the model of current pattern at the mouth of …...of porong river (mustain 2016; mustain et al....

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2018, pp. 688–701, Article ID: IJCIET_09_01_067

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=1

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

THE MODEL OF CURRENT PATTERN AT THE

MOUTH OF PORONG RIVER SIDOARJO

Mahmud Mustain

Department of Ocean Engineering,

The Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of the modeling process and scuence of water flow

at the mouth of the Porong river Sidoarjo. It is aimed to know the patterns and

movement of sea water for period time of 15 days earlier in August 2017. This model

used the principles of SMS (Shallow Water Model System). Bathymetry data used is

the sounding results. Model calibration using a measured flow speed of the field

measurements are then compared with the speed of the generated by the model. The

results in general show that the period of movement patterns of water heading

upstream from the direction of offshore at the time toward the plug (ups). On the other

hand, the water movement would leave for offshore direction towards the downs. The

Calibration of the speed of the model against the speed measurement gives accuracy

rate, average standard error value is 0.024.

Key words: Model of Current, SMS, Mouth of Porong River, and Sidoarjo.

Cite this Article: Mahmud Mustain, The Model of Current Pattern at the Mouth of

Porong River Sidoarjo. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,

9(1), 2018, pp. 688-701.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION

Coastal building planning is a planning process involving many aspects of the environment

(Agardy 1995; Alaudin et al. 2017; Bengen 2004; Mustain 2003; Mustain et al. 2015; Pratikto

1995; Triatmojo 1999) [1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 13, 18]. The coastal environment as a terrestrial and

aquatic ecosystem with its complex morphology, causes coastal building planning to be

careful about environmental conditions (Mustain 2009; Mustain 2016; Mustain et al. 2010;

Mustain 2017; Van Rijin 1993; Yusman & Mustain 2017) [5, 10, 11, 12, 19, 20]. One of the

problems that must be considered and studied is the pattern of currents, sedimentation and

waves (Dean & Robert 1998) [4].

Figure 1 shows the reseach area, located in Sidoarjo East Java. The area of estuary waters

of Porong River that is included in Madura strait waters is a strait water influenced by tidal

movement. Along the coastal areas of Sidoarjo and Pasuruan there are many ponds as well as

river estuaries (Mustain2009; Mustain 2003; Mustain et al. 2015; Mustain et al. 2010;

Mustain 2017) [5, 8, 9, 11, 12]. This greatly influences the sedimentation around the Estuary

The Model of Current Pattern at the Mouth of Porong River Sidoarjo


of Porong River (Mustain 2016; Mustain et al. 2010; Mustain 2017; Van Rijn 1993) [10, 11,

12, 19]. From the base material closure is dominated by clay material (silt/clay) with high

elevated sediment concentration (Mustain et al. 2010; Mustain 2017; Pratikto 1995; SNI

2004; SNI 1996) [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].

Figure 1 The reseach area, located in Sidoarjo East Java

The main problem that have been focused to find the solusion here is does not know the

current pattern on the mouth of Porong river. Therefore, the aim of this research is to figure

the current pattern on that area mainly due to the current flow of tide wave. This is needed to

construct the future of manajemen planning related to the fisheries acitivites such as the

schedule of fisherman navigation. The methode to solve the problem is to make modelling i.e.

to run the SMS (Surface-Water Modelling System) software.

The SMS modeling stage has 3 (three) stages, namely; pre-processing, processing and

post-processing (Bengen 2004; Mustain 2009; Mustain 2017) [3, 5, 12]. In this pre-processing

includes bathymetry modeling, data input and boundary determination as well as model

control. The next stage is processing, the running program to calculate some expected

variables (water depth, water surface elevation and velocity magnitude). Post-processing stage

is performed to display the running results in graphical or numerical visual form.

Other input variables that serve as modeling inputs are sediment concentration

(suspension level) and sediment grain diameter from the baseline sediment sample test results.

In plain view indicates that the gradation of sediment material at the research location is

dominant clay (silt/clay). While the aspect of turbidity (level of sediment concentration kite)

looks quite importance in this condition (the area study of mouth of Porong river). This is

because the surface covering shallow waters to a depth of around two meters, the bottom of

the waters covered by a layer of mud carried from the river (Alaudin et al. 2017; Mustain

2006; Mustain 2016; Mustain 2017) [2, 7, 10, 12].

