the mapping of geological features of narpala mandal...

The Mapping of Geological Features of Narpala

Mandal, Anantapur District, AP, India Using

Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques ˆPradeep Kumar. B1, Raghu Babu. K1*, Krupavathi. C1, Rajasekhar. M1, Siva Kumar Reddy. P1,

Ramachandra. M1, Narayana Swamy. B1, Ravi Kumar. P1 1Department of Geology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract - Good geological maps are essential not only for exploration and exploitation of natural

resources but also for a variety of other purposes such as location of dams, tunneling, power plants,

alignment of highway lines etc. even in areas where geological mapping has been done in great detail,

Remote Sensing (RS) techniques have contributed information to unknown such as identification of new

faults and fractures. More or less all-digital, topographic mapping and most mapping projects required

the digital maps prepared by using RS and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques with

geospatial database. In this paper we have prepared Geology, Geomorphology, Lineament, Lineament

density, Slope and Land Use/Land Cover maps by using RS and GIS techniques. For preparing this maps

various LANDSAT data and DEM data have been collected and processed by various techniques adopted

and using ERDAS and GIS software’s.

Keywords: Geological, Exploration, Topographic, Structural mapping, Land Use/Land Cover.

1. Introduction

The most understandable usage of geological map is to indicate the nature of the near – surface bedrock. This

is obviously of great importance to civil engineers recommended by the geologist to guide on the excavation of

road cuttings or on the siting of bridges, to geographers studying the use of land and to companies exploring

minerals. The experienced geologist can, however extract more from the geological map. Geological maps

represent the solid geology at the earth’s surface unconcealed by vegetation, soil or buildings, different rock

types and formations are illustrated by different colors and symbols. Other structural features like fold, fault,

joints and, unconformities are also clearly notified on geological maps. Working with geological maps enhances

the ability in re-enforces the relationships, both temporal and spatial between different geological units and

structures.

Geological mapping approaches have been experiencing unceasing change laterally with technological and

scientific advances in other relevant fields. Remote Sensing techniques are now being progressively used to

make geological maps obtained the basic geological information on which further clear work is based.

The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis

Volume XII, Issue VI, June/2020

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2. Study area

The study area Narpala Mandal of Anantapur District is the southern-most district of the Rayalaseema region

of Andhra Pradesh. Anantapur district lies between 13° 40' and 15° 15' Norther latitude and 76° 50' and 78° 30'

Eastern longitude. The district has a total geographical area of 19,130 Sq. Km. Figure 1 represents the location

map of the study area. The Narpala mandal occupies 268.86 Sq. Km, this mandal is bounded with Peddapappuru

in the north, Putluru in the north east, Tadimarri mandal in the south, Bukkarayasamudram in the west and

Singanamala in the southwest with the coordinates 14° 43' 14” N, 77° 48' 38” E. Figure 1 showing the location

map of the study area.

Figure 1: showing the location map.



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3. Materials and Methodology:

Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite data of Landsat-8 is used. Survey of India (SOI) topo sheets are used.

SRTM DEM data have been downloaded freely from USGS earth explorer and used. The following table:1

shows the data used for the study area.

Data used Spatial resolution Date of acquisition

Satellite Data Landsat 8 SRTM DEM

15m 90 m

2018-April-27 2000

Ancillary Data SOI maps- 57F/1, 57F/2 1: 50, 000 1962

Collateral Data Soils, Climate, etc.

3.1. Software used

ERDAS IMAGINE 2014, Arc GIS 10.4.

3.2. Methodology:

The study aims to prepare Structural maps of Narpala mandal. SOI topographic maps with 1:50,000 scale were

used and identified the field location and Georeferenced (WGS 1984) by using GIS software and created base

map. Required satellite data is freely downloaded from the United States Geological Survey official website.

Before the preprocessing of Satellite imagery began, a sweeping field survey was done throughout the study

area in and around the Narpala Mandal using GPS (Global Positioning System). Land sat-8 data has been

downloaded with the spatial resolution 30 meters. Layer stacking is done by using Erdas Imagine and given

natural colour component is 7,6,4. There is an another free and very useful source for this mapping is BHUVAN,

by using this maps I have prepared Geological, geomorphological, Lineament and Lineament density and, Land

Use Land Cover maps are prepared in the GIS.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Geological map

The geological formations of the Anantapur district is well marked groups of an older groups of metamorphic

rocks belong to the Archean age and younger group of sedimentary rocks belongs to Proterozoic age ( Pradeep

Kumar.; et al 2018). Figure 2 represent the geology of the study area. The major rock types present in the study

area of Narpala mandal Hornblende-biotite gneiss, Biotite gneiss, Migmatites, Hornblende- gneiss, Grey granite

and Pink granites occurring in western part of the Narpala mandal. Quartzite, arkose with conglomerates and

Dolomite, chert, mudstone and some basic sills are present in the eastern side of the study are. Dolomitic lime

stone and chert. present in this area are overlying the quartzite.



