the maharaja sayajirao university of barodamsuopenhouse.in/open_house_1.pdf · t.y. b.sc....

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The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

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ABOUT FACULTY OF SCIENCE

The Faculty of Science is a Constituent Institution of the Maharaja Sayajirao University

of Baroda under the direct management and control of the University. The Old Baroda

College which was founded in the year 1881 consisted of Arts and Science Sections.

The Faculty of Science started its independent existence in March, 1951 with Dr. C.S.

Patel as its First Dean.

The Old Building which houses the Faculty of Science at present was completed in early

30s during the reign of Srimant Sayajirao III Gaekwad, a far sighted Ruler and maker

of modern Baroda. The building is conspicuous by its small copper dome and is flanked

on the west by the building of Faculty of Education and Psychology and on the east by

the majestic building of the Old Baroda College, now the Faculty of Arts.

The Faculty comprise of 12 Departments including Biochemistry, Botany, Chemistry,

Computer Applications, Environmental Studies, Geography, Geology, Mathematics,

Microbiology and Biotechnology, Physics, Statistics and Zoology. The Faculty also

houses the Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology and Prof. Bharat

Chattoo Genome Research Center.

The faculty boasts of excellent teaching and research facilities and has contributed

immensely in form of research grants, articles and patents.

The faculty has also the rare distinction of producing a Noble laureate Dr. Venkatraman

Ramakrishnan

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FOREWORD

It is my pleasure to invite you all for the annual OPEN HOUSE at Faculty of Science.

Science an ever learning platform for better

celebrations.

The open house has gone online this year and can be accessed via a dedicated portal

created for this purpose @ http://msuopenhouse.in. Open house portal will have videos

with information about the various aspects of Faculty of Science as well as its

Departments and institutes. It will feature videos of participants explaining various

phenomenon of science through Posters, Models, interactive boards etc. as part of a

competition at Faculty level.

The event is aimed at exposing school children/teachers to latest advancements in

science and inculcate curiosity in their young minds.

I hope the OPEN HOUSE will be of immense help in popularizing science and

scientific temper amongst the school children of Vadodara and will be a joyful

experience for all.

Sincerely Yours,

Prof. Hari Kataria

Dean, Faculty of Science

The M.S. University of Baroda

http://msuopenhouse.in/

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Head of the Departments

Prof. C. RatnaPrabbha (Biochemistry)

Prof. N. Krishnayya (Botany)

Prof. Anjali Patel (Chemistry)

Prof. Rakesh Srivastava (Computer Applications)

Prof. Kauresh Vachharajani (Environmental Studies)

Prof. Bindu Bhatt (Geography)

Prof. Atul Joshi (Geology)

Prof. Prof. Rajendra G. Vyas (Mathematics)

Prof. G. Archana (Microbiology)

Prof. S.K. Mukherjee (Physics)

Prof. Vipul Kalamkar (Statistics)

Prof. Dolly Kumar (Zoology)

Prof. Hari Kataria (Director, CMB)

Organizing Committee

Department Committee Member(s)

Biochemistry Dr. Devesh Suthar and Dr. Ravi Vijayvargia

Botany Mr. Sanket Charola

Cell and Molecular Biology Dr. Ravi Vijayvargia and Dr. Muskaan Belani

Chemistry Prof. Prasanna Ghalsasi (Convener), Dr. Arun Patel and

Dr. Rajendra Jadeja (Dean of Students)

Computer Applications Ms. Heta Parekh and Dr. Kshitij Tripathi

Environmental Studies Dr. Neha Singh and Dr. Manthan Tailor

Geography Dr. Ami Raval

Geology Prof. Manoj Limaye, Dr. V. Sharma and Dr. Aditya Joshi

Mathematics Prof. Bhadresh Dave and Ms. Shilpa Gupta

Microbiology & Biotechnology Prof. Devarshi Gajjar, Dr. Nandita Baxi and Dr. Poonam Mishra

Physics Dr. P. H. Soni, Dr. Mitesh Sarkar and Ms. Urmi Doshi

Statistics Dr. Deepa Kandpal and Dr. Khimya Tinani

Zoology Prof. Vihas Vasu and Dr. Hetal Roy

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ABSTRACTS INDEX

S.No. Name of the Department Page No.

1. Bio-Chemistry 6-7

2. Botany 8

3. Cell and Molecular Biology 9-15

4. Chemistry 16-24

5. Computer Applications 25-26

6. Environmental Sciences 27-28

7. Geography 29-48

8. Geology 49

9. Mathematics 50-58

10. Microbiology and Biotechnology 59-67

11. Physics 68-77

12. Statistics 78-83

13. Zoology 84-86

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1. DEPARTMENT OF BIO-CHEMISTRY

CHARACTERIZATION OF XYLANASE ENZYME PRODUCED BY Bacillus subtilis. Dimpal J Aghera & Jigna H Patel

Department of Biochemistry

The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Xylanase is a class of enzymes which is produced by microorganisms. Xylanase degrades xylan

into monomers of various sizes by catalysing, possessing potential in wide industrial applications,

along with uses in agriculture and for human health. Xylanase has applications in the food and

paper making industries. There are different types of xylanases produced by different type of

microorganisms. These enzymes act under different conditions, such as different pH levels,

different salt levels, and different temperatures, different salts and different solvents. Xylanase is

industrially important enzyme which is produced by natural resources like agricultural waste.

Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium which is isolated from farm soil. Xylanase enzyme

produced by Bacillus subtilis was partially purified by 70% ammonium sulphate saturation.

Different temperatures (20°C,30°C,40°C,50°C,60°C,70°C), pH (4,5,6,7,8,9,10), salt concentration

(0%,1%,2%,5%,10%,15%,20%) different metal salts like BaCl2, CaCl2, FeCl3, HgCl2, KCl,

MnCl2, NaCl, MgSO4, different inhibitors like SDS, EDTA, CTAB, Urea and different solvents

like methanol, ethanol, butanol, acetone, isoamyl alcohol, chloroform, isopropanol, n-hexane were

experimented for the characterization of enzyme. Enzyme is found to be stable at various

conditions.

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ENZYMATIC POTENTIAL OF ACTINOBACTERIA

ASSOCIATED WITH SEA WEED DICTYOPTERIS SP. Krishna B. Bhutiya and Sangeeta D. Gohel

Department of Biochemistry


Seaweeds are sessile multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes that are differentiated from plants by

their lack of specialized tissues. The seaweeds are ecologically important primary producers,

competitors, and ecosystem engineers that play a central role in coastal habitats ranging from kelp

forests to coral reefs. They are the part of highly productive ecosystems and are habitats of

numerous bioactive compounds producing microorganisms. Actinobacteria are one of the active

marine bacteria which are heterogeneous group of gram positive, high G+C bacteria noted for a

filamentous and branching growth pattern. Thus, the present study focused on actinobacteria

species associated with Dictyopteris sp. Total10 actinobacterial strains were isolated from

Dictyopteris sp. from the coastal region of Veraval, Gujarat, India. The selected actinobacterial

strains displayed consistent antimicrobial and antifungal activity along with enzymatic potential.

The actinobacteria strain Ds-11 showed comparatively batter antimicrobial activity against E. coli,

Proteus sp., Shigella sp., B. subtilis, B. megaterium, B. cereus and E. faecalis and antifungal

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activity against A. niger and A. flavus. Whereas, actinobacteria strain Ds-11 secreted

comparatively high protease on gelatin agar medium supplemented with 0-10 % NaCl (w/v). The

effect of various physical and chemical parameters such as pH, temperature and salt on the growth

and protease production was studied in liquid culture medium. The actinobacteria strain Ds-11

produced protease even at 10% NaCl (w/v) in liquid culture media while the protease production

was optimum at 6% NaCl (w/v).

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2. DEPARTMET OF BOTANY

SCIENCE AN EVER-LEARNING PLATFORM FOR BETTER FUTURE

Kachariya prince Dilipbhai

T.Y. B.Sc. Department of Botany


The Value of Learning Science Beyond the potential scientific breakthroughs, there are individual

benefits to learning science, such as developing our ability to ask questions, collect information,

organize and test our ideas, solve problems, and apply what we learn.

Insulin is very important for the metabolism of glucose in the body. If its amount increases or

decreases, some defects occur in the body. for example, Diabetes. This insulin is first obtained

from the pancreas of cattle taken to the slaughterhouse but is not in pure form, which can lead to

many diseases. To prevent this, biotechnology was invented using science platforms. Man-made

insulin was then made. Thus, science always provides a platform to learn something new.

Sonam Wangchuck has recently set up a tent in Ladakh for the Indian Army, which is very useful

for soldiers. Thus, Science always provides a platform to learn and do something new.

Just as water is universal, so is science universal. Science has a vast ocean.

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3. INSTITUTE OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

CYTOGENETIC STUDY IN CRIMINALS (MURDERERS): ROLE OF XYY CHROMOSOME IN

CRIMINALITY

Yash Darji & Nikunj Parmar

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology

The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002

Crime & criminals are a curse to society. All types of advanced scientific methods should be used

for detection of crime to prove the guilt of criminal and also to see that innocent subjects are not

victimized. Although there are many methods of detecting crime, cytogenetic study has a unique

character of its own in its application to forensic science. The crime rates in India are increasing

and approximately 5% of the criminals are murderers. the famous Danish `Adoption Studies`

states that in addition to socio-economic factors, hereditary plays an important role in the

determination of criminality. In this study an attempt has been made to find out if there is any

definite association between the criminality and chromosomal aberrations. Hence the individuals

who were convicted by the court of law under IPC 302 as murderers are subjected to that there is

a definite association between the criminal behaviour and XYY chromosome. It's also suggested

that this positive association should be studied in a large population before this observation can

be used as a biological indicator of criminality.

AGEING AT CELLULAR LEVEL: ROLE OF TELOMERES AND GENES

Dhruva Bhatt



Ageing occurs when intrinsic processes and interactions with the environment that leads to the

failure of the whole organism.

One of the most prominent causes of ageing at a cellular level is the shortening of telomeres and

subsequent formation of senescent cells. Mitotic somatic cells divide continuously till they reach

their programmed cell death. This programmed cell death happens after the cell undergoes a certain

number of divisions called the Hayflick Limit. The cause lies in the telomeres, originally made

from telomerase enzyme during zygote stage. Every time a cell divides, the telomeres on

chromosomes are a bit shorter than those in the parent cell. This occurs due to the intrinsic inability

of DNA polymerases to completely replicate the telomere C-rich lagging-strand. During the

process of lagging-strand synthesis, RNA primers come into play allowing DNA polymerases to

initiate DNA replication. However, upon removal of the last primer at the 3′ end, the newly

synthesized strand will inevitably be a few nucleotides shorter, resulting in loss of telomere

repeats. First hypothesized independently by Olonikov and Watson, this phenomenon was

confirmed experimentally in nineties. When the telomeres become so short that further division

may cause damage to coding sequence of DNA, the cell reaches replicative senescence and

becomes a senescent cell. They decrease effective tissue and organ function and may lead to age

related diseases.

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Furthermore, genes are essential in determining the age of an organism. In a research conducted

by Cynthia Kenyon on C. elegans suggested that a single gene DAF-2 caused them to age and

when mutated, worms lived twice as long. In humans, research is focused upon one gene that

produces a growth hormone called the IGF-1 gene. In experiments done on mice, it was observed

that silencing this gene increased the lifespan by 33%, however there have been no human trials.

It was also suggested that calorie intake stimulates IGF-1 to direct food and energy towards growth,

shifting the metabolism from maintaining the existing cells and building resistance; to growing

Some ways to slow down/reverse the aforementioned processes can be observed in stem and

cancer cells that have their own telomerase and can divide indefinitely without their chromosomes

getting damaged. Due to risk of potential tumor, injecting telomerase to cells could be done

following proper research and experimentation. Scientists have also tried to genetically engineer

mice so they can destroy their senescent cells when they pleased, leading to an increase in survival

up to 30%.

BRAIN IMAGING

Tamanna Mulani, Isha Gosai & Vaidehi Ghotikar



Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly

image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the nervous system. It is a relatively new

discipline within medicine, neuroscience, and psychology.

