+ 'O~~~\ + 'OOO~ Annual Means.
reading is abo'l'e the mean
VOL. LXVIII. 2 I
442 The National Physieal Labo1'ato1'Y.
Table VII.-Hourly Means of the Inclination, calculated from the Horizontal
Hours
Winter. I~----:------:----;----:--~-------,:----:----:---------;-----;------
1900. I I I Months, ' ", i, , I' , , , , , , Jan..... 13'5 13'113'2 13'113'113'0 12'9 12'8 12'7 12'9 13'2 13'6 13'6 Feb,.... 13'3 12'8 12'7 12'7 12'6 12'6 12'5 12'4 12'5 12'6 12'8 13'0 13'1 March.. 13'4 12 '9 12 '9 12 '9 12 '9 12 '9 12 '8 13 '0 13'0 13'2 13 '7 14 '0 14 'I Oct,.. .. 12 '2 11'2 11'3 11'2 11'2 11'1 10 '9 10,g/n'1 11'5 12 '2 12 '5 12 '5 Nov.... 10'8 10'6 10'5 10'0 10'5 10'5 10'5 10'5
110'6 10'8 11'1 11'2 11'1
Dec,.. .. 10 'I 10'0 10 '0 10'0110 '0 10 '0 10'0 10 '0 9'9 9 '9 9'9 9 '8 10'0
~,- -1;;- U::-s u's u.Sl1-71l-711-6IU::-S[11-611-612-112-41M
Summer, ----,-----;-----;------;--------,-----,-------------------------
April ... 13'6 12'7 12'7 12'7 12'7 12'6 12'7 12'7 12'6 12'9 13'3 13'8 13'7 May.... 13'4 12'5 12'5 12'7 12'6 12'7 12'9 13'2 13'4 13'6 13'7 13'3 13'1 June" , 11'9 11'4 11'4 11'5 n'5 11'4 11'4 11'7 12'0 12'3 12 '7 13 '0 12'9 July .. "I 11'7 10'7 11'0 11'0 11'1 11'1 11'1 11'3 11 '6 11'9 12 '3 12 '4 12 'I Aug, .. , 10 '8 10 '2 10 '2 10 '3 10 '2 10 '4 10 '5 10'7 11'1 11'6 11 '8 11'5 11'0 Sept .... 11'6 11'2 11'3 11'4 11'4 11'4 11'511'7 12'0 12'3 12'6 12'6 12'3
""i~:I-l;;- 11'5 11'5 11'6 11'6 11'6 11'7 11'9 12'1 12'4 12'7 12'8 12'5,
Table VIII,-Diurnal Inequality of the --------------------------------------~
i I
I
I
1 110. 111. I 4, 5, 6, 7,
I 8. 9,
I I I 'I
-~--~-
Summer Means, i --
, I '
-0'1 [-0'2 I I ! I
, I I I I I , I ' +0-4 +0-71+1-01+1-0 +0-8 -0'1 -0'1 +0'1
Winter Means,
I ' I ' , I ' , ,
, I ' , I ' , ,
I 0'0 1-0 'I 0'0 -0 'I -0'1 -0'2 -0'2 -0'2 0'0 +0'3 +0'5 +0'6
I
Annual Means,
I , , , ,
-~-11 , , , I
1-0"2 ' I ' -0'1 -0'1 -0'1 -0'1 0'0 +0'1 +0'4 +0'7 +0'8 +0'71
N OTE,-When the sign is +
Rep01't on the Ubservatory Depart?nent. 443
and Vertical Forces (Tables III and V). (The Mean for the Year = 67° 11'·S.)
Noon. I 4. 1 5.
I 1
Succeeding noon. 6. 1 7·1 8. 1 9.1 10.1 11.1 Mid. 1
-----'----'-----
Winter.
, I 1 , I ' I ' I' , , , , , , , 13'5 i 13 '21 13'1 i 13'2 13 '1113'2 13'1 13'1 13'0 13'0 12'9 13'0 12'9 13'1 13'1112'9112'9:12'9 12'9'12'7 12'7 12'6 12'5 12'5 12'6 12'512'5 12'7 13'6 1 13 '1 12 '9112'9 12'8! 12'8 12'7 12'6 12'5 12'6 12'6 12'5 12'5 13'2 12'2 U'8' 11'5 111'4 11'4 111'3 11'2 11:1 11'1 11'2 11'1 11·1 11'1 11'7 11'0 10'8)10'8 110'710'7 10'6 10'510'510·510'510'6 10'610'6 11'1 10'1 10'0110'1110'0 10'0 9'9 9'9 9'9 10'0 10'0 10'1 10'1 10'1 10'3 ----1------·-- -------- ----
1 12 '3 i 12 '0 111 '91 11 '9 11' 8 11'7 11'7 11 '61 11 '6 11'61
11'7 11' 6 U'6 12 '0
1
Summer.