2. BASIC THEORY OF FLOW PATTERN

The current can be defined as the flow or movement of water resulting in horizontal

displacement of the water mass as tidal current (Steward 2008) [16]. The current is a vast

water movement that occurs in all the oceans of the world. Besides being caused by wind, the

current can also be affected by several factors, such as temperature distribution, Corioli’s

Mahmud Mustain


force, pressure difference and seawater density spreading and tidal influences. Tidal current is

the current that arise due to tidal event. Water moving in the tidal force generates the tidal

currents (Mustain 2009; Mustain & Suroso 2016) [5, 6]. Its direction and velocity depend not

only on the state of the tide but also on the water depth and the proximity of the shoreline.

The tidal conditions are mainly due to the attractive forces between the two forces that

occur in the oceans, from the force of earth's gravity and the gravity of the moon. An another

significant force is the centrifugal force caused by the revolutionary system between Earth-

Moon. This makes rise to the centrifugal force of the system and the gravitational force

derived from the Moon and other celestial bodies such as the Sun. The centrifugal force is a

force pushed outward from the center of the Earth that is approximately equal to the force

drawn to the earth's surface.

Simulation of current/flow pattern on SMS software in the form of RMA-2 module

(Resources Management Associates-2) is used in this research.

In a hydrodynamic simulation using the basic equation (Van Rijn 1993) [19] as follows in

mass conservation equation (Dean & Robert 1998) [4]:

0

y

h

x

uu

y

v

x

uh

t

u (1)

Momentum Conservation Equation, direction of x and y:

0sin248,1

1 2

0

2/1222

2

2

2

2

hvCosvvu

G

hgu

x

h

x

hgh

y

uE

x

uE

y

uhv

x

uhu

t

uh xyxx

0sin248,1

1 2

0

2/1222

2

2

2

2

hvCosvvu

G

hgu

y

h

y

hgh

y

uE

x

uE

y

uhv

x

uhu

t

uh xyxx

(2)

Where:

h = water depth (m)

U, V = speed at cartesian coordinates (m/s)

X, y = Cartesian coordinates

T = time (seconds)

ᶲ = aquatic density (kg/m3)

E = Eddy viscosity coefficient

Exx = Eddy's viscosity coefficient for the direction of the x-axis direct flow

Exy = Eddy's viscosity coefficient for direction of y-axis flow direction

Exx and Exy Eddy viscosity coefficients for all flow directions

g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)

a = the height of the seabed (m)

n = Manning's roughness n-value (wind shear coefficient)

V = wind speed (m/s)

Ψ = wind direction

ω = Earth's rotation number

θ = local altitude



3. HYDRO-OCEANOGRAPHIC MODELING

3.1. Geometry Modeling (Bathymetry)

Geometry modeling is made in two different models, namely the geometry model for RMA2-

SED2D, i.e. the surge and the current pattern (sediment kite) and RIM2-SED2D geometry

model. The RMA2-SED2D geometry model provides an elevation input below the datum of

negative value. Domain RIM2-SED2D geometry model starts from Permisan bay, Paketingan

river, Porong estuary to Pasuruan port. Domain model is made semicircular.

The used bathymetry data is the sounding result compiled with the Dishidros map created

in the *.dxf file format, then modeled bathymetry contours in numerical modeling. This

modeling uses the basic finite element method. The contour lines of dxf files are changed in

the form of scatter points, as depth references. From study area made polygon with triangle

element (Triangle) and quadrilateral (triangle) meshing form. Results of the division of

elements can be seen in Figure 1. The red contour lines are a combination of scatter points.

Figure 1 Division of meshing elements for RMA2 and SED2D models

The tight dot placement causes it to look like a line. While the division of mesh element

visible with black color with mixed element form between quadri-lateral and triangle. The

distribution of mesh elements is then changed into 2D and 3D form. The result of bathymetry

modeling is given in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Figure 4 shows tide data that have been used as

input tidal for modeling RMA2.