Brain imaging falls into two broad categories: -

Structural Imaging

Functional Imaging

Methods of Brain Imaging: -

Computed axial tomography (CAT)

Diffuse optical imaging (DOI)

Event-related optical signal (EROS)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Magnetocephalography (MEG)

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Cranial ultrasound (only used in babies)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Future uses of neuroimaging: -

Biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment monitoring

Other potentially informative biomarkers

Early detection and prevention of neurodegeneration

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Monitoring treatments in development

Monitoring available intervention

HOW CARBOHYDRATES CAN BE TARGETED FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT? Pooja Sandip Shah, Roshni Janakkumar Patel, Ruchi Rajendrabhai Patel



Carbohydrates structures decorate the surface of the pathogens and malignant cells and could be

exploited as potential targets for vaccine design. Indeed, most vaccines against the bacterial

infections are carbohydrate vaccines.

The steady increase in drug resistance has catalysed a renewed interest in carbohydrate vaccine

development against wide range of pathogens as well as cancer.

A number of challenges are associated with targeting glycan structure in a vaccine context.

Generally speaking, the main challenges include the poor immunogenicity of carbohydrates, low

affinity of protein-carbohydrate interactions, and structural diversity of glycans between species

or strains and micro-heterogenicity.

Using carbohydrates to induce immunity is relatively a new strategy.

The poor quality of the antibody responses to carbohydrate is one of the many obstacles with

developing carbohydrate-based vaccines and is largely attributed to T-cell independent immune

response, which are typically triggered by repetitive carbohydrate antigens.

B cell receptor cross linking through binding repetitive motifs activate antigen-specify B cells

independent of CD4- helper T cells. Such T cells independent responses are less robust, short lived

and primarily consist of IgM antibodies. By contrast, CD4- T cells, which are typically generated

in response to proteins, enable the generation of high affinity; class- switched antibodies and

subsequently, long lived antibody mediated protection. Zwitter ionic capsular polysaccharide from

some bacteria is exception as these carbohydrates, like proteins, can be processed and presented

on major histocompatibility complex class2 molecules for activation of CD4 – helper T cells and

the generation of T cells dependent immune responses. To recruit CD4 T cells for antibody

responses against the vast majority of glycans, exogenous CD4 T cell epitopes must be provided,

usually in the form of a carrier protein. Bacteria capsular polysaccharide repeats associated with

particular species (and serotypes).

As early as 1931, Avery and Goedel reported that conjugation of glycans to a suitable protein

scaffold enhanced to immunogenicity of carbohydrates. It is now well known that immunisation

with neoglyco-conjugates composed of capsular polysaccharide - derived glycans covalently

coupled to an immunogenic protein carrier (conjugate vaccines) induces long - lasting protection

against encapsulated bacteria.

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DESIGNER BABY

Dwisha Raval, Sneh bhalani &Shreya Basu


The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

The term 'designer baby' refers to a baby that has been given special traits through genetic

engineering. This is done by altering the genes of the egg, sperm, or the embryo. These traits can,

in theory, vary from lower resistance to diseases to even gender selection.

Adam Nash is considered to be the first designer baby, born in 2000 using in vitro fertilization

with pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, a technique used to choose desired characters

When you alter a baby’s genetic makeup to remove a particular gene(s) associated with a disease,

you successfully create a designer baby. One way is to use a process is called preimplantation

genetic diagnosis. This process analyses a wide range of human embryos associated with a

particular disease and selecting seeds that have the desired genetic makeup.

Another less popular method is called Germline engineering, which enables altering a baby’s

genetic information before birth. The desired genetic material is introduced into the embryo itself

or the sperm and egg cells, either by delivering the selected genes directly into the cell or using

the gene-editing technology.

Genetic editing is done either by removing small sections of the existing genome or by introducing

new segments of DNA into the genome. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short

Palindromic Repeats) is a genome editing technology introduced by researchers Emmanuelle

Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna. The technology allows scientists to cheaply and very rapidly

alter the genome of almost any organism. CRISPR makes use of an enzyme called Cas-9, which

is used to cut out selected sections of DNA or and add new units to existing DNA.

For example the eye colour of the embryo can be designed by following conditions-(enrolment of

eye colour selection program)

parents carry the genetic codes, or “building blocks” of the eye colour they wish to choose for their

child, undergoing the actual fertility procedure that will allow the scientists and physicians to

examine the embryos you produce with in vitro fertilization to determine which of the embryos

carry the genes necessary to greatly increase the chance of the chosen eye colour.

Over generations, gene editing could affect entire gene pools. For screening of Down Syndrome

in kids in Britain, promote vaccines to eliminate illnesses, and now there is embryo testing for

eradicating genetic conditions.

It gives an opportunity to the parents to give their child a better shot at a healthy lifestyle, Prevents

genetic diseases such as Down Syndrome, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s Disease, Spinal Muscular

Atrophy, and many others. Reduces risk of inherited medical conditions such as obesity, anaemia,

diabetes, cancer, etc.

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INJECTABLE OXYGEN MICROPARTICLES

Shruti Panchal, Rushali Mehta & Yeshaba Zala



Scientists have developed an injectable foam suspension containing self-assembling, lipid base

microparticles encapsulating the core of pure oxygen gas for Intravenous injection.

The microparticles used to package oxygen gas, covered by a layer of fatty molecules and

stabilizing agents. Lipidic oxygen containing microparticles are called LOM. They usually store

energy or serve as a component to cell membranes.

Upon contact with the oxygen-poor Red blood cells, it releases Oxygen, which rapidly bind to the

cell. The lipid shell is metabolized by the body. The study details the development of an Oxygen

gas filled microparticles that could keep us alive, even if we can’t perform the physical act of

breathing for 15 minutes. There are several theoretical approaches rapidly increasing arterial

Oxygen content in the setting of an emergency. The most obvious may be directly bubbling

Oxygen gas into bloodstream. Historically, direct infusion of free Oxygen gas into bloodstream

has resulted in pulmonary emboli. At extremely low infusion rates corresponding to only 8% of

measured oxygen consumption of a healthy human adult. Due to the introduction of nanoparticles

or microparticles of Oxygen, the pulmonary emboli can be prevented.

The plot for Oxyhaemoglobin Vs Time gives all the useful information regarding the experiment.

CELLS' SENSE AND ADAPTIBILITY TO OXYGEN AVAILIBILITY

Rahul Patel, Maitreyi Rohra & Juhi Shah



In this project we are going to try to understand how cells sense and adapt to the oxygen

availability in the environment by identifying the molecular machinery that regulates the activity

of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen.

We will be discussing how this seminal discovery has revealed the mechanism for one of life's

most essential adaptive processes by establishing the basis for our understanding of how oxygen

levels affect cellular metabolism and physiological function. And we will be also looking for how

it has paved the way for new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.

As we know till now, various mechanisms have been developed in the course of time through

evolution in our body which ensure sufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues and cells.

The discoveries in 1938 by Corneille Heymans which won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and

medicine was about How the blood oxygen levels were sensed via a specialized cell adjacent to

the large blood vessels on both the sides of our neck called the carotid cells controlled the

respiratory rate by communicating directly with the brain. In addition to carotid body-controlled

hypoxia there are other fundamental physiological adaptations such as rise in the level of the

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hormone erythropoietin which leads to the increased production of red blood cells, which is

increased erythropoiesis. The importance of the hormonal control of erythropoiesis was already

known at the beginning of 20 century but how this process was itself controlled by oxygen was

discovered in 2019 by William G. Kaelin Jr., Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza in their

various studies of the EPO gene, the HIF factor and etc.

Thus, we will be exploring all the responsible factors, genes, mechanisms which play a role in the

sensing and adaptation of our cells in response to the availability of oxygen.

3-D BIOPRINTING

Nandini R Joshi



Bioprinting technology has emerged as a powerful tool for building tissue and organ structures in

the field of tissue engineering. This technology allows precise placement of cells, biomaterials and

biomolecules in spatially predefined locations within confined three-dimensional (3D) structures.

Various bioprinting technologies have been developed and utilized for applications in life sciences,

ranging from studying cellular mechanisms to constructing tissues and organs for implantation,

including heart valve, myocardial tissue, trachea and blood vessels. Here I have taken, the general

information of the most widely used bioprinting technologies. Application-based research focused

on tissue

CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pooja Rathod



As many of us know that the field cell and molecular biology is very scopeful and less competitive

field. But there are a lot many students/people who are not at all aware about this field. They don’t

know about how interesting this field is and its expediency. So, through my topic (poster-video) I

am trying to make people/students aware about this field. Cell and Molecular Biology studies the

structure and function of the cell, which is the basic unit of life. Cell biology is concerned with the

physiological properties, metabolic processes, signaling pathways, life cycle, chemical

composition and interactions of the cell with their environment. This is done both on a microscopic

and molecular level as it encompasses prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Knowing the

components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences; it is also essential

for research in bio-medical fields such as cancer, and other diseases. Research in cell biology is

closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology and cytochemistry.

CMB provides students with a solid foundation in cell biology, molecular biology, microbiology,

biochemistry, and molecular genetics. Further, experiential learning is an integral part of this

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degree program. This training will enable students to make meaningful contributions to global

medical and environmental issues including the study of the molecular basis of cancer and

infectious disease, heart disease, the development of next generation biofuels, and the genetic

engineering of crops for increased productivity and improved disease resistance. I hope that my

message aware all students/people.

ASPECTS OF HUMAN CLONING

Dhara Patel, Shriya Varma, Shaliha Pathan



Cloning is the process of producing individuals with identical or virtually identical DNA, either

naturally or artificially. In nature, many organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction.

Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cell.

There are three different types of artificial cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and

therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning produces copies of genes or segments of DNA. Reproductive

cloning produces copies of whole animals. Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells for

experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues. In reproductive

cloning, researchers remove a mature somatic cell, such as a skin cell, from an animal that they

wish to copy. They then transfer the DNA of the donor animal's somatic cell into an egg cell, or

oocyte, that has had its own DNA-containing nucleus removed. Researchers can add the DNA

from the somatic cell to the empty egg in two different ways. Several mammalian species have

been cloned by transferring nuclei from various adult somatic cells into enucleated oocytes. The

cloning procedure is still inefficient, and only one in a hundred of manipulated oocytes develop to

adulthood. Reasons for the low efficiency of cloning are unknown and are probably both technical

and biological. The incomplete or incorrect reprogramming of the donor nuclear genome — its

inability to completely adapt and function in the new environment — is the most significant factor

contributing to low cloning efficiency. The cloning of large farm animals from genetically

manipulated donor nuclei will have significant practical benefits. Benefits of cloning include

being able to create tissue and organs that doctors can use when needed for surgery on the

original. Other benefits include growing stem cells, cloning lab mice genetically engineered for

the specific study, bringing back extinct species, reproducing a pet that died and cloning

livestock for food.

Several risks involved in of human cloning are

It risks the possibility of faster aging and It interferes with nature.

It can bring forth a reduced sense of individuality.

It can cause a divide among people.

It might decrease the overall value of human life.

It goes against religious ethics.

It might be used for exploitation.

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4. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CRYO-ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: 2017 NOBLE PRIZE

Rohan. M. Dhomse & Kavan Chauhan

Department of Chemistry

The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the following three pioneers: Dr. Joachim

Frank, Dr. Jacques Dubochet, and Dr. Richard Henderson. They all contributed to the development

of a Cryo-electron microscopy (EM) technique for determining the high-resolution structures of

bio molecules in solution, particularly without crystal and with much less amount of bio molecules

than X-ray crystallography.

Cryo-EM is a suitable technique for visualizing radiation-sensitive specimen like biological

macromolecules or soft matter materials consisting of light atoms such as organic polymers. In the

cryo-EM procedure, specimens are created by rapid freezing of biomolecules in solution and

loaded into the column of an electron microscope operating at high-vacuum and at low temperature

to keep the ice in amorphous state and to reduce the effect of radiation damage. Unlike X-ray

crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, cryo-EM requires a much smaller amount of sample and

it accepts a larger variation of specimen types, such as single protein molecules, large protein

complexes, thin-protein crystals, virus particles, helical fibre complexes, bacteria, cells and even

entire tissue sections.

Modern cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) began with the introduction of a unique specimen

preparation method by Dubochet and co-workers in the 1980s resulting in the preservation of

biological specimens at near native condition within a thin amorphous ice film, which allowed

direct observation on a low dose transmission electron microscope operating at liquid nitrogen

temperature or below.

This technique has an advantage in that it can be used to view and characterize a wide range of

samples. Using cryo-electron microscopy, it becomes possible to view cells, cell organelles as well

as macromolecules complexes of well over 500 kD.