13"1 i 12"8 12"51
12"4 ]2"4 12"6 12"5 12"4 12"3 12"4 12"4 12'.4112"4 13~0 ]2'7 112 '7 12'7 12'8 12'8 12'6 12'1 11'9 12'0 12'0 12'1 12'0 12'0 12'9 ]2'5 1 11'8 11'5 11'4 11'5 11'4 11'2 U'3 11'3 11'4 U'6 11'6 1 11'6 12'7 11'7 111'3 11'2 11'1 11'0 11'2 11'1 10'9 10'9 10'9 i 10'9 11'0 1 10 '9 11'5 10'219'8110'0 10'0 10'2 10'4 10'3 10'0 10'1 10'0110'0 10'01 9'9 10'2 11'5 111'3111'4 11'5 1]'6 11'6 11'4 11'1 11'2 11'3 I 11'4 11'2 11'2 11'0
. 12'0 111'6111'6 ll-511-61u.6"J:1-4 11'3 11'3 1"1-3111-4 "J:1-41"1-3 ----;]':;--. IIlIllination as derived from Table VII.
I Noon I 1. I 2. I 3. I 4. 8. 9. 110. In. I Mid. '
Summer Means ~---.. ----~-.~
, I ' , , , I ' , I ' , I ' , I ' , !
+0"2 ,-0'1 -0'2 -0'2 -0'2 -0'1 -0'3 -0'5 -0'4 -0'4 -0'3 -0'4 -0'4 :
Winter Means.
+ ~ .+ ~ .~ 1~'1 ._~ ___ 0_1. _~_'O--,-----_~_'l-,--__ ~_'l--,----_O_' '_1 -'---_0_' '_21-~ '2 k~ '21_-~· 21-~~~ I Annual Means.
I , I ' I · , , ,
, I ' , , , I · ' ,1
+0'31 0'0 -0'1 -0'1 -0'1 -0'1 -0'2 -0'3 -0'3 -0'3 -0'3 -0'3-0'3!
--~----~---
the reading is above the mean.
2 I 2
444 The National ,Physical Labo1'atv1·Y.
APPENDIX IA.
:MEAN VALUES, for the years specified, of the Magnetic Elements at Observatories w hose Publications are received at the National Physical Laboratory
Place.
I
I Latitude. Longitude. !
!
I Year., Declination. Inclination.
I
I- I
Hori- Vertical zontal Force Force. C.G.S. C,G.S. Units.
I Units.
--------,------1--- 1 _____ -
I Pawlowsk ••••. I Katharinenburg
59 41 N. D'O 29E. 18981 0 30'3 E.[I 70 39'7 N. 56 49 N. 60 38E. 18981 9 55'6 E. 70 40'2 N.
{
1894i 7 39'7 E. , 68 37'5 N.
I
I Kasan ..••••.. 55 47 N. 1
I i Copenhagen ••. 55 41 N.
Stonyhurst .. •• 53 51 N.
Hambur~ .•.... Wilhelms haven Potsdam, .••.• Irkutsk ....... . de Bilt(Utrecht) Kew .•..•••...
Greenwich, •.••
53 34 N. 53 32 N. 52 23 N. 52 16 N. 52 5 N. 51 28 N.
51 28 N.
U ccle (Brussels) 50 48 N,
Falmouth •.••. Prague ...... . St. HelieI' (J er·
sey) ..•..•..• Parc St. Mttur
(Paris) .... .. Vienna ....... . O'Gyalla(Pesth) Odessa ••...... Pola* ........ . Nice ••.•••... Toronto ....•.• Perpignl1n .•••• Tillis .••••..••
Capodimonte } (Naples) ••
50 9 N. 50 5 N.
49 12 N.
48 49 N. 48 15 N. 47 53 N. 46 26 N. 44 52 N. 43 43 N. 43 40 N. 42 42 N. 41 43 N.
40 52 N.
Madrid ... .. • • 40 25 N. Coimbra .••..•. I 40 12 N. Washington •• /38 55 N. Lisbon.. .. .... 38 43 N.
! Tokio ......... R5 41 N.
49 8 E 1895', 7 43'8 E. 68 35 '5 N. . 1896: 7 47'1 E. ' 68 33'7 N.
1897 1 7 54'8 E. 68 34'8 N. 12 34 E. 1899 110 15'8 W. 68 40 N. 2 28W {1899 j 18 ]7'7 W. 68 51'8 N.
. 1900i 18 lO'9 W. 68 50'3 N. 10 3 E. 1896 111 36',,[ W. 67 38'8 N.
8 9 E. 1899 12 31'9 W. 67 45'0 N. 13 4E. 1899110 0'7 W. 66 33'3 N. :
104 16 E. 1898 2 2 '6 E. 70 13' 2 N. 511E. 1898 13 59'1 W. o 19W. 1900 16 52'7 W. o 0 {1899 16 34'2 W.
1900 16 29'0 W.
{ 1899 14 18'3 W.
4 21 E. 1900 14 13'6 W. 5 5W'!1 1899 18 32'7 W.
1425E. 1899! 9 11'9 W.
67 11'8 N. 67 10'2 N. 67 8'5 N. 66 13'2 N. 66 9'8 N. 66 48'7 N'.
2 5W. 1900
2 29 E. 1897 16 21 E. 1898 18 12 E. 1900 30 46E. 1898 15 51 E. 1899
16 59'7 W. 65 45'5 N.
7 16 E. 1899 7930W. 1897
2 53 E. 1897 44 48E. 1897
{
1898 14 15 E. 1899
1900 34OW. 1R97 825W. 1899
77 4W. 1894 9 9W. 1900
/139 45 E. 1897
14 58'6 W. 8 24'1 W. 7 28'8 W. 441'5 W. 9 25'7 W.
