the mongols
DESCRIPTION
The Mongols. Creating an Empire. The Mongols. Mongols were nomads who lived in north China steppe (area of dry grassland) along with Huns, Turks, & other tribes; Mongols used horses & raised cattle & sheep; were excellent warriors. Chinese Steppe. The Mongols. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Mongols
Creating an Empire
![Page 2: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Mongols
• Mongols were nomads who lived in north China steppe (area of dry grassland) along with Huns, Turks, & other tribes; Mongols used horses & raised cattle & sheep; were excellent warriors
![Page 3: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chinese Steppe
![Page 4: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Mongols• Around 1200, a Mongol clan leader
named Genghis Khan (“universal ruler”) unified the Mongols under his leadership.
• For the next 21 year, he conquered much of Asia.
![Page 7: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Genghis Khan• For the next 20 years, Genghis
Khan led a campaign of terror throughout Central Asia, destroying cities and slaughtering people.
![Page 8: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Genghis Khan 3 factors that contributed to his
success:
1. Well-organized army with experienced fighters.
2. Genghis Khan was able to outthink & outwit his enemies.
3. Used cruelty as a weapon. It convinces others to surrender without a fight.
![Page 9: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Genghis Khan • He died in 1227, but his successors
continued to expand the empire.• Under Genghis’s son and grandsons
the Mongols conquered:
- China - parts of Korea
- Russia - threatened Eastern Europe
![Page 10: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
WOW!! The Mongol Empire is huge!!
![Page 12: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Mongol Rulers• In 1260, the empire was divided
into 4 areas called khanates:
- Mongolia and China
- Central Asia
- Persia
- Russia
![Page 13: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Mongol Rulers
• The rulers of these areas gradually adopted the culture of the people they ruled. (examples: West became Muslim, China took on Chinese culture)
• This contributed to the splitting of the empire.
![Page 14: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mongol Rulers• Tolerant rulers in times of
peace. Rarely imposing their beliefs on others.
• Imposed stability, law and order across Eurasia.
• Provided safety and trade between Europe and Asia which led to the Pax Mongolica.
![Page 15: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pax Mongolica• Means “Mongol Peace”• The Mongols guaranteed safe
passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries throughout their empire.
• Trade between Europe and Asia was extremely active. Many Chinese innovations reach Europe for the 1st time.
![Page 17: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pax Mongolica• Some historians also believe
that the bubonic plague that devastated Europe in the 1300s was first spread by the Mongols.
• The disease might have traveled along trade routes to have been passed by infected Mongol troops.
![Page 18: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Kublai Khan• Grandson of
Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, took power in 1260.
• In 1279, Kublai Khan finally defeated the Chinese army and became the first foreigner to gain complete control of China.
![Page 20: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Kublai Khan• He founded the Yuan dynasty that
ruled China for about 100 years. • His dynasty united China for the
first time in several hundred years and open China to trade with the west. (Making him one of China’s greatest emperors.)
![Page 21: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Kublai Khan• The Mongols did not disrupt
Chinese government or culture, they adopted it.
• Kublai Khan adopted Chinese culture and built a new capital city in Beijing. He enjoyed living the luxurious life of a Chinese emperor.
![Page 22: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
“I have heard that one can conquer the empire on horseback, but one cannot govern it on horseback.”
- Kublai Khan’s
Chinese Advisor
![Page 23: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Kublai Khan’s Empire• Mongol ways would not work in
a sophisticated civilization like China.
• To rule his empire, Kublai Khan continued Chinese practices.
v.
![Page 24: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Kublai Khan’s Empire
• Mongols had little in common with their Chinese subjects.
• The Mongols kept separate identities, lived apart from the Chinese and obey different laws.
![Page 25: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Kublai Khan’s Empire• They kept the Chinese out of high
government positions, but retained Chinese officials to serve locally.
• Most high positions went to Mongols or foreigners. The Mongols believed that foreigners were more trustworthy since they had no local loyalties.
![Page 26: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Marco Polo• The most famous European
foreigner to visit China during this time was a young Venetian trader , Marco Polo.
![Page 27: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Marco Polo• He arrived at Kublai Khan’s court
around 1275 and Polo ended up serving the Khan for 17 years. (Remember Kublai liked to give government positions to foreigners.)
• Kublai recognized his “merit and worth” and sent him on special missions around the empire.
![Page 29: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Marco Polo• Polo returned to Venice in 1292.• During a war in Venice he was
later captured and imprisoned. In prison, he told the full story of his travel and adventures in China.
• Fellow prisoners recorded his tales, workings of Kublai’s government and aspects of Chinese life in his book, The Travels of Marco Polo.
![Page 30: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Marco Polo• Polo described China’s fabulous
cities, it fantastic wealth, and strange things he saw there.
- He mentioned burning of “black stones” (coal) in Chinese homes.
• His book was an instant success in Europe, but many didn’t believe a word of it.
![Page 31: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
End of Mongol Rule• In the last years of Kublai Khan’s
rule weakness began to appear.- His armies and navies suffered
defeats in their expansion efforts.- Heavy spending on wars, public
works, and luxuries created resentment among the overtaxed Chinese.
![Page 32: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
End of Mongol Rule• Kublai Khan died in 1294. After
his death the Yuan dynasty began to fade.
- Succession issues caused conflict, 4 Khans in 8 years.
- Rebellions broke out in many parts of China.
- Economic problems and official corruption.
![Page 33: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
End of Mongol Rule
• The Chinese rebels finally overthrew the Mongols in 1368.
• The Chinese founded the new Ming dynasty
![Page 34: The Mongols](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681355f550346895d9cc63d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Kublai Khan’s LegacyKublai Khans’ Legacy:• Rebuilt the Grand Canal.• Because of the Pax Mongolica, foreign
trade increased, which took Chinese products like printing, gun powder, paper money, the compass, and playing cards to Europe.
• He invited foreign merchants to visit China.