Disadvantages: -Very low signal to noise ratio & Tilt Imaging

Here, we give a review of cryo-EM and introduce the technique as one of the modalities for

studying molecular dynamics in proteins and protein complexes. Compared with other methods,

cryo-EM covers a larger range of molecular weights and sample conditions. Even the structure of

proteins inside the cell can now be analysed. Cryo-EM, a just recently matured technique, is a

strong contender to contribute novel insights for the study of molecular dynamics of proteins in

the future.

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ELEPHANT TOOTHPASTE

Bhadania Anny & Ashok Kumar



Elephant's toothpaste is a foamy substance caused by the rapid decomposition of hydrogen

peroxide using potassium iodide or yeast and warm water as a catalyst.This experiment shows the

catalysed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes into

water and oxygen gas, these bubbles of Oxygen would usually escape from the liquid and pop

quickly. But adding a little dish soap provides additional surface tension, allowing the bubbles to

get trapped and creating lots of foam. This foam looks like a giant squeeze of toothpaste—almost

big enough for an elephant!

In normal conditions, this reaction takes place very slowly, therefore a catalyst is added to speed

up the reaction, which will result in rapid formation of foam. The iodide ion from potassium iodide

acts as a catalyst and speeds up the reaction while remaining chemically unchanged in the reaction

process.

The reaction is exothermic.

GLOW STICK EXPERIMENT

Patel Ajaykumar Manibhai, Mayuri Shaiwale, Varsha Bharadwaj



Glow sticks consist of two separate compartments with

two different chemical solutions. One solution,

contained within an inner glass cylinder, is

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hydrogen peroxide. In the case of most glow sticks, the

other solution surrounding the glass cylinder contains a

diphenyl oxalate compound along with a fluorescent dye.

The inner glass cylinder keeps the two solutions separated

to prevent their reaction. The action of snapping the glow

stick breaks the glass cylinder, allowing the two solutions

to mix and initiate the chemical reaction. The reaction

occurs between the H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and the

diphenyl oxalate. When the two solutions are mixed,

hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the diphenyl oxalate ester,

which produces phenol plus an unstable compound called

1,2- dioxetanedione. This unstable ester breaks apart

releasing energy and CO2. The energy gets transferred to

the dye molecule causing the electrons to jump to higher

levels. The dye molecule finally relaxes back to the ground

state, with the release of a photon of light at a specific

frequency which our eyes can see because it falls in the

visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum

BLUE BOTTLE EXPERIMENT

Samridhi Parayil



The blue bottle experiment is a color changing, redox chemical reaction.

This experiment only requires 3 reagents; methylene blue, glucose solution and sodium hydroxide.

These reagents are mixed and then the flask is covered shut.

Glucose (an aldohexose sugar) in alkaline medium gets slowly converted into gluconic acid by

oxygen present in the atmosphere:

CH2OH-(CHOH)4-CHO + ½O2 → CH2OH-(CHOH)4-CO2H

In the presence of NaOH, gluconic acid is converted into gluconate. Methylene blue speeds up the

reaction furthermore acting as an oxygen transfer agent.

The initial colour of the solutions is blue, as the reaction proceeds, the alkaline glucose solution

reduces the methylene blue to a colourless leuco methylene blue, and the blue colour of the solution

gradually fades and then disappears.

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On shaking the flask again, the colour changes back to the initial blue colour.

This happens because of the oxidation of leuco methylene back to methylene blue, as the shaking

causes oxygen from the head space air dissolve in the solution. On standing the solution again it

becomes colorless.

This reaction can be repeated couple of more times.

CARBON DIOXIDE: FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Rushik Vasava and Komal Kolte



Carbon dioxide, which weighs more than oxygen. Fire needs oxygen and fuel to burn. These three

components are called the fire triangle or the combustion triangle. Taking just one of these things

away will make the fire go out. Oxygen is a gas present in the atmosphere. When we placed the

carbon dioxide over the flame, the carbon dioxide replaced the oxygen. This caused the fire to die

because it was not getting oxygen.

The (sodium bicarbonate) is a base and vinegar (acetic acid) is weak acid. When they combine,

the immediate reaction creates carbonic acid. However, carbonic acid is very unstable and it

quickly decomposes into and water (H2O). A carbon dioxide (CO2) gas that is heavier than oxygen

(O2), it stays in the bottle.

As it pours out of the bottle, it pushes the lighter oxygen away from the candle. The fire, now

deprived of oxygen, can no longer burn.

ACETONE FLASHLIGHT

Vishva Tarbadakoli and Shaily Patel



Acetone flashlight experiment is based on the catalytic oxidation of acetone by copper exothermic

process regeneration of original copper metal. A copper wire is heated and suspended above the

surface of acetone in a beaker, the copper surface of the hot wire catalyzes the oxidation of acetone.

Hot copper reacts with oxygen in the air to produce a coating of copper oxide, CuO. The copper

oxide reacts with acetone, producing ketene and methane and regenerating copper metal. Reaction

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with acetone, the copper surface becomes bright because of the transfer of the oxygen and begins

to glow red hot because of the energy that's released from the reaction. In this reaction a great deal

of heat is released, so the copper wire does not cool down, and heats up even more, which explains

why it glows. This exotherm keeps the wire glowing. In the absence of oxides on the copper

surface the copper glows yellow in the reducing gas mixture. The flicking on the surface of the

wire is caused by the changing of temperature. As the vapor touches the surface, the copper wire

alternately cools down and then glows again.

DRUG POLLUTION Mohil Thanki, Rahul Parmar, Shreedutt Oza,



Drugs or pharmaceuticals are those chemicals which are used as medicines to cure, halt or prevent

diseases; ease symptoms; or help in diagnosis of illnesses. Nowadays, these chemicals are very

important in one’s life. There are many industries all over the world which produces tons of

medicines over a year. These are often excreted unchanged and can reach the environment.

Throughout developed countries, the pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment are in the same

range (µg L-1 and below); however, it is not clear whether this holds for developing countries too.

This can cause water pollution and we can denote it by pharmaceutical pollution.

In this video, a detailed explanation about pharmaceutical pollution is given. These can reach to

water sources by excretion or directly as a waste without any treatment. As bioavailability of drugs

can’t be 100%, most of the ingested drugs go to the sewage. This increases TDS, BOD, COD and

other water quality parameters. Although there is no proper evidence, this can lead human health

to risk and chances of getting ill may be increased. This drug pollution can affect fertility of

agricultural land and also aquatic lives. We need to aware people about and how to prevent this is

discussed precisely in the video.

In addition to drug pollution, drug addiction is explained here. Reasons to get addicted, common

drugs which are utilized by drug addicts, their mental, biological and social effects and how to

surmount this situation is also briefly described.

NON-BURNING MONEY WITH MAGIC OF FLAMES

Feni Modi



What do you think what would happen if I decided to light a piece of paper??

You were right, it would burn!! But here the case is little different…

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When the currency note is soaked into the solution of 50ml of ethyl alcohol and 50ml of water, the

water molecule soaked into the currency note, while alcohol remains on the surface. When the

match is put to the currency note, the alcohol is what actually burns. The temperature at which

alcohol burns is not high enough to evaporate the water and burs the currency note. So after the

alcohol has burned, the currency note is slightly wet and fire goes out.

Here the combustion reaction is:

C2H5OH + 4O2 --------> 2CO2 +3H2O + Heat Energy

Here we also add different metal salts into the solution of alcohol and water so we get its

corresponding flames.

For example: Lithium salts: Red flame, copper salts: blue flame, Barium salts: apple green flame

CHEMICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT

Twara Kikani and Astha Dwivedi



The chemical traffic light is a color-changing redox reaction that consists of glucose, sodium

hydroxide, indigo carmine, and water. When all chemicals are added together then the color

appears yellow. After shaking, the color turns green and then changes to red after it is left

untouched.

This reaction occurs by oxidation and reduction of the solution where alkaline glucose solution is

acting as a reducing agent. When the glucose solution is added to the solution containing indicator

(dye indigo carmine) the color changes occur. When solution is shaken, oxygen dissolves in the

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solution and oxidizes indigo carmine. Solution becomes red if a small amount of oxygen is

dissolved, and green if all of indigo carmine is oxidized. The solution will turn back to original

yellow color when the concentration of oxygen level drops. Due to this reversible color change

this reaction is called chemical traffic light.

SPARKLING WATER!

Arpita Desai, Priyanka Mathur, Meera Mori, Nidhi Kahar, Jayesh Sarvaiya.



Magnesium silicide can be made by heating magnesium power (5 g) and an excess of white sand

(10 g) in a soda-glass test tube over a roaring Bunsen flame. After a short time an exothermic

reaction takes place, producing intense heat and a red glow accompanied by a loud pop. The first

product is silicon, which reacts with magnesium to produce Mg2Si Interestingly, the glass also

contains silica and becomes involved in the reaction. After the test tube has cooled it can be broken

with a gentle blow from a hammer to expose the Mg2Si(s). A mixture of hydrides of silicon,

containing up to six silicon atoms in a chain can then be obtained by tipping the magnesium silicide

into 150 Cm3 of 20% HCl in water. This gives sparkles in dark.

SiO2(s) + 2Mg(s) 2MgO(s)+ Si(s)

2Mg(s) + Si(s) Mg2Si(s)

Mg2Si(s) + H+(aq) Mg2+

(aq) + SiH4(g) + H3Si-SiH3(g)

SiH4(g) + 2O2(g) SiO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

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FUNCTIONAL CARBON DOTS: A COUNTERMEASURE TO HUMAN CORONA

VIRUS

Radhika Ashwin Rao



Corona virus in these times has become a well-known term, but to discover the chemistry behind

the virus and thereby discovering a remedy for the same is the actual challenge. Here in the topic

that I have chosen, carbon dots are used in the delivery of the nanomedicine and thereby displaying

an inhibitory mechanism to the growth of the virus. Seven carbon dots for the treatment of human

coronavirus have been investigated in this paper. We now have a vaccine as the remedy but this

paper on which I am presenting had been published during the lockdown period.

THE ROMAN GOD OF FIRE (VOLCANO)

Rahul Mahendrasinh Chauhan, Jatin Balkrishna Kahar, Palkesh Nileshbhai Chauhan



A volcano is an opening on a planet’s surface or crust which allow hot magma, volcano ash and

gases to escape from below the surface. Some well-known volcanoes around the world are Mount

Rainier, USA, Mount Etna, Italy; Mauna Loa, Hawaii, USA; Sakurajima, Japan. A volcano in

Iceland called Eyjafjallajokull erupted in March 2010. It happens when the hot magma finds cracks

on the surface of the planet and forces up or erupts. I made a model using a chemical reaction

between baking soda and vinegar to simulated the gasses and magma flow. When the baking

soda(base) and react with vinegar (acid) it forms the gas, carbon dioxide. The gas expands and

escapes through the opening of the bottle. The gas, flour and food coloring make foam which looks

like the glowing magma in a volcano.

MERCURY BEATING HEART

Vedaang Suresh Krishnan



The Mercury beating heart experiment is a quaint demonstration of the redox principle. A small

drop of mercury (Hg) is placed in a watch glass. The Hg drop is immersed in a solution of dil.

H2SO4 and potassium dichromate. When an iron nail is brought near the Hg drop, a pulsating

motion is observed, resembling a beating heart. The contraction and relaxation of the mercury is

due to changes in the surface tension of, and charge on, the mercury drop. When the mercury is

not in contact with the iron nail, its surface becomes oxidized and the positive mercury ions repel

each other, causing the mercury pool to relax (to lower its surface tension). The relaxation causes

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the mercury to come into contact with the iron nail, which has a sufficiently negative

electrochemical potential to reduce the mercury ions to mercury metal. The surface tension of the

mercury increases and the pool contracts, causing the contact with the nail to be broken. The

mercury surface reacts with the acid and becomes oxidized again, thereby, completing one cycle

of the oscillation.

MAGICAL ASSEMBLY: CONVERT INVISIBLE TEXT INTO SILVERY TEXT

Khushboo D. Bhanderi, Rupal Solanki, Mukesh Nakum

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,

The M. S. University Of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002.

The coating or staining of metal is widely used in conductive material preparation. Specifically

silver staining have attracted huge attention due to its applications in

silver printing, lithography, e-textile technologies, wearable

electronics, conductive material preparation and solar applicants.