12 4'0 W. 4 53'0 W.
1351·3W. l59'OE, 922'6 W, 9 15'8 W. 9 10'2 W.
15 56 '9 W. 17 24 '2 W. 3 39'9 W.
17 18'0 W. 429'9W.
64 59 6 N.
62 30'5 N.
60 11'7 N.
60 3'5 N, 55 48 '3 N,
59 28 '9 N, 70 34'3 N. 57 54'8 N. 49 2'8 N.
'16522 '17802 '18572 '18580 '18605 '18616 '17490 '17273 '17312 '18061 '18072 '18818 '20137 '18487 '18428 '18419
'18450 • '18938 '18952 '18663 i
'19926 I
'19717 '20797 '21153 '22033 '22135 '22390 '16650 '22440 '25664
'22724 '19979 '23516 '29816
* The vertical force is mean from months June to December only.
'47077 '50752 '47451 '473flO '47381 '47454 '4478 '44677 '44720 '43921 '44173 '43392 '55991
'43831 '43754 '43J't4 '42978 '42896 '43569
'42270
'42341 '38900 '39087
'38959 '37770
'38549 '56646 '37484 '34356
Report on the Observatory Department. 445
APPENDIX lA-continued.
------------_. __ ._-... _----- _._-I ,
Place. I
i !~~~-l I Vertioal Force. Latitude. Longitude. Year'
i Declination. Inclination. Force. C G S
U 't 111 s, C.G.s. I U· 't' . I I 111 s.
-----------I---I-'-I-! I Zi-ka-wei ..... ;1 1; N. 12°1 ~6 E. {i~~~1 ~ i~:~:: I f~ !t:? ~: ~ ::~;~~ I :~:~;b I
Havana ...•... 23 8 N. 8225W. ]8981 3.10'8 E. 152 30'7 N. '31166 1 40634 Hong Kong .. ". 22 18 N. 114 10 E. 1899 0 21'1 E. 31 29'4 N. '36676 '22465 Tacubaya ...... ! 19 24 N. 99 12 E. 1895· 7 45'6 E. 1 44 22'2 N. '33428 '32764 'I'
Colaba(Bombay) 18 54 N. 72 49 E. 1897 0 31'3 E. 20 59'1 N. '37463 '14369 Manila...... .. 14 35 N. 1 120 58 E. 1898 0 51'4 E. 116 28'7 N. '37952 '1l22!; Batavia ....... : 6 11 S. t 106 49 E. 1898 1 14 '9 E. 29 47'4 S. '36752 '21040. I {1896 8 41 '6 W,! 36 50'8 S. '29004 '21735 II
Dar-es-salem* .. 6 49 S. I. 39 18 E. t 1807 8 29'9 W .. 36 53'3 S, '29009 '21771 : i 1898 8 18'1 VV. 1 36 56 ~8 S. '28966 '21785 i
Mauritius ..•. - i 20 6 S. I· 57 33 E.: 18981 9 39'2 W.I 54 22 '4 S. '23873 '33314 I!
I.! Rio de J::meil'ot t: 22 55 S. 43 11 W'I' 1899 7 45'9 W.· 13 16'0 S. '2505 '0590 I Melbourne. .. .. 37 50 S. 1144 58 E. 1898! 8 20'1 E. 167 22 '4 S. '23364 '56050 I
* Data for 1896 and 1897 are from absolute observations only. For 1898 use was made of the available magnetograph records.
t Data from first three and last three months of year only ..
AP
PE
ND
IX
Il.-
Tab
le 1
.
Mea
n M
onth
ly R
esul
ts o
f T
emp
erat
ure
an
d P
ress
ure.
K
ew O
bser
vato
ry.
1900
.
I
Th
erm
om
eter
. I
Bar
om
eter
.*
-----,---------,--------------1
-------------------
-------------------
l\fe
uns o
f-
I[ A
bso
lute
Ex
trem
es.
! I
Abs
olut
e E
xtr
emes
. .
• I
I
Mea
n
yap
ou
r:t
ensi
on _
~
d 1
---1\i~x·I----'--------
----
1---
Mea
n. 1
---1
~
~ M
ax_I
I M
in.
a~d
Max
. I
Dat
e.
Min
. I
Dat
e.
I M
ax.
Dat
e.
1 M
in.
"".
ri"i
Mm
. I
1-9
-0-0
.--0-
1--0-
-0---0
---o
--I- d-.
-h~-
--o-
!-d-
.-h~
--I-
in-s
-. -I-
-i-n
s-.-
--d
.-l-
l.--
----
Jan
....
. 40
-4,
44'9
8
5'4
40
-2
53
'0
2,.1,
2 P.
}!.
27-9
I
14
8
A.M
. 29
'934
130
'483
11
11
A.M
.
I D
ate.
--------
ins.
d.
h.
in
. 29
'231
'2
16
3
2 P.
M.
Feb
....
3
8'4
4
3-2
,33
'4
38'3
5
0'7
26
3
"
19
'0·
9 8
29'5
73 i
30'1
24
]4 1
0 P
.M.
Mar
ch..
39
-4
4;5'
1 i H
4'6
39
'9
56
'0
12 3
"
24'9
1
8
6 30
-013
I 30
-672
13
11
" A
priL
..
47
'6
55'7
39
-2
47
'5
73
'4
21
4&
5p
.M.
