the militant jihadi challenge 2009 crisis group

7/31/2019 The Militant Jihadi Challenge 2009 Crisis Group

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^MKIUTMJ0TOH AICITMJT @IOMDI EOMCCHJLH

Muim Rh~frt J=74 =5 Amreo 2>>9


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TMBCH FG EFJTHJTU

H_HEXTIWH UXAAMRY MJD RHEFAAHJDMTIFJU

I IJTRFDXETIFJ

II TOH UTMTH FG @IOMDI AICITMJEY M* EOMJLIJL DYJMAIEU ************************************************************************* B* TOH A ICITMRY CHLMEY MJD TOH DHAFERMTIE TRMJUITIFJ ******************************************

III TOH @IOMDI CMJDUEM^H M* ^ XJ@MB J HT\FRKU ****************************************************************************

=* Uxjji rmdiemciua mjd lcfbmc `iomd***************************************************************** 2* Rhlifjmc `iomd0 @miuo!h!Afomaahd mjd Cmuokmr!h!Tmyymbm****************************************

B* H_TRHAIUA IJ K MRMEOI *********************************************************************** E* H_^MJDIJL TOH TMRLHT0 A ICITMJEY IJ IUCMAMBMD************************************************ D* ^ MKIUTMJ UTMCIBMJIUMTIFJ ********************************************************************

=* Uxjji h trhaiua mjd toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj********************************************************** 2* M~~hmuijl toh aicitmjtu ij U|mt******************************************************************** 5* Uoim!Uxjji wifchjeh *****************************************************************************

IW RHU^FJDIJL TF TOH EOMCCHJLH M* UTRHJLTOHJIJL CM\ H JGFREHAHJT ************************************************************

=* Uthaaijl rherxitahjt0 toh afu}xh# amdrmum mjd aicitimu ************************************************ 2* Bxicdijl em~meity *******************************************************************************

B* TMEKCIJL TOH TRIBMC MRHMU****************************************************************** E* R HWHRUIJL IUCMAIUMTIFJ **********************************************************************

W EFJECXUIFJ M^^HJDIEHUM* A M^ FG ^ MKIUTMJ ********************************************************************************B* A M^ FG J\G^ MJD GMTM************************************************************************E* L CFUUMRY**************************************************************************************D* MBFXT TOH I JTHRJMTIFJMC ERIUIUL RFX^ ***********************************************************H* ERIUIUL RFX^ R H^FRTU MJD BRIHGIJLU FJ MUIM******************************************************G* ERIUIUL RFX^ BFMRD FG TRXUTHHU*****************************************************************


3/39


^MKIUTMJ0 TOH AICITMJT @IOMDI EOMCCHJLH

H_HEXTIWH UXAAMRY MJD RHEFAAHJDMTIFJU

Toh rhehjt x~uxrlh fg ìomdi wifchjeh ij ^xj`mb# toh Jfrto|hut Grfjtihr ^rfwijeh /J\G^)# toh GhdhrmccyMdaijiuthrhd Tribmc Mrhmu /GMTM) mjd Bmcfeoiutmju

~rfwijeimc em~itmc# ]xhttm# dhafjutrmthu toh torhmth trhaiut Uxjji!Dhfbmjdi lrfx~u ~fuh tf toh ^mkiutmjieitiphj mjd utmth* Tohuh rmdiemc Uxjji lrfx~u mrh uiaxc!tmjhfxucy gilotijl ijthrjmc uhetmrimj ìomdu# rhlifjmc

ìomdu ij Mglomjiutmj mjd Ijdim mjd m lcfbmc ìomdmlmijut toh \hut* \oich uiljigiemjt dfahutie mjd ijthr!jmtifjmc mtthjtifj mjd rhufxrehu mrh xjdhrutmjdmbcydhwfthd tf efjtmijijl Iucmaiut aicitmjey ij toh tribmc

bhct# tomt toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj iu mj fxtlrf|to fg rmdiemc Uxjji jht|frku ij toh efxjtryu ~fcitiemc ohmrt!cmjd iu tff fgthj jhlchethd* M gmr afrh efjehrthd hggfrtmlmijut ^xj`mb!bmuhd Uxjji h trhaiut lrfx~u iu huuhj!timc tf exrb toh u~rhmd fg h trhaiua tomt torhmthjurhlifjmc ~hmeh mjd utmbicity* Mu toh ijthrjmtifjmc efa!axjity |frku |ito ^mkiutmj tf rhij ij h trhaiut lrfx~u#it uofxcd mcuf ux~~frt toh dhafermtie trmjuitifj# ij ~mr!tiexcmr by rhmccfemtijl mid tf utrhjltohjijl eiwicimj cm|hjgfrehahjt*

Toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj# |oieo ijerhmuijlcy efjtrfcu cmrlhu|mtohu fg GMTM mjd ~mrtu fg J\G^# efa~riuhu mjxabhr fg aicitmjt lrfx~u cffuhcy xjithd xjdhr tohDhfbmjdi Thorik!i!Tmcibmj ^mkiutmj /TT^) tomt omwhmttmekhd jft `xut utmth mjd \huthrj tmrlhtu# bxt Uoimumu |hcc* Tohir h ~mjdijl ijgcxhjeh iu dxh tf ux~~frtgrfa cfjl!hutmbciuohd Uxjji h trhaiut jht|frku# bmuhd

~riamricy ij ^xj`mb# |oieo omwh uhrwhd mu toh mrayu ìomdi ~rf ihu ij Mglomjiutmj mjd Ijdim uijeh toh =9?>u*^xj`mb!bmuhd rmdiemc Dhfbmjdi lrfx~u cikh toh Ui~mo!h!Umombm ^mkiutmj /UU^) mjd itu fgguofft Cmuokmr!h!@omjlwi /C@) ~rfwidh |hm~fju# rherxitu# gijmjehu mjdftohr rhufxrehu tf ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj lrfx~u# mjd omwh

bhhj rhu~fjuibch gfr ~cmjjijl amjy fg toh mttmekumttribxthd tf GMTM!bmuhd aicitmjtu* Toh UU^ mjd C@mrh mcuf mc!]mhdmu ~rijei~mc mccihu ij toh rhlifj*

Ftohr h trhaiut lrfx~u futhjuibcy gfexuhd fj toh ìomdij Kmuoair# uxeo mu toh @miuo!h!Afomaahd mjd Cmuokmr!

h!Tmyymbm# mrh mcuf uiljmtfrihu tf mc!]mhdmu lcfbmc ìomd mlmijut toh \hut# mjd omwh bhhj metiwh ij cfemc#rhlifjmc mjd ijthrjmtifjmc ìomdu* Tohir efjtijxhd

~mtrfjmlh by toh aicitmry# mjd tohir mbicity tf oi`mek

am`fr ~fciey mrhmu# ijecxdijl ^mkiutmju rhcmtifju |itoIjdim# Mglomjiutmj mjd toh ijthrjmtifjmc efaaxjity#ia~hdh toh eiwicimj lfwhrjahjtu fjlfijl hggfrtu tfefjufcidmth efjtrfc fwhr lfwhrjmjeh mjd ~xruxh ~hmeh|ito itu jhilobfxru*

Toh metifju fg toh ^mkiutmj ^hf~chu ^mrty /^^^)!chdghdhrmc lfwhrjahjt# mjd toh ^xj`mb lfwhrjahjt# chdxjtic rhehjtcy by Jm|mp Uomrigu ^mkiutmj AxuciaChmlxh /ÂC!J)# mlmijut ^xj`mb!bmuhd ìomdi lrfx~ugfr tohir rfch ij Jfwhabhru mttmek ij Ijdimu efaahr!eimc em~itmc# Axabmi# mrh m uth~ ij toh rilot dirhetifj*Tohy axut jf| bh gfccf|hd x~ by efjufcidmtijl tohhwidhjeh mjd ~rhuhjtijl it ij efxrt* Toh t|f amij ~mrtihu#of|hwhr# riuk rhwhruijl toh ~rflrhuu tohy omwh amdh

by rhufrtijl tf toh efjgrfjtmtifjmc ~fcitieu fg toh ~mut*Fj 28 Ghbrxmry 2>>9# toh Ux~rhah Efxrt dheidhd tfx~ofcd m bmj# bmuhd fj ~fcitiemccy aftiwmthd emuhu dmtijl

bmek tf Axuomrrmgu aicitmry rxch# fj Jm|mp Uomrig mjdoiu brftohr# Uomobmp# ^xj`mbu eoihg aijiuthr# grfa hche!tfrmc ~fcitieu* ^rhuidhjt Muig Mci Pmrdmriu uxbuh}xhjtia~fuitifj fg lfwhrjfru rxch ij ^xj`mb omu mllrmwmthd m

~fcitiemc utmchamth bht|hhj toh t|f amij ~mrtihu tomt#toh cfjlhr it cmutu# |icc mccf| jfj!dhafermtie gfrehu#ijecxdijl toh aicitmry# toh rhcilifxu rilot mjd h trhaiutu#tf fjeh mlmij gicc toh ~fcitiemc wmexxa*

Toh mgthramto fg toh Axabmi mttmek ~rhuhjtu mj f~hjijltf rhuom~h ^mkiutmju rhu~fjuh tf thrrfriua# |oieo uofxcdrhcy jft fj toh m~~ciemtifj fg ijdiueriaijmth gfreh# ijecxd!ijl aicitmry metifj mjd mrbitrmry dhthjtifju# bxt fj ~fciehijwhutilmtifju# mrrhutu# gmir trimcu mjd efjwietifju* Toiuaxut bh eiwicimj!chd tf bh hgghetiwh* Dhu~ith hmrcihr uxeehuuhu mlmijut h trhaiut lrfx~u# eiwicimj cm| hjgfreh!ahjt mjd ijthccilhjeh mlhjeihu# ijecxdijl toh GhdhrmcIjwhutilmtifj Mlhjey# toh ~rfwijeimc Eriaijmc Ijwhuti!lmtifj Dh~mrtahjtu# mjd toh Ijthccilhjeh Bxrhmx# cmek toh rhufxrehu mjd toh mxtofrity tf ahht tohir ~fthjtimc*Toh aicitmry mjd itu ~f|hrgxc Ijthr!Uhrwiehu Ijthcci!lhjeh Dirhetfrmth /IUI) uticc dfaijmth mjd oma~hr efxjthr!thrrfriua hggfrtu*

Toh ^^^ lfwhrjahjt emjjft mggfrd tf hjgfreh toh cm|fjcy ij rhu~fjuh tf m thrrfriut mttmek fr h thrjmc ~rhuuxrh*^rfmetiwh hjgfrehahjt |icc bh witmc tf efjtmijijl


4/39

^mkiutmj0 Toh Aicitmjt @iomdi EomcchjlhEriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=74# =5 Amreo 2>>9 ^mlh ii

rhcilifxu aicitmjey# |oieo omu rhmeohd eritiemc chwhcu;toiu ijecxdhu eoheku fj toh ~rfcighrmtifj fg |hm~fjumjd toh lrf|to fg ~riwmth aicitimu# |oieo efjtrmwhjhtoh efjutitxtifj; ~rfuhextifj fg omth u~hheo# toh u~rhmdfg h trhaiut cithrmtxrh mjd h ofrtmtifju tf ìomd; lrhmthr meefxjtmbicity fg mjd metifju mlmijut ìomdi amdrmumumjd afu}xhu; mjd xctiamthcy efjwhrtijl ijgframtifjijtf hwidhjeh tomt ofcdu x~ ij efxrt* It iu jft tff cmth tfrhwhruh toh tidh fg h trhaiua# ~rfwidhd toh lfwhrjahjtiaahdimthcy mdf~tu mjd ia~chahjtu m phrf tfchrmjeh

~fciey tf|mrdu mcc gfrau fg rhcilifxu aicitmjey*

Xjgfrtxjmthcy# fj =7 Ghbrxmry 2>>9# J\Gû M|mai Jmtifjmc ^mrty /MJ^)!chd lfwhrjahjt amdh m ~hmehdhmc# dhwiuhd by toh aicitmry# |ito toh U|mt!bmuhdUxjji h trhaiut Thorik!h!Jigmp!h!Uomrimt!h!Afomaamdi/TJUA)# m aicitmjt lrfx~ mccihd tf toh Tmcibmj* Tohlfwhrjahjt mlrhhd tf ia~fuh Uomrim /Iucmaie cm|) ij

J\Gû Amcmkmjd rhlifj# |ito rhcilifxu efxrtudheidijl mcc emuhu mgthr =7 Ghbrxmry 2>>9; diuamjtchmcc uhexrity eohek~fijtu mjd rh}xirh mjy aicitmry afwh!ahjtu tf bh ~rh!m~~rfwhd by toh TJUA; mjd rhchmuh em~!txrhd aicitmjtu# ijecxdijl tofuh rhu~fjuibch gfr uxeometu fg wifchjeh mu ~xbcie h hextifju mjd rm~h* Ij rhtxrj#toh aicitmjtu ~chdlhd tf hjd tohir mrahd ema~milj*

Toiu meefrd# mj hwhj lrhmthr em~itxcmtifj tf toh aic!itmjtu tomj hmrcihr dhmcu by toh aicitmry rhliah ijGMTM# |icc ig ia~chahjthd hjtrhjeo Tmcibmj rxch mjdmc!]mhdm ijgcxhjeh ij toh mrhm; amkh ~hmeh afrhhcxuiwh; mjd huuhjtimccy rhwhruh toh lmiju amdh by tohtrmjuitifj tf dhafermey mjd toh dhghmt fg toh aicitmry!ux~~frthd rhcilifxu rilot!|ijl ~mrtihu ij J\G^ ij tohGhbrxmry 2>>? hchetifju* \ito toh U|mt ehmuhgirh mcrhmdyxjrmwhccijl# toh ghdhrmc lfwhrjahjt uofxcd rhgxuh ~rhu!idhjtimc muuhjt rh}xirhd gfr itu ia~chahjtmtifj# mjd rhjh|itu efaaitahjt tf tmekcijl h trhaiua mjd rhmciuijlcfjl!thra ~fcitiemc rhgfra ij toh bfrdhrcmjdu*

Toh ijthrjmtifjmc rhu~fjuh tf toh U|mt dhmc omu uf gmr bhhj ai hd# |ito uhwhrmc khy chmdhru# ijecxdijl X*U*Uherhtmry fg Dhghjuh Rfbhrt Lmthu# wih|ijl it mu mjmeeh~tmbch efa~rfaiuh* Mekjf|chdlijl toh gmicxrh fg xjefjditifjmccy ux~~frtijl toh ^mkiutmji aicitmry# tohijthrjmtifjmc efaaxjity# ~mrtiexcmrcy toh X*U*# axutrhwhruh efxruh mjd ohc~ utrhjltohj eiwicimj efjtrfc fwhr mcc mrhmu fg lfwhrjmjeh# ijecxdijl efxjthr!thrrfriua#mjd toh em~meity fg toh ghdhrmc lfwhrjahjt tf fwhrridhtoh aicitmryu m~~hmuhahjt ~fcieihu ij GMTM mjd

J\G^# rh~cmeijl toha |ito ~fcieihu tomt ~xruxh cfjl!thra ~fcitiemc# hefjfaie mjd ufeimc dhwhcf~ahjt*

RHEFAAHJDMTIFJU

Tf toh Lfwhrjahjt fg ^mkiutmj0

=* Mekjf|chdlh tomt m erhdibch ermekdf|j fj ìomdiaicitmjtu |icc xctiamthcy rh}xirh efjwietifju ij gmir

trimcu mjd tmkh uth~u tf0m) whut uiljigiemjtcy lrhmthr mxtofrity ij eiwicimj

cm| hjgfrehahjt mlhjeihu# ijecxdijl meehuu tfafbich ~ofjh rhefrdu mjd ftohr dmtm# |itofxtomwijl tf fbtmij m~~rfwmc grfa toh aicitmrymjd toh Ijthr!Uhrwiehu Ijthccilhjeh Dirhetfrmth/IUI);

b) hutmbciuo torfxlo mj met fg ~mrcimahjt m echmr oihr!mreoy fg eiwicimj ijthccilhjeh mlhjeihu# ijecxdijltoh Ghdhrmc Ijwhutilmtifj Mlhjey /GIM)# toh ~rf!wijeimc Eriaijmc Ijwhutilmtifj Dh~mrtahjtu mjdtoh Ijthccilhjeh Bxrhmx /IB)# |ito toh IB mu toh

~riamry mxtofrity ij mjti!thrrfriua ijwhutilmtifju;

e) utrhjltohj cijku bht|hhj cm| hjgfrehahjt mlhj!eihu mjd ~rfuhextfru tf bxicd utrfjl emuhu ijefxrt mlmijut rhcilifxu h trhaiutu;

d) hjomjeh toh em~meity fg ghdhrmc mjd ~rfwijeimceiwicimj cm| hjgfrehahjt mlhjeihu# |ito m ~mr!tiexcmr gfexu fj gfrhjuieu em~mbicitihu mjd eriahuehjh ijwhutilmtifju; hutmbciuo jmtifjmc mjd ~rf!wijeimc eriah cmbu |ito afdhrj h}xi~ahjt mjdijthrjmtifjmccy trmijhd ueihjtiutu# xjdhr efjtrfcfg toh ghdhrmc ijthrifr aijiutry mjd ~rfwijeimcofah dh~mrtahjtu;

h) mahjd toh Eriaijmc ^rfehdxrh Met tf hutmbciuom |itjhuu ~rfthetifj ~rflrma# mjd hjuxrh tohoilohut chwhc fg uhexrity gfr mjyfjh mlrhhijl tf

~rfwidh wmcxmbch thutiafjy mlmijut h trhaiutu;mjd

g) hjomjeh toh rfch mjd lxmrmjthh toh mxtfjfayfg Efaaxjity ^fcieh Cimiufj Efaaitthhu tfhjciut toh ~xbcie ij toh gilot mlmijut aicitmjey*

