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The Middle Ages in The Middle Ages in Europe: Europe: 1000-1500 1000-1500

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Page 1: The  Middle  Ages

The Middle Ages in The Middle Ages in Europe:Europe: 1000-15001000-1500

Page 2: The  Middle  Ages

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages

The Middle Ages were a The Middle Ages were a time of great unrest and time of great unrest and great achievementgreat achievement. .

Early Middle Ages 500-1000 ADEarly Middle Ages 500-1000 AD

High Middle Ages 1000–1300 ADHigh Middle Ages 1000–1300 AD

Late Middle Ages 1300–1500 ADLate Middle Ages 1300–1500 AD

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What is Middle Age?What is Middle Age?

Middle age is the time after the Classical Age Middle age is the time after the Classical Age of ancient Greece and Rome and before the of ancient Greece and Rome and before the RenaissanceRenaissance

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The Middle Ages: The MythThe Middle Ages: The Myth We think of knights in We think of knights in

shining armor, lavish shining armor, lavish banquets, wandering banquets, wandering minstrels, kings, queens, minstrels, kings, queens, bishops, monks, pilgrims, bishops, monks, pilgrims, and glorious pageantry. and glorious pageantry.

In film and in literature, In film and in literature, medieval life seems medieval life seems heroic, entertaining, and heroic, entertaining, and romantic. romantic.

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The Middle Ages: The RealityThe Middle Ages: The Reality

In reality, life in the In reality, life in the Middle Ages, a period Middle Ages, a period that extended from that extended from approximately the 5approximately the 5thth century to the 15th century to the 15th Europe, could century Europe, could century in Western also be in Western also be harsh, uncertain, and harsh, uncertain, and dangerous. dangerous.

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The Lord of the ManorThe Lord of the Manor For safety and For safety and

defense, people in defense, people in the Middle Ages the Middle Ages formed small formed small communities around communities around a central lord or a central lord or master. master.

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The ManorThe Manor Most people lived Most people lived

on a manor, which on a manor, which consisted of the consisted of the castle (or manor castle (or manor house), the church, house), the church, the village, and the the village, and the surrounding farm surrounding farm land. land.

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Self-SufficiencySelf-Sufficiency Each manor was largely self-Each manor was largely self-

sufficient, growing or producing sufficient, growing or producing all of the basic items needed for all of the basic items needed for food, clothing, and shelter. food, clothing, and shelter.

To meet these needs, the manor To meet these needs, the manor had buildings devoted to special had buildings devoted to special purposes, such as:purposes, such as: The mill for grinding grainThe mill for grinding grain The bake house for making breadThe bake house for making bread The blacksmith shop for creating The blacksmith shop for creating

metal goods. metal goods.

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IsolationIsolation

These manors were These manors were isolated, with isolated, with occasional visits occasional visits from peddlers, from peddlers, pilgrims on their way pilgrims on their way to the Crusades, or to the Crusades, or soldiers from other soldiers from other fiefdoms. fiefdoms.

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The Feudal SystemThe Feudal System

Under the feudal Under the feudal system, the king system, the king awarded land grants or awarded land grants or fiefs to his most fiefs to his most important nobles, important nobles, barons, and bishops, in barons, and bishops, in return for their return for their contribution of soldiers contribution of soldiers for the king's armies. for the king's armies.

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Nobles and VassalsNobles and Vassals

Nobles divided their Nobles divided their land among the lesser land among the lesser nobility, who became nobility, who became their vassals. Many of their vassals. Many of these vassals became these vassals became so powerful that the so powerful that the kings had difficulty kings had difficulty controlling them. controlling them.

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The Magna CartaThe Magna Carta In 1215, the English In 1215, the English

barons formed an barons formed an alliance that forced King alliance that forced King John to sign the Magna John to sign the Magna Carta. It limited the Carta. It limited the king's powers of taxation king's powers of taxation and required trials by and required trials by jury. It was the first time jury. It was the first time that an English monarch that an English monarch was subject to the law. was subject to the law.

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The PeasantsThe Peasants

At the lowest level of At the lowest level of society were the society were the peasants, also called peasants, also called serfs or villeins. serfs or villeins.

The lord offered his The lord offered his peasants protection in peasants protection in exchange for living and exchange for living and working on his land. working on his land.

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Daily Life of PeasantsDaily Life of Peasants Peasants lived a hard-working simple life.Peasants lived a hard-working simple life. They lived in houses which had thatched roofs They lived in houses which had thatched roofs

resting on timber framework with the spaces filled resting on timber framework with the spaces filled with mud and straw. There were few, if any with mud and straw. There were few, if any windows.windows.

Many houses only had one to two rooms, there was Many houses only had one to two rooms, there was little privacy.little privacy.

The hearth in the main room was used to both heat The hearth in the main room was used to both heat the house and cook the food. The smoke from the the house and cook the food. The smoke from the fire crept out through the roof.fire crept out through the roof.

