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Page 1: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

The MoonThe Moon

Page 2: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Atmosphere?Atmosphere?

There is none!There is none!The gravity of the Moon is too low The gravity of the Moon is too low

to hold on to the molecules of an to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere.atmosphere.

There is water on the moon There is water on the moon though—ice at the poles.though—ice at the poles.

Page 3: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

InteriorInteriorMostly made of relatively low Mostly made of relatively low

density materialsdensity materialsHas a small, solid core that is Has a small, solid core that is

also low densityalso low densityThe crust on the far side of the The crust on the far side of the

Moon from the Earth is thicker, Moon from the Earth is thicker, because the mantle and core because the mantle and core were pulled towards Earth by were pulled towards Earth by gravity.gravity.

Page 4: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Lunar SurfaceLunar Surface

Maria:Maria: large, roughly circular large, roughly circular dark areas caused by the flow of dark areas caused by the flow of lava when the Moon was still lava when the Moon was still volcanic.volcanic.Made of basalt—a dark colored, Made of basalt—a dark colored,

high density rock from the Moon’s high density rock from the Moon’s mantlemantle

Page 5: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Lunar SurfaceLunar Surface

Lunar highlands: Lunar highlands: light colored light colored areas elevated several kilometers areas elevated several kilometers above the maria.above the maria.Made of rocks that are light in color, Made of rocks that are light in color,

rich in aluminum, and low densityrich in aluminum, and low densityProbably part of the original lunar Probably part of the original lunar

crust—thrust up by the impact of crust—thrust up by the impact of meteoroidsmeteoroids

Page 6: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

CrateringCrateringImpact craters are created when Impact craters are created when

meteoroids, asteroids, and meteoroids, asteroids, and comets strike the mooncomets strike the moonThe crater is usually about 10 times The crater is usually about 10 times

the diameter of the impactorthe diameter of the impactorThis is the only form of erosion on This is the only form of erosion on

the Moon—it creates a thick layer of the Moon—it creates a thick layer of dust known as the dust known as the regolithregolith

Page 7: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

CrateringCratering

Two crater types:Two crater types:Simple craterSimple crater—small and deep —small and deep

with smooth bowl shapewith smooth bowl shapeComplex craterComplex crater—large, shallow, —large, shallow,

with central peakwith central peak

Page 8: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

The Moon’s OriginThe Moon’s Origin

Before the Apollo missions in the Before the Apollo missions in the 1960’s and 70’s, there were three 1960’s and 70’s, there were three leading theories to the moon’s origin:leading theories to the moon’s origin:

1.1. The Earth’s gravity captured it.The Earth’s gravity captured it.

2.2. The Moon and the Earth The Moon and the Earth condensed from the same cloud of condensed from the same cloud of dustdust

Page 9: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

3. When it is still molten, a 3. When it is still molten, a large object strikes the large object strikes the Earth. (Impact Theory)Earth. (Impact Theory)

Material from both objects Material from both objects flies off.flies off.

That material condenses That material condenses and forms the moonand forms the moon

Page 10: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Phases of the MoonPhases of the Moon

Sunlight

Sunlight

(1) New Moon

(2) Waxing Crescen

t

(3) First Quarter

(4) Waxing Gibbous

(5) Full Moon

(6) Waning Gibbous

(7) Third Quarter(8)

Waning Crescent

Earth

The general

locations and

orientations for the phases of the moon.

Earth spins on its axis in

the same direction as the moon’s

orbit.

Page 11: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Sunlight

Sunlight

Earth

(1) New Moon

How much of the moon’s face does the person

see?

What time of day is it for the

observer?

Noon!!

NEW MOON Wherever the person looks all they see is

shadowed moon.

Perspective & The Perspective & The Moon’s FaceMoon’s Face

Page 12: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Perspective & The Perspective & The Moon’s FaceMoon’s Face

Sunlight

Sunlight

Earth

(2) Waxing Crescent

How much of the

moon’s face does

the person see?

What time of day is it for the

observer?

3PM!!

WAXING CRESCENT

When you look up you see only a small

crescent brightly lit. (Right Side)

Page 13: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Perspective & The Perspective & The Moon’s FaceMoon’s Face

Sunlight

Sunlight

Earth

(3) First Quarter

What time of day is it for

the observer?

Sunset - 6PM!!

FIRST QUARTER When you look up you see one half of the front face of the

Moon brightly lit. (Right side)

How much of the

moon’s face does

the person see?

Page 14: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Perspective & The Perspective & The Moon’s FaceMoon’s Face

Sunlight

Sunlight

Earth

(4) Waxing Gibbous

How much of the moon’s

face does the person see?

What time of day is it for the

observer?

9PM!!

WAXING GIBBOUS When you look up

you see only a small crescent,

darkly shadowed, on the left.

Page 15: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Perspective & The Perspective & The Moon’s FaceMoon’s Face

Sunlight

Sunlight

Earth(5) Full Moon

How much of the moon’s face does the person

see?

What time of day is it for the

observer?

Midnight-12AM!!