2* Tmkh rfbxut metifj mlmijut ìomdi aicitmjt lrfx~umjd tohir amdrmum jht|frku# ijecxdijl0

m) diubmjdijl ~riwmth aicitimu# ~xruxmjt tf Mrtiech287 fg toh efjutitxtifj;

b) diurx~tijl efaaxjiemtifju mjd ux~~cy cijhu# mjdecfuijl bmuh ema~u fg ìomdi lrfx~u ij toh tribmc

bhct mjd toh ~fcitiemc ohmrtcmjd fg ^xj`mb; mjd

e) hjomjeijl fwhruilot fwhr toh amdrmum uhetfr#ijecxdijl gijmjehu mjd hjrfcahjt# mjd efjdxe!tijl rhlxcmr ij}xirihu ijtf toh uhetfr by ~rfwij!

eimc mxtofritihu# mu rhehjtcy efjdxethd by toh^xj`mb lfwhrjahjt# |ito m wih| tf0


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^mkiutmj0 Toh Aicitmjt @iomdi EomcchjlhEriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=74# =5 Amreo 2>>9 ^mlh iii

i* idhjtigyijl uhaijmrihu |ito echmr cijku tf ìomdi lrfx~u# ecfuijl toha mjd tmkijl metifjmlmijut tohir echrieu mjd# |ohrh m~~rf~rimth#utxdhjtu;

ii* khh~ijl mjy uhaijmrihu uxu~hethd fg cijku|ito ìomdi lrfx~u xjdhr ecfuh uxrwhiccmjeh;

iii* tmkijl chlmc metifj |ohrh uhaijmrihu hjerfmeofj utmth fr ~riwmth cmjd; mjd

iw* hjuxrijl tomt meefaafdmtifj mjd gmeicitihuahht ~rf~hr umghty mjd bxicdijl utmjdmrdu*

5* ^rfuhexth mjyfjh hjefxrmlijl fr lcfrigyijl wifchjehmjd ìomd# ijecxdijl torfxlo omth u~hheo mlmijutrhcilifxu mjd uhetmrimj aijfritihu# mjd toh u~rhmdfg ìomdi cithrmtxrh*

4* Mekjf|chdlh tomt ~fcitiemc rhgfra iu ijthlrmc tfutmbiciuijl GMTM mjd J\G^ by0

m) ijwfkijl Mrtiech ? fg toh efjutitxtifj tomt wfidumjy exutfau ijefjuiuthjt |ito efjutitxtifjmccylxmrmjthhd gxjdmahjtmc rilotu# rhgxuijl tf uiljtoh Jipma!h!Mdc Rhlxcmtifj Frdhr 2>>9 gfr tohia~fuitifj fg Uomrim /Iucmaie cm|) ij toh Amcm!kmjd rhlifj# mjd rhgrmijijl grfa hjthrijl ijtfuiaicmr ~hmeh dhmcu |ito rhcilifxu aicitmjtuhcuh|ohrh;

b) emrryijl torfxlo fj itu efaaitahjt tf rh~hmctoh Grfjtihr Eriahu Rhlxcmtifju /=9>=)# h thj!dijl toh |rit fg toh utmth# toh rxch fg cm|# ijecxd!ijl toh efxrtu mjd ~fcieh# mjd hjuxrijl GMTMurh~rhuhjtmtifj ij toh utmth chliucmtxrh;

e) ijthlrmtijl GMTM ijtf toh ghdhrmc grmah|frk by ijefr~frmtijl it ijtf toh Jfrto|hut Grfjtihr ^rfwijeh# |ito toh uhwhj mlhjeihu gmccijl xjdhr toh h hextiwh efjtrfc fg toh ~rfwijeh mjd `xriu!dietifj fg toh rhlxcmr ~rfwijeimc mjd jmtifjmcefxrt uyutha mjd |ito rh~rhuhjtmtifj ij toh ~rf!wijeimc muuhabcy;

d) h thjdijl toh ^fcitiemc ^mrtihu Met tf GMTM#toxu rhafwijl rhutrietifju fj ~fcitiemc ~mrtihu#mjd ijtrfdxeijl ~mrty!bmuhd hchetifju gfr toh

~rfwijeimc mjd jmtifjmc chliucmtxrhu;

h) rhgrmijijl grfa mraijl mjd ux~~frtijl mjy ijuxr!lhjt lrfx~ fr tribmc aicitim# mjd ~rhwhjtijl tohmray grfa dfijl toh umah; mjd

g) rhcyijl fj eiwicimj cm| hjgfrehahjt mjd ijthcci!lhjeh mu toh ~riamry tffc tf dhmc |ito h trha!

iua ij GMTM# ciaitijl toh mrayu rfch tf itu ~rf~hr tmuk fg dhghjdijl toh efxjtryu bfrdhru*

8* Rh~hmc mcc rhcilifxu cm|u tomt diueriaijmth fj toh bmuiu fg rhcilifj# uhet mjd lhjdhr*

7* Rhufcwh toh ~fcitiemc eriuiu bht|hhj toh ^^^ mjdtoh ÂC!J by hjdijl lfwhrjfru rxch mjd rhu~he!tijl toh ÂC!Ju hchethd amjdmth ij ^xj`mb# mjdmlrhhijl fj m ~fcitiemc mjd chlmc ufcxtifj tf mccf|gfr Jm|mp mjd Uomobmp Uomrig tf ~mrtiei~mth ijhchetfrmc ~fcitieu# hitohr torfxlo mj met fg ~mrcim!ahjt# fr mj h hextiwh frdhr*

>9


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^MKIUTMJ0 TOH AICITMJT @IOMDI EOMCCHJLH

I IJTRFDXETIFJ

Toh Jfwhabhr 2>>? thrrfr mttmeku ij Axabmi oilo!cilot toh torhmt tomt aicitmjt ìomdi lrfx~u uxeo mu tohCmuokmr!h!Tmyymbm /ChT) ~fuh tf rhlifjmc utmbicitymjd ^mkiutmju grmlich dhafermtie trmjuitifj*= Futhjui!

bcy gfexuhd fj ìomd ij Kmuoair# frlmjiumtifju cikhtoh ChT mjd @miuo!h!Afomaahd amijtmij ecfuh tihu tfftohr ìomdi lrfx~u tomt f~hrmth efxjtry|idh jft `xutij ^mkiutmju tribmc bhct bfrdhrijl fj Mglomjiutmj*Ijerhmuijlcy bfcd mttmeku |itoij ^mkiutmj# Ijdim#Mglomjiutmj mjd toh \hut mcuf rhgchet toh h ~mjdijlmccimjeh fg cfemc# rhlifjmc mjd lcfbmc ìomdi jht|frku*Toh ^mkiutmj ^hf~chu ^mrty /^^^)!chd lfwhrjahjtaxut muuhrt eiwicimj efjtrfc fwhr gfrhilj ~fciey mjdefxjthr!thrrfriua ig it iu tf rfcc bmek toh tidh fg rhci!lifxu h trhaiua*

Toh Axabmi mttmeku |hrh afut cikhcy mj hggfrt tf diu!rx~t rm~~rfeohahjt bht|hhj Iucmambmd mjd Jh|Dhcoi* Gfccf|ijl toh rhtxrj tf eiwicimj rxch ij ^mkiutmjij Ghbrxmry 2>>?# toh t|f uidhu omd mlrhhd tf dhh~hjhefjfaie rhcmtifju; cmxjeo trmdh merfuu toh Cijh fg Efjtrfc ij Kmuoair mgthr m lm~ fg 7= yhmru; mjd ~rh!

~mrh m `fijt utrmthly mlmijut rhlifjmc thrrfriua* Tomtmlhjdm iu jf| mt riuk xjchuu ^mkiutmj dhafjutrmthu ituefaaitahjt tf diuamjtch ìomdi jht|frku fj itu ufic*Tmkijl uxeo metifj iu witmc jft fjcy tf afwijl tohjframciumtifj ~rfehuu gfr|mrd# bxt mcuf tf tmekcijlrhcilifxu h trhaiua mt ofah*

Toh ^^!chd lfwhrjahjt gmehu habfcdhjhd iomdi lrfx~uij am`fr eitihu mjd m lrf|ijl Tmcibmj fgghjuiwh ij tohtribmc mrhmu* Toh efjtrmdietifju ij toh ~rhwifxu aici!tmry lfwhrjahjtu efxjthr!thrrfriua m~~rfmeo ohc~hdh trhaiut lrfx~u h ~mjd tohir rhmeo* Mctofxlo tohaicitmry rhliah tffk metifj# mcbhit ij m om~ompmrd |my#mlmijut mc!]mhdm mgthr == Uh~thabhr 2>>=# toh ChT

= Gfr ~rhwifxu mjmcyuiu fj rhcilifxu h trhaiua ij ^mkiutmj#uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frtu J98# Toh Utmth fg Uhetmri!mjiua ij ^mkiutmj # =? M~ric 2>>8; J>4; J49# ^mkiutmj0 Toh Axccmou mjd toh Aicitmry# 2> Amreo 2>>5;mjd J57# ^mkiutmj0 Amdrmumu# H trhaiua mjd toh Aicitmry#29 @xcy 2>>2*

mjd @miuo!h!Afomaahd |hrh fjcy bmjjhd mu m rhuxctfg ijthrjmtifjmc ~rhuuxrh gfccf|ijl mj mttmek fj tohIjdimj ~mrcimahjt ij Dhehabhr 2>>=* Of|hwhr# bhemxuhfg tohir rfch ij toh aicitmryu ~rf y |mr ij Ijdimj!mdaijiuthrhd Kmuoair# tohy |hrh mccf|hd tf rh!hahrlhmjd f~hrmth xjdhr jh| jmahu*

Toh ^mkiutmj aicitmry omu mc|myu digghrhjtimthd bht|hhj mc!]mhdm# ofah!lrf|j ìomdi lrfx~u |ito m

cfemc mlhjdm mjd Kmuoair!frihjthd ìomdi lrfx~u* Bxtuxeo diutijetifju mrh thjxfxu mt bhut* Uomrijl idifuyj!ermtie rhcilifxu ijthr~rhtmtifju# mjd uhhkijl tf ~rf~m!lmth toha torfxlo gfreh# mcc tohuh cfemc# rhlifjmc mjdijthrjmtifjmc ìomdi lrfx~u omwh efabijhd rhufxrehumjd rherxitu tf gilot Iucmau ~hrehiwhd hjhaihu |itoijmjd bhyfjd ^mkiutmju bfrdhru*

Mctofxlo toh Ghdhrmccy Mdaijiuthrhd Tribmc Mrhmu/GMTM) mrh efaafjcy dhueribhd mu toh h~iehjtrh fg toh lcfbmc |mr fj thrrfr# aicitmjey tohrh iu chuu tohemxuh tomj toh uya~tfa fg rmdiemciua ij ^mkiutmj* Toh

~rhdfaijmjtcy ^muotxj ^mkiutmji tribmc aicitmjtu# |ofemcc tohauhcwhu toh Tmcibmj# bhcfjl tf uhwhrmc rmdiemcUxjji Dhfbmjdi lrfx~u* Tohy drm| axeo fg tohir kjf|!of|# amj~f|hr mjd amthrimc rhufxrehu grfa cfjl!hutmbciuohd Uxjji ìomdi lrfx~u mjd tohir efxjtry|idhjht|frku fg afu}xhu mjd rhcilifxu uhaijmrihu# fr amdrm!umu* Gfft ufcdihru grfa tohuh amdrmumu gilot mcfjluidhtoh Mglomj Tmcibmj mjd tohir ^mkiutmji efxjthr~mrtu*Ij toh ~rfehuu# rmdiemc Uxjji lrfx~u# |ito mc!]mhdmudirhet ux~~frt# omwh uhexrhd jh| pfjhu fg ijgcxhjeh ij^mkiutmju bfrdhrcmjdu; ij axeo toh umah |my tomt mc!]mhdm xuhd itu mccimjeh |ito toh Tmcibmj bhgfrh tohFetfbhr 2>>= X*U*!chd ijthrwhjtifj ij Mglomjiutmj*

Mctofxlo ^mkiutmj jf| omu mj hchethd eiwicimj lfwhrj!ahjt# toh aicitmry oilo efaamjd omu yht tf ehdh mxtofr!ity ij khy ~fciey mrhmu# ijecxdijl efxjthr!thrrfriua mjdrhcmtifju |ito Mglomjiutmj mjd Ijdim* Toiu omu uiljigi!emjt rmaigiemtifju gfr toh jh| mdaijiutrmtifju hggfrtutf exrtmic rhcilifxu h trhaiua mt ofah mjd ~xruxh ~hmeh|ito itu jhilobfxru* Toh aicitmry mjd itu ijthccilhjehmlhjeihu# ~mrtiexcmrcy toh Ijthr!Uhrwiehu IjthccilhjehDirhetfrmth /IUI)# omwh fgthj oma~hrhd ijwhutilmtifju

by eiwicimj cm| hjgfrehahjt mlhjeihu cikh toh Eriai!jmc Ijwhutilmtifj Dh~mrtahjt /EID)# Ghdhrmc Ijwhuti!lmtifj Mlhjey /GIM) mjd Ijthccilhjeh Bxrhmx /IB)#|oieo omwh m bhtthr trmek rhefrd mlmijut h trhaiutu


7/39


8/39

^mkiutmj0 Toh Aicitmjt @iomdi EomcchjlhEriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=74# =5 Amreo 2>>9 ^mlh 5

II TOH UTMTH FG @IOMDI AICITMJEY

M E OMJLIJL DYJMAIEU

\oich toh riuh fg aicitmjtu ij ^mkiutmju tribmc mrhmuomu dhgchethd mtthjtifj m|my grfa cfjl!hutmbciuohd Uxjjiaicitmjt `iomdi lrfx~u ij rhehjt yhmru# tohuh lrfx~u uticc

~fuh toh umah# ig jft lrhmthr# torhmt tf ijthrjmc# rhlifjmcmjd lcfbmc uhexrity* Toh cmrlhr emxuh fg gilotijl toh \hutmjd itu mccihu# mjd m |idhr# bhtthr!gijmjehd jht|frk fg rmdiemc Dhfbmjdi7 lrfx~u omwh eomjlhd toh ~mtthrj fg thrrfriut mttmeku grfa tofuh fj rhcilifxu ~rfehuuifju#afu}xhu mjd ~rfaijhjt Uoimu# tf ijerhmuijlcy bfcdutrikhu mlmijut toh uyabfcu fg toh utmth* Thrrfr tmetieujf| ijecxdh toh xuh fg uf~oiutiemthd h ~cfuiwhu# uxi!eidh bfabhru# emr!bfabijlu mjd toh ~ffcijl fg rhufxr!

ehu merfuu wmrifxu ehccu* Mt toh umah tiah# toh |mr mlmijut ~hrehiwhd ijthrjmc hjhaihu rhcilifxu mjduhetmrimj aijfritihu omu jft uxbuidhd# muuxaijl tohuom~h fg Tmcibmjiumtifj ij J\G^ mjd GMTM*

Dhfbmjdi amdrmumu mjd afu}xhu# |oieo ~rfwidh mlrf|ijl ~ffc fg rherxitu# omwh bhhj mu ijthlrmc tf toh^mkiutmji Tmcibmju riuh# jf| cffuhcy mciljhd xjdhr toh Thorik!i!Tmcibmj /Afwhahjt fg toh Tmcibmj# TT^)#mu tohy |hrh tf tomt fg toh Mglomj Tmcibmj ij toh=99>u*< Aicitmjt gxjdrmiuijl# |oieo ijecxdhu eriaijmcmetiwitihu uxeo mu kidjm~~ijlu gfr rmjufa mjd bmjk

rfbbhrihu# omu lmijhd afahjtxa |ito toh tribmch trhaiutu h ~mjdijl tohir efjtrfc fwhr thrritfry mjdrhwiwijl tihu |ito drxl mjd uaxllcijl emrthcu ij Mglomj!iutmj# uhwhrhd mgthr toh Tmcibmju fxuthr* Toh aicitmjtujf| omwh lrhmthr amj~f|hr# afjhy mjd meehuu tfh}xi~ahjt tomj hwhr bhgfrh* Tohir ijerhmuijl em~mbici!tihu omwh ijdhhd ~rfdxehd mj x~uxrlh fg `iomdi wif!chjeh efxjtry|idh* Dhfbmjdi lrfx~u mrh bhefaijl

bfcdhr mjd afrh wifchjt tomj |h omwh hwhr uhhj# umidm gfrahr ^mkiutmji mabmuumdfr* Tohir trmdhamrk omu

bhefah toh u~hetmexcmr uxieidh mttmek*?

Meefrdijl tf toh ^mkiutmj Ijutitxth gfr ^hmeh Utxdihu#tohrh |hrh 2#=4? thrrfriut# ijuxrlhjt mjd uhetmrimjmttmeku ij 2>>?# m drmamtie >8# kiccijl 2#27< ~hf~ch# mjd ij`xrijl rfxlocy4#8>>* Ijthr!tribh uhetmrimj ecmuohu# ~riamricy ij GMTMu

7 Dhfbmjdiu gfra fjh fg toh gfxr brfmd Uxjji uxb!uhetu# |oieomcuf ijecxdh Bmrhcwiu# Moch Omdito mjd rhwiwmciut afwhahjtu*Rmdiemc Dhfbmjdi lrfx~u m~~rf~rimth toh toh thra Uxjji gfr tohauhcwhu; |omt iu efaafjcy rhghrhd tf mu Uxjji!Uoim efj!gciet iu afrh u~heigiemccy Dhfbmjdi!Uoim efjgciet* Uhh EriuiuLrfx~ Rh~frt# Toh Utmth fg Uhetmrimjiua ij ^mkiutmj # f~* eit*< Ij toiu brihgijl# toh thra ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj |icc bh xuhd tfrhghr tf ^mkiutmji tribmc aicitmjtu*? Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Kmrmeoi# =7 Fetfbhr 2>>?*

Kxrrma Mlhjey mjd bfrdhrijl mrhmu# rhuxcthd ijmjftohr =#557 dhmtou*9 \oich toh am`frity fg tohuh|hrh ij J\G^ mjd toh tribmc mrhmu# toh torhmt iu by jfahmju efjgijhd tf toh ^muotxj bhct# mu toh 2> Uh~!thabhr bfabijl fg toh Amrriftt Ofthc ij toh ghdhrmcem~itmc# Iucmambmd# iccxutrmthd*

Mctofxlo amjy fbuhrwhru# ijecxdijl lfwhrjahjt fggi!eimcu# ~ijjhd rhu~fjuibicity gfr toh Amrriftt bfabijlfj GMTM!bmuhd aicitmjtu#=> ijwhutilmtfru ijitimccy uxu!