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Hard Work & High TaxesHard Work & High Taxes Peasants worked hard to Peasants worked hard to

cultivate the land and cultivate the land and produce the goods that produce the goods that the lord and his manor the lord and his manor needed. needed.

They were heavily taxed They were heavily taxed and were required to and were required to relinquish much of what relinquish much of what they harvested. they harvested.

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Bound by law and custom…Bound by law and custom…

It is the custom in England, as with other It is the custom in England, as with other countries, for the nobility to have great power over countries, for the nobility to have great power over the common people, who are serfs. This means the common people, who are serfs. This means that they are bound by law and custom to plough that they are bound by law and custom to plough the field of their masters, harvest the corn, gather the field of their masters, harvest the corn, gather it into barns, and thresh and winnow the grain; it into barns, and thresh and winnow the grain; they must also mow and carry home the hay, cut they must also mow and carry home the hay, cut and collect wood, and perform all manner of tasks and collect wood, and perform all manner of tasks of this kind.of this kind.

-- Jean Froissart, 1395 -- Jean Froissart, 1395 

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MEDIEVAL LIFE

Cooperation and Mutual

Obligations

KING

LORDS (VASSALS TO KING)

KNIGHTS (VASSALS TO LORDS)

Fief and Peasants

Military Aid

Food Protection Shelter

Food Protection Shelter

PEASANTS (SERFS)Pay Rent

Fief and Peasants

Food Protection Shelter

Farm the Land

Homage Military Service

Loyalty

FEUDALISM: POLITICAL SYSTEM

Decentralized, local government

Dependent upon the relationship between members of the nobility

Lord and his vassals administered justice and were the highest authority in their land

MANORIALISM: ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Agriculture the basis for wealth

Lands divided up into self-sufficient manors

Peasants (serfs) worked the land and paid rent In exchange for protection

Barter the usual form of exchange

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Women: Household ChoresWomen: Household Chores

Whether they were Whether they were nobles or peasants, nobles or peasants, women held a difficult women held a difficult position in society.position in society.

They were largely They were largely confined to household confined to household tasks such as cooking, tasks such as cooking, baking bread, sewing, baking bread, sewing, weaving, and spinning. weaving, and spinning.

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Hunting & FightingHunting & Fighting

However, they also However, they also hunted for food and hunted for food and fought in battles, fought in battles, learning to use learning to use weapons to defend weapons to defend their homes and their homes and castles. castles.

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Other OccupationsOther Occupations

Some medieval women Some medieval women held other occupations. held other occupations. There were women There were women blacksmiths, blacksmiths, merchants, and merchants, and apothecaries. apothecaries.

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Midwives, Farmers, & ArtistsMidwives, Farmers, & Artists

Others were Others were midwives, worked in midwives, worked in the fields, or were the fields, or were engaged in creative engaged in creative endeavors such as endeavors such as writing, playing writing, playing musical instruments, musical instruments, dancing, and painting.dancing, and painting.

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Witches & NunsWitches & Nuns

Some women were Some women were known as witches, known as witches, capable of sorcery capable of sorcery and healing. Others and healing. Others became nuns and became nuns and devoted their lives devoted their lives to God and spiritual to God and spiritual matters. matters.

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The Catholic ChurchThe Catholic Church The Catholic Church was The Catholic Church was

the only church in Europe the only church in Europe during the Middle Ages, during the Middle Ages, and it had its own laws and and it had its own laws and large income. large income.

Church leaders such as Church leaders such as bishops and archbishops sat bishops and archbishops sat on the king's council and on the king's council and played leading roles in played leading roles in government. government.

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Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII, though unpopular, Pope Gregory VII, though unpopular,

initiated many reforms for the church. initiated many reforms for the church.

These reforms became known as the Gregorian reforms.These reforms became known as the Gregorian reforms.

Pope Gregory Stated:Pope Gregory Stated:

The Church was founded by God AloneThe Church was founded by God Alone

The pope alone can with right be called universal.The pope alone can with right be called universal.

The pope alone can depose or reinstate bishopsThe pope alone can depose or reinstate bishops

The pope’s name alone can be spoken in churchesThe pope’s name alone can be spoken in churches

The pope may depose of emperorsThe pope may depose of emperors

The pope may be judged by no oneThe pope may be judged by no one

The Roman Church has never erred; nor will it err to all eternity, the The Roman Church has never erred; nor will it err to all eternity, the Scripture bearing witness.Scripture bearing witness.

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BishopsBishops Bishops, who were often Bishops, who were often

wealthy and came from wealthy and came from noble families, ruled noble families, ruled over groups of parishes over groups of parishes called dioceses.called dioceses.

Many times, they were Many times, they were part of the feudal system part of the feudal system and in exchange for a and in exchange for a fief and peasants had to fief and peasants had to provide homage and provide homage and military aid to a leige military aid to a leige lord.lord.

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Parish PriestsParish Priests Parish priests, on the other Parish priests, on the other

hand, came from humbler hand, came from humbler backgrounds and often had backgrounds and often had little education.little education.

