The Management Package

The AMG can be described as an analogue to a computer where the water supply and irrigation systems are the hardware and the crop management package is the software. One can not operate without the other. The agriculture management package includes the following parameters:• Land preparation • Nursery management • Irrigation and fertigation• Adapted varieties • Pest and disease control The management of the traditional horticulture production system using watering cans was compared with a system irrigated with watering cans but given the management package of the AMG and with the AMG including low pressure drip irrigation integrated with the management package

    AMG IM   FP (Farmer practice)            Lettu

ceOkra Eggpl

ant  

Irrigation method

drip wat. can wat. can

wat. can wat. can

Water applied

(L m-2 day-1)

8 8 12 12 10

Irrigation intensity

(mm/hr) 4.2 300 300 300 300

Manure (kg m-2) 4 4 1.5 3.2 1

NPK (g m-2) 100 100 0 0 10

Urea (kg) Lettuce: 10Okra: 42

Eggplant: 52

6 15 25

 

Fresh fruit yield per season per treatment

AMG IM FP Crop Season1 (kg m-2) (kg m-2) (kg m-2) F.prob Lettuce RS08 1.952 1.272 1.09 0.057 DS08/09 3.142 3.342 3.71 0.581

RS09 0.97 0.93 1.02 0.862 DS09/10 0.18 1.11 1.71 <.001

Okra RS08 1.52 1.39 1.04 <.001 DS08/09 1.15 0.73 0.94 0.013 RS09 1.94 1.39 0.47 0.002

Eggplant DS08/09 6.15 4.09 2.54 <.001 1 Season: RS08 signifies Rainy Season 2008, DS09 signifies Dry Season 2009 2 0.3 kg m-2 mulch applied

Everyone says that water savings is the Everyone says that water savings is the major advantage of drip irrigation major advantage of drip irrigation

This may be so in Israel and in water This may be so in Israel and in water expensive countries expensive countries

However in Africa where more than 80% of However in Africa where more than 80% of producers practice watering can irrigation, producers practice watering can irrigation, by far the major advantage of drip irrigation by far the major advantage of drip irrigation is: is:

Labor savingLabor saving

Crop budget and returns to land, labor and water (500m2)

Lettuce (29

days) Okra (106

days) Eggplant (120

days) AMG IM FP AMG IM FP AMG IM FP US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$

Production cost 102 133 116 218 310 295 220 325 336 Amortization 22 18 18 77 63 63 88 71 71 Total cost 124 150 134 295 373 357 308 397 407 Revenues 353 372 419 595 451 337 1,163 775 481 Net benefit 228 222 285 301 78 -20 855 378 74 Return to land 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.0 1.7 0.8 0.1 Return to labor 2.4 1.2 1.4 2.4 0.1 0.0 6.3 0.7 0.1 Return to water 2.2 2.1 1.9 0.8 0.2 -0.1 2.0 0.9 0.1

Selection of adapted vegetables varieties

Most vegetable varieties produced in West Africa are imported from Europe and are not necessarily adapted to the climate and growing conditions of the SAHEL

ICRISAT together with AVRDC have been engaged since 2001 in selection, purification and breeding of a series of open pollinated vegetable varieties adapted to the Sahel

Selection of tomatoes for the rainy season. 25 varieties were tested

Xina was selected and so far underwent six cycles of purification

Selected ICRIXina tomatoes

ICRIXina in Senegal

Tomatoes for Regional Exports Tomatoes for Regional Exports There is a very big market for dry season There is a very big market for dry season tomatoes in the tropical countries of West Africa. tomatoes in the tropical countries of West Africa. (Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Benin)(Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Benin)

Burkina Faso is now leading regional exports of Burkina Faso is now leading regional exports of tomatoes, supplying 40% of Ghana tomatoes tomatoes, supplying 40% of Ghana tomatoes

Petomech is the current variety for export. Petomech is the current variety for export. However shelf life of this variety is relatively short However shelf life of this variety is relatively short and the fruit is small and the fruit is small

ICRISAT/AVRDC is developing an open ICRISAT/AVRDC is developing an open pollinated tomato variety with very firm fruit and a pollinated tomato variety with very firm fruit and a shelf life greater than 20 days shelf life greater than 20 days

Onions Onions Violet de Galmi is the dominant onion variety in WASAT Violet de Galmi is the dominant onion variety in WASAT This variety was created by CIRAD in the mid sixties This variety was created by CIRAD in the mid sixties The variety was not maintained and it deteriorated. The variety was not maintained and it deteriorated. Small farmers started to produce their own seeds thus in Small farmers started to produce their own seeds thus in practice creating hundreds of Violet de Galmi linespractice creating hundreds of Violet de Galmi linesIn 2003 ICRISAT assembled 45 five lines of Violet de In 2003 ICRISAT assembled 45 five lines of Violet de Galmi from across Niger Galmi from across Niger These were evaluated in the field These were evaluated in the field Two lines were selected: Line #13 for very high yields Two lines were selected: Line #13 for very high yields but with somewhat short storage life and line #28 with but with somewhat short storage life and line #28 with very good storage life, good quality and reasonable very good storage life, good quality and reasonable yield. These two lines are being purified yield. These two lines are being purified In addition the two lines were crossed and we are now In addition the two lines were crossed and we are now selecting from this cross lines for high yield, long storage selecting from this cross lines for high yield, long storage life and improved quality. life and improved quality.

