The Market Revolution The Market Revolution 1820 -18601820 -1860

Agrarian to Industrial Changes Agrarian to Industrial Changes in Americain America

The Rise of Interchangeable The Rise of Interchangeable PartsParts

Remember the story of Chauncey Remember the story of Chauncey JeromeJeromeStarted as an apprentice for a master Started as an apprentice for a master

clockmakerclockmakerStarted on company by age of 24 and Started on company by age of 24 and

realized he could mass produce clocks realized he could mass produce clocks by using interchangeable parts.by using interchangeable parts.

Prices dropped from $20 to $2Prices dropped from $20 to $2

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Individuals efforts to make industrial Individuals efforts to make industrial changeschanges

Leads to a new economic era, but Leads to a new economic era, but also led to class-divided societyalso led to class-divided society

Division of Labor in the Division of Labor in the FactoryFactory

Take semi-skilled workers and teach Take semi-skilled workers and teach the employee a specific task. the employee a specific task.

No longer a master cobbler in shoe No longer a master cobbler in shoe factories, but mass production of factories, but mass production of product.product.

Leads to lower prices.Leads to lower prices.

PorkopolisPorkopolis

Grain MillsGrain Mills

A mill could grind 100,000 bushels of A mill could grind 100,000 bushels of grain a year with six employeesgrain a year with six employees

Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater Father of the Industrial Father of the Industrial

RevolutionRevolutionBritish government forbade anyone British government forbade anyone

migrating to the America’s who were migrating to the America’s who were textile mechanics .textile mechanics .

Slater comes to the U.S. in 1789 Slater comes to the U.S. in 1789 having memorized Richard having memorized Richard Arkwright's spinning frame plans. Arkwright's spinning frame plans.

Worked with Moses Brown in Worked with Moses Brown in Providence Rhode Island. Providence Rhode Island.

Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater Father of the Industrial Father of the Industrial

RevolutionRevolution

FYIFYI

Before machinery, thread was spun Before machinery, thread was spun by unmarried women, orphan girls, by unmarried women, orphan girls, and widows with no prospects for and widows with no prospects for remarriage. Thus the term for remarriage. Thus the term for unmarried women became “spinster”unmarried women became “spinster”

TariffsTariffs

English manufacturers could English manufacturers could undersell American goodsundersell American goodsLarger populationLarger populationMore landless people willing to work in More landless people willing to work in

factoriesfactoriesLower wages, less opportunitiesLower wages, less opportunities

The Lowell Factory GirlsThe Lowell Factory Girls

Francis Cabot Lowell went to England Francis Cabot Lowell went to England and stole the best of the ideas of the and stole the best of the ideas of the British Factory SystemBritish Factory System

Opens factories in Waltham, Opens factories in Waltham, MassachusettsMassachusetts

Built the largest and fastest mill in the Built the largest and fastest mill in the world.world.

To lower prices, recruit farm girls and To lower prices, recruit farm girls and women to work in the millwomen to work in the mill

The Lowell Factory GirlsThe Lowell Factory Girls

Lowell Factory GirlLowell Factory Girl

Oh! isn't it a pity, such a pretty girl Oh! isn't it a pity, such a pretty girl as Ias IShould be sent to the factory to pine Should be sent to the factory to pine away and die?away and die?Oh! I cannot be a slave, I will not be Oh! I cannot be a slave, I will not be a slave,a slave,For I'm so fond of liberty,For I'm so fond of liberty,That I cannot be a slave. That I cannot be a slave.

Lowell Factory GirlLowell Factory Girl We must leave our looms. We are daughters of free men We must leave our looms. We are daughters of free men

and are being forced to work under conditions that and are being forced to work under conditions that approach slavery. Do we need this money so badly that we approach slavery. Do we need this money so badly that we will submit to these inhumane working conditions while this will submit to these inhumane working conditions while this aristocracy of mill owners lives off the profits of our sweat? aristocracy of mill owners lives off the profits of our sweat? Are we not entitled to reasonable breaks in our toil to eat Are we not entitled to reasonable breaks in our toil to eat our meals as decent people do - not racing to our our meals as decent people do - not racing to our boardinghouses and bolting our food like piglets at the boardinghouses and bolting our food like piglets at the trough? And is it not reasonable to limit the workday to ten trough? And is it not reasonable to limit the workday to ten hours so we have time in the evenings to improve our hours so we have time in the evenings to improve our minds as we were promised? WE must prevent our sex from minds as we were promised? WE must prevent our sex from being made into living machines to do the bidding of being made into living machines to do the bidding of incorporated aristocrats and reduced to a sum for their incorporated aristocrats and reduced to a sum for their services hardly sufficient to keep soul and body together. services hardly sufficient to keep soul and body together. The mill managers have been deaf to our petitions and our The mill managers have been deaf to our petitions and our rallies. They will only hear us when the factories are stilled rallies. They will only hear us when the factories are stilled by workers leaving their looms to secure their dignity and by workers leaving their looms to secure their dignity and their rights their rights