~hethd toh xj`mb!bmuhd Omrkmtxc @iomdxc Iucmai /OX@I)*== Mdwiuhr tf toh ijthrifr aijiutry Rhoamj Amcik omuuxbuh}xhjtcy mttribxthd toh Amrriftt mttmek tf tohCmuokmr!h!@omjlwi /C@)# toh fgguofft fg mjftohr ^xj!

`mb!bmuhd rmdiemc Dhfbmjdi lrfx~# Ui~mo!h!Umombm^mkiutmj /UU^)# |oieo omu kjf|j mc!]mhdm cijku* =2 Mctofxlo toh bfabijl# mu |ito toh Axabmi mttmeku#uyabfciuhu mj hjomjehd gfexu fj oilo ~rfgich mjd\huthrj tmrlhtu# rmdiemc Uxjji lrfx~u omwh mcuf efj!tijxhd tf mttmek Uoimu mjd ftohr rhcilifxu aijfritihu*Mj hditfrimc ij m chmdijl jmtifjmc dmicy mrlxhd0 Tohxabrhccm fg mc!]mhdm mjd Tmcibmj wifchjeh jf| liwhuuohcthr tf fcd thrrfriut thjdhjeihu ij ^mkiutmj* =5

9 ^mkiutmj Uhexrity Rh~frt 2>>?# ^mkiutmj Ijutitxth gfr ^hmeh Utxdihu# @mjxmry 2>>9# mwmicmbch mt |||*umj!~i~u*efa&jh|&df|jcfmdu&>5*~dg* Toh ijutitxth drm|u fj m rmjlhfg ufxrehu mjd dmtm# ijecxdijl jmtifjmc mjd rhlifjmc ahdimrh~frtu# `fxrjmcu# fggieimc rhefrdu mjd ijthrwih|u |ito cfemcmdaijiutrmtifj fggieimcu# ~fcieh# `fxrjmciutu mjd ftohru* It dfhujft ijecxdh ecmuohu bht|hhj ijuxrlhjtu mjd uhexrity gfrehu#fr metu fg wifchjeh bht|hhj frlmjiuhd ~fcitiemc ~mrtihu mjdlrfx~u ij itu dhgijitifj fg thrrfriut# ijuxrlhjt fr uhetmrimjmttmeku* Tofuh gfra uh~mrmth emthlfrihu0 f~hrmtifjmc mt!tmeku mjd ~fcitiemc wifchjeh# rhu~hetiwhcy* Gfr afrh dhtmicfj toh ahtofdfcfly# uhh ibid# ~* 2*=> Mdwiuhr tf toh ijthrifr aijiutry Rhoamj Amcik tfcd rh~frt!hru# It iu ~rhamtxrh tf bcmah mjy ~mrtiexcmr lrfx~ fr ijdi!widxmc# bxt mcc rfmdu chmd tf \mpiriutmj* Mcc rfmdu chmd tf\mpiriutmj# Dmicy Tiahu# 22 Uh~thabhr 2>>?* \mpiriutmj efa!

~riuhu toh Jfrto mjd Ufxto \mpiriutmj Mlhjeihu ij GMTM*== OX@I |mu mcuf uxu~hethd fg ijwfcwhahjt ij muumuuijmtifjmttha~tu mlmijut ^rhuidhjt Axuomrrmg ij Dhehabhr 2>>5# mjdgfrahr ^riah Aijiuthr Bhjmpir Boxttf ij m uxieidh bfabijlij Kmrmeoi fj =? Fetfbhr 2>>< tomt kicchd fwhr =4> ~hf~ch*Uhh Mair Air# \mu Omrkmtxc @homdxc Iucmai rhu~fjuibch6Toh Jh|u # 22 Uh~thabhr 2>>?*=2 Uhh Rieomrd M* F~~hc @jr* mjd Umcamj Amuffd# ^mkiutmjumyu bmjjhd lrfx~ ohc~hd ~cmj mttmek fj ofthc# Toh Jh|Yfrk Tiahu # 25 Dhehabhr 2>>?*=5 Uhh Toh uhetmrimj!htojie uefxrlh# Dmicy Tiahu# 8 Ghbrx!mry 2>>9*


9/39


B T OH A ICITMRY CHLMEY MJD TOHDHAFERMTIE T RMJUITIFJ

Rmdiemc ìomdi lrfx~u bhjhgithd grfa utmth ~mtrfjmlh#gfr toh girut tiah# dxrijl Lhjhrmc Pim!xc!Om}u aici!

tmry rhliah ij toh =9?>u* Tohy |hrh bmekhd gfr toht|ij ~xr~fuh fg gilotijl ij toh X*U*!ux~~frthd mjti!Ufwiht ìomd ij Mglomjiutmj mjd ~rfaftijl Uxjjifrtofdf y mt ofah* Tomt ~mtrfjmlh efjtijxhd hwhjdxrijl toh dhafermtie ijthrcxdh ij toh =99>u# mu tohaicitmry xuhd itu ìomdi mccihu ij Ijdim!mdaijiuthrhdKmuoair mjd ij ux~~frt fg toh Tmcibmj ij Mglomjiutmj*Mu rmdiemc Uxjji lrfx~u ~rfcighrmthd mjd lrh| utrfjlhr#uhetmrimj wifchjeh bhemah toh ~riamry ufxreh fg thr!rfriua ij ^mkiutmj*

Bhgfrh it |mu diuaiuuhd torfxlo m aicitmry efx~ ij

Fetfbhr =999# Jm|mp Uomrigu Axucia Chmlxh /ÂC! J) lfwhrjahjt tffk ufah uiljigiemjt uth~u mlmijutDhfbmjdi aicitmjt lrfx~u# ~mrtiexcmrcy toh UU^ mjdtoh Cmuokmr!h!@omjlwi /C@)* \ito uefrhu fg aicitmjtumrrhuthd mjd efjwiethd ij =99?!=999# toh UU^ mjd C@uoigthd bmuhu grfa tohir ofah ~rfwijeh# ^xj`mb# tfMglomjiutmj# |ohrh tohy |hrh ~rfwidhd umjetxmrihu byAxccmo Famru rhliah* Ij =999# Uomrigu lfwhrjahjtuhjt m oilo!chwhc dhchlmtifj tf Kmbxc dhamjdijl tomtUU^ mjd C@ aicitmjtu# ijecxdijl C@ chmdhr Rimp Bmurm#

bh omjdhd fwhr tf gmeh trimc ij ^mkiutmj* Tofuh hggfrtutf brijl ìomdi aicitmjtu tf `xutieh hjdhd |ito Axuomr!

rmgu efx~*=4

Gmeijl uiljigiemjt ijthrjmtifjmc ~rhuuxrh mgthr == Uh~!thabhr 2>>=# Axuomrrmg rhwhruhd toh lfwhrjahjtuux~~frt tf toh Tmcibmj rhliah ij Kmbxc# mjd ~rfaiuhdtf ermek df|j fj h trhaiut lrfx~u mt ofah* Hggfrtu|hrh# of|hwhr# uhchetiwh mt bhut* Mgthr toh Tmcibmjufxuthr# amjy aicitmjtu grfa rmdiemc Uxjji lrfx~uijecxdijl toh C@# omwijl cfut tohir Mglomj umjetxmrihu#|hrh mccf|hd tf rhtxrj tf ^mkiutmj* Lfwhrjahjt ijme!tifj mcuf ~hraitthd Tmcibmj mjd mc!]mhdm aicitmjtugchhijl Mglomjiutmj tf hutmbciuo omwhju ij toh tribmcmrhmu# grfa |ohrh tohy dhh~hjhd efjtmetu |ito ^mki!utmji ìomdi lrfx~u* Afrhfwhr# Axuomrrmgu gmicxrh tfia~chahjt oiu utmthd efaaitahjt tf rhgfra tohamdrmum uhetfr hjmbchd m uhefjd lhjhrmtifj fg aicitmjtu#trmijhd ij ^mkiutmju amdrmumu mjd thrrfriut ema~u# tfhutmbciuo cijku |ito ftohr ehccu mjd&fr ahrlh ijtf jh|hjtitihu*=8

=4 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Rmjm @m|md# Iucmambmd# < Fetfbhr 2>>?*=8 Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=5># ^mkiutmj0 Kmrmeoiu

Amdrmumu mjd Wifchjt H trhaiua # 29 Amreo 2>>>> |ito toh bmekijl fg tohaicitmryu ijthccilhjeh mlhjeihu* It |mu ohmdhd byAmuffd Mpomr# ia~riufjhd ij Ijdim fj thrrfriuaeomrlhu# mjd rhchmuhd ij Dhehabhr =999 ij h eomjlhgfr ofutmlhu fj m oi`mekhd Ijdimj Mircijhu gcilot ijKmjdmomr# Mglomjiutmj# tohj xjdhr Tmcibmj rxch*=< Muaicitmjey lrh| mjd toh |rit fg toh utmth dhecijhd# lrfx~ucikh toh @miuo!h!Afomaahd uoigthd tohir ema~u grfa^xj`mb# Uijdo mjd Mpmd @maax mjd Kmuoair /M@K) tftoh tribmc mrhmu bfrdhrijl Mglomjiutmj# gfrlijl dhh~hr cijku |ito toh ^mkiutmji mjd Mglomj Tmcibmj* Tohir h thj!uiwh jht|frk fg amdrmumu mjd afu}xhu jhwhrtohchuurhamijhd ijtmet ij ^xj`mb# Uijdo mjd hcuh|ohrh*

Toh aicitmry lfwhrjahjtu gmicxrh tf afwh mlmijutrhcilifxu h trhaiutu emj mcuf bh mttribxthd tf itu dh~hjd!hjeh fj toh ui !~mrty rhcilifxu mccimjeh# AxttmoidmAm`ciu!h!Mamc /AAM)# chd by toh ~rf!Tmcibmj @maimtXcham!h!Iucma /@XI!G) mjd toh @mammt!i!Iucmai /@I)#tf fgguht f~~fuitifj grfa afdhrmth uhexcmr ~mrtihu* Mum rhuxct fg toh rillhd Fetfbhr 2>>2 hchetifju# toh AAM

bhemah toh toird!cmrlhut ~mrty ij toh Jmtifjmc Muuha! bcy* It gfrahd m am`frity ~rfwijeimc lfwhrjahjt ij J\G^ mjd bhemah m efmcitifj ~mrtjhr |ito Axuomr!rmgu ^mkiutmj Axucia Chmlxh /]xmid!i!Mpma) /ÂC!]) ij Bmcfeoiutmj*

Ij rhtxrj gfr ohc~ijl Axuomrrmg efjufcidmth ~f|hr# tohAAM |mu mccf|hd tf ~xruxh itu Iucmaiumtifj mlhjdmij J\G^* Ij @xjh 2>>5# J\Gû ~rfwijeimc muuhabcy

~muuhd m gigthhj!~fijt Uomrim bicc# dhecmrijl Uomrim tohux~rhah cm| fg toh ~rfwijeh mjd ha~f|hrijl toh lfw!hrjahjt tf uht x~ torhh efaaiuuifju tf h maijh |myu

iua ; ^mkiutmj0 Toh Axccmou mjd toh Aicitmry; mjd ^mkiutmj0 Amdrmumu# H trhaiua mjd toh Aicitmry# mcc f~* eit*=7 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# \m`momt Amuffd# Cmofrh# 24 @xjh2>>?*=< Mpomr |mu mrrhuthd mlmij ij ^mkiutmj gfr oiu mcchlhd ij!wfcwhahjt ij toh mttmek fj toh Ijdimj ~mrcimahjt ij Dheha!

bhr 2>>=# bxt |mu rhchmuhd ij Dhehabhr 2>>2 fj toh CmofrhOilo Efxrtu frdhr* Oiu |mu fjh fg torhh jmahu fj toh Ij!dimj lfwhrjahjtu ciut fg thrrfriutu it |mjthd ^mkiutmj tf h !trmdith mgthr toh Axabmi mttmeku ij Dhehabhr 2>>?* Toh ^mki!utmji lfwhrjahjt ecmiau it dfhu jft kjf| oiu |ohrhmbfxtu*


10/39


tf Iucmaiuh hdxemtifj# toh hefjfay mjd toh chlmc uyu!tha* =? It cmthr ~muuhd toh Omubm bicc tf hutmbciuo fa!

bxduamju fggiehu mt toh ~rfwijeimc# diutriet mjd cfemcchwhcu tf hjuxrh hjgfrehahjt fg Iucmaie efdhu* =9 Toh|ritijl |mu fj toh |mcc# umid mj mjmcyut* It |mufbwifxu tomt Tmcibmjiumtifj |mu lfijl tf u~rhmd# bxtjf fjh |mu ofcdijl toh AAM meefxjtmbch* 2>

Ij GMTM# Axuomrrmg mdf~thd m efa~ch ~fciey fg aijiamccy umtiugyijl Mahriemj dhamjdu# jft ijthr!ghrijl |ito toh rhuhttchahjt fg aicitmjtu ij \mpiriutmj#mcc toh |oich muuxrijl toh @XI!chd ~rfwijeimc lfwhrj!ahjt ij ^huom|mr tomt toh mray |fxcd jft utf~ tohir

~rf!Tmcibmj ~fcieihu*2= Toh Uomkmi mlrhhahjt uiljhd bht|hhj toh aicitmry rhliah mjd aicitmjtu ij Ufxto\mpiriutmj ij 2>>4 h thjdhd majhuty mjd gijmjeimcijehjtiwhu tf toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj mjd mccf|hd tohatf hjgfreh Iucmaie cm| torfxlo Uomrim efxrtu* Ij Uh~!thabhr 2>>7# xjdhr @XI!G ahdimtifj# toh lfwhrjahjtrhmeohd m uiaicmr mlrhhahjt ij Jfrto \mpiriutmj# mlrhh!ijl mcuf tf diuamjtch uhexrity eohek~futu# rhchmuh aic!itmjtu mrrhuthd ij mjti!thrrfriua f~hrmtifju# mjd rhtxrj|hm~fju# whoiechu mjd ftohr rhufxrehu uhiphd* Uxeo dhmcuh ~mjdhd toh ~fcitiemc u~meh fg Iucmaiutu |itofxt ~rf!dxeijl ~hmeh# hgghetiwhcy ~rfwidijl toha m u~ohrh fg ijgcxhjeh ij toh tribmc mrhmu mjd ufah uhttchd diutrietufg J\G^# ijecxdijl U|mt# |oieo iu jf| ijerhmuijlcyxjdhr toh efjtrfc fg toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj* 22

Xjdhr aicitmry rxch# metifju mlmijut h trhaiut lrfx~u|hrh rhmetiwh# ij rhu~fjuh tf h thrjmc ~rhuuxrh mjd jftgfccf|hd torfxlo* M afrh wilfrfxu m~~ciemtifj fg tohcm| efxcd omwh ~rhwhjthd rhcilifxu h trhaiua grfarhmeoijl itu jf| eritiemc ~rf~frtifju* Fjcy ij 2>>7#gfr h ma~ch# did toh Axuomrrmg lfwhrjahjt mttha~t tfecma~ df|j# |ito dhbmtmbch uxeehuu# fj toh bcmek amrkht fg |hm~fju ij Dmrm Mdmakohc ij GMTM* Toh

~rfcighrmtifj fg |hm~fju grfa toiu wiccmlh tf hwhry ~mrt fg toh efxjtry omu utrhjltohjhd ìomdi aicitimu*

Toh rhtxrj tf eiwicimj rxch ~rfwidhu mj f~~frtxjity tfefjtmij toiu u~rhmd fg rmdiemciua* Ij oiu girut mddrhuutf m `fijt uhuuifj fg ~mrcimahjt# ^rhuidhjt Pmrdmri mrti!excmthd m torhh!~rfjlhd utrmthly tf tmekch h trhaiua0

=? Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# Xjgxcgicchd ^rfaiuhu0 ^mkiutmj,u Gmicxrh tf Tmekch H trhaiua # f~* eit*=9 Toh Ux~rhah Efxrt hwhjtxmccy utrxek df|j toh Omubm bicc*Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=7># Rhgfraijl ^mkiutmju

@xdieimry# =7 Fetfbhr 2>>?*2> Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# F|miu Tfoid# Kmrmeoi# =7 Fetfbhr 2>>?*2= Moahd Rmuoid# Dhuehjt ijtf Eomfu0 Of| toh |mr mlmijut

Iucmaie h trhaiua iu bhijl cfut ij ^mkiutmj# Mglomjiutmj mjd Ehjtrmc Muim/Cfjdfj# 2>>?)# ~* 279*22 Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# ^mkiutmju Tribmc Mrhmu0 M~~hmuijl toh Aicitmjtu # f~* eit*

jhlftimtifju |ito aicitmjtu |of rhjfxjeh wifchjeh mjdcmy df|j tohir mrau; ~fcitiemc mjd ufeimc rhgfrau ij tohtribmc bhct; mjd toh xuh fg gfreh mlmijut wifchjt h trha!iutu*25 Fj 22 Fetfbhr 2>>?# mgthr m uhrihu fg ij emahrm

brihgijlu by aicitmry chmdhru fj toh uhexrity uitxmtifj#m `fijt uhuuifj fg ~mrcimahjt xjmjiafxucy ~muuhd mrhufcxtifj emccijl h trhaiua# aicitmjey mjd thrrfriuam lrmwh torhmt tf ^mkiutmju utmbicity# mjd utrhuuijl tomttoh efxjtryu thrritfry |fxcd jft bh xuhd gfr mttmekufj ftohr efxjtrihu* 24 Ij Jfwhabhr 2>>?# toh lfwhrjahjtgfrahd m u~heimc ~mrcimahjtmry efaaitthh fj jmtifjmcuhexrity tf fwhruhh ia~chahjtmtifj fg toiu rhufcxtifj*

Dhueribijl toh Thorik!i!Tmcibmj mu mj h thjuifj fg mc!]mhdm# Rhoamj Amcik# toh ijthrifr aijiutry mdwiuhr#mdaitthd tomt toh uxieidh bfabhru# tohir omjdchru mjdgijmjehru mrh ^mkiutmj!bmuhd# diu~hccijl toh jftifj tomtthrrfriua iu gfrhilj!gxjdhd mjd mj fgguofft fg tohMglomj efjgciet*28 Mj hditfrimc ij m am`fr dmicy efa!ahjthd tomt toiu |mu m rhmciutie dimljfuiu fg toh ~rfb!cha fg thrrfriua ij ^mkiutmj* 27

\oich toh lfwhrjahjt mekjf|chdlhu toh cijku bht|hhjtribmc aicitmjtu mjd uhetmrimj ìomdi lrfx~u# ijecxdijlCmuokmr!h!@omjlwi# it axut mcuf tmekch toh Kmuoair!frihjthd ìomdi frlmjiumtifju# ~mrtiexcmrcy Cmuokmr!h!Tmyymbm mjd @miuo!h!Afomaahd# rhu~fjuibch gfr thr!rfr mttmeku ij jhilobfxrijl Mglomjiutmj mjd Ijdim*Bfto frlmjiumtifju mrh ecfuh mccihu fg toh Mglomj mjd^mkiutmji Tmcibmj* H ~rhuuijl oiu efaaitahjt tf brijlmjy ^mkiutmji ijwfcwhd ij toh Axabmi uihlh tf `xutieh#^rhuidhjt Pmrdmri mrlxhd tomt oiu lfwhrjahjt |mumcrhmdy gilotijl toh whry lrfx~u uxu~hethd fg ijwfcwh!ahjt ij tofuh mttmeku# rhghrrijl tf aicitmry f~hrmtifjuij toh tribmc mrhmu*2< Axeo afrh uxutmijhd metifj# of|!hwhr# iu jhhdhd mlmijut Uxjji Dhfbmjdi aicitmjt jht!|frku ij toh ohmrtcmjd# ~mrtiexcmrcy ij ^xj`mb# toh afut

~f~xcfxu ~rfwijeh*

Toh Ux~rhah Efxrtu dheiuifj fj 28 Ghbrxmry 2>>9tf x~ofcd toh Cmofrh Oilo Efxrtu bmj fj toh Uomrig

brftohru grfa efjthutijl hchetifju# bmuhd fj ~fcitiemccyaftiwmthd eomrlhu gichd by toh Axuomrrmg rhliah#2?