The village priest tended The village priest tended to the sick and indigent to the sick and indigent and, if he was able, taught and, if he was able, taught Latin and the Bible to the Latin and the Bible to the youth of the villageyouth of the village

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MonasteriesMonasteries

Monasteries in the Middle Monasteries in the Middle Ages were based on the Ages were based on the rules set down by St. rules set down by St. Benedict in the sixth Benedict in the sixth century. The monks century. The monks became known as became known as Benedictines and took vows Benedictines and took vows of poverty, chastity, and of poverty, chastity, and obedience to their leaders. obedience to their leaders.

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MonksMonks

Monks were required to Monks were required to perform manual labor perform manual labor and were forbidden to and were forbidden to own property, leave the own property, leave the monastery, or become monastery, or become entangled in the entangled in the concerns of society. concerns of society.

Daily tasks were often Daily tasks were often carried out in silence. carried out in silence.

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NunsNuns Monks and their female Monks and their female

counterparts, nuns, who counterparts, nuns, who lived in convents, lived in convents, provided for the less-provided for the less-fortunate members of fortunate members of the community. the community. Monasteries and Monasteries and nunneries were safe nunneries were safe havens for pilgrims and havens for pilgrims and other travelers. other travelers.

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Monastic LifeMonastic Life

Monks and nuns went Monks and nuns went to the monastery to the monastery church eight times a church eight times a day in a routine of day in a routine of worship that involved worship that involved singing, chanting, and singing, chanting, and reciting prayers from reciting prayers from the divine offices and the divine offices and from the service for from the service for Mass.Mass.

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The Divine OfficeThe Divine Office

The first office, The first office, “Matins,” began at 2 “Matins,” began at 2 AM and the next seven AM and the next seven followed at regular followed at regular intervals, culminating in intervals, culminating in “Vespers” in the evening “Vespers” in the evening and “Compline” before and “Compline” before the monks and nuns the monks and nuns retired at night.retired at night.

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EducationEducation

Between prayers, the Between prayers, the monks read or copied monks read or copied religious texts and religious texts and music. Monks were music. Monks were often well educated often well educated and devoted their and devoted their lives to writing and lives to writing and learning.learning.

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The Rise of UniversitiesThe Rise of Universities

Medieval Universities got Medieval Universities got their start as educational their start as educational guildsguilds

The first Medieval The first Medieval University was in Bologna, University was in Bologna, Italy . The students at the Italy . The students at the school formed their own school formed their own guild in 1158.guild in 1158.

Later came the University of Later came the University of Paris, and then the Paris, and then the University at Oxford University at Oxford EnglandEngland

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Areas of StudyAreas of Study

Students in medieval universities studied the following Students in medieval universities studied the following subjectssubjects Grammar: The proper way to writeGrammar: The proper way to write Rhetoric: Public speaking, learning how to make Rhetoric: Public speaking, learning how to make

arguments (debate)arguments (debate) Logic: Using reasonLogic: Using reason Arithmetic: Basic MathArithmetic: Basic Math GeometryGeometry MusicMusic AstronomyAstronomy

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Teaching StyleTeaching Style Books were rare and Books were rare and

expensive in the Middle expensive in the Middle Ages. The main method Ages. The main method of teaching was by of teaching was by lecture. Teachers would lecture. Teachers would read from books and read from books and students would take notes.students would take notes.

There were not regular There were not regular exams given, but when a exams given, but when a student applied for a student applied for a degree, they were given degree, they were given an exam.an exam.

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Medieval ArchitectureMedieval Architecture

• During the 11During the 11thth and 12 and 12thth centuries there was a boom centuries there was a boom in architecture and building. in architecture and building.

• Originally buildings were Originally buildings were built in a Basilica style built in a Basilica style which consisted of a which consisted of a rectangular building with a rectangular building with a flat wooden roof. flat wooden roof.

• Later, Romanesque Later, Romanesque architecture replaced this architecture replaced this flat roof with a rounded flat roof with a rounded arch.arch.

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Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture

Romanesque architecture developed to have Romanesque architecture developed to have some specific traits.some specific traits. Rounded ArchesRounded Arches Thick walls with small windows with stone roofs.Thick walls with small windows with stone roofs.

The dark environment of the church was The dark environment of the church was meant to suggest the power and mystery of meant to suggest the power and mystery of God.God.

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Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture

• Later, changes were made to the Romanesque style which Later, changes were made to the Romanesque style which developed a new style known as Gothic Architecture.developed a new style known as Gothic Architecture.

• Gothic architecture developed some distinct characteristics of Gothic architecture developed some distinct characteristics of its own.its own.– Vaulted Arches (Pointed)Vaulted Arches (Pointed)– Flying ButtressesFlying Buttresses– Thinner walls and stained glass windowsThinner walls and stained glass windows

• The advancements allowed thinner walls and larger windows, The advancements allowed thinner walls and larger windows, which allowed for these new churches to have much more which allowed for these new churches to have much more natural light. natural light.