Only few techniques are reported and used technically to obtain

metallic coating mainly film formation is obtained by staining

material or spray deposition of solution and vapor phase deposition.

These procedures have main drawback that it results into staining over

entire area or fabric, apart from that it requires huge techniques and

high temperature conditions. Thus we have developed a simple law

coast method to obtain staining over substrate in selective

area by modifying sublimation method using phenol

derivative.

The Silver ammine complex solution was added on the substrate (paper and/or cotton), which is

colorless and kept in the center part of sublimation assembly as shown in figure 1. After heating

Sublimated 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol comes into the contact of silver ammine complex, where the

C-C coupling reaction of phenol accurse. The resultant metallic silver stains only selectively over

that area only and results into metallic silver staining, one of the photographs after staining is

shown in figure 2. This coated silver was found chemically stable and conductive in nature, which

is admirable and coast effective.

Ultimately this method has open up the corridor to obtain silver staining which can be useful for

silver printing or lithography in comparative mild conditions, which have main advantage of

selective area staining. To present

it interestingly we have

represented reagent as magical

water. By keeping this paper in

empty assembly due to heating it

results into black silver oxide

formation but by putting it into

another magical assembly

containing phenol results into metallic silver staining over paper.

Figure 1 shows sublimation assembly

Figure 2 shows Silver stained paper using given method

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5. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

CHATBOTS Arpitha Sreenivasan

Department of Computer Applications


What are chatbots?

Computer programs that are designed to stimulate conversations with human users.

How did chatbots evolve?

1950 Turing test: It is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent

to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.

1966 ELIZA: A natural language processing program designed to imitate a therapist who

would ask open ended questions and even responds with follow ups

1972 Parry: it’s a natural language processing program that stimulates the thinking of

paranoid individual

1988 Jabberwacky: its stated aim is to stimulate natural human chat in an interesting,

entertaining and humorous manner

1992 Dr. Sbaitso: a program that is assumed the role of a psychiatrist while interactive with

others. Showcased a digitized voice

1995 Alice: a natural language processing chatterbot that engages in a conversation with a

human by applying some huiristical pattern

2001 smaterchild: enables users to access real time news and information via IM or AIM

MSN messenger and yahoo messenger

2006 IBM's Watson: a question answering computer system capable of answering

questions posed in natural language

2010 Siri: a virtual assistant part of apple INC's IOS, Watch OS, MAC Os, Homepad and

TV OS operating system

2012 Google now: a future of google search offering predictive cards with information and

daily updates in google app for android and IOS.

2015 Alexa: a virtual assistant developed by Amazon first used in Amazon echo and

amazon echo dor smart speakers

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2015 Cortana: Cortana responds to natural languages and can perform a variety of

organizational tasks for RND users, including setting reminders and scheduling calendar

events

2016 bots of messenger: a piece of software that uses AI to communicate with customers

What next? Current and future advances in Chatbots:

Chatbots will be more human like:

Deep customer insights to drive chatbot behaviour:

Use of AI in contact centres:

Voice bots are becoming mainstream

The customer experience (CX) will drive chatbots adoption

Messaging platforms as a growth driver for chatbots

Social media will dominate the adoption of AI

Bots for internal use for enterprises

Chatbots will become an integral part of daily lives

Example:

An example of an IOT chatbot. Elements of an IOT chatbot:

IOT device

1. Consists of Sensors and Actuators

1. Sensors

2. Actuators

IOT gateway or framework

Product cloud

Mobile / laptop chatbot

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6. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

GRAPHENE-TITANIA NANOCOMPOSITE CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION Haldankar Shruti Abhijit Chauhan Digant & Parikh Adhwaita

Department of Environmental science


As we all know ‘Graphene’ is our coming future. It is such a material with indigenous properties,

which can be applied to solve several problems and to make existing systems more efficient. Here

is one of its applications. Graphene-titania nanocomposite is a photocatalyst which can convert air

pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxides, VOCs, etc. into harmless compounds. Air

pollution is becoming a growing worldwide issue. To tackle this problem, a group of scientists

working under the ‘Graphene Flagship’ initiative has developed this nanocomposite, which is

proven to be effective at downgrading at least 70% more NOx than current methods can achieve.

For this purpose, researchers created graphene via the process of liquid-phase exfoliation of

graphite, which they did in the presence of nanoparticles of Titania, and in the absence of any other

materials apart from water. This process formed a new graphene-titania nanocomposite. This

nanocomposite is used to create a coating which can be applied to various surfaces and resulting

into passive photo degradation of air pollutants. In summary, the products of photo degradation

then sit on the coating until they are washed off by wind or rain factors. According to the scientists

working under ‘Graphene Flagship’ project, this nanocomposite is found to be successful at

downgrading 70% more NOx and 40% more rhodamine B (used as a model for volatile organic

pollutants) than current photocatalytic coatings. Graphene-titania nanocomposite was found to be

in powder form and is predicted that this powder can be easily coated on various composite

materials including concrete. Even though this project has some drawbacks but science never stops

further investigations, experiments and research will surely overcome the problems. Ambient air

pollution accounts for an estimated 4.2 million deaths per year due to stroke, heart disease, lung

cancer and chronic respiratory diseases. Around 91% of the world's population lives in places

where air quality levels exceed WHO limits. To change this scenario, we should now walk out

with solution. Hence this project is a big hope to have sustainable development and sustainable

health too.

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AMPHIBIAN DISTRIBUTION IS DRIVEN BY MICROHABITAT IN WESTERN

GHATS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT

Harsha L R, Prerak Pathak, and Nisha M. Talati

Department of Environmental Studies


Importance of patch quality for amphibians is overlooked in distribution models. A study was

carried out to demonstrate relationship between individual species and their microhabitat. The

authors collected data in two monsoon seasons for 21 amphibian taxa from 14 lateritic plateaus.

12 taxa had significant associations with microhabitat. Microhabitat distribution was spatially

structured and driven by climate and human activity. 44 % high elevation taxa were associated

with woody plants while water bodies associated with 67% of low-elevation taxa. Rocks were

important for 3 caecilians. Anthropogenic activities, edaphic and macroclimate affect their

availability. The authors concluded that amphibian distribution varies on plateaus that are

individualistic patches whose habitat quality is defined by their microhabitats. Amphibian

conservation should therefore include preservation of these plateaus.

FOAM IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT- AN UNSOLVED RIDDLE

Nisha M. Talati and Harsha L R

Department of Environmental Studies

Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Surface water contamination is a serious issue all over the world. Foaming in the streams, rivers,

lakes and sea water is now increasing. They often are assumed to be anthropogenic in origin as

they are aesthetically unpleasant, but they may be indicating a natural origin. Surfactants like

substances from these sources combined with turbulence and water are the main cause of foam

formation. The natural cause of foaming is due to decomposition of algae, macrophytes etc.

Phaeocystis globosa is one such marine phytoplankton that can cause foam in the water bodies.

Untreated discharge of sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff leads to nutrient

enrichment that triggers foam formation. This foaming has negative impacts like oxygen depletion

in water, affecting aquatic organisms etc. Some solutions to these problems exist but

implementation is less. Not controlling this problem may have unforeseen effects in future.

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7. DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

ROLE OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH GIS

(CURRENT CASE STUDY OF COVID 19)

Sujata Iyer

T.Y B.Sc., Department of Geography


While analysing the principal topic “Science – an ever-learning platform for better future”, the

first thing that comes to my mind is what purpose does a dynamic field like geography serve

towards new innovations backing science. The most vibrant and ever reformative GIS plays a

key role. And speaking of being an ever-learning platform, what better field to test it around being

one of the most challenging periods of human evolution time, this Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore,

my topic, “Role of Geospatial Technology in Health GIS with the current case study of Covid-

19”. Geospatial technology can be used to overcome the greatest challenge in war against any

disease. The disease surveillance and health information management is one of the important

areas where it is tried to understand the disease related parameters and how the information

systems can be developed. It is said that if disease travels faster, information has to travel even

more faster so because of the geospatial technology all these things can be really taken in a real-

time mode and one can provide lot of solutions in order to eradicate these types of epidemics

INTRODUCTION TO GREENREVOLUTION

Upasani Nandini



The Green Revolution in India refers to a period in India when agriculture was converted into an

industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology, such as the use of high

yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers.

The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies, including high-yielding varieties

(HYVs) of cereals, especially dwarf wheat and rice. It was associated with chemical fertilizers,

agrochemicals, and controlled water-supply (usually involving irrigation) and newer methods of

cultivation, including mechanization.

Although the Green Revolution has been able to improve agricultural output in some regions in

the world, there was and is still room for improvement. As a result, many organizations continue

to invent new ways to improve the techniques already used in the Green Revolution. Frequently

quoted inventions are the system of Rice Intensification, marker-assisted selection, agro ecology,

and applying existing technologies to agricultural problems of the developing world. There were

problems with both perspectives on the green revolution policies. Critics avoided providing

realistic alternatives for solving national food deficits, poor individuals continued to be hungry,

despite the increased supplies.

The green revolution was a change in agricultural practices with secondary social and political

effects. Both industrialized and less-industrialized countries adopted the practices. Almost all

wheat and rice grown today originated in the green revolution.

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PLANTS- OUR REAL HEROES

Komal Varma

F. Y B.Sc., Department of Geography


We are known that the person who protect us and world to the enemy and problems they called as

"HERO”. We are known them and we give respect, honor, award etc. But we forget who is our

real heros.do you know who protect our earth? That is "TREE" who protect us without any

selfness. They are help to reducing heat produced by industries. It’s also filter harmful dust and

gases such as ozone, carbon monoxide and Sulphur dioxide etc. If a tree observed 1 ton of carbon

over its lifespan, it's like erasing 11,000 million of car emissions. One hundred natural tree can

capture up to 100,000 gallons of rainfall per year reduce runoff and filtering water. Plants are

reduced landscape. They are also used for our health and it’s had a different medical property.

According to Morton Arboretum, the since of tree reduced blood pressure, exposure to tree makes

children less stressed.

Without trees survival is almost impossible as there will be no food for animals or for us to it.

"" Don't make trees rare, keep them with care.""

BOX SEXTANT

Riddhi Dodiya & Yashvi Viradiya

T.Y. B.Sc., Department of Geography


The critical development was made independently and almost simultaneously by John Hadley in England and by Thomas Godfrey, a Philadelphia glazier, about 1731. The fundamental idea is to use of two mirrors to make a doubly reflecting instrument—the forerunner of the modern sextant. Box sextant is a small pocket instrument which looks like a sextant enclosed in a box and is 75mm in diameter. Similar to the nautical instrument, it is also used for measuring both the horizontal and vertical angles. Box sextant is a very small and handy instrument which is easy to carry. A sextant is a doubly reflecting navigation instrument that measures the angular distance between two visible objects. The primary use of a sextant is to measure the angle between an astronomical object and the horizon for the purposes of celestial navigation. Mainly used at sea, the tool is so named because its arc is one-sixth of a circle – 60 degrees. It adheres to the principle of double reflection hence it can measure angles up to 120 degrees.

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WORKING MODEL OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Goswami Mital Rampuri.

Department of Geography


Cyclicity is the whole of erupted materials, inside volcanic structure, which are generated during

one volcanic activity period, and is generally formed through the erupted volcanic rocks overlaid

from several edifices and sedimentary rocks between different volcanic Edifices. The volcanic

eruption-cyclicity framework is under magma-migration joint control, evacuation and filling in of

magma chambers, reflecting the entire volcanic activities, process from starting time to peak time,

then into recession time and dormant time. The thickness variation and framework spatial

geometrical shapes are related to the volcanic eruption mode and the eruption center position. The

thickness of the high value zone shows that the eruption center is near and the eruption has large

scale characteristics high frequency long lastic time and an abundant supplement of eruption

material. The low value zone shows a long distance far from the eruption center, the eruptive

material supplement is relatively poor, the rock thickness is low and is in depression area between

volcanic edifices. Framework shapes represent volcanic eruption modes and volcanic rock spatial

distribution patterns, generally under the fracture-eruption type the formed volcanic stratum is

independent or is bead spread along fault belts, which shows cone shape apparent features, moundy

shape and strata thickness varies greatly.