25 Th t fg ~rhuidhjtu mddrhuu tf ~mrcimahjt# Muufeimthd ^rhuufg ^mkiutmj# 2> Uh~thabhr 2>>?*24 Moahd Omuumj# Emcc gfr xrlhjt rhwih| fg |mr fj thrrfr0@fijt uhuuifj mdf~tu rhufcxtifj# Dm|j # 25 Fetfbhr 2>>?*28 Tmri} Bxtt# Uxieidh bfabhru# omjdchru ' gijmjehru mrh mcc^mkiutmjiu0 Amcik#Toh Jh|u # 9 Uh~thabhr 2>>?*27 Rhoamj Amcik iu rilot mbfxt Mc ]mhdmu torhh!ij!fjheomcchjlh# Dmicy Tiahu# 5 Uh~thabhr 2>>?*2< Uyhd Irgmj Rmpm# Pmrdmri fgghru Ijdim xjefjditifjmc ohc~#

Dm|j # 2 Dhehabhr 2>>?*2? Ij 2>>> bfto toh Uomrig brftohru |hrh efjwiethd fg efrrx~!tifj!rhcmthd eomrlhu* Jm|mp Uomrig |mu mcuf hmrcihr efjwiethdfg oi`mekijl m ~cmjh emrryijl tohj!mray eoihg Axuomrrmg fj


11/39


omu gfrehd Uomobmp Uomrig tf uth~ df|j mu ^xj`mbueoihg aijiuthr* Pmrdmriu efjtrfwhruimc dheiuifj tf uxb!uh}xhjtcy ia~fuh lfwhrjfru rxch ij toh ~rfwijeh# toxu

~rhwhjtijl toh ÂC!J grfa gfraijl m lfwhrjahjtmgthr ~rfwijl itu ~mrcimahjtmry am`frity# omu ~rfwfkhdm efjutitxtifjmc mjd ~fcitiemc eriuiu# mjd wifchjt ~rfthutu*

Liwhj toh lrmwh torhmtu ~fuhd by ìomdi wifchjeh# ~mr!tiexcmrcy ij ^xj`mb# hgghetiwh efxjthr!thrrfriua |iccdh~hjd mu axeo fj fwhrmcc lffd lfwhrjmjeh ij toh

~rfwijeh mu fj toh ghdhrmc lfwhrjahjtu efaaitahjttf hrmdiemth thrrfriua* It iu tohrhgfrh witmc tomt toh ^^^lfwhrjahjt |itodrm|u lfwhrjfru rxch# mjd# rhu~het!ijl toh ÂC!Ju amjdmth# mccf|u toh ~mrty tf fjehmlmij gfra m lfwhrjahjt ij ^xj`mb* Toh ghdhrmc lfw!hrjahjt uofxcd mcuf xrlhjtcy uhhk m chlmc ufcxtifj#hitohr by mj met fg ~mrcimahjt fr mj h hextiwh frdhr# tffwhrtxrj toh efxrtu whrdiet tomt omu dh~riwhd toh t|fÂC!J chmdhru fg tohir rilot tf efjthut ~xbcie fggieh*Gfr itu ~mrt# toh ÂC!J# rhu~hetijl toh ^^û amj!dmth ij Iucmambmd# uofxcd rhgrmij grfa wifchjt efj!grfjtmtifj mjd mlitmtifj# |oieo |fxcd fjcy bhjhgit tohaicitmry# h trhaiut lrfx~u mjd ftohr xjdhafermtie gfrehu*

toh dmy fg Axuomrrmgu efx~# mjd uhjthjehd tf cigh ia~riu!fjahjt*

III TOH @IOMDI CMJDUEM^H

M ^ XJ@MB J HT\FRKU

T|f dmyu mgthr toh Amrriftt bfabijl# J\G^ Lfwhr!jfr F|miu Lomji ~rhdiethd m u~mth fg uxieidh mttmekuij ufxtohrj ^xj`mb mu m dmjlhrfxu emrry fwhr grfatoh trfxbchd GMTM rhlifj* 29 Fj 7 Fetfbhr 2>>? muxieidh bfabhr mttmekhd toh ofah fg Uoim ÂC!J ~mr!cimahjtmrimj Rmuoid Mkbmr Ji|mji ij ^xj`mbu Bomk!kmr diutriet# ecfuh tf Dhrm Iuamic Komj ij J\G^#kiccijl 28 mjd |fxjdijl 7># ijecxdijl Ji|mji* Toiu|mu |idhcy bhcihwhd tf bh m uhetmrimj mttmek by tohCmuokmr!h!@omjlwi*5> Fj 8 Ghbrxmry 2>>9# m uxieidh

bfabhr tmrlhthd m ~rfehuuifj mt m Uoim afu}xh ij ^xj! `mbu Dhrm Lompi Komj diutriet# kiccijl afrh tomj 5>

~hf~ch* Fj 5 Amreo 2>>9# lxjahj mttmekhd toh Uri Cmj!kmj eriekht thma dxrijl itu wiuit tf Cmofrh# ij`xrijluhwhrmc fg toh ~cmyhru mjd kiccijl giwh uhexrity ~hr!ufjjhc* \oich tohuh mttmeku uhhahd tf efjgira Lomjiu|mrjijl# uxeo h trhaiua iu jft mj fxtlrf|to fr emrryfwhr fg toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj* Fj toh efjtrmry# wif!chjt Dhfbmjdi jht|frku ij ^xj`mb cih mt toh rfft fg ^mkiutmju aicitmjey ~rfbcha*

= Uxjji rmdiemciua mjd lcfbmc ìomd

Toh ijthrdh~hjdhjeh bht|hhj ^xj`mb!bmuhd aicitmjt ìomdi frlmjiumtifju mjd mc!]mhdm dhh~hjhd ij 2>>=!2>>2# |ohj amjy aicitmjtu gchhijl ijthrjmtifjmc gfrehuij Mglomjiutmj rhcihd fj rmdiemc Uxjji h trhaiut jht!|frku tf rhcfemth tf ~mrtu fg ^xj`mb* Tfdmy# toh C@ iutoh cyjeo~ij fg toh mciljahjt bht|hhj mc!]mhdm# toh^mkiutmji Tmcibmj mjd uhetmrimj lrfx~u* Cm| hjgfreh!ahjt fggieimcu dhueribhd fjh fg itu chmdhru# Amtixr Rhoamj# m rhuidhjt fg Bmom|mc~xr diutriet ij ufxtohrj^xj`mb# mu toh ~xbcie gmeh fg toiu torhh!tihrhd mcci!mjeh*5= Bht|hhj Mxlxut mjd Dhehabhr 2>>>? kicchd = ~hf~ch mjd ij`xrhd mcafut8>>* Ij giwh fg tohuh# uxieidh bfabhru xuhd u~heimciuhdh ~cfuiwhu# dhjftijl m oilo chwhc fg uf~oiutiemtifj*Toh ~rijei~mc tmrlhtu ij afut fg tohuh emuhu omwh bhhj

29 Mfxj Mbbmu Umoi# Toh ^xj`mb efjjhetifj# Jh|ucijh # Fe!tfbhr 2>>?*5> Ij mdditifj tf bhijl m ~rfaijhjt Uoim ~fcitieimj# Ji|mjiomd ohc~hd rhuhttch amjy Uoimu mgghethd by uhetmrimj wifchjehij jhilobfxrijl Dhrm Iuamic Komj# mj J\G^ diutriet*5= Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|u# cm| hjgfrehahjt fggieimcu# Kmrm!eoi# Fetfbhr 2>>?*


12/39

^mkiutmj0 Toh Aicitmjt @iomdi EomcchjlhEriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=74# =5 Amreo 2>>9 ^mlh <

utmth ijutitxtifju mjd uhexrity gfrehu# ijecxdijl mray#jmwy mjd ~fcieh ~hrufjjhc* 52

Omwijl hutmbciuohd bmuhu mjd trmijijl ema~u ij Mglomj!iutmj ij toh cmth =99>u# toh UU^ mjd C@ trmijhd mcfjl!uidh mc!]mhdm# mjd muuiuthd toh Tmcibmj rhliah ij itu gilot

mlmijut bfto toh Jfrtohrj Mccimjeh mjd MglomjiutmjuUoim efaaxjity* Gfccf|ijl tohir rhtxrj tf ^mkiutmjmgthr toh X*U*!chd ijthrwhjtifj ij 2>>=# toh UU^ mjdC@ hutmbciuohd efjtmetu |ito rhlifjmc ìomdi lrfx~u cikhtoh @miuo!h!Afomaahd mjd ChT# diuexuuhd ij afrhdhtmic bhcf|* Toh C@ hutmbciuohd m am`fr trmijijl ehj!trh ij Axridkh# |ohrh @mammt!xd!Dm|m toh rhjmahdChT /uhh bhcf|) |mu ohmd}xmrthrhd* Ij Dhehabhr 2>>7 toh C@ h thjdhd ux~~frt tf toh U|mt!bmuhd Thorik!h!Jigmp!h!Uomrimt!h!Afomaamdi /TJUA)# mj mccy fg toh Mglomj mjd ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj# ij itu ~cmju tf tmr!lht ~rfaijhjt ^mkiutmji ~fcitieimju mjd ijthrjmtifjmcgfrehu ij Mglomjiutmj# rh~frthdcy muuxaijl toh rfch fg rherxitijl uxieidh bfabhru gfr tohuh aiuuifju* 55 UU^mjd C@ amdrmumu# afu}xhu mjd trmijijl ema~u merfuu^mkiutmj mrh efjdxitu gfr gfft ufcdihru# mrau mjd gxjdugrfa ^xj`mb tf ftohr ~mrtu fg toh efxjtry# ijecxdijl

J\G^ mjd GMTM*

Toh C@ omu bhefah toh khy ~cmyhr ij toh jh xu bht|hhj mc!]mhdm# Tmcibmj mjd uhetmrimj lrfx~u bhemxuhfg itu mbicity tf h ~cfit itu jht|frk fg afu}xhu mjdamdrmumu ij `xut mbfxt hwhry diutriet ij ^mkiutmj# umidm uhexrity mjmcyut# mddijl# ij mcc am`fr thrrfriut mttmekuij ^mkiutmj tohrh iu irrhgxtmbch hwidhjeh tomt toh C@mjd UU^ |hrh xuhd* 54 Ij Jfwhabhr 2>>?# ijthrifr aijiutry mdwiuhr Amcik diuecfuhd tomt mc!]mhdm |muxuijl toh UU^# C@ mjd Kmrmeoi!bmuhd Tmcibmj lrfx~utf h hexth itu mlhjdm*58 Tribmc aicitmjtu mcuf df utijtu|ito toh C@ mjd uhetmrimj lrfx~u ij ^xj`mb; amjy h !trhaiutu mrrhuthd ij toh ~rfwijeh omwh bhhj GMTMrhuidhjtu*57 Aicitmjey ij ^xj`mb omu ij txrj tmkhj fjTmcibmj!cikh diahjuifju# |ito ED mjd DWD uof~ f|j!hru gmeijl efjutmjt torhmtu grfa h trhaiutu* Ij Uh~!thabhr 2>>?# Jiuotmr Ahdiemc Efcchlh ij Axctmj |mu

|mrjhd tf hjd ef!hdxemtifj fr gmeh mttmek*5>2 mjd 2>>? hchetifju# toh UU^ omu

52 Utmtiutieu mjd dfexahjtmtifj ~rfwidhd tf Eriuiu Lrfx~ by^xj`mb ijthccilhjeh fggieimc# Cmofrh# Dhehabhr 2>>?*55 Ibid*54 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Rmjm @m|md# Iucmambmd# < Fetfbhr 2>>?*58 Mc!]mhdm emj xuh bmjjhd aicitmjt fxtgitu gfr thrrfriut metu0Rhoamj Amcik# Toh Jh|u # 2= Jfwhabhr 2>>?*57 Rhuidhjtimc ~rfgichu fg aicitmjtu mrrhuthd ij ^xj`mb# fbtmijhd

by Eriuiu Lrfx~ grfa uhjifr eiwicimj ijthccilhjeh fggieimc#Dhehabhr 2>>?*5< Umoi# f~* eit*

trihd tf diutmjeh ituhcg grfa uhetmrimj kiccijlu mjd tohC@u aicitmjey ij lhjhrmc* Of|hwhr# toh t|f rhamijgiracy ijthrt|ijhd* Ufah UU^ mjd C@ chmdhru mrlxhtomt tohy omwh cfut efaamjd mjd efjtrfc fwhr toh rmjk mjd gich# |ito wmrifxu uxbuidimry lrfx~u xuijl tohfrlmjiumtifju jht|frk mjd rhufxrehu tf emrry fxtmttmeku mjd ftohr eriaijmc metiwity*5? M cffuhjhd# chuufrlmjiuhd utrxetxrh |icc bh afrh diggiexct tf efjtmij#mjd xjdhrcijhu toh jhhd gfr afrh wilfrfxu efxjthr!thrrfriua utrmthlihu*

2 Rhlifjmc ìomd0 @miuo!h!Afomaahdmjd Cmuokmr!h!Tmyymbm

m) Bhyfjd Kmuoair

Rhlifjmc aicitmjt ìomdi lrfx~u ahrit u~heimc mtthjtifj#mu toh aicitmryu ux~~frt gfr toha efjtijxhu dhu~ith

^mkiutmju efaaitahjtu ij toh lcfbmc |mr fj thrrfr*Tohuh lrfx~u omwh h thjdhd tohir rhmeo |hcc bhyfjdtoh Kmuoair ìomd* Toh @miuo!h!Afomaahd# gfr h ma!

~ch# iu ijwfcwhd ij uhetmrimj wifchjeh ij ^xj`mb mjdKmrmeoi#59 mjd mcuf gilotu mcfjluidh toh ^mkiutmji Tmci!

bmj ij toh bfrdhrcmjdu* It ijecxdhu amjy UU^ |frkhrumafjlut itu rmjku* 4> Itu ~mrhjt frlmjiumtifj# toh Omr!kmtxc Ax`moidij# |oieo f~hrmthd ij Kmuoair# |mu muiljmtfry tf mc!]mhdm chmdhr Fumam Bij Cmdhju =99?

gmt|m emccijl gfr ìomd mlmijut toh X*U* mjd mcc @h|u*Mcfjl |ito toh ChT# it omu bhhj cijkhd tf toh Dheha!

bhr 2>>= mttmeku fj toh Ijdimj ~mrcimahjt* It |mu mcufcijkhd tf torhh mc!]mhdm!rhcmthd ~cftu0 uofh!bfabhr Rieomrd Rhid |of trihd tf bcf| x~ mj mircijhr ij Dheha!

bhr 2>>=; toh axrdhr fg Mahriemj `fxrjmciut Dmjihc ^hmrcchuu tomj t|f afjtou cmthr ij Kmrmeoi; mjd toh Cfjdfj

bfabijlu fj < @xcy 2>>8*

@miuo chmdhr Ma`md Gmrff}i# gfrahrcy toh chmdhr fg toh bmjjhd Omrkmtxc Ax`moidij# |mu bhcihwhd tf bh toh amijijthrcfextfr bht|hhj mc!]mhdm mjd dfahutie ìomdilrfx~u xjtic oh |mu kicchd ij m uofftfxt ij Amy 2>>4#m rfch jf| gicchd by C@u Amtixr Rhoamj* Cikh Rho!amj# Gmrff}i |mu muufeimthd bfto |ito Tmcibmj chmdhr Axccmo Famr mjd mc!]mhdm chmdhr Fumam bij Cmdhj*4= Mgthr oiu dhmto# toh @miuo rhamiju m khy cijk bht|hhjdfahutie ìomdi lrfx~u mjd ijthrjmtifjmc thrrfr jht!|frku# |ito m ~rhuhjeh tomt h thjdu |hcc bhyfjd ^xj!

`mb* Cikh toh UU^ mjd C@# itu ema~u ~rfwidh efjdxitugfr gfft ufcdihru trmwhccijl grfa ^xj`mb tf toh tribmc

bfrdhrcmjdu*

5? Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# ^xj`mb lfwhrjahjt fggieimc# Cmofrh#Dhehabhr 2>>?*59 Toh @miuo |mu mcuf ia~ciemthd ij mttmeku mlmijut Eoriutimjuij Axrrhh mjd Tm icm ij 2>>2*4> Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# Toh Utmth fg Uhetmrimjiua ij ^mkiutmj #f~* eit*4= Uhh Rmuoid# f~* eit*# ~~* 25=!252*


13/39

^mkiutmj0 Toh Aicitmjt @iomdi EomcchjlhEriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=74# =5 Amreo 2>>9 ^mlh ?

