The Main Points in this The Main Points in this PresentationPresentation

Life of George Orwell, his works, books, rules and Life of George Orwell, his works, books, rules and beliefs.beliefs.Introduction to 1984 .Introduction to 1984 .Comparison with Comparison with Aldous Huxley's Brave New World.Structure and plot.The World of Nineteen Eighty-Four, geographical background.CharactersThemesStyleComparison between 1984 & Today My opinion

LIFELIFEREAL NAME: Eric Blair REAL NAME: Eric Blair DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: in India in 1903 (his father was an DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: in India in 1903 (his father was an English minor colonial official) English minor colonial official) EDUCATION: first in England at St. Cyprian's preparatory school EDUCATION: first in England at St. Cyprian's preparatory school and after at Eaton. and after at Eaton. PERSONALITY: could not stand discipline, independent, indifferent PERSONALITY: could not stand discipline, independent, indifferent to accepted values to accepted values COLONIAL EXPERIENCE: in Burma as an officer in the Indian COLONIAL EXPERIENCE: in Burma as an officer in the Indian Imperial Police; developed an anti-imperialistic attitude Imperial Police; developed an anti-imperialistic attitude OTHER IMPORTANT EXPERIENCES: social experiment of poverty; OTHER IMPORTANT EXPERIENCES: social experiment of poverty; stay in Paris; fought in the Spanish Civil War; broadcast for the stay in Paris; fought in the Spanish Civil War; broadcast for the BBC; was the editor of a socialist weekly. BBC; was the editor of a socialist weekly. CHOICE OF PSEUDONYM: “George” was very English and CHOICE OF PSEUDONYM: “George” was very English and suggested common sense; “Orwell” was the name of his favourite suggested common sense; “Orwell” was the name of his favourite river. river. REPUTATION: internationally known thanks to Animal Farm. REPUTATION: internationally known thanks to Animal Farm. DEATH: 1950.DEATH: 1950.

WORKSWORKS

Shooting an Elephant(1934)Shooting an Elephant(1934)Down and Out in Paris and Down and Out in Paris and London(1933)London(1933)A Clergyman’s Daughter(1935)A Clergyman’s Daughter(1935)The Road to Wigan Pier(1937The Road to Wigan Pier(1937))Homage to Catalonia (1938)Homage to Catalonia (1938)Animal Farm(1944)Animal Farm(1944)Nineteen Eighty-Four(1948)Nineteen Eighty-Four(1948)

Orwell’s Most Orwell’s Most Famous WorkFamous Work

Animal Farm & 1984Animal Farm & 1984

Both have been turned Both have been turned into motion picturesinto motion pictures

BOOKS BASED ON BOOKS BASED ON PERSONAL EXPERIENCESPERSONAL EXPERIENCES

Down and Out in Paris and LondonDown and Out in Paris and London (1933) (1933), , in which in which describes the period when he left his upper-class life and start describes the period when he left his upper-class life and start with casual labour in restaurant kitchens before begin unemployedwith casual labour in restaurant kitchens before begin unemployed

The Road to Wigan PierThe Road to Wigan Pier (1937) (1937) an account of his life and an account of his life and work with the miners of North of England work with the miners of North of England

after the Great Depressionafter the Great Depression

Homage to CataloniaHomage to Catalonia (1938) (1938) an account of his experiences as a an account of his experiences as a volunteer on the Republican side in the volunteer on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

The English PeopleThe English People (1947) (1947)

COMMENTARYCOMMENTARYORWELL was the writer of dystopiaORWELL was the writer of dystopia DystopiaDystopia is the vision of a society that is is the vision of a society that is

the the oppositeopposite of of utopiautopia--Some academic circles distinguish between Some academic circles distinguish between anti-utopia and dystopia. As in anti-utopia and dystopia. As in George Orwell'sGeorge Orwell's 19841984, a dystopia does not , a dystopia does not pretend to be utopian, while an anti-utopia pretend to be utopian, while an anti-utopia appears to be utopian or was intended to appears to be utopian or was intended to be so, but a fatal flaw or other factor has be so, but a fatal flaw or other factor has destroyed or twisted the intended utopian destroyed or twisted the intended utopian world or concept by human misery, world or concept by human misery, poverty, oppression, violence, disease, poverty, oppression, violence, disease, and/or pollutionand/or pollution..