FLOODS IN BARODA

Shruti Mahajan



A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.Flooding may occur as an

overflow of water from a water body such as a river, lake or an ocean, in which the river overtops

or breaks the levees, resulting in some of the water escaping its usual channels. It may also occur

due to the accumulation of rainwater. Floods can occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the

capacity of the river channel. Floods cause damage to life and property, particularly in flood plains.

In Vadodara, a city in Gujarat India, floods are a common phenomenon in monsoon. Majority of

the in this city are caused on the VISHWAMITRI river which is a tributary of river DHADAR. A

very recent example of such event is the 2019 Vadodara flood.

Due to heavy rainfall in the month of July and August, Vadodara city and the surrounding districts

were severely affected. The resulting flood took a toll on several lives. Various economic sectors

were hindered because of the same. The schools and colleges were shut for 2-3 days. The low-

lying areas of the city such as SAYAJIGUNJ, AKOTA and PARSHURAM BHATTA were almost

submerged under 10 fts. of water. The transportation facilities were interrupted, including public

and private transports. Electricity supply was interrupted for 48 and many people faced life

challenging situations.

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To conclude, floods are such catastrophic events that can cause major economic setback to the

affected areas. Hence, flood preventions and mitigation strategies should be set up to avoid all the

above losses.

CORONAVIRUS (IN TECHNOLOGY GROWTH)

Verma Kiskanti



The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing pandemic of

coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health

Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in

January 2020 and a pandemic in March 2020. These pandemics have been resulting in loss of life

and source for living. It had impacted on people for emotionally and economically. These

pandemics have been resulting in loss of life and source for living. It had impacted on people for

emotionally and economically.

Today, you only need a laptop and a good Internet connection to access your office server, work

on your project and deliver the desired outcomes. Work from home is the future as it will help to

save costly office, transportation and increase efficiency. Use of robotics for isolation wards. Tele-

medicine us by large hospitals across US to safely screen and treat the people from remote places.

Use of drones and autonomous vehicles from delivering essential goods like medicine. Artificial

intelligence is lending a hand in diagnosing and helps in curing illness. We should appreciate our

people and technology. We had never thought of studying online but now we are doing it.

We can say that technology is applied in every aspect of our life. We should keep exploring and

learning from the technology. But we should always keep in our mind that it should not harm

mankind.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Bhagyashree Patil & Rashmita Patel



Disaster Management refers to the conservation of lives and property during natural or manmade

disasters. Disaster management plans are multi-layered and are planned to address issues such as

floods, hurricanes, fires, mass failure of utilities, rapid spread of disease and droughts. India is

especially vulnerable to natural disasters because of its unique geo - climatic condition, having

recurrent floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, and landslides.

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As India is a very large country, different regions are vulnerable to different natural disasters. For

example, during rainy season the peninsular regions of South India is mostly affected by cyclones

and states of West India experience severe drought during summer.

The steps being taken by the Government emanate from the approach has been outlined above.

The approach has been translated into a National Disaster Framework (a roadmap) covering

institutional mechanisms, disaster prevention strategy, early warning systems, disaster mitigation,

preparedness and response, and human resource development. The expected inputs, areas of

intervention and agencies to be involved at the National, State and district levels have been

identified and listed in the roadmap.

This roadmap has been shared with all the State governments and Union Territory Administrations.

Ministries and Departments of the Government of India and the State Governments/Union

Territory Administrations have been advised to develop their respective roadmaps taking the

national roadmap as a broad guideline. There is, therefore, now a common strategy underpinning

the action being taken by all the participating organizations/stakeholders.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF INDIA

Anushka



1. The Indian Drainage System is divided into 3 categories: (1) Major River Basin with

catchment area up to 20000 sq. km. and above, accounts for 83% of the total run off and

are 13 in number in India. (2) Medium River Basin with catchment area of 2000-20000

sq. km. and above accounts of 8% of the total run off all the rivers and are 45 in India. (3)

Minor River Basin with catchment area up to 2000 sq. km. It accounts for 9% of the total

run off among all the rivers with 55 basins in India.

2. On the basis of physiographic origin, the Indian drainage may be distinguished as the

Himalayan drainage and the peninsular drainage. Himalayan drainage system mainly

comprises the basin areas of the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These are mostly

perennial and youth having gorges, V-shaped valley and depositional like Deltas

3. Many of the rivers are older than the Himalayas and cut across it. Whereas Peninsular

Rivers is much older and includes numerous rivers. Rivers are matured with almost graded

Profiles and mostly superimposed in nature i.e., follow the gradient or fault valley. These

are devoid of meanders and have fixed course unlike Himalayan drainage.

4. River Indus flows through Ladakh and Zaskar Range. Gilgit is a right bank tributary of

Indus.

5. Ganga River enters into plain at Haridwar. The number of tributaries of the River Ganga

is more in Avadh Plain as compared to that in Rohilkhand Plain. Bhagirathi and Alaknanda

meet at Devprayag and after that it takes the name of river Ganga.

6. Brahmaputra or Tsangpo flows through Tibet, India and Bangladesh and forms the largest

delta of the world along with Ganga.

7. Important tributaries are Subansiri, Kameng, Dhansiri, Dihang, Lohit, Tista, Manas, etc.

River Brahmaputra is called as Sikiang in Arunachal Pradesh and Jamuna in Bangladesh.

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8. East flowing rivers of Peninsular India are Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery and

West flowing rivers are Narmada, Tapi, Mahi, Kalinadi and other small rivers.

9. Mahanadi originates from Sihawa North foot hills of Dandakarnaya. Godavari originates

from Trimbak Plateau of North Sahyadri near Nasik and Godavari makes boundary

between Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

10. Krishna originates North of Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghat and along with Godavari

it forms the 2nd largest delta in India. Koleru Lake lies in this delta.

11. Cauvery rises in Brahmagiri Range in Western Ghat. This is the only Perennial River in

Peninsular India and creates contention among Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.

Cauvery forms a quadrilateral delta at its mouth.

12. Among the West flowing rivers Tapi and Narmada are flowing through rift valleys. Tapi

rises near Multai in Betul Plateau and flows between Satpura and Ajanta-Satamala hills.

Narmada flows between Vindhya and Satpura range. Rivers Luni, Ghaggar, Rupnarain,

Medha, etc have inland drainage.

13. We can define the river interlinking project and Dams and reservoir

14. Case study of Sardar Sarovar Dam.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Aneesha Kumari



Definition: - A Volcanic Eruption occurs when magma is released from a volcano. Volcanic

eruptions can be quite calm and effusive, or they can be explosive.

A Volcanic Eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth’s Interior are thrown out of a

volcano.

For example:

In 2020, erupting volcanoes included Taal Volcano in the Philippines, La Cumbre in the

Galapagos, Mount Shishadin in Alaska, Pacaya Volcano in Guatemala, Mount Semeru and Mount

Sinabung in Indonesia, Piton de la Fournaise on Réunion Island, Mount Etna in Sicily.

• CAUSES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Major causes of volcanic eruption:

- Tectonic movement.

- Sea floor spreading.

- Earthquake.

- Tsunami.

- Subsurface magma movement.

Deep within the Earth it is so hot that some rocks slowly melt and become a thick flowing

substance called Magma. Since it is lighter than the solid rock around it, Magma rises and collects

in magma chambers. It is a geological event where the magma erupts from the Earth’s events. This

occurs due to the Earth’s Internal Energy sourced from three things.

- Radio Activity of heavy material within the Earth’s Crust.

- Due to Earth’s Gravitational Energy converted into Heat Energy.

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- Primordial Solar Energy (Energy trapped interior of the Earth)

1). Disintegration of radioactive elements deep within the earth bed causes the heated rock to take

the shape of molten lava.

2). Origin of Magma because reduction in the pressure due to splitting of plates and their

movement in different direction.

3). Origin of gases and vapor due to heating of water which reaches underground through

percolation of rain water and snow melt water.

• BENEFITS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION.

1. Volcanic materials ultimately break down and weather to form some of the most fertile

soils on Earth, cultivation of which has produced abundant food and fostered civilizations.

2. The Internal heat associated with young volcanic systems has been harnessed to produce

geothermal energy.

3. Most of the metallic minerals mined in the world – such as gold, silver, copper, lead and

zinc are associated with magmas found deep within the roots of extinct volcanoes.

SOLAR ENERGY

Loknath Patel

F.Y. B.Sc., Department of Geography


Solar energy is good renewable source for our society. It is essential source of renewable energy.

Active solar technique includes the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power, solar

water heating. Solar power is conversation of sunlight into electricity. In U.S. has some of the

richest solar resources in the world. And also, Gujarat state is the top in India for domestic rooftop

solar installations. Gujarat has already achieved 11,000 MW of production capacity and has set a

target of producing 30,000 MW of green energy by 2022, which will largely include wind and

solar energy. Moreover, Gujarat has successfully implemented the Solar Rooftop Scheme and is

currently generating around 800 MW of solar energy from it. In 2017 the international energy

agency showed that solar had become the world's fastest growing source of power Solar energy

more useful than all other source of energy. Solar energy helpful for clean economy, reduce

electricity bill, low maintenance costs. It is reduced pollution and clean environment we use

electric vehicles charge through solar power so maintain pollution. Why the government increase

a cost of fuels? because government think when more people use electric vehicles and control the

level of pollution.

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STUDYING EARTH FOR A BETTER LIVING

Anjali Vinod

F.Y. B.Sc., Department of Geography


The desire of sustainable development is not new. Humans are constantly finding ways that leads

to sustainable living. With this, the concept of green houses became popular. But these types of

savings are not enough. We have to go beyond and study our nature and earth more precisely. It is

evident that whenever humans moved against nature, it always ended with huge losses. For

instances, poor town planning invites many disasters. Infrastructures without proper planning and

execution are now the prime factors of increasing health problems. Therefore, it’s a high time we

need to spend time to understand earth.

ORGANISMS WITH THEIR UNIQUE STYLE OF ATTRACTING THEIR OPPOSITE

GENDER FOR MATING

Susama Dey



No single species can be found everywhere in the world.

Although our nature is so full of wonders as we know human being is the most intelligent organism

on this globe as we can utilise everything around us but there are many unbelievable minds works

beyond the range of humans, some species of insects, pisces give great astonishing examples by

showing their unique lifestyle at their level. They also evolved themselves to use nature to their

advantage –

Bird of Paradise

Japanese puffer fish

Blower Bird

Peacock spider

Great Sage Grouse

Are such examples. They perform a very unique and interesting style to attract females for mating

practice.

We will be inspecting those organisms in detail.

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ARSENIC CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER AND ITS SOLUTION

Akshat Adarsh

F.Y B.Sc., Department of Geography


Arsenic is a natural component of the earth’s crust. It exists in the form of oxides in the soil,

sediments, and water. It is highly toxic in its inorganic form and causes Arsenicosis including

pigmentation changes, skin lesions, hard patches on the palms and soles of the feet

(hyperkeratosis), and eventually results to skin and bladder cancer. Arsenic contamination in

groundwater is one of the most major challenge faced by humankind. The groundwater of at

least107 countries are arsenic affected. In India, the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar

Pradesh, Assam, Manipur and Chhattisgarh are reported to be most affected by arsenic

contamination of groundwater above the permissible limit (10 ppb), i.e. regions along the parts of

Gangetic and Brahmaputra river plains are severely affected because of natural cause, mostly

concentrated to eastern and few north-eastern parts of India.It also depends upon local geological

factors and human activities such as irrigation and disposal of industrial chemical wastes to water.

Therefore, it becomes necessary to treat Arsenic for the safe consumption of water. Looking to the

shortcomings of existing technologies for Arsenic mitigation, we develop an Arsenic Filtration

Unit based on magnetic treatment of Arsenic (along with other metallic contaminants) from water

by applying magnetic field which performs with maximum efficiency and sustainability, minimum

consumption and infrastructure without wasting single drop of water. It’s easy to operate &

maintain, and is affordable & reachable to every section of community with best quality of drinking

water.

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON

NIGERIA

PRIYANKA GOSWAMI



The sun is the source of most energy on the earth and is a primary factor in determining the thermal

environment of a locality. The challenge about technical consideration on the effect of solar

radiation could be as a result of incompetency of the engineers that may not be able to make

estimates of solar radiation intensity and know how to make simple solar radiation measurements.

It could also be that the instruments that are used for solar radiation measurement are not accurate

thereby leading to a false result.

The main aim of the study is to examine technical consideration of the effect of solar radiation.