27-9
i
2 5
29-9
91
130-
586
19 1
0 A
.M.
May
...
5
2'0
59
'6
44-2
5
1'9
69
'3
I 6
5 P.
M.
37
'2{
, ~g
!
::} 29
'980
i 30
'356
3
0 0
·2B
A.lf
.
Jun
e ..
• 59
-S
68'3
52
-1
60-2
1
86-5
{I i~
3 ~4
P.~-
}4(.
i'l
i 5
3 20
'937
30
-258
1
0-5
A_:
\L
July
...
66
'9
76'9
5
7'5
6
7'2
81
:)"4
19
4 "
4,5'
2 i
8 4
30-0
0S
30-2
83
S N
OO
N
1
20 1
"
i A
ug
....
61
-0
69
'0
53-8
6
1'4
81
'3
18
4
" 46
-3
I 31
_5
" 12
9'96
1 30
'41'
; 3
0 1
0A.M
. S
ept.
. ..
57
'7
67
'5
49-2
I
5S'3
79
'4
16
2 "
41
'9
4 6
" 30
'136
30
'553
12
10
"
Oct
.. ...
150
'7
57-2
43
'9 I
5
0'6
70
'1
I 8
3 "
36-6
11
G
7 "
29'9
84
30'5
97
I 22
11
"
Nov
...•
146
'4
50'7
14
1-7
I <.1
,6-2
59
'9
11 N
OO
N &
1"
27'3
III
8
" 29
'747
30
'381
I 1
8 1
0 P
_M.
Il,c.
:.:..:.i
'58 '
498:~Q.7_1 45·~~ ~9 __
,_.
31
'0 J
_24
5
_"_
29
-930
_ 30
'548
J 16
7
"
i;:,~~~ }
I 50
·5
57"3
: 4
3 8 I 5
0·6
. •
I . . .
. I··
L .. ~. _
_ 299
33
. ·1
28'5
26
19 1
1 "
'199
2!
J215
1
9 6A.~
'182
29
-244
4
2 "
-239
29'4
69
3 NOO~
'279
29-4
51
25 1
1 A_
M.
: -3
66
29'6
16
2 41
'.M.
434
29'2
40
i 6
6"
'394
2
9'5
94
12
7 1
1"
365
29'2
81
26 3
"
'307
29
'119
29
5
A.M
. '2
78
28
-91
9/3
1 2
"
. '269
-------
----
_.. I"
'29
4\
* Re
dU(~
ecl
to 3
20 at
M.S
.L.
Th
is t
able
has
bee
n c
ompi
led
at
the
Met
eoro
logi
eal
Off
ice
fro
m v
alue
s in
ten
ded
for
pu
bli
cati
on
in
th
e yo
lum
e o
f "H
ou
rly
Mea
ns"
for
190
0.
ft::.. *'" v. ~
~ ~
~
~.
;:::l
::::::; """
" ~ ~ ~.
C":> ~
N
~ ~
o --z
::::::; 8 ~
Mo
nth
s.
Mea
n
Rai
nfa
ll. :I
I:
amo
un
tl _
__
__
~----~ __
_ ~---1
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Ob
serv
atio
ns.
-Tab
le I
I,
Kew
Obs
erva
tory
. ------------~~ .. -~------~----
Wea
ther
. N
um
ber
of
days
on
whi
ch w
ere
regi
ster
ed
Win
d,t
N
um
ber
of
days
on
whi
ch i
t w
as
(0 =
cle
ar,
T
1 M
axI-
<l,i
R'
S 1 H
'
Cle
ar
~ N
IN
E
E
S ~
S ,',
,\:;\'T
,N
8
of
clou
d ,
----I' -
I---T
hu
u-
\ O
ver-
c.o
:!
I! i
-1--1 '
1
0=
ov
er-
ota
, .j
.J
,mu,
no
w,
all.
,del
'-k
cast
.....
. ",'
.r,
i "
, ,E
,.,
S,\
' ,
H,
I "v
, ..:
::i
mu
m,.
e
T
s y,
I
k d
, ii'
d _
__
__
~ _
__
_ ~
_+
__
__
__
_ s
torm
s, _
_ I~ ~I,-i ---
__
_ 1 _
__
__
1 __
1, ___ 0
1900
" in
s,
ius,
!;
I I
Jan
uar
y ...
.. '
7'6
2
'92
0
0'5
50
6
19
2
1 0
2 I
20
0
,: 5
1 1
: 1
... 5
5
8 5
3 F
ebru
ary
.. .
. 7
'6
3'1
75
0'
5:>0
2
18
4
0 0
2 17
4
,"
6 I
5 3
1 2
4 5
2 I
1 5
Marc
h..
•. ..
7
'5
0'9
35
0'
3751
1
8
8 2
0 0
2 1
9
0 1
0 I
6
3 I
2 1
1 3
5 2
Ap
ril ..
....
. I
6'1
0'9
25
0
'32
0
3 1
4
0 1
0 5
11
2
3!
3 3
I 1
2 6
9 3
5 M
ay ...
....
. :
6'8
1
'06
5
0'2
35
22
'1
1
0 0
0 1
14
1
6 I
6 2
! 1
3 8
2 • i
3
1 Ju
ne
....
...
i 'i'
O
2'0
20
0
'35
0
24
1
2
0 0
2 3
15
0
5 I
1 1
I 1
3 1
0
7 I
2 2
July
...