• The Gothic style was much more serene and self-confident.The Gothic style was much more serene and self-confident.

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Flying Buttresses

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PilgrimagesPilgrimages Pilgrimages were an Pilgrimages were an

important part of religious important part of religious life in the Middle Ages. life in the Middle Ages. Many people took Many people took journeys to visit holy journeys to visit holy shrines such the shrines such the Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury Cathedral in England and sites in England and sites in Jerusalem and Rome. Jerusalem and Rome.

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The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales

Chaucer's Chaucer's Canterbury Canterbury TalesTales is a series of is a series of stories told by 30 stories told by 30 pilgrims as they pilgrims as they traveled to traveled to Canterbury.Canterbury.

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HomesHomes

Most medieval homes Most medieval homes were cold, damp, and were cold, damp, and dark. Sometimes it dark. Sometimes it was warmer and was warmer and lighter outside the lighter outside the home than within its home than within its walls.walls.

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WindowsWindows

For security purposes, For security purposes, windows, when they were windows, when they were present, were very small present, were very small openings with wooden openings with wooden shutters that were closed at shutters that were closed at night or in bad weather. The night or in bad weather. The small size of the windows small size of the windows allowed those inside to see allowed those inside to see out, but kept outsiders from out, but kept outsiders from looking in.looking in.

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Peasants HomesPeasants Homes

Many peasant Many peasant families ate, slept, families ate, slept, and spent time and spent time together in very small together in very small quarters, rarely more quarters, rarely more than one or two than one or two rooms. The houses rooms. The houses had thatched roofs had thatched roofs and were easily and were easily destroyed.destroyed.

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House ConstructionHouse Construction

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Medieval VillageMedieval Village

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Homes of the WealthyHomes of the Wealthy The homes of the rich were The homes of the rich were

more elaborate than the more elaborate than the peasants' homes. Their peasants' homes. Their floors were paved, as floors were paved, as opposed to being strewn opposed to being strewn with rushes and herbs, and with rushes and herbs, and sometimes decorated with sometimes decorated with tiles. Tapestries were hung tiles. Tapestries were hung on the walls, providing not on the walls, providing not only decoration but also an only decoration but also an extra layer of warmth. extra layer of warmth.

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Fenestral WindowsFenestral Windows Fenestral windows, with Fenestral windows, with

lattice frames that were lattice frames that were covered in a fabric soaked covered in a fabric soaked in resin and tallow, in resin and tallow, allowed in light, kept out allowed in light, kept out drafts, and could be drafts, and could be removed in good weather. removed in good weather. Only the wealthy could Only the wealthy could afford panes of glass; afford panes of glass; sometimes only churches sometimes only churches and royal residences had and royal residences had glass windows. glass windows.

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The Kitchens of Peasant HomesThe Kitchens of Peasant Homes

In simpler homes where In simpler homes where there were no chimneys, there were no chimneys, the medieval kitchen the medieval kitchen consisted of a stone consisted of a stone hearth in the center of hearth in the center of the room. This was not the room. This was not only where the cooking only where the cooking took place, but also the took place, but also the source of central source of central heating. heating.

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The Peasant DietThe Peasant Diet

In peasant families, the In peasant families, the wife did the cooking and wife did the cooking and baking. The peasant diet baking. The peasant diet consisted of breads, consisted of breads, vegetables from their own vegetables from their own gardens, dairy products gardens, dairy products from their own sheep, from their own sheep, goats, and cows, and pork goats, and cows, and pork from their own livestock. from their own livestock.

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Herbs & PottageHerbs & Pottage

Often the true taste of their Often the true taste of their meat, salted and used meat, salted and used throughout the year, was throughout the year, was masked by the addition of masked by the addition of herbs, leftover breads, and herbs, leftover breads, and vegetables. Some vegetables, vegetables. Some vegetables, such as cabbages, leeks, and such as cabbages, leeks, and onions became known as onions became known as "pot-herbs." This pottage was "pot-herbs." This pottage was a staple of the peasant diet a staple of the peasant diet

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The Kitchens of Manor HousesThe Kitchens of Manor Houses The kitchens of manor The kitchens of manor

houses and castles had houses and castles had big fireplaces where big fireplaces where meat, even large oxen, meat, even large oxen, could be roasted on could be roasted on spits. These kitchens spits. These kitchens were usually in were usually in separate buildings, to separate buildings, to minimize the threat of minimize the threat of fire. fire.

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Sources of MeatSources of Meat

Pantries were hung Pantries were hung with birds and beasts, with birds and beasts, including swans, including swans, blackbirds, ducks, blackbirds, ducks, pigeons, rabbits, pigeons, rabbits, mutton, venison, and mutton, venison, and wild boar. Many of wild boar. Many of these animals were these animals were caught on hunts. caught on hunts.

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Woolen & Linen ClothingWoolen & Linen Clothing

Most people in the Most people in the Middles Ages wore Middles Ages wore woolen clothing, with woolen clothing, with undergarments made undergarments made of linen. Brighter of linen. Brighter colors, better colors, better materials, and a materials, and a longer jacket length longer jacket length were usually signs of were usually signs of greater wealth. greater wealth.