In general, dystopias are seen as visions of In general, dystopias are seen as visions of "dangerous and alienating future societies," often "dangerous and alienating future societies," often criticizing current trends in culture. It is a culture criticizing current trends in culture. It is a culture where the condition of life is "extremely bad," as where the condition of life is "extremely bad," as from deprivation, oppression, or terror. Dystopian from deprivation, oppression, or terror. Dystopian politics are often characterized as one or several politics are often characterized as one or several types of governments and political systems. types of governments and political systems. These systems include, but are not limited to, These systems include, but are not limited to, bureaucracybureaucracy, , socialismsocialism, , communismcommunism, , chaoschaos, , capitalismcapitalism, , fascismfascism, , totalitarianismtotalitarianism, dictatorships , dictatorships and other forms of political, social and and other forms of political, social and economical control.[These governments often economical control.[These governments often assert great power over the citizens, dramatically assert great power over the citizens, dramatically depicted in depicted in 19841984 as the authority to decree that as the authority to decree that Two + two = fiveTwo + two = five . .

RULES FOR WRITERSRULES FOR WRITERSIn "Politics and the English Language," George In "Politics and the English Language," George

Orwell provides five rules for writers:Orwell provides five rules for writers:Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.speech which you are used to seeing in print.Never use a long word where a short one will do.Never use a long word where a short one will do.If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.out.Never use the passive voice where you can use Never use the passive voice where you can use the active.the active.Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.English equivalent.

ORWELL is different from others that he ORWELL is different from others that he believed that the writer should be believed that the writer should be independent , and that no good writing independent , and that no good writing could come from allowing the party linecould come from allowing the party line..

He insisted on tolerance, justice and He insisted on tolerance, justice and decency in human relationship , and decency in human relationship , and warned against the increasing artificiality warned against the increasing artificiality of urban civilization. He presented a of urban civilization. He presented a devastating critique of totalitarianism , devastating critique of totalitarianism , warning against the violation of liberty and warning against the violation of liberty and helping his readers to recognize tyranny in helping his readers to recognize tyranny in all its formall its form..

Orwell’s Political ViewsOrwell’s Political Views

He considered himself a He considered himself a democratic socialist and was democratic socialist and was critical of communismcritical of communismHe hated intellectuals, lying, He hated intellectuals, lying, cruelty, political authority, and cruelty, political authority, and totalitarianismtotalitarianismHe strongly opposed Stalin and He strongly opposed Stalin and Hitler -- he was very outspoken Hitler -- he was very outspoken during WWIIduring WWII

Nineteen Eighty-FourNineteen Eighty-Four : is an English novel : is an English novel about life in an authoritarian regime as lived about life in an authoritarian regime as lived by Winston Smith, an intellectual worker at by Winston Smith, an intellectual worker at the Ministry of Truth, and his degradation the Ministry of Truth, and his degradation when he runs afoul of the totalitarian when he runs afoul of the totalitarian government of Oceania, the state in which government of Oceania, the state in which he lives in the year that he presumes is he lives in the year that he presumes is 1984.It was one of the most important novel 1984.It was one of the most important novel after the second world war.after the second world war.It is a darkly satirical political novel. The story takes place in a nightmarish dystopia, in Oceania through indoctrination, fear, lies and ruthless punishment. It was first published on June 8 1949, is Orwell's most famous, work, and is the inspiration of the word "Orwellian."

STRUCTURE AND PLOTSTRUCTURE AND PLOT::The novel describes a future England, no The novel describes a future England, no longer the head of an Empire, but an longer the head of an Empire, but an outpost of Oceania, a vast totalitarian outpost of Oceania, a vast totalitarian system including north America and the system including north America and the British empire. The work is divided into British empire. The work is divided into three parts:three parts:Part one introduces the main character, Part one introduces the main character, Winston Smith, in the context of a Winston Smith, in the context of a regimented, oppressive world. regimented, oppressive world. Part two describes his love for Julia, and Part two describes his love for Julia, and the temporary happiness for their the temporary happiness for their relationship. relationship. Part three tell about the imprisonment and Part three tell about the imprisonment and torture of Winston by the thought police. torture of Winston by the thought police.

The novel introduced the concepts of the ever-present, all-seeing Big Brother, the notorious Room 101, the thought police who use telescreens (televisions that contain a surveillance camera – found in almost every room of the apartments of the characters in the novel), and the fictional language Newspeak.