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4.2. Geomorphological map:

Geomorphology is the consideration of the origin and nature of the landforms, weathering and erosion are the

processes involving in this. The study area of Narpala mandal is having denudational origin in the entire mandal.

Denudation is an erosive process that breaking and removing the rocks from the surface. Endogenous and

exogenous process are the two main processes involving in denudation. Structural origin is also present in some

parts of this mandal. Figure 3 represents the geomorphology of the study area.

Fig 2: showing the Geology of the study area.



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Fig 3: showing the Geomorphology of the study area.

4.3. Lineament map:

A lineament is a linear feature and expression of underlying structure like fault, Joints and fractures. The

common nature of any two sets of lineaments are in the trend along NE-SW and NW-SE. If any geological

structure present in the landscape may be consider as a lineament. These lineaments are very useful in ground

water exploration. Delineation of structure is very useful for finding new minerals and their exploration.

Fracture zones and igneous intrusions like dykes and many other geomorphic features are named as lineaments

(Fig 4). Remote sensing Land sat images can give the detailed clue in finding and mapping of the lineaments.

Dolomite resources in the field area can be identified by using this lineament. Following figure represents the

lineament mapping of the Narpala mandal.



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Fig 4: showing the Lineament map of the study area.



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4.4. Lineament density map:

Remote sensing is widely used for mineral exploration (Abdelhamid and Rabba 1994; abrams, 1984), especially

for regional lineaments mapping, detectecting hydro thermal altered rocks associated with ore deposits and

providing basic geologic data. Remote sensing images gives sufficient information for lineament mapping.

Lineament investigations are very useful in mineral explorations. Many of the igneous, sedimentary and

metamorphic activities involving in the process of formation of new mineralization, those are controlled by

liniments. In the following remote sensing image (fig 5) clearly reveal that where the lineaments were present

and it may give clue for ground water as well as mineral resource investigations in the field area.



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Fig 5: Lineament density map.



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4.4. Slope map:

Slope – maps highlight topographic landscapes, subsequent in and around demarcations that may be unheeded

with conservative methods of mapping. Slope and DEM plots are particularly beneficial in extents of uneven

terrain and sandy areas (Fig 6). slope map of the study extent is extracted from the CARTOSAT DEM image,

in ArcGIS environment and classified into ten categories 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-

30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50% and, >50%.

Fig 6: Slope map.



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4.5. Land Use and Land Cover map:

Land use and Land cover change has become essential for environmental monitoring and natural resource

management (Pradeep Kumar et al 2018 & 2019, Rajasekhar et al 2019a, b). The use of land is a product of

communication between the state of society, the cultural and development background and physical needs. Land

use / changeover coverage are very important elements for checking, protecting, planning and evaluating the

planet's resources. Ecological and supportable development for the economic improvement of any area will

depend on land use / coverage changes. Various human activities and even with the population explosion, the

depletion of forests, erosion and the increase in the temperature of the earth's surface are disastrous for the

environment (Pradeep Kumar and J.F. Mas). This leads to change in land use / coverage with land supply and

demand with various activities. The use of earth cover dynamics is a widespread and important process that is

consumed by human activities, which leads to harm the humans (J. R. Jensen.; et al 1996). The identification of

land use / cover change can be very important for a healthier understanding of landscape dynamics during a

period of time known with sustainable management [Fig 7].



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Fig 7: Land Use/Land Cover map.



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5. Conclusion:

This study showed that Remote Sensing and GIS techniques are most efficient tools for Geological and

structural mapping. Different processing techniques were adopted to the Landsat image to discriminate and

delineate the lithological units and regional lineaments. Moreover, RS has proved a valuable aid in exploring

resources like groundwater and other valuable minerals. Lineaments should be interpreted from a variety of

remotely sensed data sources, data transformations and detection techniques, because each dataset may provide

additional information for lineament interpretation as well as lineament extraction. NE –SW was the direction

of lineaments in the present study area. Most of the cases where the two lineaments have to be intersected there

is source for mineral resources. Land Use/Land Cover map reveals the features and the area of acquisition.

Slope map successfully revealed the altitudes of the study part.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The first author B. Pradeep Kumar, greatly thankful to Department of Science and Technology (DST),

Government of India, for financial support through Inspire programme (Sanction order No. DST/INSPIRE

Fellowship/2017/IF170114). Also thankful to USGS for remote sensing data utilization, Department of

Geology, Yogi Vemana University, for necessary facilities for carrying out my research work.

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