the middle ages #2

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The Middle Ages # 2

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Page 1: The middle ages #2

The Middle Ages# 2

Page 2: The middle ages #2

The Bubonic Plague“The Black Death”

Named because of the color of skin of victim and buboes

Spread throughout Europe from 1347-1350

Preempted by…

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Great Famine“Seven lean years” (1315-1322)A lack of food due to an increase in storms

Now thought to be a major climate change Also known as the Little Ice Age (LIA)

As a result, people were more susceptible to diseases

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Caused by bacteria called Yersinia PestisCarried in

stomach of fleas which bit rats, who then transferred it to humans by biting them

Can be transmittedBubonic (flea is

transmitter)Pneumonic,

means?from human to human

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The Bubonic Plague(Cont’d)Originated in Asia circa 1331

Mongol warriors carried it on horsebackTravelled to Europe on merchant ships headed to

Italy Introduced to Europe (Messina, Italy) in 1347

Spread of the plague was instigated by poor living conditions

Many blamed the Jews Thought they poisoned well waters

Resulting in the killing of thousands of Jews Flagellants? If you’ve seen The DaVinci code, you

witnessed it. Manuscript illumination…on page 348 Dance of Death…fresco…pg. 349

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Care of the Sick--Plague Doctor—pp. 345Review of the “Questions for Analysis”

Quote by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenous-pp. 345

Effective treatment?1947—effective treatment discovered by, Am.

Microbiologist Selman Waksman…streptomycin..6 Centuries later!!!!!!

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"Ring Around the Rosie"Ring around the rosey: Referring to ring that

appear on the skin because of the plague.-Pocket full of posies: Poises are a strong

smelling flower, so people filled their pockets with them to hide the smell that the plague gave off so people wouldn't know they had it.

-Ashes, Ashes: Refers to people being burnt to ashes after they died because they couldn't be buried or the infection would spread.

-We all fall down!: Referring to people dying.Could be an urban legend????????

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Giovanni Boccaccio-1313-1375Italian writer that

described the course of the Black Death

Pinpointed rats as the spread of the diseasePreface of his book The

Decameron Collection of small novels 7 women and 3 men

fleeing from the plague to a villa told stories to pass the time

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1st Great Schism (1054)Schism means to splitSplit of the Christian world between east and west

East is the Eastern Orthodox Church Led by Bishop of Constantinople (Patriarch) Spoke Greek

West it the Catholic Church Led by Bishop of Rome (Pope) Spoke Latin

Patriarch of Constantinople: Bartholomew

Pope Benedict XVI

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Great Schism (cont’d)Controversy followed over who was the real

leader of the Christian worldPope Leo IX said that Rome was the only

authority Petrine Theory: Theory that states that Peter

received keys to church and became the first Bishop of Rome (Pope)

Differences between Orthodox and Catholic Churches Philosophical Understanding Liturgical Usage Language Custom

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Pope Urban II and The CrusadesReligious wars between Christians and Muslims

Estimated about 8 different crusades (not definite)Christians were called upon by Pope Urban II to take

back holy land (Jerusalem) from Turks (Muslims) In return, they were promised heaven, to be saved Unsuccessful in winning back Jerusalem

• Council of Clermont• Issued cry for first

crusade• Battle Cry- “God

wills it!”

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Third CrusadeAlso known as “The Crusade of 3 Kings”

During Pope Gregory VIII term as Pope (1189-1192)

3 Kings accompanied troops to Jerusalem Philip Augustus, King of France

Abandoned the cause and returned to France Frederick I (Barbarosa). Holy Roman Emperor

Fell off horse and drowned in river on the way to Jerusalem Richard I the Lion-hearted, King of England

In Jerusalem, meets Muslim leader Saladin Come to a truce: Christians could visit Jerusalem without

paying, but it was still under Muslim control Saladin dies in 1198, and treaty is broken.

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Crusades (cont’d)“Successful failures”

Christians did not accomplish their goal, but as a result trade is increased with the middle-east

As a result of the Crusades, Feudalism is weakened due to lack of serfs

because of the Plague

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Pope Gregory IX and InquisitionPope Gregory IX Wanted to investigate

heresy and correct errors within Catholic faith

Thought it was “poisoning society spiritually”Causing people to stray from churchEliminated heresy by killing or

excommunicating anyone who questioned Catholicism Doctrine

Occurred in Spain, Rome, and throughout Western Europe

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Avignon Papacy (1309-1378)When the seat of power in the

Catholic Church was in Avignon, France(southeastern France)Claimed to be more important than

RomePapacy was under control of French

KingsOriginally moved because Pope

Clement V was pressured by King Philip of France Wanted French Monarchy to have

more influence on the Catholic church

7 popes held power while seated in Avignon

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Avignon Papacy (cont’d)AKA: Babylonian Captivity

70 years Hebrews were held captive by Babylonians1378- seat of power moved back to Rome1378-1414: Second Great Schism (Papal)

Confusion as to who was the real Pope;Pope in Rome? or Pope in Avignon?

Cardinals didn’t like incumbent pope Urban VI They elected to new pope- Clement VII

Council of Constance (1414-1418)Council created to end Papal Schism**both the Babylonian Captivity & Great

Schism demonstrate the vulnerability of the papacy to the increasingly powerful monarchies!!!!

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The Conciliar MovementReform Movement in the Catholic Church

following the Second Great Schism (Papal Schism)

Emerged as response to Avignon PapacyResulted in having two or three different Popes

(antipopes)Gave Pope supreme powerConciliarists—Definition?Pg. 356…

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3 Reformers of ChurchMarsiglio of Padua (1275-1342)

John Wyclif (1324-1384)

Jan Huss (1369-1415)

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Marsiglio de Padua:1275–1342Italian ScholarThought that Papacy’s power was dangerous to

individual country’s governmentChurch should be under state**focused on political & administrative issuesWas excommunicated by Papacy

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John Wyclif: 1330–1384Started the political and religious movement of the

mid-14th centuryFollowers were called, Lollards(from a Dutch word

for mumble)Mumbled prayers and songs wherever they went

Believed that church should lead a simple lifeSuch as the Apostles did in biblical timesScriptures alone should be standard**Focused on theological issues

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Jan Huss: 1372–1415Czech priest, philosopher turned reformerKey predecessor of Protestant MovementHad similar ideals as WycliffeCriticized the Church's wealth & attached the

issuing of indulgencesBurned at the stake for crimes of heresy

Examine a the manuscript illustration of his execution on page 357!

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Peasant revoltsWhy?Jacquerie(zhah-kuh-ree)? Pp. 358Uprising of the French peasantry, after the costs of the

Hundred Years’ War fell disproportionately on the poor (nobles killed, their families were attacked). The upper class united to put down the revolt

1381-English peasant revolts?Revolt by Eng. Peasants in 1381 in response to

changing economic conditions. Could this happen today with our current economic strife?

View Map on pg. 360 on the 14th C. revolts

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Lay Piety14th & 15th Centuries—rise of laypeople due

to the weakening of the Church during this time

1. confraternities:Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation,

devotional preference, neighborhood or charitable activity