FULL MOON When you look up

you see the entire face of the Moon brightly lit.

Page 16: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Perspective & The Perspective & The Moon’s FaceMoon’s Face

Sunlight

Sunlight

Earth

(6) Waning Gibbous

How much of the moon’s

face does the person see?

What time of day is it for the

observer?

3AM!!

WANING GIBBOUS When you look up

you see only a small crescent,

darkly shadowed, on the right.

Page 17: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Perspective & The Perspective & The Moon’s FaceMoon’s Face

Sunlight

Sunlight

Earth

(7) Third Quarter

How much of the moon’s

face does the person see?

THIRD QUARTER When you look up you see one half of the front face of the Moon brightly lit. (Left

side)

What time of day is it for the

observer?

Sunrise - 6AM!!

Page 18: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Perspective & The Perspective & The Moon’s FaceMoon’s Face

Sunlight

Sunlight

Earth

(8) Wanin

g Cresce

nt

How much of the moon’s

face does the person see?

WANING CRESCENT When you look up you see only a small crescent brightly

lit. (Left Side)

What time of day is it for the

observer?

9AM!!

Page 19: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

EclipsesEclipses

Although the Sun is about 400 Although the Sun is about 400 times larger than the Moon, it is times larger than the Moon, it is also about 400 times further also about 400 times further away.away.

As a result of this coincidence, As a result of this coincidence, the Moon can completely cover the Moon can completely cover the Sun, producing a total solar the Sun, producing a total solar eclipse.eclipse.

Page 20: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

EclipsesEclipses

The shadow of any body consists The shadow of any body consists of two parts:of two parts:The umbra is the darkest part of The umbra is the darkest part of

the shadow--in the center.the shadow--in the center.The penumbra a lighter shadowThe penumbra a lighter shadow

—on the outer edges.—on the outer edges.

Page 21: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Total Solar EclipseTotal Solar Eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Page 22: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse

A total solar eclipse occurs about A total solar eclipse occurs about once every 18 months somewhere in once every 18 months somewhere in the world.the world.

At any given location, a total solar At any given location, a total solar eclipse occurs once every 360 years.eclipse occurs once every 360 years.The next total solar eclipse in the The next total solar eclipse in the

U.S. is on Aug. 21 2017.U.S. is on Aug. 21 2017.

Page 23: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Total Total Solar Solar

EclipseEclipse

Page 24: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Solar Corona During EclipseSolar Corona During Eclipse

Page 25: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Total Solar EclipseTotal Solar Eclipse

As the Moon orbits the Earth, its As the Moon orbits the Earth, its apparent size varies.apparent size varies.Only when the Moon is closest to Only when the Moon is closest to

the Earth can it completely block the the Earth can it completely block the Sun.Sun.

If the Moon does not completely If the Moon does not completely cover the Sun we get an cover the Sun we get an annular annular eclipseeclipse..

Page 26: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the
Page 27: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Lunar EclipsesLunar Eclipses

A lunar eclipse occurs when the A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes into the shadow of Moon passes into the shadow of the Earth.the Earth.

The lunar eclipse is visible to The lunar eclipse is visible to everyone on the night side of the everyone on the night side of the Earth.Earth.

Page 28: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse

Page 29: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse

Page 30: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

NASA Eclipse PageNASA Eclipse Page

The best web page on eclipses is:The best web page on eclipses is:http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclihttp://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.htmlpse/eclipse.html

Page 31: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

One reason we know the Earth is One reason we know the Earth is round:round:

Early scientists determined that Early scientists determined that the Earth was round, because the Earth was round, because they recognized that its shadow they recognized that its shadow was being cast on the moon was being cast on the moon during a lunar eclipse.during a lunar eclipse.

The shadow is curved.The shadow is curved.

Page 32: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Slide 32

The TidesCaused by the difference of the Moon’s gravitational attraction on the water on Earth

Excess gravity pulls water towards the moon on the near side

12-hour cycle

Excess centrifugal force pushes water away from the moon on the far side

Page 33: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Slide 33

Spring and Neap Tides

•The Sun is also producing tidal effects.

•Near Full and New Moon, the Sun’s gravity combines with the moon’s gravity to cause spring tides.

Spring tides

Neap tides

Page 34: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Slide 34

•Near first and third quarter, Sun and Moon’s gravity are at a right angle, causing neap tides.

Spring and Neap Tides

Page 35: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Slide 35

Effects of tides

• Slow down the rotation of earth

•Friction slows down the rotation• The day was 18 hours long 900 mya

Page 36: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Slide 36

The Tidally-Locked Orbit of the MoonEarth exerts tidal forces on the moon’s rocky interior that slow down its rotation.

It is rotating with the same period around its axis as it is orbiting Earth (tidally locked).

This is why we always see the same side of the Moon.

Page 37: The Moon Atmosphere? There is none! There is none! The gravity of the Moon is too low to hold on to the molecules of an atmosphere. The gravity of the

Slide 37

Acceleration of the Moon’s Orbital Motion

Gravitational force pulls the moon slightly forward along its orbit.


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