Toh ChT# rhjmahd @mammt!xd!Dm|m /@D)42 mgthr Axuomr!rmg bmjjhd toh frlmjiumtifj ij hmrcy 2>>2# iu mjftohr uiljmtfry tf mc!]mhdmu lcfbmc ìomd*45 Mj MochOmdito frlmjiumtifj# toh @D iu ij gmet fjh fg toh afuth trhah ìomdi lrfx~u* 44 Ij Amreo 2>>5# ChT chmdhr Omgip Umhhd ~xbciecy emcchd gfr ìomd ij Irm}# mjdmlmijut toh X*U*# Iurmhc mjd Ijdim*48 Toh lrfx~u cijkutf cf|!ijefah ^mkiutmji dimu~frm efaaxjitihu# ~mr!tiexcmrcy ij Britmij# ~rfwidh ~fthjtimc ijthrjmtifjmcutmlijl lrfxjdu tomt amkh toh lrfx~# meefrdijl tfBrxeh Rihdhc# m gfrahr Ehjtrmc Ijthccilhjeh Mlhjeymjmcyut mjd exrrhjt mdwiuhr tf X*U* ^rhuidhjt Bmrmek Fbmam# `xut mu uhrifxu m torhmt tf [Britmij mjd tohX*U*Q mu mc!]mhdm*47 Toh @D |mu# gfr ijutmjeh# ia~ci!emthd ij m ~cft tf bcf| x~ X*U*!bfxjd mircijhru gcyijlgrfa Britmij ij Mxlxut 2>>7* 4<

Xjtic rhehjtcy# toh @Du ohmd}xmrthru ij Axridkh# mam`fr efaahreimc eity jhmr Cmofrh# |hrh u~rhmd fwhr 2>> merhu# |ito thmeoijl# rhuidhjtimc mjd ftohr gmeici!tihu# ijecxdijl itu f|j afu}xh* It ofxuhd fwhr 5#>>>utxdhjtu x~ tf xjiwhruity chwhc*4? Toh ChT hutmbciuohdtoh efa~ch ij =9??# |ito gxjdu grfa m Umxdi Mrm!

bimj eomrity# tf u~rhmd \moombi thmeoijlu* Toh efa! ~ch rhamijhd f~hj mgthr Axuomrrmgu bmj*

Toh frlmjiumtifju mllrhuuiwh rherxitahjt fg thhjml!hru gfr toh Kmuoair ìomd omu ~rfwfkhd m bmekcmuo ijitu efrh efjutitxhjey fg ehjtrmc ^xj`mb ij rhehjt yhmru* 49 Toh @Du cmut gh| mjjxmc lmtohrijlu omwh bhhj ohcd mt^mttfki# m tf|j ij Kmuxr diutriet# ~fuuibcy ~mrt fg mutrmthly tf |ij bmek ux~~frthru ij ufxtohrj ^xj`mb* Itomu mcuf rhemut ituhcg mu m ufeimc |hcgmrh frlmjiumtifj#uhttijl x~ ahdiemc ema~u mjd ~rfwidijl mabxcmjehuhrwiehu ij am`fr diutrietu uxeo mu Lx`rmj|mcm# Lx`rmtmjd @ohcxa*8> Itu |hcgmrh jht|frku mjd mabxcmjehuhrwiehu mrh h ~mjdijl tf uxeo ufxtohrj mrhmu fg toh

~rfwijeh mu Omuic~xr# Bmom|mcjmlmr# Cfdormj mjd

42 @D iu futhjuibcy ChTu oxamjitmrimj |ijl* Ij toiu rh~frt# bfto jmahu |icc bh xuhd gfr toh frlmjiumtifj*45 Licchu Kh~hc# Mc ]mhdm fj toh rxj# Jh|u|hhk # 22 Dheha!

bhr 2>>?*44 Moch Omdito iu mj xctrm!frtofdf # ~xritmjiemc uhet iju~irhd

by Uxjji \moombi dfetrijh* Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# Toh Utmthfg Uhetmrimjiua ij ^mkiutmj # f~* eit*48 Uhh Rmuoid# f~* eit*# ~* 22?*47 ChT thrrfriutu ij XK lrhmthut torhmt tf X*U*# EIM thccuFbmam# Toh Jh|u # 9 Ghbrxmry 2>>9*4< Dh thr Gickiju mjd Ufxmd Ahkohjjht# ^mkiutmj eomrityxjdhr uerxtijy ij ~cft# Jh| Yfrk Tiahu # =4 Mxlxut 2>>7*4? Mair Air# Ijdim ailot tmrlht Axridkh tf mwhjlh Axa!

bmi#Toh Jh|u # 2 Dhehabhr 2>>?*49 Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# Toh Utmth fg Uhetmrimjiua ij ^mki!

utmj# f~* eit*8> @mammt!xd!Dm|m |hbuith# mt |||*`mamtxddm|m*frl*

Bmom|mc~xr*8= Toh lrfx~ omu mcuf hutmbciuohd =8> afdhcueoffcu ij wmrifxu diutrietu fg ehjtrmc mjd jfrtohrj^xj`mb# ia~mrtijl# it ecmiau# trxcy Iucmaie hdxemtifj# 82 mjd ~rfwidhd rhcihg tf toh wietiau fg jmtxrmc diumuthruij Bmcfeoiutmj mjd J\G^* Ig tohuh hggfrtu rhwhmc m}xhut gfr lrhmthr ufeimc mjd ~fcitiemc chlitiamey# tohymcuf amrk mj h ~mjuifj fg toh @Du lhflrm~oie rhmeo*It jf| omu m utrfjl ~rhuhjeh ij Bmcfeoiutmju ~rfwij!eimc em~itmc# ]xhttm# J\G^# toh Ghdhrmccy Mdaijiu!thrhd Jfrtohrj Mrhmu mjd Mpmd @maax mjd Kmuoair*

Rhcyijl fj toh @D tf ~rhuuxrh Ijdim fj toh Kmuoair diu~xth# toh Axuomrrmg lfwhrjahjt rhuiuthd X*U* ~rhu!uxrh tf bmj toh lrfx~* 85 Toh aicitmryu ux~~frt gfr itu

ìomdi ~rf ihu |mu afut hwidhjt ij toh Fetfbhr 2>>8hmrto}xmkh ij Kmuoair# |ohj it uidhcijhd eiwicimjmdaijiutrmtfru mjd uhexcmr jfj!lfwhrjahjtmc frlmji!umtifju ij rhuexh mjd rhcihg hggfrtu# ijuthmd eomjjhccijlgxjdu tf toh @D mjd ftohr ìomdi lrfx~u* 84 It |mu mjhggfrt tf h ~mjd toh @Du u~meh# uf tomt |ohj gfrhiljaiuuifju emah# Axuomrrmg efxcd dicxth toh ia~rhuuifjtomt it |mu m rmdiemc lrfx~ toh @D amdh oxlh ~fcitiemclmiju# umid mj mjmcyut# |mrjijl t|f afjtou bhgfrhtoh Axabmi mttmeku tomt# Ij toh cfjl thra toiu [ux~!

~frt tf toh @DQ iu lfijl tf oxrt ^mkiutmj* 88 Ux~~frthdfjeh mlmij by toh aicitmry# toh @D |mu uiaicmrcy }xiek tf h ~cfit toh Fetfbhr 2>>? hmrto}xmkh ij ]xhttm tomtkicchd fwhr =8> mjd diu~cmehd tofxumjdu*87

Ij Amreo 2>>7# dhu~ith exrbu fj ~xbcie ~rfthutu by afd!hrmth ~fcitiemc ~mrtihu# toh Axuomrrmg rhliah mccf|hd@D tf utmlh m rmccy ij Cmofrh# efjdhajijl toh Dmjiuoemrtffju fg toh ^rf~oht Axomaamd# |oieo drh| mjhutiamthd 2>#>>> ~hf~ch* M am`fr afjtocy |rfth#Toh uiljigiemjeh fg toh efjghrhjeh |mu jft toh efj!whrlhjeh fg uxeo m cmrlh jxabhr fg ~mrtiei~mjtu mt fjh

~cmeh bxt toh efjehuuifj lrmjthd by toh lfwhrjahjt tfm aicitmjt fxtgit tf utmlh m uof| fg utrhjlto* 8<

8= Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|u# ahabhru# Oxamj Rilotu Efa!aiuuifj fg ^mkiutmj /ORE^)# Axctmj# 27 @xjh 2>>?*82 |||*`mamtxddm|m*frl*85 Toh X*U* lfwhrjahjt dhuiljmthd toh @D m thrrfriut frlmji!umtifj ij Amy 2>>7*84 Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Brihgijl J47# ^mkiutmj0 ^fcitiemc

Ia~met fg toh Hmrto}xmkh# =8 Amreo 2>>7*88 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Rmjm @m|md# Iucmambmd# < Fetfbhr 2>>?*87 Muormg Komj# Omrdcijh lrfx~ ~chdlhu tf ohc~ ^mkiutmjuwietiau fg hmrto}xmkh# Muufeimthd ^rhuu# 5= Fetfbhr 2>>?;mjd Hmrto}xmkh ij ^mkiutmj kiccu mt chmut =58# fggieimc umyu#Muufeimthd ^rhuu# 29 Fetfbhr 2>>?*8< Mpamt Mbbmu# @mammtxd Dm|m mccf|hd tf utmlh uof| fg utrhjlto# Toh Ohrmcd # M~ric 2>>7*


14/39


b) @D ~fut!Axabmi

\ito toh XJ Uhexrity Efxjeic dhuiljmtijl toh @D mthrrfriut frlmjiumtifj fj => Dhehabhr 2>>? xjdhr rhufcxtifj =27< //=999) efjehrjijl Mc!]mhdm mjd tohTmcibmj mjd Muufeimthd Ijdiwidxmcu mjd Hjtitihu)# toh

^^^ lfwhrjahjt fggieimccy bmjjhd toh lrfx~# dhtmijhdufah fg itu chmdhru# grfph itu muuhtu# mjd cfekhd itufggiehu efxjtry|idh mjd ij Mpmd @maax mjd Kmuoair*Toh @D mrlxhd tomt toh lfwhrjahjt tffk toh dheiuifjij omuth xjdhr ~rhuuxrh grfa Ijdim mjd Mahriem* 8? Toh lrfx~u eoihg# Omgip Umhhd# |of |mu ~cmehd xjdhr ofxuh mrrhut# emcchd toh Uhexrity Efxjeicu metifj mjmttmek fj Iucma*89 Oiu ~fcitiemc mccy# @I eoihg ]mpiOxuumij Moahd# |mrjijl# [tQoh ~hf~ch |of mrhutrxllcijl gfr toh grhhdfa fg Kmuoair |fxcd bh diu!efxrmlhd by tohuh afwhu# mrlxhd tomt toh UhexrityEfxjeic metifj wifcmthd ^mkiutmju ufwhrhiljty# mjd

torhmthjhd efxjtry|idh ~rfthutu*7>

Fj 27 @mjxmry2>>9# toh ^xj`mb lfwhrjahjt feex~ihd toh Axridkhefa~ch # mcuf tmkijl fwhr toh mdaijiutrmtifj fg @Duhdxemtifjmc ijutitxtifju mjd ahdiemc uhrwiehu*7= Tohlfwhrjahjt omu uijeh eomrlhd hilot ~hf~ch |ito mbht!tijl# efju~irmey mjd gmeicitmtifj fg m thrrfriut met*72 Fg toh hilot eomrlhd# ui omwh bhhj mrrhuthd# ijecxdijltorhh ChT f~hrmtiwhu# mafjl toha Pmkixr Rhoamj*

Meexuhd fg afxjtijl toh Axabmi mttmeku# toh @D omu ~xt rhjh|hd ha~omuiu fj itu erhdhjtimcu mu m eomrity#mttha~tijl tf diutmjeh ituhcg grfa toh ChT* 75 M ChT

u~fkhuamj# ahmj|oich# umid# Fxr utrxllch iu fjcy efj!gijhd tf Kmuoair mjd |h omwh jf rhcmtifju fr muufeimtifj|ito mrahd lrfx~u f~hrmtijl mt toh ijthrjmtifjmc chwhc*\h omwh jf lcfbmc mlhjdm* \h `xut |mjt toh grhhdfafg Kmuoair mjd ig it efahu tofxlo ~hmehgxc ahmju#|h |icc |hcefah it* 74 Rhu~fjdijl tf toh eomrlhugichd by toh lfwhrjahjt mlmijut ufah tf~ ChT f~hrm!tiwhu gfr tohir ijwfcwhahjt ij toh Axabmi mttmeku# mjChT u~fkhuamj ecmiahd toiu |mu dfjh tf |ij m~~rh!eimtifj grfa Ijdim mjd toh X*U* mjd tf ia~chahjt

8? Bmbmr Dflmr mjd Muig Uomopmd# ^mkiutmj metu mlmijut eomr!ity# Muufeimthd ^rhuu# == Dhehabhr 2>>?*89 Umhhd umyu XJUE bmj mj mttmek fj Iucma#Toh Jh|u #=2 Dhehabhr 2>>?*7> Ibid*7= Lfwhrjahjt tmkhu efjtrfc fg Dm|m ohmd}xmrthru# DmicyTiahu # 27 @mjxmry 2>>9*72 Axabmi mttmeku0 ^mrt fg ~cft omteohd ij ^mkiutmj# umyuAmcik#Toh Jh|u # =5 Ghbrxmry 2>>?*75 @mammtxd Dm|m dhjihu aicitmjt cijk# Dm|j # 8 Dhehabhr 2>>?*74 Igtikomr Licmji# CT tf ux~~frt dhafermtie utrxllch tf cib!hrmth Ijdimj!ohcd Kmuoair# Dmicy Tiahu# =9 @mjxmry 2>>9*

Ijdimu mlhjdm fg ux~~rhuuijl toh ~hf~chu utrxllchgfr grhhdfa ij Kmuoair* 78

Uijeh Axabmi# toh @D omu bhhj fj toh dhghjuiwh#umid m uhjifr bxrhmxermt ij toh ^xj`mb lfwhrjahjt* It|icc bh }xiht gfr ufah tiah# gfexu fj |hcgmrh metiwi!

tihu# mjd muuxrh toh lfwhrjahjt tomt it |icc utf~ ituaicitmjey ij Kmuoair*Bxt m efa~chth diwfreh [grfaaicitmjeyQ iu jft ~fuuibch* 77 Xjcikh ftohr ìomdi lrfx~u#of|hwhr# hwhj ~fut!Axabmi toh @D rhtmiju uiljigiemjtux~~frt |itoij ufah bxrhmxermtie eirechu# mjd ij uhl!ahjtu fg toh eiwicimj ~fcieh* Toiu efahu ~mrtcy gfr itu|hcgmrh metiwitihu mjd# ~hrom~u afrh ia~frtmjtcy# gfr toh ux~~fuhd gfexu fj toh Kmuoair ijuxrlhjey# ijuthmdfg ijthrjmc efjgciet* 7< Toh lfwhrjahjtu metifju mlmijuttoh @D [mgthr toh Axabmi mttmekuQ mrh tf toh dhtriahjtfg mcc toh ~hf~ch |of |hrh bhjhgieimrihu [fg toh lrfx~uufeimc uhrwiehuQ# umid m uhjifr ^xj`mb bxrhmxermt*7? Mjftohr mrlxhd tomt toh lrfx~ trmjuehjdhd uhetmrimj!iua mjd |mu chlitiamthcy ux~~frtijl ~f~xcmr rhuiutmjehtf Ijdimj rxch ij Kmuoair* 79 \ohtohr uxeo uhjtiahjtu|icc oma~hr cfjl!thra lfwhrjahjt metifj mlmijut tohlrfx~ ij toh |mkh fg toh Axabmi ijeidhjt rhamiju tf

bh uhhj*

Toh @Du |hcgmrh metiwitihu mrh gmr grfa ijjfexfxu*Mgthr toh 2>>8 hmrto}xmkh# gfr h ma~ch# it hjgfrehd lhj!dhr uhlrhlmtifj mjd efa~xcufry Iucmaie ~rmyhru mjdhdxemtifj ij itu J\G^!bmuhd rhcihg ema~u* Toh lrfx~mcuf metiwhcy rxju ìomdi trmijijl ema~u mjd diutribxthu

ìomdi cithrmtxrh*>9# toh @Du cfemc eom~!thr ij ^xj`mbu Cmyymo diutriet ~rhuuxrhd toh ~fcieh tfrhliuthr bcmu~ohay emuhu mlmijut gfxr Moamdi9*77 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Cmofrh# Dhehabhr 2>>?*7< Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|u# Dhehabhr 2>>?*7? Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Cmofrh# Dhehabhr 2>>?*79 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Cmofrh# Dhehabhr 2>>?* Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# ^mkiutmj0 ^fcitiemc Ia~met fg toh

Hmrto}xmkh# f~* eit*>?*# Rhgfraijl toh @xdieimry ij ^mkiutmj # =7 Fetfbhr 2>>?; mjdEriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frtu# Toh Utmth fg Uhetmrimjiua ij ^mkiutmj #mjd Toh Axccmou mjd toh Aicitmry# bfto f~* eit*>9*


15/39

^mkiutmj0 Toh Aicitmjt @iomdi EomcchjlhEriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=74# =5 Amreo 2>>9 ^mlh =>

mafjl toh ax`moidij* >7* Jf|# ijuthmd fg Kmcmuojikfwu# tohy omd uxieidh bfabhru# umid m gfr!ahr mjti!thrrfriua fggieimc* >7# m uxieidh

bfab ij Jiuotmr ^mrk kicchd axeo fg toh chmdhruoi~ fg toh Bmrhcwi aicitmjt lrfx~# Uxjji Thorik* Torhh afjtoucmthr m uxieidh bfabhr kicchd Mccmam Omumj Txrmbi#

~rhuidhjt fg ^mkiutmju cmrlhut Uoim ~mrty# toh ^mkiutmjIucmai Thorik* Toh UU^ mjd toh C@ mrh uxu~hethd ij

bfto mttmeku* Uijeh hmrcy 2>>>!utrfjl rmccy fj =Amreo 2>>?# toh UU^ torhmthjhd `iomd mlmijut Dhj!amrk# Lhramjy mjd ftohr \huthrj efxjtrihu*

@miuo!h!Afomaahd chmdhr Amuffd Mpomr


16/39


17/39

^mkiutmj0 Toh Aicitmjt @iomdi EomcchjlhEriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=74# =5 Amreo 2>>9 ^mlh =2

lxmrdhd rfxth bht|hhj Rm|mc~ijdi mjd Iucmambmd# mjmjmcyut efaahjthd fj of| grhhcy [aicitmjt lrfx~uQomwh bhlxj f~hrmtijl ij |omt iu huuhjtimccy toh aici!tmry oilo efaamjdu bmekymrd* =>=

Toh @miuo!h!Afomaahd mjd Omrkmtxc Ax`moidij omwh

rh~frthdcy uht x~ bmuhu mjd trmjuit ema~u ij Rm|mc! ~ijdi gfr aicitmjtu trmwhccijl grfa ufxtohrj ^xj`mb tf J\G^* =>2 Umid m Rm|mc~ijdi rhuidhjt0 Afut fg tohtiah Iucmambmd lhtu mtthjtifj |itofxt m rhghrhjehtf toh eity fg Rm|mc~ijdi* Of| emj ~hf~ch iljfrh tohijgcxhjeh fg |omt iu om~~hjijl ij Rm|mc~ijdi6 Tohgmet tomt Rm|mc~ijdi omu txrjhd ijtf m oxb fg wmrifxuuhetmrimj lrfx~u jhhdu tf bh mjmcyuhd* Ig yfx |mck mrfxjd toh eity mgthr Gridmy ~rmyhru# yfx |icc uhh tohir utrhjlto* Tohy omwh hutmbciuohd tohir ~rhuhjeh ij Rm|mc!