Figure 2 Results of bathymetry modeling for RMA2-SED2D 2-dimensional form

Mahmud Mustain


Figure 3 Bathymetry modeling results for RMA2-SED2D 3-dimensional shapes

MSL: 1.75

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

03

/08

/17

04

/08

/17

05

/08

/17

06

/08

/17

07

/08

/17

08

/08

/17

09

/08

/17

10

/08

/17

11

/08

/17

12

/08

/17

13

/08

/17

14

/08

/17

15

/08

/17

16

/08

/17

17

/08

/17

18

/08

/17

Ele

vasi

(m

)

Tanggal

Observation(obs)

Calculation(calc)

HAT

HHWL

MHWL

MSL

MLWL

LLWL

LAT

TS:595/8/17 10:00

TS:625/8/17 13:00

TS:665/8/17 18:00

TS:705/8/17 21:00

Figure 4 Input tidal modeling RMA2 and Time Step position for analysis

3.2. River Debit (RMA2)

Boundary of this model is taken from the North side around the bay area of Permisan (river of

Paketingan) to the port of Pasuruan. River notations are used as S-1 to S-15, while the Porong

river is located on S-8. Figure 5 gives the domain of the model and river locations in the

estuary of the Porong River.

The calculation of the discharge is based on the cross-sectional area of the river taken

from the cross section of the map depiction. Moreover, the speed obtained from the

measurement at the Porong estuary. Table 1 shows the calculation of discharage for each

river. As the restriction, the velocity in other streams is assumed to be the same as the speed at

the Porong River. It is natural for adjacent streams to have the same flow character, which

depends on the outpouring (rain) that occurs.



Figure 5 Domain of the model and river locations at the mouth of the Porong River

Table 1 Calculation of river discharge

River

Number

Width

(m)

Depth

(m)

Wide

(m2)

Averg.

Vel.

(m/s)

Debit

(m3/s)

1 53.48 2.5 50.63 0.19 9.62

2 156.43 2.5 144.44 0.19 27.44

3 71 2.5 65.08 0.19 12.37

4 23.78 2.4 20.69 0.19 3.93

5 23.26 2.3 16.34 0.19 3.10

6 21.62 2.5 18.17 0.19 3.45

7 57.79 2.35 45.10 0.19 8.57

8 121.59 5 334.95 0.19 63.64

9 22.32 2.25 26.59 0.19 5.05

10 164.66 4 302.86 0.19 57.54

11 45.63 3.5 74.50 0.19 14.15

12 43.19 3.5 76.44 0.19 14.52

13 26.05 3.5 43.71 0.19 8.31

14 32.95 3 38.01 0.19 7.22

15 100.77 2 112.50 0.19 21.38

3.3. Model Control

3.3.1. Model of Tidal Flow Control (RMA2)

The numerical model of RMA2 requires several parameters as controls in the analysis,

including: fluid temperature, the definition of time and units used. This file will be stored in

the boundary condition file (*.bc). Porong river-estuary modeling is also done by giving the

same value of values for several parameters namely, the definition of time, temperature, Eddy

viscosity and Interaction. These variables are:

Time step : 1 Hour

Number of time step : 360 Hour

Mahmud Mustain


First Time Step : 1

Initial Iteration : 10

Each Time Step Iteration : 10

Eddy viscosity : 7000 Pascal-sec

Manning's N, no vegetation : 0.1667 Pascal-sec

Depth for no vegetation : 2.00

Manning's N, with vegetation : 0.1

Roughness coefficient. : 0.12

3.3.2. Model Control of Floating Sediments (SED2D)

The SED2D numerical model requires several parameters as controls in the analysis,

including: sediment type, coefficient diffusion, initial concentration, sedimentary velocity and

simulation time [17, 19]. This file will be stored in the boundary condition file (*.sed). Porong

river-estuary modeling is also done by giving the same magnitude values for several

parameters namely, the definition of time, temperature, Eddy viscosity and Iteration.

These variables are:

Time step : 1 Hour

Number of time step : 360 Hour

First Time Step : 1

Type of sediment : Clay

Diffusion Coefficient : 100 m2/s

Initial Concentration : 0.056 kg/m3

Settling velocity : 0.001 m/s

3.3.3. Modeling Calibration

Modeling calibration is done to see if the model is in accordance with existing conditions in

the field or not. In this modeling, the quantity used as the reference for calibration is the

current velocity. It is necessary to measure current in the field. One thing to note is to

compare the speed of this current. The data point retrieval on the model must match to the

observation point of the field and at the same time clock.