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Clothing of the WealthyClothing of the Wealthy The clothing of the The clothing of the

aristocracy and wealthy aristocracy and wealthy merchants tended to be merchants tended to be elaborate and changed elaborate and changed according to the dictates of according to the dictates of fashion. Towards the end of fashion. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, men of the Middle Ages, men of the wealthy classes sported the wealthy classes sported hose and a jacket, often hose and a jacket, often with pleating or skirting, or with pleating or skirting, or a tunic with a surcoat. a tunic with a surcoat.

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Women’s ClothingWomen’s Clothing

Women wore flowing Women wore flowing gowns and elaborate gowns and elaborate headwear, ranging from headwear, ranging from headdresses shaped like headdresses shaped like hearts or butterflies to hearts or butterflies to tall steeple caps and tall steeple caps and Italian turbans. Italian turbans.

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Monk’s ClothingMonk’s Clothing Most of the holy orders wore long Most of the holy orders wore long

woolen habits in emulation of woolen habits in emulation of Roman clothing. One could tell Roman clothing. One could tell the order by the color of the habit: the order by the color of the habit: the Benedictines wore black; the the Benedictines wore black; the Cistercians and Dominicans, Cistercians and Dominicans, undyed wool or white, and the undyed wool or white, and the Franciscans, brown. St. Benedict Franciscans, brown. St. Benedict stated that a monk's clothes should stated that a monk's clothes should be plain but comfortable and they be plain but comfortable and they were allowed to wear linen coifs were allowed to wear linen coifs to keep their heads warm. to keep their heads warm.

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Nun’s ClothingNun’s Clothing

The Poor Clare Sisters, an The Poor Clare Sisters, an order of Franciscan nuns, had order of Franciscan nuns, had to petition the Pope in order to petition the Pope in order to be permitted to wear to be permitted to wear woolen socks. woolen socks.

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Peasant ClothingPeasant Clothing Peasant men wore Peasant men wore

stockings and tunics, while stockings and tunics, while women wore long gowns women wore long gowns with sleeveless tunics and with sleeveless tunics and wimples to cover their hair. wimples to cover their hair. Sheepskin cloaks and Sheepskin cloaks and woolen hats and mittens woolen hats and mittens were worn in winter for were worn in winter for protection from the cold protection from the cold and rain. Leather boots and rain. Leather boots were covered with wooden were covered with wooden patens to keep the feet dry. patens to keep the feet dry.

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Outer and Under GarmentsOuter and Under Garments

The outer clothes were The outer clothes were almost never laundered, almost never laundered, but the linen underwear but the linen underwear was regularly washed. was regularly washed. The smell of wood The smell of wood smoke that permeated the smoke that permeated the clothing seemed to act as clothing seemed to act as a deodorant. Peasant a deodorant. Peasant women spun wool into women spun wool into the threads that were the threads that were woven into the cloth for woven into the cloth for these garments. these garments.

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Fur and JewelryFur and Jewelry Fur was often used to line the Fur was often used to line the

garments of the wealthy. garments of the wealthy. Jewelry was lavish, much of Jewelry was lavish, much of it imported and often used as it imported and often used as security against loans. Gem security against loans. Gem cutting was not invented until cutting was not invented until the fifteenth century, so most the fifteenth century, so most stones were not very lustrous. stones were not very lustrous. Ring brooches were the most Ring brooches were the most popular item from the twelfth popular item from the twelfth century on. century on.

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Love Conquers AllLove Conquers All

Chaucer's prioress in Chaucer's prioress in the the Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales wore a brooch with wore a brooch with the inscription the inscription Amor Amor vincit omniavincit omnia (Love (Love conquers all), not a conquers all), not a particularly particularly appropriate slogan for appropriate slogan for a nun. a nun.

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Laws Governing JewelryLaws Governing Jewelry Diamonds became Diamonds became

popular in Europe in the popular in Europe in the fourteenth century. By fourteenth century. By the mid-fourteenth the mid-fourteenth century there were laws century there were laws to control who wore what to control who wore what jewelry , and knights jewelry , and knights were not permitted to were not permitted to wear rings. Sometimes wear rings. Sometimes clothes were garnished clothes were garnished with silver, but only the with silver, but only the wealthy could wear such wealthy could wear such items. items.

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Health & HygieneHealth & Hygiene

As the populations of As the populations of medieval towns and medieval towns and cities increased, cities increased, hygienic conditions hygienic conditions worsened, leading to a worsened, leading to a vast array of health vast array of health problems. problems.

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The Black DeathThe Black Death• During the 13During the 13thth century the middle century the middle

ages had reached a high point, the ages had reached a high point, the population had grown and there was population had grown and there was an explosion of learning and culture.an explosion of learning and culture.

• The 14The 14thth century would bring about century would bring about many changes in medieval Europe.many changes in medieval Europe.