Other specific objectives of the study include;

1. to determine the extent to which technical radiation affects solar radiation in Nigeria.

2. to determine the impact of technical consideration on solar radiation in Nigeria.

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3. to determine the factors affecting technical consideration on solar radiation in Nigeria.

4. to proffer possible solutions to the problems

The study on the technical consideration of the effect of solar radiation will be of immense benefit

to the entire Nigeria in the sense that it will enable the solar technical engineers to be well equipped

in order for them to be able to handle challenges of any sorts that has to do with solar radiation.

The study will also educate the government to be fully aware of the kind of people they employ

into this sector for the benefit of the citizens in the country. Finally, the study will contribute to

the body of existing literature and knowledge to this field of studies and basis for further research.

THE SHRINKING OF ARAL SEA (DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, DEMISE, & FACTS)

Sanskruti P. Patanwadiya



Aral Sea is a huge terminal lake which is located in the desert of Central Asia. This lake has

repeatedly filled and dried due to both natural and human causes over the past 10 millennia. Aral

Sea has gone through a drastic shrinkage during the past century, from more than 68,000 km2 in

1960s to less than 10,000 km2 in 2015. The desiccation was highly severe in 2009 and 2014 due

to the west basin changed to an exposed bottom for several months. The Aral Sea depression was

formed toward the end of the Neogene Period (which lasted from about 23 to 2.6 million years

ago). The Aral Sea area is characterized by a desert-continental climate that features wide-ranging

diurnal air temperatures, cold winters, hot summers, and sparse rainfall. The rate of precipitation—

an annual average of 4 inches (100 mm) in all, occurring mainly in the spring and autumn—is only

a tiny fraction of the lake’s traditional rate of evaporation. The rapid shrinkage of the Aral Sea led

to numerous environmental problems in the region. The salt and mineral content of the lake rose

drastically because of that, making the water unfit for drinking purposes and killing off the once-

abundant supplies of sturgeon, carp, barbell, roach, and other fishes in the lake. The fishing

industry along the Aral Sea was thus virtually destroyed.

THEODOLITE

Kanvi Pandya, Nency Babariya & Vishal Sindhav



Theodolite is very useful instrument this is an optical instrument for measuring angles between

two points. This instrument is useful to find angles between two points. This is useful to measure

the vertical and horizontal distance of plane. There are so many parts in theodolite for levelling,

internal type of telescope and two reading scale or reading screen in the digital theodolite there are

focusing screw and also different screws for stable the instrument on the tripod stand. There are

two spirit levels for levelling and the minimum reading of the digital theodolite is 1 second while

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in the traditional type or non-digital theodolite have 20 seconds as there minimum reading. The

digital theodolite is accurate and sensitive for minor readings too.

SATELLITE IMAGE BASED CROP CLASSIFICATION USING SUPERVISED

CLASSIFICATION IN THE BARA TRACT REGION, BHARUCH DISTRICT.

Sukanta Kumar Saha and Rolee Kanchan



Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy. More than 50% of the rural households

depend on agriculture. It contributes about 17% to the total GDP and provides employment to

over 60% of the population.

In recent day satellite based optical Remote Sensing images are widely used in the monitoring of

agriculture. It uses visible, near infrared and short-wave infrared sensors. Optical bands are very

helpful in the identification of crop land. Vegetation indices like NDVI, EVI, SVI etc. arc widely

used method for identification of crop. In the optical Remote sensing NIR band (0.85 – 0.88 μm),

Red band (0.64 – 0.67 μm) and sometimes Green Band (0.53 - 0.59 μm) are very useful band for

the crop identification.

In this study an attempt has been made to identify the crop type using Supervised Maximum

Likelihood Classification with the help of training data of the crop type. For this analysis NIR

band of Sentinel Satellite Images was used. The area under study was Bara Tract region, Bharuch

district. The main crop of this region is cotton and tur. Analysis of the results states that the overall

classification accuracy of the method was satisfactory. The highest accuracy was found in cotton

crop whereas the lowest accuracy was found in tur crop.

AMAZON RAINFOREST DEGRADATION

Parmar Siddharth



Amazon forest fire was orchid in 2019 and it has led to destruction of 7600 square kilometers by

October that year according to the global free fire emissions database project run by NASA fire in

the Amazon in 2020 surpassed those of 2019 in fact 2020 fire I have been the worst since at least

2012 when the satellite force first.

Due to the degradation of the Amazon rainforest have severe consequences because of the climate

change and because of the Amazon rainforest degradation it will have CVR consequences on

global health. Area which is covered by Amazon rainforest is 8 million square kilometers Amazon

rainforest has abundant amount of biodiversity which is affected by the 2019 Amazon forest fire.

Due to the degradation of Amazon rainforest, it has indirectly affected the balance of the global

carbon budget Amazon rainforest absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and it helps in

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regulating the global carbon budget but because of the degradation the global carbon budget has

been disturbed. Amazon rainforest plays an important role in stabilizing global climate and rainfall.

INTRODUCTION TO CARBON FOOTPRINT

Philip Angel V. & Thakor Krishna.

T.Y. B.Sc



A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse emissions that result directly and indirectly

either from an individual's lifestyle.

Carbon footprints can be reduced through improving energy efficiency and changing lifestyles and

purchasing habits. Switching one’s energy and transportation use can have an impact on primary

carbon footprints. For example, using public transportation, such as buses and trains, reduces an

individual carbon footprint when compared with driving.

Individuals and corporations can reduce their respective carbon footprints by installing energy

efficient lighting, adding insulation in buildings, renewable energy sources to generate the

electricity they require. For example, electricity generation from wind power produces no direct

carbon emissions. Additional lifestyle choices that can lower an individual’s secondary carbon

footprint include reducing one’s consumption of meat and switching one’s purchasing habits to

products that require fewer carbon emissions to produce and transport.

Large carbon foot prints deplete resources on large and small scales, from a country’s

deforestation. Activities to one home increased use of air conditioning. The more those with large

carbon footprints use resources, the more greenhouse gases increase and spur further climate

change.

Carbon emissions affect the planet significantly, as they are the greenhouse gas with the highest.

Levels of emissions in the atmosphere. This, of course, causes global warming and ultimately,

climate change. This warming causes extreme weather events like tropical storms, wildfires, severe

droughts and heat waves.

TURNING UNWANTED ORANGES INTO ELECTRICITY

Bhumika Rohit



In spring, the air in Seville is sweet with the scent of azahar, orange blossom, but the 5.7m kilos

of bitter fruit the city’s 48,000 trees deposit on the street in winter are a hazard for pedestrians and

a headache for the city’s cleaning department. So, now a scheme has been launched to produce an

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entirely different kind of juice from the unwanted oranges: Electricity. The aim for now is to use

the energy to run the water purification plants and provides electricity to homes.

LAND SOIL LAYERS Chavda Dhruvi Muljibhai Chavda Lili Jesingbhai



.

Soil is a very important layer of biosphere where all living being survive... Soil is made up of

distinct horizontal layers. These layers are called horizons...they range from rich, organic upper

layers (humus and topsoil) to underlying rocky layers (subsoil and bedrock).

GLOBAL WARMING

Dashrath Luva



Global warming is the cumulative rise in average global temperatures on earth Measured over a

long period. It has been attributed to the large-scale deforestation by Man for different purposes.

We consume a lot of fuel annually. With an increase in the Human population, it has become

impossible to meet people’s fuel requirements. Natural resources are limited, and we must use

them judiciously. If we exploit natural resources like forests and water bodies, it will create an

imbalance in the ecosystem. Global warming is not limited to the rise in temperature. It has other

effects too. Many parts of the world are witnessing natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, and

Avalanches. All these phenomena are a direct result of global warming. To prevent our

Environment from the harmful effects of global warming, we must restore us Ecosystem. Man has

been exploiting natural resources without giving the environment anything in return. This needs

to be stopped. We must all join forces to make this world a better place for our future generations

who deserve this planet as much as we do. The basic step that we can follow to increase the overall

health of our planet is planting trees. Afforestation should be our primary goal. The earth can

become a better place if we pledge to plant as many trees as we can in our lifetime.

GLACIER STUDIES USING REMOTE SENSING DATA

Vanya Bajpai and Rolee Kanchan



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In the recent years, the Himalayan glaciers have acquired a lot of value as they play a significant

and active part in the climate change scenario. As a result, it has become crucial to preserve the

repository of these strong freshwater resources in the form of the Digital Glacier Inventory.

Using Resourcesat-1 satellite data, a systematic inventory of all the glaciers in the Eastern

Himalayan region covering the north-eastern state of Sikkim and the Kingdom of Bhutan was

carried out on a scale of 1:50,000. Geocoded satellite data at the end of the ablation season (July

to September) was used to map the glacial features using FCC (False Colour Composite) with

standard band combination 2 (0.52-0.59 µm), 3 (0.62-0.68 µm) and 4 (0.77-0.86 µm) and

additional SWIR band 5 (1.55-1.70 µm). The tabular glacier inventory data sheet was designed in

the GIS environment to provide insight into parameters such as glacier location, dimensions,

elevation, moraine dammed lakes, supra glacial lakes, etc. To understand the characteristics of the

glacial systems, intra basin level analysis of glacier inventory data was carried out.

An insight into the behavior and overall health of the glaciers can be provided by critical review

of the glacier inventory data. Glaciers with a higher accumulation area are said to be more stable,

since even after summer melt, glaciers have an immense volume of water preserved within them.

Similarly, glaciers with more debris serves as a shielding layer against glacier melt. Therefore, the

region under study had large areas of accumulation and large debris areas, thereby contributing to

the glaciers' good health. For both the areas under study in the Eastern Himalayan Region, the

general orientation of the glaciers, independent of the geographic distribution, was north-east and

east.

HOW SCIENTISTS CAPTURED THE FIRST IMAGE OF A BLACK HOLE

Suthar Jaymin



Scientists have obtained the first image of a black hole, using Event Horizon Telescope

observations of the center of the galaxy M87. The image shows a bright ring formed as light bends

in the intense gravity around a black hole that is 6.5 billion times more massive than the Sun.

Though scientists had theorized they could image black holes by capturing their silhouettes against

their glowing surroundings, the ability to image an object so distant still eluded them. A team

formed to take on the challenge, creating a network of telescopes known as the Event Horizon

Telescope, or the EHT. They set out to capture an image of a black hole by improving upon a

technique that allows for the imaging of far-away objects, known as Very Long Baseline

Interferometry, or VLBI.

Telescopes of all types are used to see distant objects. The larger the diameter, or aperture, of the

telescope, the greater its ability to gather more light and the higher its resolution (or ability to

image fine details). To see details in objects that are far away and appear small and dim from Earth,

we need to gather as much light as possible with very high resolution, so we need to use a telescope

with a large aperture.

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That’s why the VLBI technique was essential to capturing the black hole image. VLBI works by

creating an array of smaller telescopes that can be synchronized to focus on the same object at the

same time and act as a giant virtual telescope. In some cases, the smaller telescopes are also an

array of multiple telescopes. This technique has been used to track spacecraft and to image distant

cosmic radio sources, such as quasars.

The aperture of a giant virtual telescope such as the Event Horizon Telescope is as large as the

distance between the two farthest-apart telescope stations – for the EHT, those two stations are at

the South Pole and in Spain, creating an aperture that’s nearly the same as the diameter of Earth.

Each telescope in the array focuses on the target, in this case the black hole, and collects data from

its location on Earth, providing a portion of the EHT’s full view. The more telescopes in the array

that are widely spaced, the better the image resolution.

To test VLBI for imaging a black hole and a number of computer algorithms for sorting and

synchronizing data, the Event Horizon Telescope team decided on two targets, each offering

unique challenges.

IMPORTANCE AND METHODS OF FIELD SURVEY IN GEOGRAPHY

Aparna Datta



The relation between man and his surrounding is continuously changing. It is extremely important

and interesting to cohere the natural changes to other fields of study. To observe, learn and apply

this natural change for mankind, curriculum setters have included ‘field survey’ as one important

aspects of Geography. There are different methods and tools for field survey. There should be prior

planning before proceeding towards selected field. Topographical map, geology, geomorphology

and agricultural geography are some of the important areas for field survey. There are different

methods and tools to carry out field survey. Prismatic compass, Theodolite, Dumpy level or spirit

level, camera etc. are some prominent devices used by geographers all over the world.