To calculate the difference of current measurement and model is have been done by

calculating the standard error from model data and observation. The simple equations of the

standard error are as follows:

s =∑ - ̅

, √ , √

(3)

Where:

s = variance

SD = Standard deviation

SE = Standard Error

The comparison of model and field observations (measurements) shows that, at the point

of Flow-1, the difference is small at 11:00 - 19:00. Meanwhile outside these hours have a

rather large variation than the other hours. The highest standard error value is 0.061 and the



average standard error value is 0.024. Whereas the standard error at point of Flow-2 is

maximum 0.054 with the average Standard error is 0.028. This still shows the difference of

model and observation is not too big that is in tolerance range. Table 2 provides a comparison

between the model results and the measurement results of the current velocities. Figure 6 and

Figure 7 respectively provide a graph of the comparison of current velocity measurements of

Flow-1 and Flow-2 on model RMA2.

Table 2 the velocity of Flow-1 and Flow2

Figure 6 Graph of current velocity measurement flow Flow-1 model of RMA2

Mahmud Mustain


Figure 7 Graph of current speed velocity measurement of Flow-2 model of RMA2

3.4. Result of Tidal Flow Modeling (RMA2)

Tidal pattern modeling is done for 360 hours or 15 days. To conduct the current analysis is

taken a sample of 4 conditions i.e. as a pairs, heading to recede, low tide and towards pairs. It

is taken during spring tide where the maximum tidal height is highest. For the purposes of the

analysis, samples are taken at 59, 62, 66 and 70 of time step (TS) as shown in Figure 4.

Characteristics of current circulation in a channel such as a strait or river tend to move

back and forth from upstream to downstream in accordance with tidal movement. In general,

the tidal current has a two-way flow pattern that is when heading to the tide of moving

upstream towards the river, and when heading to the tide the flow moves towards the estuary

(sea or offshore). While at high tide and low tide the flow rate is very small due to the

transition changes the direction of flow.

3.4.1. Condition at Pass (TS.59 5-Aug-2017 at 10:00)

The current circulation during the tide is at the time step 59 (5-Aug-2017, 10:00), indicating

the movement of the flow towards the estuary (Sea or offshore). This flow direction is a

transition pattern from towards the previous pairs of dominant waters moving upstream and

ready to go to downstream. Figure 8 gives a different velocity pattern between the models

using the boundary in front of the estuary on TS 59.

The existence of the change of direction transition causes the current velocity is relatively

small. In this model the current velocity in the marine area shows dark blue contours ranging

from 0.000 m/s to 0.003 m/s. The small speed of the current, because the current has peak

condition, where the transition from towards the tide turns back down. At the mouth of

Porong river, the current moves predominantly toward the sea with higher velocity in the sea

with green to light blue contours with speeds ranging from 0.007 m/s - 0.03 m/s.



Figure 8 Current flow patterns (TS.59, 5-Aug-2017 10:00)

Figure 9 Pattern of the current on the run (TS.62 5-Aug-17 13:00)

3.4.2. Conditions Toward Downstream (TS.62 5-Aug-17 13:00)

The flow tide condition to ebb time is a condition of the movement go-down of the water

level elevation in the sea area. With the decreasing of the water level, the water mass moves

towards the sea (offshore). Current speeds in the sea area increases to light blue to green in

the range of 0.007 m/s - 0.03 m/s. In the parallel shoreline area for -0.5m - -1.0m depth has

higher speed with yellow contour with speed between 0.09 m/s - 0.1 m/s than the green.

Figure 9 gives the current pattern view on TS 62.

The condition toward this low tide is the condition where the current speed is highest

compared to other conditions, in accordance with the direction of the flow of water leading to

the sea (estuary or offshore). This is very logical when viewed from the profile of the tide

curve on TS 62 occurs at 13.00 which has the largest slope (steep).