• Europe had become overpopulated Europe had become overpopulated and people were beginning to feel the and people were beginning to feel the effects of that overpopulation.effects of that overpopulation.

• Prior to the plague, there was a Prior to the plague, there was a famine from 1315 to 1322 which famine from 1315 to 1322 which killed off about 10% of Europe’s killed off about 10% of Europe’s population.population.

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The Spread The Spread of the Black of the Black DeathDeath

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MedicineMedicine Medical knowledge was Medical knowledge was

limited and, despite the efforts limited and, despite the efforts of medical practitioners and of medical practitioners and public and religious public and religious institutions to institute institutions to institute regulations, medieval Europe regulations, medieval Europe did not have an adequate did not have an adequate health care system. Antibiotics health care system. Antibiotics weren't invented until the weren't invented until the 1800s and it was almost 1800s and it was almost impossible to cure diseases impossible to cure diseases without them. without them.

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Myths and SuperstitionsMyths and Superstitions There were many myths and There were many myths and

superstitions about health and superstitions about health and hygiene as there still are today. hygiene as there still are today. People believed, for example, People believed, for example, that disease was spread by bad that disease was spread by bad odors. It was also assumed that odors. It was also assumed that diseases of the body resulted diseases of the body resulted from sins of the soul. Many from sins of the soul. Many people sought relief from their people sought relief from their ills through meditation, prayer, ills through meditation, prayer, pilgrimages, and other pilgrimages, and other nonmedical methods. nonmedical methods.

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Four HumorsFour Humors The body was viewed as a part of The body was viewed as a part of

the universe, a concept derived from the universe, a concept derived from the Greeks and Romans. Four the Greeks and Romans. Four humors, or body fliuds, were humors, or body fliuds, were directly related to the four elements.directly related to the four elements. Fire: yellow bile or cholerFire: yellow bile or choler Water: phlegmWater: phlegm Earth: black bile Earth: black bile Air: blood. Air: blood.

These four humors had to be These four humors had to be balanced. Too much of one was balanced. Too much of one was thought to cause a change in thought to cause a change in personality--for example, too much personality--for example, too much black bile could create melancholy. black bile could create melancholy.

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BloodlettingBloodletting

Medicine was often a risky Medicine was often a risky business. Bloodletting was business. Bloodletting was a popular method of a popular method of restoring a patient's health restoring a patient's health and "humors." Early and "humors." Early surgery, often done by surgery, often done by barbers without anesthesia, barbers without anesthesia, must have been must have been excruciating. excruciating.

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Medical TreatmentMedical Treatment Medical treatment was Medical treatment was

available mainly to the available mainly to the wealthy, and those wealthy, and those living in villages rarely living in villages rarely had the help of doctors, had the help of doctors, who practiced mostly who practiced mostly in the cities and courts. in the cities and courts. Remedies were often Remedies were often herbal in nature, but herbal in nature, but also included ground also included ground earthworms, urine, and earthworms, urine, and animal excrement. animal excrement.

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RemediesRemedies Many medieval medical Many medieval medical

manuscripts contained manuscripts contained recipes for remedies recipes for remedies that called for hundreds that called for hundreds of therapeutic of therapeutic substances--the notion substances--the notion that every substance in that every substance in nature held some sort of nature held some sort of power accounts for the power accounts for the enormous variety of enormous variety of substances. substances.

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Lay Medical JudgmentsLay Medical Judgments Many treatments were Many treatments were

administered by people administered by people outside the medical tradition. outside the medical tradition. Coroners' rolls from the time Coroners' rolls from the time reveal how lay persons often reveal how lay persons often made sophisticated medical made sophisticated medical judgments without the aid of judgments without the aid of medical experts. From these medical experts. From these reports we also learn about reports we also learn about some of the major causes of some of the major causes of death. death.

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SurgerySurgery Performed as a last resort, Performed as a last resort,

surgery was known to be surgery was known to be successful in cases of successful in cases of breast cancer, fistula, breast cancer, fistula, hemorrhoids, gangrene, hemorrhoids, gangrene, and cataracts, as well as and cataracts, as well as tuberculosis of the lymph tuberculosis of the lymph glands in the neck glands in the neck (scrofula). The most (scrofula). The most common form of surgery common form of surgery was bloodletting; it was was bloodletting; it was meant to restore the meant to restore the balance of fluids in the balance of fluids in the body. body.

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Vernacular LiteratureVernacular Literature The universal language of The universal language of

medieval civilization was medieval civilization was Latin. Latin.

Latin was the language of Latin was the language of Rome and was a common Rome and was a common language which could be language which could be used in churches and at used in churches and at Universities.Universities. A common language at A common language at

universities allowed students universities allowed students from many different countries from many different countries to be able to understand the to be able to understand the teachings there.teachings there.

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VernacularVernacular

The vernacular was the language of the common The vernacular was the language of the common people. people. This included Spanish, French, English, and German.This included Spanish, French, English, and German.