DEFORESTATION: COMPROMISES OF A GROWING WORLD

Paras Mahida

F.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geography


Deforestation is the permanent removal of a trees to make room for something besides forest. This

can be include clearing the land for agriculture and grazing or using the woods for a fuel,

construction or manufacturing and other causes like mining, forest fires, overpopulation etc.

Forests cover more than 30% of the Earth’s land surface but they are disappearing at an alarming

rate. These forested areas can provide food, medicine and fuel for more than a billion people.

Worldwide, forests provide 13.4 million people with jobs in the forest sector.

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Today most deforestation is happening in the tropics. Areas that were inaccessible in the past are

now within reach as new roads are constructed through dense forests. The World Bank estimated

that about 3.9 million square miles of forest have been lost since the beginning of the 20th century.

The Guardian reported that every second, a chunk of forest equivalent to the size of the soccer

field is lost. Forests can be found from the tropics to the high-latitude areas. They are home to 80%

terrestrial biodiversity, containing a wide array of trees, plants, animals, and microbes. They are

also an important resource for many living species around the World. Trees also absorb carbon

dioxide, mitigating greenhouse gas emission produce by human activities. We need trees for a

variety reasons not least of which is that they absorb not only the carbon dioxide that we exhale

but also heat trapping greenhouse gases that human activities emit. Many effects of deforestation

like climate change, increasing in Green house gases, soil erosion, floods, loss in bio-diversity.

The best solution to deforestation is to curb the felling of trees by enforcing a series of rules and

laws to govern it. Reforestation and Afforestation is also a good solution, last skinned of its tree

cover for urban settlements should be urged to plant trees in the vicinity and replace the cut trees.

Reducing in a usage of paper is also a solution or use recycled paper and finally educate others

because still many are entirely unaware of global warming problem Educate community by sharing

the deforestation facts. indeed “Save trees, save life”.

NEW HOME: UN-EARTHING”

[INTRO TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND MARTIANS OF THE RED PLANET]

Vishwa Pandya

F.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geography


Applications to use: - WE WILL USE AUGMENTED REALITY FEATURE IN MOBILE APPS:

SOLAR SYSTEM AR, SPACECRAFT AR.

“Cosmos”. Some of us are familiar with this word, some are not. COSMOS is related to Universe.

Our Planet is a part of a star system in Milky Way Galaxy in Universe. We will Discuss about that

Planetary system “The Solar System”.

Also, A short note on GRAVITY. We will further Discuss about the expected possibility of life on

our neighboring “THE RED GIANT" planet “MARS". We will analyse how mankind is eager to

expand and humans are in race to become “MARTIANS". NASA has sent many spacecrafts to

Mars. India also succeeded in their “MANGALYAN MISSION”. Therefore, We will Discuss How

we can probably say “Mars is our Second (New) Home!”. So fasten your seatbelts, here we go...3.

2..1

Solar System is a heliocentric system in which Nine planets and other heavenly bodies revolves

around a star named “The Sun". Planets namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,

Uranus, Neptune and Pluto revolve around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. You Know Why they are

doing this? Are they loving to do Merry-go-round?? Naaah! All these Planets are attracted by

Gravitational Force implemented on them by the Sun.

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Mars: - Few Years Ago Mars was just A Red Colour Planet often seen shining in the night sky.

But Today,

Sight Is Different. Scientists are expecting and researching about the possibility of Sustainability

of Life on Mars. NASA and other Space Agencies of different Countries has launched many Space

Missions for Mars. NASA has sent Spacecrafts like Curiosity, Perseverance Rover Etc.

AGENCIES like SpaceX are planning to establish Human Life on Mars. The Atmosphere of Mars

has Much Similarities with Earth which may be Comfortable for Humans to live. They are finding

some sources of Water on Mars. Let us hope that one day Science will Make us that much

successful in COLONIZATION OF HUMANS ON MARS

WATER CYCLE

Malaviya Darshankumar Sanjaybhai



Water cycle is one of the most important processes in the world. Describe the storage

and movement of water between the: Biosphere, Atmosphere, Lithosphere, and Hydrosphere. The

Water cycle is composed of the following components: Evaporation, Transpiration, Sublimation,

Condensation, Precipitation, Run-Off, Infiltration and percolation, and Ground water. Process of

Hydrological cycle start with ocean water in oceans, gets evaporated dye to heat energy provided

by solar radiation and forms water vapor. This water vapor moves upwards to higher altitudes

forming clouds. Most of the clouds condense and precipitate in any form like rain, hail, snow,

sleet. A part of cloud is driven to land by winds, precipitation while falling to the ground, some

part of it evaporates back to atmosphere. Portion of water that reaches the ground, enters the earth’s

surface infiltrating various strata of soil and enhancing the moisture content as well as water table.

Vegetation sends a portion of water from earth’s surface back to atmosphere through the process

of transpiration. Once water percolation and infiltrates the earth’s surface, runoff is formed over

the land, flowing through the contours of land heading towards river and takes and finally joins

into oceans after many years. Some amount of water is retained as depression storage. Further

again the process of the hydrological cycle continues by blowing into water vapor then clouds

getting condensed and precipitates as rain fall. Similarly, then water gets percolated into soil,

increasing water table then formation of runoff waters heading forwards water bodies thus the

cyclic process continues. The Hydrological cycle is important because it is how water reaches

plants, animals and us! Besides providing people, animals and plants with water, it also moves

things like nutrients, pathogens and sediment in and out of aquatic ecosystems.

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WORLD'S LONGEST SALT CAVE

Parmar Pritiben Dhirajlal



Cave explores in Israel have unveiled the world's longest salt cave. Stretching for nearly 10

kilometers under Mount Sodom, the salt cave eclipses the previous world record holder in Iran.

Researchers became aware of Malhan through the work of Amos Frumkin, the founder and director

of the Hebrew University's Cave Research Center, who in the 1980s mapped around 5 kilometers

of it. In the cave, thousands of salt stalactites and some of the walls have salt crystals. These were

formed by the dissolution of the overhead rock by rainwater.

This presentation explain how this cave was formed and the depositional landforms in the caves

DUMPY LEVEL

Mahesh Makwana

T.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geography


The dumpy level is an optical surveying leveling instrument consisting a telescope tube firmly

secured in two collars fixed by adjusting screws to the stage by the vertical spindle. … He invented

dumpy level in 1832 while using the conventional Y level. A dumpy level is also called a builder’s

level, an automatic level.

Components of Dumpy Level

• Telescope.

• Bubble tubes.

• Compass.

• Vertical spindle.

• Tribrach screws.

• Foot screws.

• Leveling head.

• Tripod.

Use of Dumpy level in Surveying:

Dumpy level holds significant importance in the surveying of a construction site. The level of

accuracy and handiness of dumpy level has made it a prominent choice amongst surveyors.

• The prime reason for performing levelling on a construction site is to make the field level

and even.

• To determine the differences in height between two points.

• To measure the height and distance of different locations of surveying land through the

principle of relativity.

• To measure following distance amongst various point on the surveying land.

• Setting out levels and inclined surfaces for construction.

• To draw contours on land

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SCIENCE HAS TRANSFORMED HUMANS FROM ‘FOREST WANDERERS’ TO

‘SPACE WANDERERS’

Zankat Shruti Bharatsinh

T.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geography


Science has made immense contribution in uplifting human society, filling our minds with

knowledge and intelligence. It helped us notice the marvels of mother nature to which we were

previously oblivious. It also reminded us that we are just an infinitesimally small part of this ever-

expanding universe. Right from invention of wheels to building a supercomputer, science has made

our lives easier while we enjoy the comfort of everyday life. Below are few of the many areas

where science has played an important role

Preventing Outbreak of Deadly Diseases In early 14th century, ‘plague’ wiped out nearly a third

of entire human population. In 2009, a similar pandemic called ‘swine flu’ was brought under

control before it could cause significant damage (Source: Wikipedia). Even diseases such as

cancer, HIV are curable when detected in early stage. Reason: Advancement in medical

technology, Availability of medical facilities, Improved disease prevention mechanism like

vaccinations.

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009

Early warning against Natural Disasters

In 1999, super cyclone ‘05B’ lashed the east Indian state of Orissa killing more than 15000 people

and leaving an estimated 1.5 million people homeless with damages amounting $4.4 billion. It was

the strongest cyclone ever recorded in the north Indian ocean with wind speed reaching 260 kmph

(Source: Wikipedia). After 13 years a similar cyclone hit Orissa, but this time the casualties were

close to 40. How did India manage to reduce this number?

Reason: Improved weather forecasting from Remote sensing and meteorological satellites

launched after 1999 helped in developing an early warning system.

How India went from 15,000 cyclone deaths in 1999 to just 38 last year Uninhabitable lands turned

into modern day Oasis. Although 71% of Earth’s surface is covered with water, less than 1% is

drinkable and not every available land on earth is cultivable. However, desserts of middle east with

the dry and hot climatic conditions have managed to become global finance and tourism hubs.

These gulf countries with depleting water resources have installed several desalination plants to

tackle and prolong impending water crisis. Moreover, countries like Israel have managed to turn

their barren lands into productive fertile agricultural fields that feeds millions of people. Reason:

Innovation in the field of Agriculture, Improved crop storage facilities, Water harvesting

techniques.

For UAE, hope in deep ocean water desalination

12 top ways Israel feeds the world Science has become an integral part of our existence. Moreover,

in the 21st century it is more embedded into our life than it was ever before. It has made things

easier for us by providing comfort and security. But does it mean we can’t survive if someday we

are thrown back to the stone age? Yes, we most certainly can because that’s what our ancestors

did thousands of years ago and they lived a happier life even before the advent of science. So,

Science has a important role but there is more to life than science itself.

48

VOLCANOES

Makwana Shruti Ashokbhai

B.Sc 1 Semester Geography Principal

Faculty of Science

The Maharaja Sayajirao University Of Baroda

A Volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary mass object, such as

Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the

surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most often where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and

most are found underwater.

Strictly speaking there are two broad types of Volcanoes:-

a stratovolcano and a shield Volcano, although there are lots of volcanic features that can form

from erupted magma ( such as cinder cones, or as lava domes ) as well processes that shape

volcanoes.

REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS USING IN AGRICULTURE

Ramjiyani Drashti Laxmichand and Shaikh Nameera Sulemanbhai

Department of Geography, Faculty of Science

What is remote sensing applications?

Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information, detecting, analysing, and monitoring the

physical characteristics of an area by recording. It is reflected and emitted radiation energy

without having any physical contact with the object under study. This is done by the capturing

the reflected radiation energy.

☆ Applications of remote sensing in agriculture

1 Identifying crop conditions => satellite imagery and normalized difference vegetation index

NDVI technologies are used in order to monitor global food supplies. Healthy crop area reflects

green whereas other areas reflect red and blue.

2 Increasing precision farming => The health of crops can be measured using remote sensing

applications.

3 Determining the soil moisture content => Active and passive sensor of a satellite in space are

used in order to determine the soil moisture content.

4 water content determination of the field crop => Apart from determining the soil moisture

content.

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As per upper applications remote sensing are very useful in agriculture nowadays, as we know in

India 70% livelihood is based on agricultural activity and it contributes 35 % of the net national

product. Remote sensing can provide valuable information for land and water management.

Knowledge of food grains production before harvesting, helps country to manage shortage,

buffer stock, imports and fixing of support price.

As we know nowadays technology is overcome in every sector, by using technology our work

became easier. Currently under FASAL (forecasting agricultural output using space agro

meteorology and land based observations) project, national state level multiple forecasts are

being issued for 5 crops – rice (kharif – rabi ) jute rapeseed and mustard winter potatoes and

wheat. Precision farming is an integration of various technologies such as RS, GPS,GIS and field

equipment. By this way we use RS applications to get better future for farmers and steps

towards a developed nation.

8. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

What is inside the earth?

Ms. Charmi Golaviya

S.Y. B.Sc.

Department of Geology,

Faculty of Science,

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

We all are aware about the atmospheric layers of the earth but what do we know about the

interior of the earth? In the video, the earth’s internal structure is explained that involves the

discussion on three principal layers of the earth. The first and outermost layer of the earth, the

‘crust’ is thinnest of all and has the lowest density. The second layer, ‘mantle’ is in molten state

which is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium. The innermost layer,

‘core’ has a composition of iron and nickel in general. Core is further divided into inner core and

outer core that are in solid and liquid states, respectively. The video also throws light on how

these layers are discovered.