Wage Workers and Labor Wage Workers and Labor MovementMovement

Craft unions came firstCraft unions came firstCarpenters, Stone cutters, cabinet Carpenters, Stone cutters, cabinet

MakersMakersOrganized to deal with the Master Organized to deal with the Master

artisans who hired themartisans who hired themWanted a ten hour work day with and Wanted a ten hour work day with and

hour for breakfast and lunch ( Day hour for breakfast and lunch ( Day would be 6 – 6would be 6 – 6

Industrialization worked against themIndustrialization worked against them

Eli Whitney Eli Whitney

Yale graduateYale graduateCotton GinCotton GinManufacturing of military weaponsManufacturing of military weapons In 1798, given a large contract to In 1798, given a large contract to

manufacture muskets for U.S. manufacture muskets for U.S. GovernmentGovernment

Interchangeable parts, new ways to use Interchangeable parts, new ways to use machines in manufacturingmachines in manufacturing

Father of “mass production”Father of “mass production”

Expansion of MarketsExpansion of Markets

Westward expansionWestward expansionGovernment land being sold at $1.25 Government land being sold at $1.25

an acrean acreFor $100 a farmer could buy 80 acres For $100 a farmer could buy 80 acres

of landof land

TransportationTransportation

The National Road – Cumberland, Md. The National Road – Cumberland, Md. To Vandalia, Ill. 1818 - 1839To Vandalia, Ill. 1818 - 1839

TransportationTransportation

The Steamboat – 1807 Robert Fulton The Steamboat – 1807 Robert Fulton – – The ClermontThe Clermont traveled up the traveled up the Hudson River – Why important?Hudson River – Why important?

Later will help improve Later will help improve transportation on the Mississippi R. transportation on the Mississippi R.

Canals- To carry corn and wheat and Canals- To carry corn and wheat and manufactured goods – Canal systemmanufactured goods – Canal system

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

The Clermont

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal SystemErie Canal SystemErie Canal System

The Erie Canal, 1820sThe Erie Canal, 1820sThe Erie Canal, 1820sThe Erie Canal, 1820s

The Erie CanalThe Erie Canal

11stst major engineering feat in major engineering feat in America. America.

Supported by the New York City Supported by the New York City Merchants, Gov. DeWitt Clinton, and Merchants, Gov. DeWitt Clinton, and the tax payers.the tax payers.

Moved millions of cubic yards of dirt, Moved millions of cubic yards of dirt, quarry rocks and build locks to raise quarry rocks and build locks to raise and lower boatsand lower boats

The Erie CanalThe Erie Canal

Brought prosperity to central and Brought prosperity to central and western New Yorkwestern New York

Towns and industries developed Towns and industries developed along the routealong the route

Led to a canal building boomLed to a canal building boom

The Erie CanalThe Erie Canal I've got a mule, and her name is Sal,I've got a mule, and her name is Sal,

Fifteen miles on the Erie Canal.Fifteen miles on the Erie Canal.She's a good ol' worker an' a good ol' pal,She's a good ol' worker an' a good ol' pal,Fifteen miles on the Erie Canal.Fifteen miles on the Erie Canal.We've hauled some barges in our day,We've hauled some barges in our day,Filled with lumber, coal, and hay,Filled with lumber, coal, and hay,And we know every inch of the wayAnd we know every inch of the wayFrom Albany to Buffalo.From Albany to Buffalo.

(chorus)(chorus)Low bridge, everybody down!Low bridge, everybody down!Low bridge, for we're comin' through a town!Low bridge, for we're comin' through a town!And you'll always know your neighbor,And you'll always know your neighbor,You'll always know your pal,You'll always know your pal,If you've ever navigated on the Erie Canal. If you've ever navigated on the Erie Canal.

Growth Cities and TownsGrowth Cities and Towns

Chicago – fastest growing boom townChicago – fastest growing boom townClevelandClevelandDetroitDetroitBuffaloBuffaloSt. Louis – 2St. Louis – 2ndnd fastest growing boom fastest growing boom

towntown

The Railroad

In 1830 the first American-built locomotives were put into regular operation on the Baltimore and Ohio, Charleston and Hamburg, and Mohawk and Hudson railroads

Vested interests, including turnpike and bridge companies, stagecoaches, ferries, and canals, sought laws to prohibit trains from carrying freight

The Railroad

After 1830 that railroads were destined to become the nation's chief means of moving freight.

During the 1830s, construction companies laid down 3,328 miles of track, roughly equal to all the miles of canals in the country.