People began to produce literature in their own People began to produce literature in their own languages.languages. The most popular form of vernacular literature in the The most popular form of vernacular literature in the

1212thth century was troubadour poetry, which was century was troubadour poetry, which was mostly love stories about life at court between mostly love stories about life at court between knights and ladies of the court.knights and ladies of the court.

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Arts & EntertainmentArts & Entertainment Art and music were critical Art and music were critical

aspects of medieval aspects of medieval religious life and, towards religious life and, towards the end of the Middle Ages, the end of the Middle Ages, secular life as well. Singing secular life as well. Singing without instrumental without instrumental accompaniment was an accompaniment was an essential part of church essential part of church services. Monks and priests services. Monks and priests chanted the divine offices chanted the divine offices and the mass daily. and the mass daily.

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TroubadoursTroubadours

Troubadours were usually travelling poets and Troubadours were usually travelling poets and musicians who would go from court to court musicians who would go from court to court telling their stories of courtly love.telling their stories of courtly love.

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Chanson de GesteChanson de Geste

Another popular type of vernacular literature was the Chanson Another popular type of vernacular literature was the Chanson de Geste. The Chanson de Geste was heroic epic poetry.de Geste. The Chanson de Geste was heroic epic poetry.

A popular work of this type was the Song of Roland.A popular work of this type was the Song of Roland. This work, in French, tells the story of a battle between a This work, in French, tells the story of a battle between a

Muslim army and Charlemagne. Muslim army and Charlemagne.

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Musical InstrumentsMusical Instruments

Some churches had Some churches had instruments such as organs instruments such as organs and bells. The organistrum and bells. The organistrum or symphony (later known or symphony (later known as a hurdy gurdy) was also as a hurdy gurdy) was also found in churches. Two found in churches. Two people were required to play people were required to play this stringed instrument--this stringed instrument--one to turn the crank and the one to turn the crank and the other to play the keys. other to play the keys.

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DramaDrama Medieval drama grew out Medieval drama grew out

of the liturgy, beginning of the liturgy, beginning in about the eleventh in about the eleventh century. Some of the century. Some of the topics were from the Old topics were from the Old Testament (Noah and the Testament (Noah and the flood, Jonah and the flood, Jonah and the whale, Daniel in the lion's whale, Daniel in the lion's den) and others were den) and others were stories about the birth and stories about the birth and death of Christ. death of Christ.

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CostumesCostumes These dramas were These dramas were

performed with costumes performed with costumes and musical instruments and musical instruments and at first took place and at first took place directly outside the directly outside the church. Later they were church. Later they were staged in marketplaces, staged in marketplaces, where they were where they were produced by local guilds. produced by local guilds.

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Town LifeTown Life

After 1000, peace and After 1000, peace and order grew. As a result, order grew. As a result, peasants began to peasants began to expand their farms and expand their farms and villages further into the villages further into the countryside. The earliest countryside. The earliest merchants were peddlers merchants were peddlers who went from village who went from village to village selling their to village selling their goods. goods.

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PeddlersPeddlers

As the demand for goods As the demand for goods increased--particularly for the increased--particularly for the gems, silks, and other gems, silks, and other luxuries from Genoa and luxuries from Genoa and Venice, the ports of Italy that Venice, the ports of Italy that traded with the East--the traded with the East--the peddlers became more peddlers became more familiar with complex issues familiar with complex issues of trade, commerce, of trade, commerce, accounting, and contracts. accounting, and contracts.

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BusinessmenBusinessmen They became savvy businessmen They became savvy businessmen

and learned to deal with Italian and learned to deal with Italian moneylenders and bankers. The moneylenders and bankers. The English, Belgians, Germans, and English, Belgians, Germans, and Dutch took their coal, timber, Dutch took their coal, timber, wood, iron, copper, and lead to the wood, iron, copper, and lead to the south and came back with luxury south and came back with luxury items such as wine and olive oil. items such as wine and olive oil.

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TradesmenTradesmen

With the advent of With the advent of trade and trade and commerce, feudal commerce, feudal life declined. As life declined. As the tradesmen the tradesmen became wealthier, became wealthier, they resented they resented having to give their having to give their profits to their profits to their lords. lords.

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BoroughsBoroughs Arrangements were made Arrangements were made

for the townspeople to pay for the townspeople to pay a fixed annual sum to the a fixed annual sum to the lord or king and gain lord or king and gain independence for their independence for their town as a "borough" with town as a "borough" with the power to govern itself. the power to govern itself. The marketplace became The marketplace became the focus of many towns. the focus of many towns.

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Town GovernmentsTown Governments As the townspeople As the townspeople

became "free" citizens, became "free" citizens, powerful families, powerful families, particularly in Italy, particularly in Italy, struggled to gain control struggled to gain control of the communes or of the communes or boroughs. Town councils boroughs. Town councils were formed. were formed.