Orwell had originally chosen the year 1980 for his work. But as the writing dragged on due to the progression of his pulmonary Tuberculosis, Orwell changed it to 1982 and then to 1984. There are various ideas as to the meaning of the title. It is widely thought that Orwell simply switched the last two digits of the year in which he wrote it (1948).

Along with Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, the world of 1984 is one of the first and most cited characterizations of a realistic dystopia to have appeared in English literature. It has been translated into many languages.

COMPARISON WITH HUXLEYCOMPARISON WITH HUXLEYAldous Huxley and George Orwell had reasons for Aldous Huxley and George Orwell had reasons for

writing their books. The similar thing about it is writing their books. The similar thing about it is that, both of the author's books were a that, both of the author's books were a prediction of the future that they believed prediction of the future that they believed would soon become. Huxley showed us a world would soon become. Huxley showed us a world where science and technology ruled the world. where science and technology ruled the world. For example characters in Brave New World For example characters in Brave New World were developed in an incubator and mentally were developed in an incubator and mentally condition to follow orders. As for Orwell he condition to follow orders. As for Orwell he created a world society where Government and created a world society where Government and political power played a role of world political power played a role of world domination. Though different in their sight of domination. Though different in their sight of the future one thing is clear about their the future one thing is clear about their intention to show the world. Both authors wrote intention to show the world. Both authors wrote the book to warn people about the fast growing the book to warn people about the fast growing of science and technology or how much power of science and technology or how much power government and political parties are gaining. government and political parties are gaining.

The world described in

Nineteen Eighty-Four has striking and deliberate parallels

to the Stalinist Soviet Union; notably, the themes of a betrayed revolution, which Orwell put so famously in Animal Farm, the subordination of individuals to "the Party," and the extensive and institutional use of propaganda, especially as it influenced the main character of the book, Winston Smith.

The World of Nineteen Eighty-Four

The world is controlled by three forces: 1-Oceania (ideology: Ingsoc – English Socialism)It covers the areas of the British Empire and Commonwealth, the United States of America and Latin America 2-Eurasia (ideology: Neo-Bolshevism)It corresponds to China, Japan, Korea, and India, 3- Eastasia (ideology: Death Worship or Obliteration of the Self). It corresponds to the Soviet Union and Continental Europe.

.

Political Geography in the world of Nineteen Eighty-Four

The Ministries of OceaniaOceania's four ministries are housed in huge pyramidal

structures displaying the three slogans of the party on their sides.

The Ministry of PeaceMinipax is the newspeak name for the Ministry of Peace, which

concerns itself with making war

The Ministry of PlentyMiniplenty in Newspeak, it is the ministry involved in maintaining

ubiquitous poverty in Oceania

The Ministry of TruthMinitrue is the propaganda arm of the Ingsoc State. They distribute the leaflets, porno, and of course the telescreens. Winston Smith spends

his daytime hours “correcting” historical records in Minitrue.

The Ministry of LoveMiniluv is a gigantic windowless building devoted to torture and

brutality. The home of the thought police, it is surrounded by a maze of barbed wire and machinegun towers.

19841984 : :Oceania’s RanksOceania’s RanksOceania is a huge country ruled by The Oceania is a huge country ruled by The Party, which is led by a figure called “Big Party, which is led by a figure called “Big Brother”Brother”

The Inner Party (1% of pop.) control the The Inner Party (1% of pop.) control the countrycountry

The Outer Party (18% of pop.) are The Outer Party (18% of pop.) are controlled by the Inner Partycontrolled by the Inner Party

The Proles (81% of pop.) are the labor The Proles (81% of pop.) are the labor power who live in povertypower who live in poverty

The Brotherhood is an underground The Brotherhood is an underground rebellion organization lead by Emmanuel rebellion organization lead by Emmanuel GoldsteinGoldstein

The PartyIn his novel Orwell creates a world in which citizens have no right to a personal life or personal thought. Leisure and other activities are controlled through strict mores. The menacing figure of Big Brother has been variously interpreted to be that of Soviet leader Josef Stalin and BBC design department's Roy Oxley.The three slogans of the Party, visible everywhere, are:

WAR IS PEACE FREEDOM IS SLAVERY

IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

CHARACTERSCHARACTERSWinston Smith — the protagonist is a Winston Smith — the protagonist is a phlegmatic everyman.phlegmatic everyman.