....
. I
5'2
1
'36
0
0'5
10
27
7
0 0
3 7
7 0
2 1
2 I
1 3
11
5 I
6 5
Au
gu
st ..
...
! 6
'0
2'9
15
, 0
'44
0
3 1
5
0 2
2 6
9 1
1,
5 2
, 7
6 4
3 5
Sep
tem
ber
.• '1
u
'3
0'6
70
0
'31
0
27
7 0
0 0
6 7
0 4
2 3
,I 2
6 9
4 9
Oct
ober
...
.. I
6'5
1
'66
0
0'4
75
2D
1
6
0 0
0 1
10
0
GIl.
.
1 1
3
7 4
5 N
ov
emb
er ...
I 7'
S 1
68
00
'28
02
4
17
0
0 0
2 21
0
6 3
2:
2 4
9 3
1 2
Dec
embe
r ..
. i
7'9
2
'54
0
0'5
80
3
0
18
0
0 0
0 1
9
3 2
..
1 1
1 9
14
4
3 _
__
__
_ 1
_
__
__
_ -------
__
__
__
__
1___
___
---1
--1
--
-----,--------
Tot
als
and
I 6
'S
21'8
65
16
2
8 4
7 3
7
16
9
11
58
II
33
I
24
,1
12
44
9,:
1, I'
63
I 3
7
47
m
eans
. I
I i
I
* M
easu
red
at
10
A.M
, da
ily
by g
auge
1'7
5 f
eet
abov
e gr
ound
, t
AI'!
reg
iste
red
by
th
e an
emog
raph
. :t
Th
e n
um
ber
of
rain
y d
ays
are
tho
se o
n w
hic
h 0
'01
inc
h ra
in o
r m
elte
d s
now
was
rec
orde
d.
§ In
a "
gale
" th
e m
ean
win
d v
eloc
ity
hus
exce
eded
35
mil
es a
n h
ou
r in
at
leas
t on
e h
ou
r o
f th
e tw
enty
-fou
r.
I! In
a "
cal
m"
the
mea
n w
ind
vel
ocit
y fo
r th
e tw
enty
-fo
ur
ho
urs
has
no
t ex
ceed
ed 5
mil
es a
n h
ou
r.
~
~ ~
;;t ~ <
:-;.
~
"'" a [ <:§ ~
C)
~ b ~
~ ~ g ;;..
~ ~
-:J
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Oh
serv
atio
ns.
-Tab
le II
I.
Kew
Obs
erva
tory
.
Bri
gh
t S
un
shin
e.
Max
imu
m t
emp
era-
I tu
re i
n s
un
's r
ays.
i
(Bla
rk b
ulb
1'n
va
cu
o.)
,
Min
imu
m t
emp
era
ture
on
the
gro
un
d.
Ho
rizo
nta
l m
ov
emen
t o
f th
e ai
l'.*
I rJot
al-~-fea
-n ---
I-'I-
I---
--!
I b
f pe
rcen
-G
reat
est.
I
I I, n
Ulm
er
0
t.age
of
dai
ly
Dat
e.,
Mea
n.,
Hig
hes
t D
ate"
1 M
ean.
~fonths.
I lo
urs
'b
l d
I,
t J'
ecor
dcd.
pO
SSI.
e re
co
r.
I I
i
1 _
__
__
__
__
__
_ 1
__
__
su
ns~:
__
__
_ --
-1---
1---
___ i _
_
, ] 9
00.
I h.
11
1.
h.
m.
I do
g.
I do
g.
I do
g.
I i
Jan
uar
y
,...
....
....
....
4
6 1
2
18
5
36
1
8,
66
86
17
29
F
ob
ruar
y .
. . .
. .
. . .
. . .
. .
. .
54
18
2
0
8 2
4
21
I 72
99
18
2
8
Mar
ch ,.
....
..
81 2
4
22
9 1
8
20
84
10
7 20
27
A
pri
l . .
. .
. ..
....
...
173
0 42
12
12
18 1
106
125
22
i
29
J\fa
y ..
. ,.
. . .
..
. ..
....
. 17
5 0
36
12
42
2 I
113
! 1
30
{ 2~
36
Jun
e
Julv
A
ug
ust
...
....
....
.
Sep
tem
ber
'"
..
....
...
.
181
36
2!H
G
18
6 0
178
6
37
59
41
47
15
6
15
0 13
36
10
54
10
i 1
24
I
l3d
11
46
11 I
13
4
I 15
3 16
49
13
I U
S
I 13
G
] 9
48
11 i U
8
I' 12
8 { 2~
39
40
I 9
54.
8 I
99
121
2 8
7
18
7
24
10
75
I
101
1 35
I I O
cto
ber
, .
....
....
.. ,
...
13
4 1
8
AV
erag
e; G
reat
est
Low
est.
IDat
.e'j
ho
url
y
ho
url
y
Dat
e.
:\: ve
loci
ty.
velo
city
.
.. _
--'-
--,----,-------
deg.
14
6 10
1
4
22
36
33
R8 31
13
8 18
2 16
27 8 5 6
{ 16
21
11
mil
es.
11
'4
12
'6
10
'4
10
'5
11
'1
11
'0
8'5
1
0'3
7'3
·mil
es.