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GuildsGuilds

Guilds were established to Guilds were established to gain higher wages for gain higher wages for their members and protect their members and protect them from competitors. them from competitors. As the guilds grew rich As the guilds grew rich and powerful, they built and powerful, they built guildhalls and began guildhalls and began taking an active role in taking an active role in civic affairs, setting up civic affairs, setting up courts to settle disputes courts to settle disputes and punish wrongdoers. and punish wrongdoers.

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Joining a GuildJoining a Guild

There was a process to becoming a member of a guild.There was a process to becoming a member of a guild.

The first step was to be an The first step was to be an apprenticeapprentice: A young boy, : A young boy, around the age of 10, would go and work for a around the age of 10, would go and work for a craftsman without pay to help learn the craft.craftsman without pay to help learn the craft.

Later apprentices became Later apprentices became journeymenjourneymen, who worked for , who worked for a wages for craftsmena wages for craftsmen

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The MasterpieceThe MasterpieceFor a journeyman to become a master craftsman, For a journeyman to become a master craftsman,

he had to complete a he had to complete a MasterpieceMasterpiece..

This was their audition for the guild to This was their audition for the guild to determined if their work made the qualified determined if their work made the qualified enough to join the guild and start their own enough to join the guild and start their own

business. business.

Then they could become a Then they could become a Master Craftsman Master Craftsman and own their own business.and own their own business.

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The Merchant ClassThe Merchant Class The new merchant class The new merchant class

included artisans, included artisans, masons, armorers, masons, armorers, bakers, shoemakers, bakers, shoemakers, ropemakers, dyers, and ropemakers, dyers, and other skilled workers. other skilled workers.

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MasonsMasons

Of all the craftsmen, Of all the craftsmen, the masons were the the masons were the highest paid and most highest paid and most respected. They were, respected. They were, after all, responsible after all, responsible for building the for building the cathedrals, hospitals, cathedrals, hospitals, universities, castles, universities, castles, and guildhalls. and guildhalls.

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ApprenticesApprentices Masons learned their Masons learned their

craft as apprentices craft as apprentices to a master mason, to a master mason, living at lodges for living at lodges for up to seven years. up to seven years. The master mason The master mason was essentially an was essentially an architect, a general architect, a general contractor, and a contractor, and a teacher. teacher.

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The First CompaniesThe First Companies

The population of cities The population of cities swelled for the first time swelled for the first time since before the Dark since before the Dark Ages. With the new Ages. With the new merchant activity, merchant activity, companies were formed. companies were formed. Merchants hired Merchants hired bookkeepers, scribes, bookkeepers, scribes, and clerks, creating new and clerks, creating new jobs. jobs.

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The Printing PressThe Printing Press

Printing began in 1450 Printing began in 1450 with the publication of with the publication of the Bible by Johannes the Bible by Johannes Gutenberg. This Gutenberg. This revolutionized the spread revolutionized the spread of learning. Other of learning. Other inventions of the time inventions of the time included mechanical included mechanical clocks, tower mills, and clocks, tower mills, and guns. guns.

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The Birth of the RenaissanceThe Birth of the Renaissance

The inventions of The inventions of Leonardo da Vinci and Leonardo da Vinci and the voyages of the voyages of discovery in the discovery in the fifteenth century fifteenth century contributed to the birth contributed to the birth of the Renaissance. of the Renaissance.

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Urban LifeUrban Life Few serfs were left in Europe by Few serfs were left in Europe by

the end of the Middle Ages, and the end of the Middle Ages, and the growing burgher class became the growing burgher class became very powerful. Hard work and very powerful. Hard work and enterprise led to economic enterprise led to economic prosperity and a new social order. prosperity and a new social order. Urban life brought with it a new Urban life brought with it a new freedom for individuals. freedom for individuals. 

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The End of Middle AgesThe End of Middle AgesThe RenaissanceThe Renaissance

As a result of the Crusades As a result of the Crusades in part, the M. Ages ended in part, the M. Ages ended & the Renaissance began. & the Renaissance began. The start of this new era The start of this new era varied from place to place varied from place to place starting in Italian city-states starting in Italian city-states in the AD 1300s. in the AD 1300s.

It was characterized by a It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical renewed interest in classical (Greek/Roman) ideas & for (Greek/Roman) ideas & for great works of art in great works of art in painting, sculpting, music & painting, sculpting, music & literature.literature.

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The End of Middle AgesThe End of Middle Ages

Decline of Feudalism and manorialism Decline of Feudalism and manorialism Growth of stronger central governmentsGrowth of stronger central governments Growth of citiesGrowth of cities Renewed interest in education and tradeRenewed interest in education and trade Stronger kings started challenging the Catholic Stronger kings started challenging the Catholic

ChurchChurch

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ReferencesReferences http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages http://histclo.com/chron/med/medieval.htmlhttp://histclo.com/chron/med/medieval.html http://www.claymoreslinger.com/medieval_king.asphttp://www.claymoreslinger.com/medieval_king.asp

http://www.easyfunschool.com/article2192.htmlhttp://www.easyfunschool.com/article2192.html www.middle-ages.org.ukwww.middle-ages.org.uk