~ijdi* Tohir ia~met fj Iucmambmdu uhexrity iu khy* =>5

D ^ MKIUTMJ U T MCIBMJIUMTIFJ

= Uxjji h trhaiua mjd toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj

^mkiutmji Tmcibmjiumtifj iu jft xji}xhcy m ^muotxj ~rfbcha# bxt m cfliemc h thjuifj fg Uxjji Dhfbmjdiaicitmjey* Itu idhfcfliemc thjhtu dhriwh grfa toh umahfrtofdf Uxjji!Omjmgi ijthr~rhtmtifju fg Iucma# ~rf!afthd by Pimu aicitmry rhliah ij toh =9?>u# tomt cihmt toh ohmrt fg utmth!driwhj Iucmaiumtifj*=>4

Toh Thorik!i!Tmcibmj ^mkiutmj /TT^) ux~~fuhdcy ef!frdijmthu toh metiwitihu fg jxahrfxu Tmcibmj lrfx~u ij

J\G^ mjd GMTM# mctofxlo itu xjity iu }xhutifjmbch* =>8 Chd by Bmitxccmo Ahouxd# m tribmc aicitmjt grfa Ufxto\mpiriutmj Mlhjey# toh TT^ |mu gfrahd ij Dhehabhr 2>>< mgthr m uoxrm / tribmc efxjeic) fg ufah 4> uhjifr chmdhru fg aicitmjt lrfx~u# f~hrmtijl ij toh tribmc bhctuijeh 2>>=# dheidhd tf xjith xjdhr m uijlch bmjjhr*Dxrijl toiu ~rfehuu# jfthu mj mjmcyut# toh ^mkiutmjiTmcibmj jhwhr rhmccy ahrlhd ijtf toh frlmjiumtifj[mcQ

=>= Irgmj Oxuumij# \ofuh uidh iu ^mkiutmj fj ij gilotijl tohTmcibmj6Toh Dmicy Utmr # =7 Uh~thabhr 2>>?*=>2 Ij Amreo 2>>>5 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Airpm Muogm} Bmil# Rm|mc~ijdi#2> @xjh 2>>?*=>4 Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# Toh Utmth fg Uhetmrimjiua ij ^mki!

utmj# f~* eit*=>8 Toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj tff fgthj omwh efa~htijl ijthrhutu#mjd ijecxdh bfto wifchjtcy mjti!lfwhrjahjt gfrehu mjd tofuh|of mrh futhjuibcy afrh mahjmbch tf efombitmtifj |ito tohaicitmry* Torhh XU u~ihu h hexthd# Dm|j# =9 @xcy 2>>?*Uhh mcuf Rmoiaxccmo Yxuxgpmi# Tf~ lxju toh |ofu |of fg toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj# Jh|ucijh # @xcy 2>>?*

utrxetxrh fg toh Mglomj Tmcibmj xjdhr Axccmo Famr*Ijuthmd# tohy dhwhcf~hd m diutijet idhjtity* Grfa tohir

~hru~hetiwh# tohy ijthccilhjtcy erhmthd m u~meh gfr toha!uhcwhu ij ^mkiutmj by hjlmlijl toh aicitmry ij mttmeku|oich mt ftohr tiahu exttijl dhmcu [|ito Axuomrrmguaicitmry lfwhrjahjtQ tf hutmbciuo tohir mxtfjfay ijtoh rhlifj* =>7 Ij Uh~thabhr 2>>?# toh ^^^ lfwhrjahjt

bmjjhd toh TT^# dhuiljmtijl it m thrrfriut frlmjiumtifj#mjd grhhpijl itu kjf|j bmjk meefxjtu*

^mkiutmji Tmcibmj lrfx~u omwh tmrlhthd toh ciaithdmdaijiutrmtiwh ijgrmutrxetxrh ij toh tribmc mrhmu# dhutrfyijlhdxemtifjmc ijutitxtifju# ~mrtiexcmrcy lircu ueoffcu# hutmb!ciuoijl ~mrmcchc Uomrim efxrtu# mjd kiccijl mjd ijtiaidmt!ijl tribmc chmdhru# fr amciku# |of ij ufah mrhmu jf|efjuxct tohuh lrfx~u rmtohr tomj ~fcitiemc mlhjtu# tohfggieimc mxtofrity# gfr frdhru*=><

Toh Tmcibmj lrfx~u h ~fxjd Iucma mu m whoiech fg ufeimcmjd ~fcitiemc ha~f|hrahjt* Tohir Uomrim efxrtu ecmiatf rhufcwh emuhu tomt |hrh ~hjdijl ij fggieimccy efjuti!txthd tribxjmcu gfr yhmru*=>? Ij gmet# tohy uhhk tf rhgfraufeihty mcfjl rmdiemc Dhfbmjdi cijhu# mu h ~rhuuhd ijmttmeku fj lircu ueoffcu# bmrbhr uof~u# DWD mjd EDutfrhu# mjd rhuidhjtu ~hrehiwhd tf bh hjlmlhd ij ia!afrmc metiwitihu*=>9 Toh Tmcibmj omwh ~xbciecy h hexthdahabhru fg riwmc tribhu mjd uhetu* \ohj rhchmuijl

~mrmaicitmry trff~u em~txrhd ij gilotijl# aicitmjtu omwhty~iemccy rhchmuhd Uxjjiu mjd h hexthd Uoim em~tiwhu*==>

^mkiutmji Tmcibmj lrfx~u omwh mcuf mbufrbhd ahabhrufg rmdiemc Uxjji frlmjiumtifju |of |hrh f~hrmtijlijdh~hjdhjtcy bhgfrh toh X*U*!chd ijwmuifj fg Mglomji!utmj# uxeo mu toh Thorik!h!Jigmp!h!Uomrimt!h!Afoma!amdi /TJUA)* Toiu Uxjji aicitmjt frlmjiumtifj omd

bhhj efjuidhrmbcy |hmkhjhd |ohj oxjdrhdu fg itu gfc!

=>7 Omuumj Mbbmu# M ~rfgich fg Thorik!i!Tmcibmj#ETE Uhj!tijhc # wfc*=# jf* 2 /@mjxmry 2>>?)*=>< M ~fcitiemc mlhjt /^M)# |of iu m ghdhrmc bxrhmxermt# ohmdutoh cfemc mdaijiutrmtifj fg hmeo GMTM mlhjey# mjd h hreiuhuh thjuiwh h hextiwh# `xdieimc mjd rhwhjxh ~f|hru* \ito toh

J\G^ lfwhrjfru m~~rfwmc# toh M efjghru toh utmtxu fg amcik#fr tribmc hcdhr# fj toh bmuiu fg amch ijohritmjeh* Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~Rh~frt# ^mkiutmju Tribmc Mrhmu0 M~~hmuijl toh Aicitmjtu# f~* eit*=>? Tofuh |of omwh cfut trxut ij toh utmthu mbicity tf rhufcwhtohir diu~xthu |fxcd jmtxrmccy lf tf toh Tmcibmj tf lht `xu!tieh# efaahjthd m ^huom|mr rhuidhjt* Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthr!wih|# ^huom|mr# @xcy 2>>?*=>9 Gfr h ma~ch# ij Amreo 2>> Uhh Rmoiaxccmo Yxuxgpmi# Axeo mdf mbfxt jftoijl#

Jh|ucijh # Uh~thabhr 2>>>


18/39


cf|hru |hjt tf gilot mcfjluidh toh Tmcibmj gfccf|ijltoh X*U*!chd ijthrwhjtifj ij Mglomjiutmj# mjd |hrhkicchd fr dhtmijhd tohrh*=== Toh TJUAu emdrhu omwhrhefwhrhd cfut lrfxjd xjdhr jh| chmdhru cikh AmxcmjmGmpcxccmo# m khy Tmcibmj mccy |of ohmdu oiu TJUAgmetifj ij U|mt# |oieo drm|u fj uiljigiemjt jxabhrufg mc!]mhdm gilothru*==2

Gxrtohrafrh# meefrdijl tf m xj`mb mjti!thrrfriua fggieimc#~rfecmiahd fgghjdhru fg toh Cmuokmr!h!@omjlwi mjdftohr uxeo lrfx~u mrh jf| f~hrmtijl ij GMTM* ==5 Ij

Jfwhabhr 2>>?# m X*U* aiuuich utrikh kicchd RmuoidRmxg# m Britiuo mc!]mhdm f~hrmtiwh# toh uxu~hethd amu!thraijd fg toh 2>>7 mc!]mhdm ~cft tf bcf| x~ ~muuhj!lhr mircijhru ij Cfjdfj* Mj muufeimth fg @miuo!h!Afoma!ahd eoihg Amuffd Mpomr ij Bmom|mc~xr# Rmxg omdhuem~hd grfa ~fcieh exutfdy ij Iucmambmd ij Dheha!

bhr 2>>>7*Toh Cmuokmr!h!Iucmai omu mcuf tmrlhthd rhcilifxu aijfri!tihu; ij @xjh 2>>?# gfr h ma~ch# it kidjm~~hd ui thhjEoriutimju grfa ^huom|mr mjd dhtmijhd toha ij Koybhr Mlhjey* Mctofxlo toh ofutmlhu |hrh uffj rhchmuhd gfc!cf|ijl jhlftimtifju |ito toh cfemc mdaijiutrmtifj# tohijeidhjt ohilothjhd ijuhexrity mafjl jfj!Axuciau* ==7

=== Toh TJUA |mu gfxjdhd ij toh hmrcy =99>u by AmxcmjmUxgi Afomaahd tf ia~chahjt Uomrim ij toh U|mt mjd Amcm!kmjd rhlifju* Afomaahd |mu mj metiwh chmdhr fg toh @mammt!i!Iucmai ij toh hmrcy =9?>u* \ohj X*U*!chd gfrehu ijwmdhdMglomjiutmj ij 2>>=# Afomaahd mjd oiu ufj!ij!cm|# Gmpcxc!cmo# chd tohir gfccf|hru tf Mglomjiutmj ij frdhr tf |mlh |mr mlmijut gfrhilj gfrehu mjd toh Jfrtohrj Mccimjeh ij Mglomji!utmj* Bfto fg toha |hrh mrrhuthd x~fj tohir rhtxrj* Gmpcxccmo|mu rhchmuhd fj bmic bxt Uxgi Afomaahd# rhgxuijl tf m~~cygfr bmic# rhamijhd ij exutfdy*==2 Uhh Hrie Ueoaitt mjd @mjh ^hrchp# Utrikhu |fruhj ]mhdmtorhmt# ^mkiutmj umyu#Toh Jh| Yfrk Tiahu # 28 Ghbrxmry2>>9*==5 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# mjti!thrrfriua fggieimc# Cmofrh#Dhehabhr 2>>?*==4 Uomkhhc Mj`xa# Rmxgu huem~h uorfxdhd ij ayuthry# Toh

Jh|u # =< Dhehabhr 2>>>?* Uhh mcuf Emrcfttm Lmcc mjdMrig @mamc# Amj mt ohmrt fg Britiuo thrrfriut ~cft cmid rfftu ijm cmjd righ |ito Uxjji h trhaiua# Toh Jh| Yfrk Tiahu # 2=Mxlxut 2>>7*==8 Omuumj Mbbmu# ^mkiutmju lri~ fj tribmc mrhmu iu uci~!

~ijl# Muim Tiahu# 4 Fetfbhr 2>>>?*

H trhaiutu ~rf~mlmth tohir ahuumlh torfxlo icchlmc GAutmtifju# mu ij toh emuh fg Amjlmc Bmlo mjd AxccmoGmpcxccmo ij Koybhr Mlhjey mjd J\Gû U|mt diutriet#rhu~hetiwhcy# tf emcc gfr Uomrim mjd ìomd mlmijut toh\hut# toh ^mkiutmji utmth# mjd ijgidhcu mt ofah*==<

Ij U|mt# |oieo omu m diutijet exctxrmc oiutfry# toh ^mki!utmji Tmcibmj# airrfrijl tohir Mglomj efxjthr~mrtu# ==? dhgmehd m ehjtxrihu!fcd rfek utmtxh fg Bxddom ijFetfbhr 2>>>

bfyu mjd lircu ueoffcu ij U|mt diutriet# mjd# ij Dheha! bhr 2>>?# bmjjhd U|mtu =2>#>>> ghamch utxdhjtugrfa mtthjdijl ecmuuhu# torhmthjijl tf bfab ueoffcu|ito mjy ghamch utxdhjtu mgthr =8 @mjxmry 2>>9*=2>

2 M~~hmuijl toh aicitmjtu ij U|mt

Fj =7 Ghbrxmry 2>>9# J\Gû M|mai Jmtifjmc ^mrty/MJ^)!chd lfwhrjahjt mjd toh TJUA rhmeohd mj

mlrhhahjt# dhwiuhd by toh aicitmry# gfr toh ia~fuitifjfg Uomrim ij J\Gû Amcmkmjd rhlifj# |oieo ijecxdhuU|mt*=2= Meefrdijl tf toh ijitimc mlrhhahjt# toh lfw!hrjahjt |icc# mafjl ftohr ~rfwiuifju# hutmbciuo ]mpifr rhcilifxu efxrtu tf dheidh mcc emuhu mgthr =7 Ghbrx!mry 2>>9# hjuxrijl mdohrhjeh tf Uomrim; diuamjtchuhexrity eohek~fijtu mgthr 4 Amreo 2>>9; mjd |itodrm|trff~u tf tohir bmrrmeku*=22 Toh lfwhrjahjt |fxcd mcufrhchmuh aicitmjtu dhtmijhd ij mjti!thrrfriut f~hrmtifju#

==< Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# ^mkiutmju Tribmc Mrhmu0 M~~hmu!ijl toh Aicitmjtu # f~* eit* Gmpcxccmo iu mcuf kjf|j mu AxccmoRmdif*==? Toh Mglomj Tmcibmj dhutrfyhd ehjtxrihu!fcd Bxddom utmt!xhu ij toh Oijdx Kxuo rhlifj ij 2>>=* Uhh Moahd Rmuoid#Mgthr =#> yhmru# Bxddomu gmcc tf toh Tmcibmj#Toh Thch!

lrm~o # 5 @xcy 2>>=*==9 Uomohhj Bxjhri# Fbcithrmtijl m rieo ~mut# Jh|ucijh # Uh~!thabhr 2>>?*=2> Uhh @mwhd Mpip Komj# Hdxemtifj gfr lircu ~riah wietia fg U|mt txrafic# Toh Jh|u # => Ghbrxmry 2>>9*=2= Uhh \muhha M* Uomo# Uomrim!bmuhd uyutha tihd tf ~hmehij U|mt# Dm|j # =< Ghbrxmry 2>>9* J\Gû Amcmkmjd diwi!uifj iu efa~fuhd fg uhwhj diutrietu0 Bxjhr# Uomjlcm# Dir X~!