3t
41
30
37
35
26
31
35
28
28
13
23
13
3
,{ 1~
27
3 27
6 15
I ~::
::~ee:
::.:::
::: : : :
: :
: :
:: :
:
I T
ota
l; a
nd
Mea
ns ~ ~~
1584
24
I I
,_.-----.---~--
-._
-'
15
6
0 21
65
I
83
{2
i
-3
-3
I=~~--
-·· --9
-8 r-·
· -'-.. -1-
'-' I
36 I '~I
~ ___
__ ~_
10
'0
10
'5
13
'5
35
25
19
21
22
32
32
45
28
If:
As
ind
icat
ed b
y a
Ro
bin
son
's a
nem
og
rap
h,
70 f
eet
aboT
e th
e g
ener
al s
urf
ace
of
the
gro
un
d,
the
orig
inal
fac
tor
3 b
ein
g u
sed.
t
Rea
d a
t 1
0 A
.M.,
an
d e
nte
red
to
pre
vio
us
day.
:I:
Rea
d a
t 1
0 A
.M.,
an
d e
nte
red
to
sam
e d
ay.
f.I:::..
f.I:::..
CO
~
~
~ ~
.,.;;
..
S .,.., ~
~
~ .,.,.
c:-:, t=::l ~
t--;
t=::l
<:J-
I o ~ o ~
i I
i I I No, in i
i Kew Iregister. I
200 207 209 226 230 237 244 247 253 254 256 257 258 259 262 265
266
Report on the Observatm'y Depa1't1nent, 449
APPENDIX IlL-Table 1.
Register of principal Seismograph Disturbance~, 1900,
Commenoc. I D . • F' t W d t I uratIOn I Irs pecon
men; ! f P T' * . I' • of P.T.',.* 0 .. ,. i mmmum. manmUill. .Date,
-----,------
Jan,
"
" June July Aug, Oct,
" Nov,
D~~,
5 I
171 i~ I 16 I
')1 I - I 29 ' 28
1 7
2~ III
24 18 I
I
25 I
h. m. 19 21 '0
6 37'0 6 46'2
17 35'3 20 23'7 20 47'3 7 18'5
11 8'0 21 31'2 1~ 34'7 921'5 8 13'2
16 30'2 18 38'5 8 S'7
23 37'0
5 16'4
ill,
40'2 8'2
1O'R 9'9
10'6 26'3 1~'5 5'2
29'4 13'5 8'7
19'2 23'0 9'0 9'6
21'8
9'8
h, m. 20 7-9 6 48'8 7 24,'6
18 20'0 21 1'8 21 40'9
. h, m, ! 20 11'5 ! 6 50'6
8 37'2 11 13'8 22 10'0 13 8'4 943'2 840'0
16 55'0 18 53'1 . 8 47'8 '
24 7'7
7 29'5
21 3'8 21 45'4 8 ~9'3
11 20'2 22 12'0 13 18'0 9 44'1
17 0'8
5 27'4 i {5 55'~} I 6 6',
mm, I Secs.
of arc.
duration of disturb
ance,
1'0 I 0 '85 I ~' ~~' 0' 0 I 0'50 0 3 i
15'0 !12'60 3 12 0'6 I 0'53 1 36 1'2 0 -92 1 58 2'5 1'73 3 48 0'9 0 '63 3 13 1 '3 0 '92 0 44 1'4 1'05 2 25 8'0 6 '00 4 0
12 '6 9 '45 6 30 0'9 0'68 1 13 1'2 0 '90 1 8 0'7 0 '52 0 52 2'5 1'87 2 0 1'5 0 '87 1 8
3'5 2'03 3 7
!
I· j
I I I
* p/r.'s = preliminary tremors, The times recorded are G.M,T,; midnight = 0 or 24 hours, '1'he figures given above are obtained from the photographic records of a Milne Horizontal
Pendulum; they represent E-W displacements,
AP
PE
ND
IX I
V,-
Tab
le 1
. R
8:3
Ur:
rs O
F \V
AT
CH
TR
lAI,
S,
Per
form
ance
of
01
0 5
1 W
atch
es w
hich
obt
aine
d th
e h
igh
est n
um
ber
of
mar
ks
du
rin
g t
he y
ear,
Wal
ch d
epos
ited
by
I I Nu
mb
er
of
wat
ch,
I
Esc
apem
ent,
bal
ance
sp
rin
g,
&e.
ci.
::l
+" ::l 0;
'V § Q
.,
Mea
n da
ily
rate
.
b'n
'J::
~
0;
'V
::l ~
~ ~ " '0 § ~
::l
• ::=
Po
0 ::l
'0
~
~
A
Q
.!:'
'8
'0
""' o ::l . 8 .~ -H
0;
>
::l"
; O
;+"
'" ,~
~~
----
--+
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
sees
. I
sees
. se
es.
1 se
es.
sees
., s
ees.
+
3'4
+
4'6
+
3'4
0
'2
+2
'31
+1
'8
+a'o
0
'4
-1
01
+0
'4 -1
'40
'3
Fri
dlan
der,
Cov
entr
y , .
....
....
....
. i
" "
....
..•.
. ···
···1
B
ilum
e &
; C
o.,
Lo
nd
on
..
....
....
.. :
H.
Gol
ay,
Lo
nd
on
....
....
....
....
....
. !
W.