Julia — Winston's lover is a covert Julia — Winston's lover is a covert "rebel from the waist downwards" "rebel from the waist downwards" who espouses Party doctrines whilst who espouses Party doctrines whilst living contrarily.living contrarily.

Big Brother — the dark-eyed, Big Brother — the dark-eyed, mustachioed embodiment of the mustachioed embodiment of the Party governing Oceania (a quote of Party governing Oceania (a quote of Josef Stalin), whom few people have Josef Stalin), whom few people have seen, if anyone. There is doubt as to seen, if anyone. There is doubt as to whether he exists.whether he exists.

Emmanuel Goldstein — a former Emmanuel Goldstein — a former Party leader, like the Soviet Party leader, like the Soviet revolutionary Leon Trotsky.revolutionary Leon Trotsky.O'Brien — the antagonist, a member O'Brien — the antagonist, a member of the Inner Party who deceives of the Inner Party who deceives Winston and Julia that he is of the Winston and Julia that he is of the Brotherhood resistance.Brotherhood resistance.

Note that the physical existence of Note that the physical existence of Big Brother and Emmanuel Goldstein Big Brother and Emmanuel Goldstein is never made clear.is never made clear.

El poderWinston Smith: Main character and the narrator of the story.Winston is a 39 year old low-ranking member of the ruling PartyHe secretly hates Big Brother and harbors revolutionary dreamsWinston is thin, frail, contemplative, intellectual

THE CHARACTER OF WINSTON THE CHARACTER OF WINSTON SMITHSMITH

The first impression of Nineteen Eighty-The first impression of Nineteen Eighty-Four is the sense of loss and the all the Four is the sense of loss and the all the finer emotion and values, belong to the finer emotion and values, belong to the past. This is the symbolized by the past. This is the symbolized by the protagonist, Winston Smith, the last man protagonist, Winston Smith, the last man to believe in humane values in a to believe in humane values in a totalitarian age.totalitarian age.Smith is the commonest English surname, Smith is the commonest English surname, suggest his symbolic value suggest his symbolic value Winston evokes Churchill’s patriotic Winston evokes Churchill’s patriotic appeals for “blood, sweat and tears” appeals for “blood, sweat and tears” during the Second World Warduring the Second World WarHe works at the Ministry of Truth where he He works at the Ministry of Truth where he alters the records of the past to fit current alters the records of the past to fit current Party policy. In private he writes on the Party policy. In private he writes on the creamy paper of an old diary. creamy paper of an old diary.

THEMESTHEMESTotalitarianismTotalitarianism

In writing 1984, Orwell's main goal was to warn In writing 1984, Orwell's main goal was to warn of the serious danger totalitarianism poses to of the serious danger totalitarianism poses to society. He goes to great lengths to society. He goes to great lengths to demonstrate the terrifying degree of power and demonstrate the terrifying degree of power and control a totalitarian regime can acquire and control a totalitarian regime can acquire and maintain. In such regimes, notions of personal maintain. In such regimes, notions of personal rights and freedoms and individual thought are rights and freedoms and individual thought are pulverized under the all-powerful hand of the pulverized under the all-powerful hand of the government. Orwell was a Socialist and government. Orwell was a Socialist and believed strongly in the potential for rebellion believed strongly in the potential for rebellion to advance society. Specifically, Orwell to advance society. Specifically, Orwell witnessed the rise of communism and the witnessed the rise of communism and the accompanying destruction of civil liberties, accompanying destruction of civil liberties, honest government, and economic strength. honest government, and economic strength.

CENSORSHIPCENSORSHIPA major theme of A major theme of Nineteen Eighty-FourNineteen Eighty-Four is is censorship, which is displayed especially censorship, which is displayed especially in the Ministry of Truth, where in the Ministry of Truth, where photographs are doctored and public photographs are doctored and public archives rewritten to rid them of archives rewritten to rid them of "unpersons". In the telescreens, figures for "unpersons". In the telescreens, figures for all types of production are grossly all types of production are grossly exaggerated (or simply invented) to exaggerated (or simply invented) to indicate an ever-growing economy, when indicate an ever-growing economy, when in reality there is stagnation, if not loss.in reality there is stagnation, if not loss.