~hr# Dir Cf|hr# Eoitrmc mjd Amcmkmjd* Ij =979# toh gfrahr ~rijehcy utmth fg U|mt |mu ijecxdhd ij Amcmkmjd diwiuifj*=22 Uhh Mcc eohek~futu ij U|mt tf bh mbfciuohd by Amreo 4#Toh Jh|u # = Amreo 2>>9*


19/39


|ito toh TJUA ijuiutijl fj toh rhchmuh fg mcc dhtmij!hhu# ijecxdijl tofuh rhu~fjuibch gfr wifchjt eriahu uxeomu ~xbcie h hextifju mjd rm~h*=25 Ij rhtxrj# toh TJUA|icc hjuxrh tomt toh ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj ij U|mt cmydf|j ohmwy |hm~fju# hjd itu mrahd ema~milj mjd meeh~ttoh lfwhrjahjtu |rit ij U|mt# ijecxdijl mccf|ijl

bfyu mjd lircu ueoffcu tf rhf~hj bxt mcc ghamchumtthjdijl ueoffc axut |hmr toh ~xrdmo# fr whic*

Toh dhmc jhlmthu toh |iuohu fg mj hchetfrmth tomt wfthdfxt rhcilifxu rilot!|ijl ~mrtihu ij U|mt# ux~~frtijl tohMJ^ ij toh Ghbrxmry 2>>? jmtifjmc hchetifju gfr tohwhry ~xr~fuh fg rhwhruijl toh AAMu Iucmaiumtifj

~fcieihu* \oich toh meefrd futhjuibcy miau mt diwidijlaicitmjtu ij U|mt grfa GMTM!bmuhd efxjthr~mrtu# it|icc ij gmet fjcy utrhjltohj tofuh cijku* Gxrtohrafrh#liwhj mc!]mhdmu cijku tf U|mt!bmuhd aicitmjtu# dhueribhdmbfwh# toh dhmc |icc jft fjcy hjomjeh toh Tmcibmju

~rhuhjeh# bxt mcuf mc!]mhdmu# mu did hmrcihr ~hmehdhmcu xjdhr Axuomrrmg ij GMTM*=24

Uijeh toh dhmc# TJUA eoihg Uxgi Afomaahd omuijerhmuhd oiu dhamjdu# ecmiaijl ij m = Amreo 2>>9

~rhuu efjghrhjeh tomt oh |mu diuumtiugihd |ito toh u~hhdfg toh J\G^ lfwhrjahjtu ia~chahjtmtifj fg tohmeefrd; ijuiutijl fj m =8 Amreo 2>>9 dhmdcijh gfr Uomrimefxrtu tf bh hutmbciuohd# ~rhuidhd fwhr by `xdlhum~~fijthd by Uxgi Afomaahd oiauhcg# mjd gfr mccia~riufjhd aicitmjtu tf bh rhchmuhd by tomt dmth* =28 Toh U|mt Tmcibmj# |of omwh frdhrhd mcc jfj!lfwhrj!ahjtmc frlmjiumtifju /JLFu) tf chmwh U|mt# mcuf ijuiuttomt mjy aicitmry afwhahjt fr metifj ij toh diutriet bh

=25 mkiutmju mabmuumdfr tf toh X*U* Oxuumij Om}}mji mjdftohr fggieimcu dhghjdhd toh dhmc mu m ahmju fg rhutfrijl

~hmeh ij m ufeimccy mjd rhcilifxucy efjuhrwmtiwh rhlifj# mecmia tomt iu rh`hethd by ijdh~hjdhjt mjmcyutu* Toh TJUAumetifju# |oieo ijecxdh bhohmdijl# rm~h# axrdhr# ~xbcie diu!

~cmy fg dhmd bfdihu [mjdQ ~xbcie h hextifju efaahjthd fjhuxeo mjmcyut# omwh cittch tf df |ito rhcilifj fr m afrmc fr!dhr* Torfxlo uxeo brxtmc ahmju mjd bmrbmrie ahtofdu#tohy omwh gfrehd toh lfwhrjahjt tf meeh~t tohir ~f|hr fwhr

~hf~ch mjd rhufxrehu torfxlo toh Jipma!h!Mdmc mlrhhahjt*Dr* Rxbijm Umilfc# Aytou wu gmetu mbfxt gxjdmahjtmciua#Toh Jh|u # 2= Ghbrxmry 2>>9* Ecmiaijl tomt toh Tmcibmj |mu

~mid mjy|ohrh bht|hhj $7!=> aiccifj# m gfrahr mabmuumdfr ijuiuthd tomt cfemcu f~~fuhd toh Tmcibmj mjd |hrh dxabgfxjdhd |ohj toh aicitmry# gfr mcc itu wmxcthd ecmiau |mu xj!mbch tf ~rhwmic afutcy bhemxuh tohy |hrh xj|iccijl tf uxutmijcfuuhu; mjd omwijl cfut toh |icc tf gilot ~rhghrrhd tf cht toh[J\G^Q lfwhrjahjt tmkh toh rm~ gfr tohir gmicxrh mjd efbbchm dhmc |oieo mafxjthd tf uxrrhjdhr* Pmgmr Oicmcy# U|mtmjd umwijl ^mkiutmj#Toh Jh|u # => Amreo 2>>9*=24 Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# ^mkiutmju Tribmc Mrhmu0 M~~hmu!ijl toh Aicitmjtu # f~* eit*=28 Omahhdxccmo Komj# U|mt ~hmeh dhmc efahu xjdhr ~rhu!uxrh#Dm|j # 2 Amreo 2>>9*

~rh!m~~rfwhd by toha*=27 Fj 4 Amreo# toh J\G^ lfw!hrjahjt mlrhhd tf mj mdditifjmc =

bht|hhj wieh mjd wirtxh mjd ia~fuh tohir f|j wmcxhutorfxlo mj h trm`xdieimc uyutha fg wilicmjthu*=2<

By mlrhhijl tf tohuh dhamjdu# mjd wf|ijl tf ia~chahjttoh meefrd mt mjy efut#=2? toh MJ^!chd J\G^ lfw!hrjahjt omu mbdiemthd lfwhrjmjeh fg toh Amcmkmjdrhlifj tf toh h trhaiutu |oich it omu gmichd tf hjgfrehtoh ~hmeh* \hhku mgthr rhmeoijl mlrhhahjt# toh aici!tmjtu mttmekhd mjd kicchd uhexrity ~hrufjjhc mjd mbdxethdlfwhrjahjt fggieimcu* M jmtifjmc dmicy efaahjthd0Jf| tomt tohir ofcd iu efjufcidmthd mt chmut gfr tohtiah bhijl toh Tmcibmj mrh rhwhmcijl tohir omjd mjdit iu echmr tomt u|hh~ijl eomjlh iu toh frdhr fg toh dmy#mccf|ijl xu tf uhh |omt iu fxr cikhcy gxtxrh mu tohTmcibmj lrfx~u lrmdxmccy tmkh ofcd fg toh efxjtry* =29

^rhuidhjt Pmrdmri# |of omu yht tf uilj toh Jipma!h! Mdc Rhlxcmtifju Frdhr tomt |fxcd ~xt Uomrim ij gfreh#uofxcd rhuiut toh MJ^ mjd toh aicitmryu ~rhuuxrh tfdf uf* Jft fjcy dfhu toh meefrd hgghetiwhcy trmjughr mxtofrity tf lfwhrj toh Amcmkmjd rhlifj tf rhcilifxuh trhaiutu# mu toh GMTM dhmcu bhgfrh it# it mcuf ia~fuhutoh TJUAu whruifj fg Tmcibmj!cikh Iucmaie chliucmtifjfj ^mkiutmji eitiphju ij Amcmkmjd diwiuifj# echmrcywifcmtijl Mrtiech ? fg toh efjutitxtifj# |oieo ~rfoibitucm|u ijefjuiuthjt |ito fr ij dhrflmtifj fg gxjdmahj!tmc rilotu*

Toh ijthrjmtifjmc rhu~fjuh omu uf gmr bhhj ai hd# |itoX*U* Uherhtmry fg Dhghjuh Rfbhrt Lmthu gfr h ma~chuxllhutijl tomt toh U|mt dhmc |mu mj meeh~tmbch efa!

~rfaiuh mjd efxcd bh rh~ciemthd ij Mglomjiutmj* =5> Toh X*U*# mjd toh ijthrjmtifjmc efaaxjity ij lhjhrmc#uofxcd bh xjdhr jf iccxuifju tomt toh exrrhjt ~hmehdhmc |icc yihcd mjy afrh ~fuitiwh rhuxctu tomj Axuomr!rmgu gmichd ~hmeh dhmcu |ito aicitmjtu ij toh \mpiriu!tmju ij 2>>4!2>>7* Toh X*U* mjd ftohr ijgcxhjtimc h thrjmc

=27 mkiutmji Tmcibmj u~fkhamj# Axucia Komj umid0 Mcc JLFu uofxcd chmwh U|mt bhemxuh tohy mrh erhmtijl ~rfbchaugfr ~hmeh* U|hh~ijl U|mt# Toh Jh|u # 2 Amreo 2>>9*=2< Bhtrmymc fg U|mt# Dm|j # 7 Amreo 2>>9; Dhcm|mr @mj#=>9*=2? Dmxd Komttm}# J\G^ lfwt wf|u tf hjgfreh Uomrim mt mccefutu# Toh Jh|u # = Amreo 2>>9*=29 U|hh~ijl U|mt# Toh Jh|u # 2 Amreo 2>>9*=5> U|mt!utych dhmc ij Mglomjiutmj meeh~tmbch# umyu Lmthu#Toh Jh|u # 2= Ghbrxmry 2>>9*


20/39


metfru# ijecxdijl toh HX# uofxcd# ijuthmd# diuuxmdh toh^mkiutmji aicitmry grfa hjthrijl uiaicmr dhmcu ij GMTMfr hcuh|ohrh ij J\G^# mjd grfa mraijl mjd ux~~frt!ijl mjy ^mkiutmji ijuxrlhjt lrfx~ fr tribmc aicitim* Tf|ij ohmrtu mjd aijdu# tf rhu~fjd tf m oxamjitmrimjeriuiu mjd tf dh~riwh toh ìomdiu fg m ~fthjtimc ~ffc fg rherxitu# toh X*U* mjd toh HX uofxcd mcuf h ~mjd muuiu!tmjeh tf toh oxjdrhdu fg tofxumjdu fg eiwicimju diu!

~cmehd by toh efjgciet ij U|mt mjd GMTM*

Toh X*U* uofxcd mcuf efjditifj aicitmry muuiutmjeh fjdhafjutrmbch uth~u by toh ^mkiutmji mrahd gfrehu tfux~~frt eiwicimj hggfrtu ij ~rhwhjtijl ^mkiutmji thrri!tfry# ij U|mt fr toh bfrdhrcmjdu# grfa bhijl xuhd bymc!]mhdm# Mglomj ijuxrlhjtu mjd ^mkiutmji h trhaiututf cmxjeo mttmeku |itoij ^mkiutmj mjd grfa ^mkiutmjithrritfry tf itu rhlifj mjd bhyfjd* Uofxcd toh ^mki!utmji aicitmry gmic tf rhu~fjd ~fuitiwhcy# mu m cmut rhufrt#toh ijthrjmtifjmc efaaxjity uofxcd efjuidhr tmrlhthdmjd ijerhahjtmc umjetifju# ijecxdijl trmwhc mjd wium

bmju mjd toh grhhpijl fg gijmjeimc muuhtu fg khy aicitmrychmdhru mjd aicitmry!efjtrfcchd ijthccilhjeh mlhjeihu*

5 Uoim!Uxjji wifchjeh

m) GMTM0 Kxrrma mjd Frmkpmi Mlhjeihu

Toh tribmc mlhjeihu fg Kxrrma mjd Frmkpmi# |ito tohir cmrlh Uoim ~f~xcmtifju# omwh bhefah m gfemc ~fijt gfr Uxjji h trhaiutu# mjd ~rfwidh gxrtohr h ma~chu fg toh

efjwhrlhjeh fg ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj lrfx~u# uhetmrimjlrfx~u mjd rhcilifxu rilot|ijl ~mrtihu* Toh Cf|hr Kxr!rma Wmcchy iu xjdhr toh efjtrfc fg toh UU^; ufah mrlxhtomt Cf|hr Kxrrma iu jf| mj hwhj utrfjlhr bmuh tomjtoh UUû birto~cmeh fg @omjl diutriet ij ^xj`mb*=5=

Uhetmrimj wifchjeh ij Kxrrma omu itu rfftu ij toh mjti!Ufwiht ìomd ij toh =9?>u# |ohj toh Uoim Txriu# tohdfaijmjt ecmj ij toh mlhjeyu mdaijiutrmtiwh ehjtrh#^mrmeoijmr#=52 dhecijhd tf ux~~frt toh ax`moidij* Ijrhu~fjuh tf Uxjji mttmeku ij toh =9?>u# toh aicitmjtUoim lrfx~ Thorik!h!Jigmp!h!Gi}o!h!@mmgmrim /TJG@)hahrlhd xjdhr toh chmdhruoi~ fg m ^mrmeoijmr!bmuhdTxri# Mccmam Mrigxc Oxuumiji*=55 Heofijl tohir ~fui!tifj ij toh =9?>u# toh Txriu rhgxuhd tf ~rfwidh uohcthr tf mc!]mhdm mjd Tmcibmj gfrehu gchhijl Mglomjiutmjgfccf|ijl toh X*U*!chd ijthrwhjtifj ij 2>>=*

=5= Uhetmrimj |mr ij ^mrmeoijmr# Dmicy Tiahu# =9 Jfwhabhr 2>> ~hr ehjt fg ^mrmeoijmru

~f~xcmtifj* Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# Toh Utmth fg Uhetmrimj!iua ij ^mkiutmj # f~* eit*=55 Oxuumiji |mu axrdhrhd ij ^huom|mr ij Mxlxut =9??# gfr |oieo Txriu bcmahd Lhjhrmc Pim!xc!Om}* Uhh Uhetmrimj |mr ij ^mrmeoijmr# f~* eit*

Toh ijgcx fg Mglomj rhgxlhhu omu omd m uiljigiemjtia~met fj Kxrrmau dhaflrm~oie bmcmjeh* By fjhmeefxjt# |oich cfemcu fxtjxabhr rhgxlhhu mcafut gfxr tf fjh ij J\G^# GMTM mjd Bmcfeoiutmj mu m |ofch#ij Kxrrma Mlhjey# tohy h}xmc fr fxtjxabhr ^mkiutmjiu*Toiu Mglomj ~rhuhjeh omu ijtrfdxehd m omrd!efrh

brmjd fg Tmcibmj!utych Uxjji idhfcfly =54 mjd gxhcchduhetmrimj efjgciet*

Uhetmrimj efjgciet ij Kxrrma omu tmkhj fj tribmc diahj!uifju# |ito toh Txriu mjd toh Uxjjiu fg toh Bmjlmuotribh huemcmtijl tohir efjgciet ij 2>>>< tomt kicchdfwhr 8> ~hf~ch* Meefrdijl tf fjh rh~frt# afrh tomj=#8>> ~hf~ch omwh bhhj kicchd mjd 8#>>> ij`xrhd uijehtohj*=58 Toh ORE^ jfthd0

Toh ~hf~ch fg Kxrrma Mlhjey omwh bhhj uxgghrijlofrrigie uhetmrimj wifchjeh mt toh omjdu fg ofah!

brhd mjd gfrhilj thrrfriutu uijeh M~ric 2>>>>?*=57 ORE^# ~rhuu rhchmuh# 2= @xcy 2>>?*=5< Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# ^huom|mr# @xcy 2>>?* Uhh mcuf

Jmuhhr Oxuumij# Kxrrma kiccijl u~rhh efjtijxhu# Toh Grfj!tihr fut # 2< Dhehabhr 2>>


21/39


muuxahd uxeo thrrigyijl ~rf~frtifju* =5? M gfrahr eoihg uherhtmry fg J\G^ omu dhueribhd toh metifju mlmijutTxriu mu htojie echmjuijl* =59

Uoimu mrh mcuf toh tmrlhtu fg Uxjji h trhaiua ij jhilo! bfxrijl Frmkpmi Mlhjey# |ohrh# bhuidhu toh Tmcibmj#

toh UU^ omu h ~mjdhd itu ~rhuhjeh* Toh mlhjeyu ~fciti!emc mlhjt mrlxhd# Toh Frmkpmi Tmcibmj mrh xuijl toh

~cmtgfra fg toh @XI!G tf ~rfafth toh mlhjdm fg toh[UU^Q*=4> Ij Fetfbhr 2>>7# wifchjeh bht|hhj toh t|fuhetu hrx~thd mgthr Uxjji omrdcijhru trihd tf ~rhwhjtUoimu grfa wiuitijl m ehjtxrihu!fcd uorijh tomt bftoefaaxjitihu whjhrmth* =4= Toh Uoim efaaxjity bcmahdtoh cfemc mdaijiutrmtifj mjd toh lfwhrjahjt gfr hjm!

bcijl cfemc ^mkiutmji Tmcibmj tf emrry fxt mttmeku*=42 Uxjji chmdhru ij Frmkpmi Mlhjey omwh iuuxhd hdietu tfUxjjiu jft tf xuh am`fr rfmdu tomt ~muu torfxlo Uoim!dfaijmthd mrhmu# mjd m Uxjji Ux~rhah Efxjeic fwhr!um| toh efjutrxetifj fg jh| rfmdu tomt fjcy Uxjjiu|fxcd xuh* Uoim chmdhru# ij txrj# iuuxhd uiaicmr ijutrxe!tifju tf tohir efaaxjity# u~cittijl toh mlhjey ijtf t|fgihgdfau ijuxcmtijl tohauhcwhu mlmijut hmeo ftohr* =45

b) Bhyfjd toh tribmc bhct

\ito Tmcibmjiumtifj u~rhmdijl |hcc ijtf J\G^# ufahuhttchd diutrietu omwh uhhj mj x~uxrlh fg uhetmrimj wif!chjeh# ijecxdijl Bmjjx# Kfomt mjd Dhrm Iuamic Komjmjd hwhj toh ~rfwijeimc em~itmc# ^huom|mr# |ohrh fj 8Dhehabhr 2>>? m emr bfab jhmr m Uoim afu}xh kicchd

fwhr 5> ~hf~ch* Ij Dhrm Iuamic Komj# mjftohr ehjtrhfg Uxjji!Uoim diuefrd# mj Mxlxut 2>>? uxieidh bfab!ijl tmrlhtijl Uoimu mt m ofu~itmc kicchd mt chmut 28; mjdtoh bfabijl fg m Uoim gxjhrmc ij Jfwhabhr 2>>? chgtthj dhmd mjd 4> |fxjdhd* Ij ~rfbmbch rhtmcimtfrymttmeku# m rhafth!efjtrfcchd bfab tmrlhtijl m Uxjji

~rfwijeimc ~mrcimahjtmrimj kicchd ui ~hf~ch mjd ij`xrhd27 ij @mjxmry 2>>9; toh gfccf|ijl afjto# m lrhjmdhmttmek fj fjh fg toh diutrietu Uxjji afu}xhu kicchd