Seeds of 45 lines of Violet de Galmi onions Seeds of 45 lines of Violet de Galmi onions were collected all over Niger. One line gave high yield . were collected all over Niger. One line gave high yield . A second gave long storage lifeA second gave long storage life

Onion breeding and selectionOnion breeding and selection #13x#28#13x#28

Breeder of #28 inspecting selection for Breeder of #28 inspecting selection for long storage lifelong storage life

The ideal Violet de The ideal Violet de GalmiGalmi

Lettuce for Year Round Production-a Success Lettuce for Year Round Production-a Success Story Story

Lettuce varieties currently produced in WASAT Lettuce varieties currently produced in WASAT originated in Europe. These varieties bolt (flower) readily originated in Europe. These varieties bolt (flower) readily as a response to high temperatures. Non bolting lettuce as a response to high temperatures. Non bolting lettuce can be produced only during the three cooler months of can be produced only during the three cooler months of the year. the year. In other seasons farmers harvest leaves from flowering In other seasons farmers harvest leaves from flowering stalks. These leaves are bitter and hard stalks. These leaves are bitter and hard Furthermore local lettuce growers produce their own Furthermore local lettuce growers produce their own seeds seeds This resulted in deterioration of the original lettuce This resulted in deterioration of the original lettuce varieties varieties In a short period of time we were able to select four In a short period of time we were able to select four bolting tolerant quality varieties. The Maya variety was bolting tolerant quality varieties. The Maya variety was especially bred for the Sahel by the later Dr. Globersonespecially bred for the Sahel by the later Dr. Globerson

Fifteen varieties of lettuce were tested forFifteen varieties of lettuce were tested for bolting tolerance. Four were selected bolting tolerance. Four were selected

Four lettuce varieties

QueenslandQueensland AviramAviram

NogaNoga MayaMaya

Ein Dor Melon

Watermelon Malali

Konni OkraKonni Okra

True Gold sweet corn

Hot Peppers

Hot HabaneroHot Habanero

SafiSafi

Moringa PKM 1

Drying sweet pepper

Purification of Diffa sweet pepper

Uberlandia carrot-a breakthrough

Organization TIPA cluster and communal systems are based on a multitude of individual drip irrigated parcels located one beside the other. Water is supplied to all parcels from a single source.

• Usually donors pay all investment costs but producers are requested to pay operation costs (water, manure, fertilizers, sprays, guard, and general maintenance, amortization). The payment for all the above can be carried out from dues collected from members of a group. This requires a high level of organization of all producers.

• Women obey better to group regulations and are therefore more easy to organize than men. The Communal system in which irrigation, fertigation and crop spray is provided by the community can be better operated by women then by men groups • Based on experience it is estimated that 30% of the revenues from vegetables (and fruit) should be set aside for operation costs whereas 70% can go to the individual farmers pockets. • In Tanka-Niger where each woman cultivates a 600m² parcel, average monthly revenue is $240/woman. After setting aside $60 for operations, each woman brings home $180/month-six times the average income in the region

Upscaling TIPA Upscaling TIPA Starting 2002 TIPA dissemination in West Africa SAT Starting 2002 TIPA dissemination in West Africa SAT was carried out within the framework of pilot projects. was carried out within the framework of pilot projects. Technical support to the various pilot projects was given Technical support to the various pilot projects was given mostly by ICRISAT in collaboration with National mostly by ICRISAT in collaboration with National Agriculture Research Institutes (NARs) and the Israeli Agriculture Research Institutes (NARs) and the Israeli Embassy in Dakar.Embassy in Dakar.Starting 2011 TIPA will face serious upscale in many Starting 2011 TIPA will face serious upscale in many West Africa countries particularly in Niger, Benin and West Africa countries particularly in Niger, Benin and Senegal. Senegal. In Niger and Benin about 12 new sites are expected per In Niger and Benin about 12 new sites are expected per country and for Senegal 50 sites of 5 ha each are country and for Senegal 50 sites of 5 ha each are planned.planned.This upscaling will require a new mode of organization to This upscaling will require a new mode of organization to facilitate disseminationfacilitate dissemination

The Service Center The Service Center is a facility that will be established at the heart of the region targeted for TIPA dissemination. It will provide most services needed to guarantee sustainability of the TIPA sites. These are:• Planning of TIPA sites and supporting installation• Training of trainers in all relevant aspects of low pressure drip irrigation and horticulture production• Field training of producers in the above aspects• Regular follow up of field activities • Training in organization and marketing support• Supply of spare parts • Supply of quality vegetables seeds and fruit trees plants • If needed supply of chemicals including soluble fertilizers

• Provision of mobile courses (Kanadim)

• Facilitating training in ISRAEL or at ICRISAT

• Adaptive research

• Demonstration

• Provision of other services if and when needed

The first TIPA Service Center will probably be launched in Senegal within the framework of a new project aiming at the establishment of 50 sites each on a 5 hectares field.

It is mostly through its support of these Services Centers that MASHAV can turn TIPA into the “flag project” of Israel in Africa.

Thank you Dov Globerson for the lettuce

• Thank you