Mat
thew
s, C
ov
entr
y .
....
....
... i
II
. G
olay
, L
ondo
n ..
....
....
....
....
... 1
S. Y
eom
ans,
Cov
entr
y ..
....
....
.. II
Fri
dlan
del',
CO
\'ent
ry
....
....
....
.. .
J. W
hite
& S
on,
Cov
entr
y ..
....
.. .
Fri
:Han
der,
Co
ven
try
..
....
....
..
Cha
s. F
rod
sham
& C
o.,
Lom
lon
.. .
Fri
dlan
der,
Cov
entr
y ..
....
....
... .
.
Eh
rhar
dt,
Ltd
., B
irm
ing
ham
...
W.
Mat
thew
s, C
ov
entr
y: .
....
....
. G
. E
. S
ims,
Lon
don
....
. .
S,
Yeo
man
s, C
oven
try
....
....
....
. ..
H.
Gol
ay,
Lon
don
....
....
....
....
... .
S.
Yeo
man
s, C
ov
entr
y ..
....
....
....
. 'I F
ridl
ande
r, C
oven
try
....
....
....
.. ,
Mat
thew
s, C
oven
try
....
....
....
....
.. J
H.
Gol
ay,
Lon
don
....
....
....
.. · .
... ·i
F
rid
lan
der
, C
ov
entr
y .
....
....
....
. i
Cha~. F
rods
ham
, L
ondo
n ..
....
... [
W
rig
ht
& C
raig
head
, L
ondo
n ..
I .J.
Whi
te &
S
ou,
Cov
entr
y ..
....
.. M
onta
ndon
-Rob
ert,
Gen
eva
....
. .
2;)5
82
2559
4 10
3031
15
fi 97
8a5
156
7668
6 25
564
3664
3 2f
l59
I 08
753
2558
4 47
2902
27
2902
37
459
0482
:3
7664
8 15
0 76
650
2,):
)95
~177
67
I(j7
2;-.:;
G~
0'0
17
82
08
36:3
95
1096
S.r
., g
.b.,
s.o
., ,.
Kar
ruse
l" ..
....
....
....
....
...
+a'8
I +
a '5
S
.r.,
g.b
., s
.o.,
"K
arru
sel "
....
....
....
....
....
. " +
1'8
i +
1'4
G
. b.,
s.o
., "
Tou
rbil
lon
" ch
ron
om
eter
....
. ' -
1'6
1-1
' 8
S.r
., g
.b.,
s.o
., "
Kar
ruse
l" ..
....
....
....
....
... :
-2
'8 ,
-1'5
S
.r.,
g.b
., s
.o,
"Kar
ru8
el"
....
....
....
....
. :+
I·;{
1+
1'3
S
.r.,
g.b
., s
.o.,
" K
alT
usel
" ..
....
....
....
....
.. !-
1·5
1-1
'0
S.r
., g
.b.,
s.o
., "
Kar
ruse
l" .
....
....
....
....
....
! +0
'0
+0
'I
S.r
., g
.b.,
s.o
., "K
arru
sel"
....
....
....
....
....
. ' -
0'4
-1
'3
S.r
., g
.b.,
s.O
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. +3
'8
+2
'5
S.r
., g
.b.,
s.o
., "
Kar
ruse
l" .
....
....
....
....
.. i
-0'5
-0
'8
D.r
.,fu
see,
s.o
.,"T
ou
l'b
ilIo
n'·
lev
er
....
.. +
3·2
+
3'0
j
S.r
., g
. b.,
s.o
., "
Kar
ruse
l " ..
....
....
....
....
: -0
'2
+ 0
'5
~:~:; :
:~:; ~
:~:, ·::'
K~~;.~~~
·i;;·.::
:::::·:.
:::::·.:
:::·. =
~:~ I
=6:~
S
.r.,
g.b
., s
.o.,
"K
arru
sel"
...
....
....
....
....
. +
o·;
{ 1
-0'1
S
.r.,
g.b
., s
.o.,
"K
arru
sel "
....
....
....
....
....
. -1
'7
1'-1
':1
S
.r.,
g.b
., s
.o.,
'·K
arru
sel"
....
....
....
....
....
. -0
'4
+0
'4
iI: ~:~J
f: ~! ~~
t1gk:i
:::::.
~n I~
n S
.r.,
g.lJ
.,R
.O.,
"K
arr
use
l" ..
....
....
....
....
+0
'61
+1
'1
D.r
., f
usee
, s.
o.,
"Tou
rlJi
llon
" le
ver .
....
....
+ 2
'5 1
+2
'7
S.l
'., g
.b.,
s.o
., "
Karr
use
l" ..
....
....
....
....
. +
4'8
1+
4'5
D
.r.,
g.b
., s
.o ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. +
4'8
1+
[)'2
D
.r.,
g.b
., 8
.0.,
min
ute
rep
eate
r ...
....
....
....
-2
'1 1
-4'6
-2
'21
-2
'0
-1'2
0
'4
+1
'5
+0
'6
+2
'9
0'3
-2
'1
-0
'5
-1
'0
0'4
-\
-0'5
+
0'7
+
0'5
0
'3
-0
'5
+0
'3
+0
'4
0'3
+
1'5
+
3'5
+
2'8
O·
;~
-0
'6
-2
'0
+2
'0
0'3
+
2'8
+
O,[
) +
1'8
0
'3
+0
'2
+0
'1
+1
'6
0'4
+1
'2
+1
'·1
+
3'6
0
'5
+0
'1
+2
'1
+2
'2
0'4
-0
'4
+1
'3
+2
'[
0'3
-1
'1
-0'7
+
0'3
10
'4
+1
'0
+0
'2
-0
'4'
0'4
-0
'1
+3
'1 1
-0'9
'.