=5? Kxrrma bcffdbmto# Toh Jh|u # 2 Uh~thabhr 2>>?*=59 Komcid Mpip# Rhtxrj fg toh |mrcfrdu# Toh Jh|u # 27 Mx!lxut 2>>?* Ij Fetfbhr 2>>?# toh riwmc tribhu ij Kxrrma brf!khrhd m ~hmeh meefrd# ijecxdijl mj h eomjlh fg em~tiwhu mjddhmd bfdihu# rhf~hjijl rfmdu tomt omd bhhj bcfekhd gfr fwhr m yhmr# rhtxrj fg diu~cmehd ~hf~ch# wmemtijl bxjkhru mjdomjdijl toha fwhr tf Grfjtihr Efr~u ~hrufjjhc mjd toh ~f!citiemc mdaijiutrmtifj# mjd ohgty gijhu gfr mjyfjh brhmeoijltoh mlrhhahjt*=4> Kxrrma riwmc tribhu mlrhh fj ~hmeh meefrd#Toh Jmtifj# =7 Fetfbhr 2>>?*=4= Thutijl tiahu gfr ^mkiutmj# Dmicy Tiahu# 5 Fetfbhr 2>>7;mjd Uhetmrimj amyoha ij Frmkpmi mlmij# Dmicy Tiahu# >7*=42 Mkotmr Maij# Cfemc Tmcibmj bcmahd gfr Frmkpmi uhetmrimjecmuohu# Dmicy Tiahu# ? Fetfbhr 2>>7*=45 Mbdxc Umai ^mrmeom# Ehahjtijl uhetmrimj diwiuifju#Toh Ohrmcd # Jfwhabhr 2>> Ghbrxmry 2>>9 mt m Uoim gxjhrmc ~rfehuuifj kicchdafrh tomj 5>*

Bmcfeoiutmj omu uhhj uiaicmr wifchjeh* Meefrdijl tftoh ^mkiutmj Ijutitxth fg ^hmeh Utxdihu# tohrh |hrh 7?2

thrrfriut# ijuxrlhjt fr uhetmrimj mttmeku ij Bmcfeoiutmjij 2>>?* =44 Xjdhr Axuomrrmg# mu hmrcihr utmthd# tohaicitmry hjuxrhd @XI!Gu wietfry ij toh 2>>2 jmtifjmchchetifju* Toh @XI!G tohj bhemah toh uhjifr ~mrtjhr ijtoh Bmcfeoiutmj ~rfwijeimc lfwhrjahjt# |ito Axuomr!rmgu ^AC!]* Bht|hhj 2>>2!2>>>5# m bfab ij m Uoim afu}xh ij ]xhttm chgtafrh tomj 8> ~hf~ch dhmd* Toh C@ |mu rhu~fjuibch gfr mj mttmek fj m Uoim ~rfehuuifj fj Muoxrm dmy ij Amreo2>>4 tomt kicchd 5? ~hf~ch# afut fg toha Ompmrmu; toht|f uhjifr C@ aicitmjtu efjwiethd gfr tohir rfch ij toiuijeidhjt huem~hd exutfdy ij aid!@mjxmry 2>>?* =49 IjM~ric 2>>8# gfxr UU^ ahabhru |hrh mrrhuthd gfr tohir rfch ij toh bfabijl fg m Uoim uorijh ij Bmcfeoiutmju@omc Amlui diutriet fj =9 Amreo 2>>8 tomt kicchd 78

=44 ^mkiutmj Uhexrity Rh~frt 2>>?# f~* eit=48 Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Brihgijl J79# ^mkiutmj0 Toh Gfr!

lftthj Efjgciet ij Bmcfeoiutmj # 22 Fetfbhr 2>>>7*=4< Axccmo Famru uoxrm iu ]xhttm!bmuhd# jmahd mgthr Bmcfeo!iutmju em~itmc# toh ~rfwijeh |ohrh afut efaamjdhru mrh

bmuhd* Toiu |mu rhefljiuhd by JMTF Ux~rhah Efaamjdhr /Hxrf~h) @ia @fjhu# |of# |ohj mukhd df yfx mlrhh |ito tohmuuhuuahjt fg ufah tomt toh Tmcibmj ohmd}xmrthru iu ufah!|ohrh ij toh rhlifj fg ]xhttm6 mt m efjlrhuuifjmc ohmrijl#rh~cihd0 Tomtu lhjhrmccy meeh~thd# yhu# uir* Uhjmth GfrhiljRhcmtifju Efaaitthh Ofcdu Ohmrijl fj Eomjlijl EfaamjdUtrxetxrh ij Mglomjiutmj# Efjlrhuuifjmc Trmjueri~tu# 2=Uh~thabhr 2>>7# ~*=?* Uhh mcuf Eriuiu Lrfx~ Brihgijl# Toh

Gfrlftthj Efjgciet ij Bmcfeoiutmj # f~* eit*=4? Tohrh mrh ufah 5>>#>>> Ompmrmu ij ]xhttm; uxeehuuiwh|mwhu fg rhgxlhhu omwh gchd rhcilifxu ~hruhextifj ij Mglomji!utmj uijeh toh cmth jijhthhjto ehjtxry*=49 Uhh @xcimj Bfrlhr mjd Imj Efbmij# ]xhutifju gfr Axuomr!rmg fj aiuuijl thrrfr ~cft uxu~het mt Jf => tmcku# Toh Lxmrdimj #2? @mjxmry 2>>?*


22/39

^mkiutmj0 Toh Aicitmjt @iomdi EomcchjlhEriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=74# =5 Amreo 2>>9 ^mlh =<

~hf~ch*=8> Fj 27 @mjxmry 2>>9# toh Uoim chmdhr fg tohOmpmrm Dhafermtie ^mrty |mu muumuuijmthd ij ]xhttm#|ito toh Cmuokmr!h!@omjlwi ecmiaijl rhu~fjuibicity#u~mrkijl wifchjt uhetmrimj ecmuohu*=8=

Ompmrmu omwh bhefah hwhj afrh wxcjhrmbch mu Uxjji

rmdiemc lrfx~u omwh ~hjhtrmthd toh ~rfwijehu ~fciehgfreh* Gfr h ma~ch# ~fcieh |of bhcfjlhd tf toh UU^ |hrhia~ciemthd ij t|f uhetmrimj mttmeku ij }xiek uxeehuuifj#ij Amreo mjd Amy 2>>4* =82 Fj =9 @xcy 2>>?# jijhOmpmrm ~rfthuthru |hrh kicchd ij m ecmuo |ito ~fcieh*=85 Afrh tomj t|f dfphj |hrh kicchd bht|hhj Dhehabhr 2>>? mjd Ghbrxmry 2>>9# |ito ~fcieh grfa toh Ompmrmefaaxjity m ~mrtiexcmr tmrlht* =84 Ij toh mbuhjeh fg mrfbxut ema~milj tf brijl toh ~hr~htrmtfru fg uxeo wif!chjeh tf `xutieh# uhetmrimj wifchjeh ij Bmcfeoiutmj |iccefjtijxh tf ecmia ciwhu*

=8> Mpamt Mbbmu# Bcffd mjd thmru#Toh Ohrmcd # @mjxmry 2>>7*=8= Uhh Axomaamd H`mp Komj# Ompmrm chmdhru kiccijl u~mrkuwifchjeh ij ]xhttm# Toh Jh|u # 2< @mjxmry 2>>9*=82 Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# Toh Utmth fg Uhetmrimjiua ij

^mkiutmj# f~* eit*=85 Uhh Amcik Uirm` Mkbmr# Ompmrm tribhuahj xjdhr mttmek ij]xhttm# Dmicy Tiahu# 7 Ghbrxmry 2>>9*=84 Ibid*

IW RHU^FJDIJL TF TOH EOMCCHJLH

M UTRHJLTOHJIJL CM\ HJGFREHAHJT

= Uthaaijl rherxitahjt0 toh afu}xh#amdrmum mjd aicitimu

Ij @mjxmry 2>>9# gmeijl lrf|ijl Ijdimj mjd ijthrjmtifjmc ~rhuuxrh# toh ^^^ lfwhrjahjt ermekhd df|j fj aicitmjt `iomdi lrfx~u# ecfuijl df|j trmijijl ema~u# ueoffcu#cibrmrihu# amdrmumu mjd h trhaiut |hbuithu# mjd mrrhut!ijl =24 uxu~hethd aicitmjtu xjdhr toh Mjti!ThrrfriuaMet*=88 It mcuf dhtmijhd >? by toh ^xj`mb lfwhrjahjtidhjtigyijl giwh amdrmumu ij toh ~rfwijeh |ito whrigimbchcijku tf thrrfriut lrfx~u# mjd =>?# Mair Cim}xmt Oxuumij m gfrahr A]A ahabhr# =89 aijiuthr gfr rhcilifxu mggmiru xjdhr

=88 Uhh Rmpm# f~* eit*=87 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|u# ^xj`mb lfwhrjahjt fggieimcu#Cmofrh# Dhehabhr 2>>?; mjd dfexahjtmtifj ~rfwidhd byijwhutilmtfru# Cmofrh# Dhehabhr 2>>?*=8< Axabmi mttmeku0 ^mrt fg ~cft omteohd ij ^mkiutmj# umyuAmcik#Toh Jh|u # =5 Ghbrxmry 2>>?*=8? Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Cmofrh# Dhehabhr 2>>?*=89 Toh A]A h ~hcchd Oxuumij ij Uh~thabhr 2>>? gfr wif!cmtijl ~mrty diuei~cijh mjd ~rfaftijl uhetmrimj omtrhd* Uhh Jiumr Ahodi# A]A h ~hcu Mair Cim}xmt# => Uh~thabhr 2>>?*


23/39


24/39


ijdhhd dhciwhr# ig ~rf~hrcy mxtofriuhd mjd h}xi~~hd tfahht tohir amjdmth* =

Jft|itoutmjdijl tohir uxeehuuhu mlmijut toh UU^ mjdftohr aicitmjt lrfx~u ij toh cmth =99>u# eiwicimj cm|hjgfrehahjt mlhjeihu |hrh uticc dhwhcf~ijl tohir em~meity

tf ijwhutilmth aicitmjt `iomdi metiwity |ohj toh == Uh~!thabhr 2>>= mttmeku feexrrhd# mgthr |oieo toh aici!tmry!dfaijmthd Ijthr!Uhrwiehu Ijthccilhjeh Dirhetfrmth/IUI) muuxahd toh chmd rfch ij efxjthr!thrrfriua* Tfdmy#mj icc!h}xi~~hd# xjdhrutmgghd mjd |idhcy efrrx~t ~fciehgfreh axut bh rhgfrahd mjd utrhjltohjhd ig it iu tfuxeehuugxccy efjgrfjt toh `iomdi torhmt*=>2# mjd toh efjwietifju fg toh kidjm~~hru mjd axrdhrhru fg Mahriemj `fxrjmciut Dmjihc ^hmrc*=?=>4# |mu rhchmuhd ij 2>>>>?* Mkotmr iu uxu!

~hethd fg freohutrmtijl toh muumuuijmtifj mttha~t fj Boxttffj =? Fetfbhr 2>>>?* Uhh Mair Air# OX@Ieoihg uticc mt cmrlh#Toh Jh|u # 25 Uh~thabhr 2>>?* Gfr afrhijgframtifj fj IUI!~fcieh txrg bmttchu# uhh Am}bffc Moahd#Txl fg |mr# Toh Ohrmcd # Dhehabhr 2>>?*=>?*=>?; mjd Eriuiu Lrfx~ Brihgijl#

^mkiutmj0 Toh Gfrlftthj Efjgciet ij Bmcfeoiutmj # f~* eit*

Toh ~fcieh emjjft meehuu afbich ~ofjh rhefrdu# toh utmrt!ijl ~fijt fg amjy ijwhutilmtifju# |itofxt IUI echmrmjeh#|oieo emj tmkh |hhku* Tomt ijgframtifj iu h trhahcyxrlhjt# m gfrahr EID fggieimc umid*=

Lrhmthr effrdijmtifj bht|hhj toh wmrifxu cm| hjgfreh!ahjt mlhjeihu iu mcuf huuhjtimc* Ijthr!mlhjey efa~htitifjfgthj xjdhraijhu eff~hrmtifj ij thrrfriut ijwhutilmtifju*Umid fjh fggieimc |ito h ~hrihjeh ij mjti!thrrfriua0 TohIUI |fjt liwh mjytoijl tf toh GIM; toh GIM |fjt uomrhmjytoijl |ito toh EID* =?= Uxeo riwmcry omu hwhj oij!

dhrhd toh fjlfijl GIM!chd ijwhutilmtifj ijtf toh Amr!riftt bfabijl# |ito ftohr mlhjeihu cikh toh IB bcfekhdgrfa efjtribxtijl ahmjijlgxccy* =?2 Toh cmek fg m gfr!amc oihrmreoy# |ito echmrcy dhgijhd rfchu# iu ~mrtcy tf

=>?*=>?*=>?*= Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# mjti!thrrfriua fggieimc# Dhehabhr 2>>?*=?= Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# Fetfbhr 2>>?*=?2 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|u# Iucmambmd mjd Kmrmeoi# Fetf!

bhr 2>>?*


25/39

^mkiutmj0 Toh Aicitmjt @iomdi EomcchjlhEriuiu Lrfx~ Muim Rh~frt J=74# =5 Amreo 2>>9 ^mlh 2>

bcmah* Amjy cm| hjgfrehahjt fggieimcu mrlxh gfr m ~yrmaid utrxetxrh |ito m uijlch# eiwicimj!chd mlhjey mttoh tf~*=?5 Toh IB uofxcd bh liwhj tomt rfch mt toh ghd!hrmc chwhc# grhh grfa IUI mjd aicitmry ijthrghrhjeh# |itorhu~fjuibicity fwhr effrdijmtijl efxjthr!thrrfriuahggfrtu bht|hhj mlhjeihu* =?4

b) Afdhrjiuijl toh mlhjeihu

Lrmjtijl afrh mxtofrity tf toh ~fcieh mjd eiwicimjijthccilhjeh axut bh meefa~mjihd by uiljigiemjtcy lrhmthr lfwhrjahjt ijwhutahjt* ^fcieh uticc cmek toh em~meitytf lmtohr erhdibch gfrhjuie hwidhjeh* ^rfuhextifju fg

`iomdi aicitmjtu cmrlhcy rhcy fj efjghuuifju# |oieo dfjft omwh trmetifj ij toh efxrtu mu dhghjdmjtu fgthjrhwhruh tohir efjghuuifju |ohj gmeijl m `xdlh# ecmia!ijl tf omwh bhhj efhrehd dxrijl ijthrrflmtifj* =?8 \it!jhuuhu mrh xjdhrutmjdmbcy tff uemrhd tf thutigy ij

thrrfriut emuhu |itofxt m |itjhuu ~rfthetifj ~rflrma*^fcieh tohrhgfrh rhcy fj theojiemc hwidhjeh# bxt cmek toh h}xi~ahjt jhehuumry tf efcchet it* Mu m rhuxct#amjy khy gilxrhu omwh amjmlhd tf uhexrh rhchmuhu* C@chmdhr Mkrma Cmofri# gfr h ma~ch# |mu hitohr me}xit!thd ij uhwhrmc uhetmrimj kiccijl emuhu# fr efjwiethd bxtrhchmuhd fj m~~hmc gfr cmek fg hwidhjeh*=?7 Ijdhhd merhdibch ermekdf|j fj `iomdi lrfx~u rh}xirhu efjwietifjuij gmir trimcu# jft uia~cy ~rfcfjlhd dhthjtifju* GmiumcMci Uxbp|mri# m ~rfwijeimc aijiuthr ij Uijdo# umid# Ig toh lfwhrjahjt dfhujt amkh am`fr eomjlhu# it |iccefjtijxh rhcyijl fj uofftfxtu tf lht thrrfriutu* =?<

Toh ^xj`mb lfwhrjahjt omu m~~rfwhd m =*< biccifj rx~hh/mcafut $22 aiccifj) ~rf`het tf hutmbciuo m cmrlh!uemchgfrhjuie ueihjeh cmb |ito tf iefcfly# DJM# gijlhr!

~rijtijl# girhmrau mjmcyuiu mjd ftohr rhufxrehu gfr bht!thr eriah uehjh ijwhutilmtifju* Toh ~rf`het ijecxdhutrmijijl ^mkiutmji ueihjtiutu ij toh X*U* mjd hcuh!|ohrh* =?? M efa~mrmbch jmtifjmc ~rflrma uofxcd mcuf

=?5 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|u# cm| hjgfrehahjt fggieimcu# Iu!cmambmd mjd Kmrmeoi# Fetfbhr 2>>?*=?4 Uhh Eriuiu Lrfx~ Rh~frt# Rhgfraijl ^mkiutmju ^fcieh #f~* eit*=?8 Meefrdijl tf toh Mjti!Thrrfriua Met =99>?*=?7 Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|u# Kmrmeoi# Fetfbhr 2>>?* Gfr afrhijgframtifj fj |hmkjhuuhu ij efxrt emuhu mlmijut khy aici!tmjtu# uhh Amufxd Mjumri# \ijjijl bmttchu# jft toh |mr#

Jh|ucijh# @mjxmry 2>>>?*=?? Eriuiu Lrfx~ ijthrwih|# uhjifr bxrhmxermt# Cmofrh# =? Dh!ehabhr 2>>?*

bh efjuidhrhd by toh ghdhrmc lfwhrjahjt mjd ux~~frthd by toh ijthrjmtifjmc efaaxjity*

Uijeh toh Eriaijmc ^rfehdxrh Efdh iu m ghdhrmc iuuxh#toh Jmtifjmc Muuhabcy /cf|hr ofxuh fg ~mrcimahjt)uofxcd amkh mahjdahjtu tf ijecxdh uxeo ~rfwiuifju

mu m |itjhuu ~rfthetifj ~rflrma# mjd mddrhuu ftohr ijgframtifj lm~u tomt xjdhraijh ijwhutilmtifju mjd

~rfuhextifju* Toh ~fcieh emj uht x~ ijgframtifj ehj!trhu# uiaicmr tf efa~cmijtu ehjtrhu# |ohrh mjfjyafxuemcchru amy ~rfwidh ijgframtifj mbfxt thrrfriut metiwity#|ito mj mdaijiutrmtiwh fr ijwhutilmtiwh thma em~mbchfg metijl fj it*

Efaaxjity fxtrhmeo uofxcd bh hjomjehd tf hjciut toh ~xbcie mu m ~mrtjhr ij toh gilot mlmijut rhcilifxuh trhaiua* Hutmbciuohd ij Kmrmeoi ij =9?9 mu m jfj!

~fcitiemc utmtxtfry ijutitxtifj by gfrahr @xutieh fg tohUx~rhah Efxrt mjd tohj Uijdo Lfwhrjfr GmkorxddijL* Ibrmoia# toh Eitiphj ^fcieh Cimiufj Efaaitthh/E^CE) omu bhhj mj hggh

the militant jihadi challenge 2009 crisis group

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