PropagandaPropagandaA major factor in the Party's rule over A major factor in the Party's rule over Oceania lies in its extremely well organized Oceania lies in its extremely well organized and effective propaganda machine. The and effective propaganda machine. The Ministry of Truth, which is ironically where Ministry of Truth, which is ironically where Winston works, is responsible for Winston works, is responsible for disseminating all Party publications and disseminating all Party publications and information. All figures and facts come information. All figures and facts come from the Ministry of Truth, and all are from the Ministry of Truth, and all are dictated by the Party. In other words, the dictated by the Party. In other words, the Party chooses exactly what to tell the Party chooses exactly what to tell the public, regardless of what is accurate. The public, regardless of what is accurate. The effectiveness of this propaganda machine, effectiveness of this propaganda machine, which constantly corrects old material to which constantly corrects old material to reflect the Party's current position. reflect the Party's current position.

Technology

Technology is an extremely important tool that the Party uses to maintain control over its citizens. Without telescreens, the Thought Police would not be nearly as effective, and propaganda would not be so widespread. The constant supervision of the telescreen effectively imprisons citizens of Oceania in their daily lives, they are always under observation.

Independence/IdentityIndependence/IdentityThe Party destroys all sense of The Party destroys all sense of independence and individuality. Everyone independence and individuality. Everyone wears the same clothes, eats the same wears the same clothes, eats the same food, and lives in the same food, and lives in the same apartment. Life is uniform and orderly. No apartment. Life is uniform and orderly. No one can stand out, and no one can be one can stand out, and no one can be unique. To have an independent thought unique. To have an independent thought borders on the criminal. For this reason, borders on the criminal. For this reason, writing such as Winston does in his diary writing such as Winston does in his diary has been outlawed. People are only has been outlawed. People are only permitted to think what the Party tells them permitted to think what the Party tells them to think, which leads to what Syme refers to to think, which leads to what Syme refers to as "duckspeak." Independent thought can as "duckspeak." Independent thought can be dangerous, as it might lead to rebellion be dangerous, as it might lead to rebellion

NEWSPEAKNewspeak, the "official language" of Oceania, is extraordinary in that its vocabulary decreases every year; the state of Oceania sees no purpose in maintaining a complex language, and so Newspeak is a language dedicated to the "destruction of words.The goal of the Party is to have Newspeak replace Oldspeak (standard English)Newspeak eliminates undesirable words and invents new words -- all to force Party conformity

STYLESTYLEOrwell combined various genres Orwell combined various genres and styles in an original way. In and styles in an original way. In fact he used parody and satire. fact he used parody and satire. The tone of the book becomes The tone of the book becomes pessimistic, violent and even pessimistic, violent and even sadistic in the last part, where sadistic in the last part, where Orwell presents Winston’s final Orwell presents Winston’s final defeat. The novel does not defeat. The novel does not consolation but reveals the consolation but reveals the author’s acute sense of history author’s acute sense of history and his sympathy.and his sympathy.

Comparison between 1984 & TodayComparison between 1984 & Today

19841984 TodayToday

Telescreens are everywhere Telescreens are everywhere ((except for where the Proles except for where the Proles live and worklive and work). ).

WorkplaceWorkplace monitoring—monitoring—Winston can’t look at a note Winston can’t look at a note on his desk or dwell too long on his desk or dwell too long on a single documenton a single document. .

Thought Police interpret Thought Police interpret people’s facial expressions people’s facial expressions and voice intonationsand voice intonations. .

Spies—one never knows Spies—one never knows whom to trustwhom to trust. .

FBI surveillanceFBI surveillance

Corporations collecting data Corporations collecting data on consumerson consumers

Internet privacy issuesInternet privacy issues

Drug testing at the Drug testing at the workplace or schoolworkplace or school

Employers monitoring Employers monitoring employees’ eemployees’ e--mails, phone mails, phone calls, or private matters.calls, or private matters.

cameras cameras – – everywhere.everywhere. Dictator Arab leaders such Dictator Arab leaders such as Gaddafi troops force as Gaddafi troops force rebels to retreat or kill.rebels to retreat or kill.

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My opinionMy opinionI think that 1984 seems continuous and I think that 1984 seems continuous and dynamic state applied in our present and dynamic state applied in our present and future, because life is future, because life is renewable ,changing and developed in renewable ,changing and developed in all sides of life.all sides of life.

Life does not go without conflict Life does not go without conflict between right and wrong .Tyranny is between right and wrong .Tyranny is exist in every place and time ,So there exist in every place and time ,So there must be both powers until the justice must be both powers until the justice prevail the world and that is the end. prevail the world and that is the end.

Thanks for your listening

Lobna . S. Elhajjar