With an average speed of 10 miles an hour, railroads were faster than other vehicles and could travel in any season.

Results of the Transportation revolution

The transportation revolution sharply reduced the cost of shipping goods to market and stimulated agriculture and industry.

New roads, canals, and railroads speeded the pace of commerce and strengthened ties between the East and West.

Communication Revolution

During the 1790s, it took 3 weeks for a letter to travel from New York to Cincinnati or Detroit and 4 weeks to arrive in New Orleans.

In 1799 it took 1 week for news of George Washington's death to reach New York City from Virginia.

A decade and a half later, it still took 49 days for word of the peace treaty ending the War of 1812 to reach New York from London.

The Telegraph

As early as the 1720s, it was known that electricity could be conducted along a wire to convey messages

Iit was not until 1844 that an American artist and inventor named Samuel F. B. Morse demonstrated the practicality of the telegraph and devised a workable code for sending messages

Changes in Social StructureChanges in Social Structure

Business EliteBusiness EliteBankersBankersMerchantsMerchantsLandlordsLandlords

By 1860 the 10% wealthiest families owned By 1860 the 10% wealthiest families owned 70% of the wealth in America70% of the wealth in America

Able to accumulate mass wealth because of Able to accumulate mass wealth because of the tax systemthe tax system

Set themselves apart from the rest of the Set themselves apart from the rest of the populationpopulation

Changes in Social StructureChanges in Social Structure

The Middle ClassThe Middle ClassProfessional groups such as lawyers, Professional groups such as lawyers,

building contractors, business ownersbuilding contractors, business ownersThey managed the Wealthy peoples They managed the Wealthy peoples

businessesbusinessesMostly in the Northeast, will go to high Mostly in the Northeast, will go to high

school then move into family businessesschool then move into family businessesPuritan work ethicPuritan work ethic

Changes in Social StructureChanges in Social Structure

New Urban PoorNew Urban PoorBy 1840 half of the native born freemen By 1840 half of the native born freemen

were working for otherswere working for othersThey had money for food and rent and They had money for food and rent and

not for muchnot for muchLived in slums amid great squalor and Lived in slums amid great squalor and

verminverminMass consumption of alcohol added to Mass consumption of alcohol added to

the squalor the squalor

Concern over Effects of Concern over Effects of Market RevolutionMarket Revolution

1.1. Acquisitiveness as threat to public Acquisitiveness as threat to public goodgood

2.2. Cycle of boom and bustCycle of boom and bust

3.3. Irregular employmentIrregular employment

4.4. Widening inequalities of living Widening inequalities of living standardsstandards

5.5. Erosion of craft skillsErosion of craft skills

6.6. Specter of wage dependency; Specter of wage dependency; “wage slavery”“wage slavery”

Westward expansion

1. Contributing impact of transportation and communications revolutions

2. Pace and magnitude

Westward expansion

3. Streams of migrationa. From Lower Southb. From Upper Southc. From New England

4. Regional patternsa. Old Northwestb. Old Southwest

Rise of the Cotton Kingdom

1. Pace and magnitude2. Contributing factors

a. Industrial demand for cottonb. Invention of cotton ginc. Opening of Deep South to white settlement

3. Revitalization and spread of plantation slaverya. Growth of domestic slave tradeb. Consequences for slavesc. Consequences for South’s social and

economic development

Market society

Commercialization of northwest farming1. Eastern markets2. Transportation networks3. Availability of credit4. Improved farm machinery

Market society

Growth of cities1. Place on western frontier2. Pace of growth

From craft production to mass production1. Decline of artisan tradition

a. Larger workshopsb. Subdivision of tasksc. Increased supervision

ImmigrationImmigration

Push Pull FactorsPush Pull Factors1840 – 1860 1840 – 1860

2 million Irish – stayed in the cities2 million Irish – stayed in the cities1.5 million Germans – moved to farms in 1.5 million Germans – moved to farms in

the Westthe West750,000 English750,000 English

ImmigrationImmigration

Large rise of CatholicismLarge rise of Catholicism Leads to NativismLeads to Nativism

Protestantism worried about thisProtestantism worried about this Samuel Morse wrote books about the Samuel Morse wrote books about the

conspiracy of the Catholic Churchconspiracy of the Catholic Church Boston – Burning of conventsBoston – Burning of convents Philadelphia – Riots when the Catholic Bishop Philadelphia – Riots when the Catholic Bishop

persuaded the schools to add a Catholic Bible persuaded the schools to add a Catholic Bible along with the Protestant Biblealong with the Protestant Bible

Blamed Immigrants for job losses among the Blamed Immigrants for job losses among the poor Protestantspoor Protestants

Founding of the Know Nothing PartyFounding of the Know Nothing Party