3.4.3. Conditions at Low Tide (TS.67 5-Aug-17 17:00)

The current movement at low tide is also synonymous with the condition at high tide. At the

time step of 67, this movement of the dominant water litle bit upstream. There is a change of

Mahmud Mustain


direction from the down-stream to the up-stream. If there is a reversed change, then, it will

cause turbulence of the current direction at several locations with low speed. Current speed at

the mouth of the river ranges from 0.04 m/s - 0.08 m/s. Figure 10 gives the current pattern

view on TS 67.

3.4.4. Condition at Toward Tide (TS.70 5/8/17 21:00)

The condition leading to the tide is a change in elevation of rising water level. Therefore, the

current from the ocean tends to move upstream. The current speed at the mouth of Porong

river ranges from 0.03 m/s - 0.106 m/s. It is characterized by light green to yellow contours.

Figure 11 gives the current pattern view on TS 70.

At the meeting point the change of tide flows to low tide or low tide to the pairs, in theory

will show very low current and even close to zero. In the case of this model is shown in the

conditions in the estuary that the Dalang river is shown with the color contour.

Figure 10 The current pattern at low tide (TS.67 5-Aug-17 17:00)

Figure 11 The current pattern towards the tide (TS.70)



4. DISCUSSION

Current modeling is made over 15 days represented in 360 time-steps (TS). One TS represents

one hour. In general, mixed tidal types tend to be semi-diurnal resulting in a pattern of current

that within a day of almost twice the number of pairs and twice the tide. This will give the

movement of the water period also twice the period of the day, i.e. twice the water period

coming towards the beach (on the way to the tide) and two times the water moving toward the

offshore leaving the shore (on the way to recede). Thus the 15-day walking model presented

in 360 TS will provide about 30 waves, i.e. 30 tidal conditions and 30 receding conditions.

In the model of water circulation or current in this estuary, the detail is more interesting

when compared with the larger scale as in the Current Pattern in the Madura Strait [17]. This

is even more interesting when consideration of additional sediment material due to Porong

mudflow [2, 7, 12, 21]. Although not to large, this will affect the pattern of current circulation

in the mouth of the river or estuary. Additional sediment material will be significant against

the sediment transport model resulting in erosion and/or sedimentation in the estuary and/or

near the estuary [7, 12]. This is also can be related to the ground water elevation near

shoreline event not so significant [10].

Four sampling current conditions have been presented on TS; 59, 62, 66, and 70 for

analyzing materials. There are two main goals; first to see the level of truth of the model.

Then when maximum speed of current occurs and when the minimum current can be adjusted

with the tidal model curve. If slope is minimum or equal to nol then the meaning is there

should be no current. This means when there is a backflow, either from the tide to the low tide

or from ebb or low tide to the high tide. Therefore, the reverse is when the current occurs with

maximum speed, i.e. when the tidal curve has the largest slope. This will generally happen if

the very steep pair of curves will lead to the maximum peak (HHWL) or minimum valley

(LLWL) with no additional period.

Another purpose of the current analysis is to see when vortices occur because of backflow,

either from high tide to low tide or vice versa from low tide to high tide. This will be useful

for fishermen in controlling the boat [5, 6].

5. CONCLUSIONS

The current patterns on the area of research are known as due to current flow of tide wave.

There are four points of current modelling result;

a. When pairs of low current speed with a speed around the estuary of 0.007 m/s - 0.03 m/s

and the current moves towards the sea.

b. On the way to receding the higher current speed, the magnetude around the estuary is 0.09

m/s - 0.1 m/s and the current moves towards the sea.

c. At low tide the current speed decreases with a speed around the estuary of 0.04 m/s up to

0.08 m/s and the current moves toward the sea and meets the upstream moving stream in front

of the estuary.

d. On the way to pairs the current speed is increased by 0.03 m/s - 0.106 m/s, with the

direction of movement upstream.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported fully by the Minister of Risearch and Technology (Indonesia)

and LPPM-ITS. Therefore, the author thanks both institutions for the fund. The author is

special grateful to my colleagues Rusli Dain and Ahmad Agung who provided skill and

Mahmud Mustain


expertise that greatly assisted the research, specially survey and observation. Here is also

thankful to Teguh Indrasto who supported in the administration.

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