0';3
-a'9
-1
'1
-4
'8'
0'·1
·-
0'2
+
0'8
+
1'4
' 0'
4--1
'7 +O·;~
-O'(
j 0'
4-+
2'8
-0
'11
+3
'J
0'4
+
2':
, +
1';
) +
;3'1
0
'4
+4
'1
+1
)'9
+
4'(
j 0'
4-+
4'8
+
3'7
+
3'7
0
'4
-1
'5
-0
'6
-Z'O
0
'4
'" .z '" ~ '8 '" Ci) ~ ,c:
I ~;.
.;
1
~~
~
~~
+"0
;
:< '
" "'
OJ;
::
l::l
~·
Ui
::=.8
~~
.0':
"'~
Ob
i:
::l:
:l
~:§
!t::
o::
A
bI:
sees
. se
es.
0'0
6
3'5
0
'01
3
'5
0'0
3
4'5
0
'03
3
'5
0'0
7
6'0
0
'04
4
'5
0'0
9
5'5
0
'07
5
'0
0'0
5
4'2
0
'06
8
'0
0'0
5 !
5
'2
0'0
7
4'5
0'0
3
4"7
0'0
34
'a
o 'O
fi [)
'2
0'0
75
'2
0'0
6
h'5
0
'05
5
'5
o 'O
ii 6
'5
0'0
;,
a'l
0
'05
:,'
8
~:~~
! r~
0
'08
'
4'7
0
'06
6
'7
0'07
5
'5
lIIa
rks
awar
ded
for
' o .§ .~ t;; >
p,,
' :;:
:2
oj
0::
A'"
,c:
• ~~
~~
0;0
",
Po
....
'-0
0
",'"
C
i)bI
: ::l
.:
~
'" ,c
:,c:
0
'"
s g '" ....
;::S
::l
+"0
~~
"'''
p,oo
a§
~Po
0-4
0 I
0-4
0 I
0-2
0
35
'8
38
'41
]5
'9
32"0
3
8'0
]9
';3
33
'43
7'5
17
'8
32
'1
38
'1
18
0
34 '8
37
'7
15
'1
31
'7
38
'1
17
'5
33
'7
39
'0
]4'3
3
:3'8
37
'91
5'2
3
2'1
3
7'3
1
6'4
:n
'l
36
'2
16':1
3:
3'3
3G'4
1
6'4
32
'3
38
'1
15
'6
30
'9
36
'8
IS'1
18
'3
15 '9
15
'0
16 '3
16
'8
16 'S
16
'3
Hj '
7 18
'2
lfi '
0
14
'6
15 '7
15
,]
31
'5
35
'8
33
'13
6'5
3
2:7
3
7'8
3
1'5
37
'7
:1:3
'6
a5
'0
32
'f)
30
'0
;32'
2 36
'~l
31 '
;l
37
'4
:~2'
0 I :
1;)'1
31
':1
i 37
'0' 3
1'7
13
8'3
3
1'2
3
7'6
"3
'"
q"'
1
U
..
I u
V
To
tal,
M
arks
.
0-1
00
.
90 'I
89 '3
88
'7
88 '2
87
'6
87
'3
87
'0
8
6'9
86
'8
86 '6
86
'1
86 '0
85 '8
8;
j '6
85
'5
85 '5
8
5'5
8
5'4
85
'4
81)
'4
85
'4
85 '3
84
'8
84-'6
84
'5
84
4
,.j....
(;
1
o ~ C':: ~ §,
"'" ~
~
~:::: en ","
, ~
~
.,......
~
:;:'l c:::-
Co '" i::5 "'"
Co
~
Wat
ch d
epos
ited
by
N
um
ber
of
w
atch
.
Fri
dla
nd
er,
Co
ven
try
...
....
....
....
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Tab
le I
I.
Hig
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Mar
ks o
btai
ned
by
Com
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ated
\\T
at,c
hes
du
rin
g t
he y
ear.
Mar
ks
awar
ded
for
Des
crip
tion
of
wat
ch.
Nu
mb
er.
Dep
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ed b
y
I
Var
ia-
! p
..
Tem
per
a-'T
otal
ti
on.
I O
SItIO
n.
ture
. m
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. I
i---:-------
0--
40
0
-40
0
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0
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0.
-------------
I-----!--_
__
__
__
__
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----
Min
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an
d s
pli
t se
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s ch
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rap
h, r
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ter,
II'
and
per
pet
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the
moo
n •..
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0
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150-
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n
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9'6
7
8 6
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Min
ute
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d
spli
t. se
c on
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!
min
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• 19
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on
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inu
te c
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no
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ph
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d m
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Min
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tauf
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29
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ay,
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166
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26
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Tab
le I
I -~ontinued.
--------------.-
-------------
Mar
ks a
war
ded
for
Num
ber.
D
escr
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on o
f w
atch
.
I 1---
---·
----
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1-37
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rt'
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