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Concept of rock cycle

Ms. Charmi Golaviya

S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,

Rocks! We generally find the rocks all around us. In earth science, the rocks are considered to be

of most importance since they are the geologists’ clock to infer the earth’s history. In the video,

three main type of rocks are discussed with respect to their origin, namely, igneous, sedimentary

and metamorphic. Rock cycle is one of the fundamental concepts of geology that explains the

transition between three basic type of rocks given above. Igneous rocks are considered as

primary rocks. They are formed from the crystallization of magma and lava. They are divided

into two sub-categories viz. plutonic igneous rocks and volcanic igneous rocks with respect to

their depth of formation. Sedimentary rocks are secondary rocks that are formed when sediments

broken from primary rocks on account of weathering and erosion are bound by natural cement

and lithified further. The third basic type of rocks is metamorphic, yet they are not considered as

tertiary kind of rocks! Metamorphic rocks can be formed either from igneous or sedimentary

rocks. Here, the processes and agents that are responsible for the formation of all three type of

rocks are discussed. The formation of these basic type of rocks is the endless cycle that goes on.

Hence, A ROCK CYCLE!

Igneous rocks

Ms. Chaitali Shirude, Ms. Vidhi Pathak

S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


This video explains how the primary rocks viz. igneous rocks are formed and the basis of

classification of igneous rocks with respect to depth of formation. Also, various magmatic

operations on surface are briefed about.

Sedimentary rocks

Ms. Pragya Sharma

S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


This video gives the basic idea of the secondary type of rocks i.e., sedimentary rocks and briefly

explains their process of formation. The collection of various hand-specimens of sedimentary

rocks in the department of geology is also displayed.

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Metamorphic rocks

Ms. Nandani Kulkarni, Ms. Charmi Golaviya

S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


This video gives us the basic idea about the formation of metamorphic rocks and their classification

along with the agents which carry out metamorphism.

Rock-forming minerals

Mr. Aditya Shandilya

S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


This video gives us primary idea about the minerals. It contains some samples of rock forming

minerals that shows how these minerals are formed and also throws some light on from where they

could be mined.

Ore-forming minerals


S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


A mineral from which economical amounts of metal extraction is possible is called as ore. This

presentation shows us the basic idea about the ore minerals. It contains the samples of ore minerals

and some basic information about them.

Geomorphology

Mr. Arun Unnikrishnan

S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


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This video gives idea about geomorphology which is crucial branch of geology. It gives us

insight about surficial expressions of the processes that take place on the surface of the earth as

well as beneath the surface of the earth. In this video, basic explanations about landforms are

given which will initiate more curiosity about the subject.

Structural Geology

Mr. Sandeep Patel

M.Sc. Final


Faculty of Science,


This video gives a brief explanation about the structure called fold along with some on-site

example of the same.

Remote sensing

Ms. Nandani Kulkarni

S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


The application of remote sensing, their processes and the types of remote sensing are explained

in this video.

Earthquake

Ms. Vidhi Pathak

S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


The presentation gives the idea about the natural geo-hazard i.e., earthquake. The factors

responsible for the formation of earthquake and the effects of the same on living non-living things

are discussed herewith.

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Landslide


S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


The presentation gives us the idea about the important geo-hazard in terms of Indian perspective

viz. landslide. The factors that contribute to landslides are explained here in this video. Also, the

adverse effects of landslides on the environment are discussed.

Volcano


S.Y. B.Sc.


Faculty of Science,


This video explains the basics of volcanic eruptions, their formation along with their types and

examples.

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9. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

FACTORIZATION USING QUANTUM COMPUTATION Rajyaguru Lomesh H & Kotadiya Hiren C

Department of Mathematics

The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002.

In this presentation, we talk about quantum computers and its real-life applications. Quantum

computing has recently been the focus of much theoretical and experimental research. The reason

is the belief that, compared to classical computers, quantum computers are able to solve a larger

class of problems efficiently. One problem that quantum computers can solve is prime

factorization. In this poster we will discuss about methods and algorithms for prime factorization

using quantum computations.

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO NUMBERS USING LINE SEGMENTS

Nidhi R. Joshi


The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002.

Without using the calculator, multiplication of two numbers is time taking. Here the video shows

the tricky and interesting method of multiplying two numbers using straight lines.

INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICIANS AND PLANE CURVES USING ANIMATION

Patel Krupanshibahen Narendrabhai



There are two presentations prepared.

One presentation incorporates a brief history of a few International Mathematicians; many of them

are known to the pupils. The list includes Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Newton, Leibniz, Euler,

Gauss, L’Hospital, de Moivre. There major contribution in Mathematics is highlighted.

The second is an animated video showing a dancing Mathematician, whose moving hands show

different plane curves (graph) for the different functions y = f(x). This video contains graph of the

functions 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥, 𝑦 = |𝑥|, 𝑦 = −|𝑥|, 𝑦 = 𝑥2, 𝑦 = 𝑥3, Logarithmic graph and

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trigonometric functions graph. Through this video, pupils can easily remember the graphs of

certain functions.

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION IN REAL LIFE Chaitanya Sheth



The applications of single and multiple integration in real life are described by considering their

few examples in our routine life. In the first section, the applications of single integration in various

fields are given. The procedure of calculating the area of a circular garden using integration is

described. In general, the process of calculating the area of any curved land using integration is

described. The fabric required for making a designer masterpiece can be guessed using the process

of integration and hence the approximate cost of the fabric can be obtained.

In the second section, it has been shown that how use the of double integration simplifies

the task of computing the areas of different regions and finding the volume of a solid bounded by

a specific region. The use of the integration in modern architectures is also given.

THE PIGEONHOLE PRINCIPLE

Shelat Revati Uday, Vaidya Prabhuti Nilay, Jadav Bansari Kishor, Pillai Adithya Satyendra,

Pathan Sifat Jaha & Tanveer Ahmed

T.Y. B.Sc., Department of Mathematics


The objective of this presentation is to emphasize the importance of The Pigeonhole Principle. It

was published by Peter Gustav Dirichlet in 1834, but was used since the early 1600s. In the video,

we show that it is an intuitive concept that is easy to understand. The concept, while being one of

the simplest ideas, is applied to many different areas of Discrete Mathematics and is a crucial

proving technique. To demonstrate this, we first ask the question: If we select any five natural

numbers, will we find a pair of numbers whose difference is divisible by a number less than five,

say the number four? We wanted to explain that if you consider n objects (pigeons) and distribute

them among n-1 containers (pigeonholes), then we will always find one container with at least two

objects. To explain the basic idea of this principle, we approached an easy example in three ways.

First, we picked three random cards from a deck and observed that at least two cards were of the

same colour. Second, we picked five random cards, considered the suit and reached a similar

conclusion. Finally, we observe the suit when picking 10 random cards. This leads to the general

definition of the the Pigeonhole Principle. We revisit the aforementioned applications and explain

the steps that lead to our final result. Lastly, we address our initial question of selecting any 5

natural numbers and also explain it in a general form with the intention to show an indirect

application of The Pigeonhole Principle.

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HOW TO FIND AREA OF CURVED SHAPE

Dixit Patel, Asha Pithiya, Hiteshree Kotecha, Nidhi Gupta, Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya,

Preeti Maru, Sonali Prajapati



We can easily find the area of closed shape made up of straight lines using triangle & square which

is known to us. But we can’t use this in general for finding area of a curved shape. So in this video,

we will see how to find the area of curved shape. The idea for this comes from the concept of limit.

This also involves Calculus (a branch of mathematics) and integration. We will use method of

exhaustion for finding area of circle with the help of a regular polygon. Similarly, for parabola, we

will use triangle shape. Every time it is difficult to find such a shape, so that our shape is exhausted.

So, we should find a general shape for this. Rectangle plays a vital role in this.

SCIENCE AN EVER-LEARNING PLATFORM FOR BETTER FUTURE.

Abhishek Kumar



My presentation video describes about the science in a very basic way and how science is a

learning platform which can be used to make our life and future better. It consists of work,

photographs and statements of some scientists and professors from over the globe. Basically,

presentation is made in such a way that the topic of the presentation is justified and its meaning

should be explained maximum to the viewers. This presentation talks about the science in daily

life and how its concepts have evolved over the time, how science has contributed in the

technology which further had become our necessity. How existence technology is used to invent

new ways and new technologies in order to make our future brighter and better. Apart from the

origin of science i have tried to show the importance, current scenario and consequences of science

in my presentation. Where science will lead us? How humans and related diseases are changing

with time? What will be the cure? How food can be manufactured genetically? These are some

questions that have been tried to bring them in light through the video.

HOW TO MAKE A BOX FROM A SQUARE CARDBOARD HAVING MAXIMUM

VOLUME

Dixit Patel



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We have a square cardboard. Our goal is to make a box from this by cutting square from each

corner such that the volume of the box is maximum. For this, we will form a function for volume

of the box and our aim is to maximize it. From calculus , we know the method to find a value of

variable for which the function attains maximum or minimum value. For 60x60 square cardboard,

we will use this to find the square to be removed from each corner so that the volume of the box

obtained is maximum.

AREA OF TRIANGLE

Dixit Patel



We can classify triangles as right-angle triangle, acute triangle and obtuse triangle on the basis of

their angle. In general, area of triangle is ½ x base x height. By some means, we can transform

triangle into a rectangle. As we know, the area rectangle is length x breadth. By using this we can

easily find area of triangle.

FIBONACCI NUMBERS

Asha Pithiya, Dixit Patel, Hiteshree Kotecha, Nidhi Gupta, Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya,

Preeti ben Maru, Sonali Prajapati



This video is about introduction to Fibonacci numbers. How they are created and what is the

general pattern for these numbers. Fibonacci numbers have numerous interesting properties, some

of these properties are explained in this video. There is a brief about a rabbit problem which have

solution in form of Fibonacci numbers.

Leaf alignment pattern formed in some of plants also resembles to the spiral pattern observed in

Fibonacci numbers. Number of petals in flower is also an important example of Fibonacci

numbers. This way the video explains the importance of Fibonacci numbers in nature. Then at last

about the relation of golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers.

APPLICATIONS OF NUMBER THEORY IN CRYPTOGRAPHY

Kagada Vanaraj D.

(Temporary Assistant Professor)

Department of Mathematics,

The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

Cryptography is the process of encrypting messages and other data in order to transmit them in a

form that can only be accessed by the intended recipients. It was initially applied to the written

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messages. With the introduction of modern computers, cryptography became an important tool for

securing many types of digital data. In this presentation, I have first presented overview of

Cryptography and its practical demonstration. Then historical details related to Cryptography is

explained. After that general procedure of cryptography is explained. And finally, various types of

techniques are discussed.

AWARDS, MEDALS AND PRIZES IN THE FIELD OF MATHEMATICS

Jignesh kumar B. Shingod, Kalsariya Nayna G., Prince A. Bhuva, Ramesh K. Bera



As we know that in many subjects, we are getting Noble prize, but in Mathematics, there is no

Noble prize. Instead of that we are having many awards/prizes/medals equivalent to Noble prize

and many other famous awards, like Fields medal, Abel prize, etc. In this presentation we give

details of few such prestigious awards/prizes/medals. In last we have also given a list of

millennium problems.

KAPAREKAR’S CONSTANT NUMBER

Parmar Jaydip



We chose any four digits number. For example, we take 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟓.Then we write this number’s digit

in decreasing order. So, we get 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟎 and similarly we write this number in increasing order

we get 𝒃𝟏 = 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟖. Then we take difference 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒃𝟏 = 𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟐. Similarly, in this way we get

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟖𝟓𝟑𝟐 and 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟖. And 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟒. Similarly, we get 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟏 and 𝒃𝟑 =𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟕 and 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 = 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟒. We notice that 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟒 is repeat. The number 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟒 known as

kaparekar constant number. He was an Indian mathematician.

The number of the type 𝟒𝟐𝟎, 𝟑𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟐𝟐, 𝟏𝟐𝟑, 𝟎𝟐𝟒 for e.g., 𝟒𝟐𝟎 type means we get 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅

and 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝟒, 𝒃 − 𝒄 = 𝟐, 𝒄 − 𝒅 = 𝟎. We reach the kaparekar numbers directly one step of the

above process by the above type numbers.

MAGIC STONES

Chauhan Jaydip R.

(Temporary Assistant Professor)



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This is one type of puzzle. In this puzzle, I arranged some stones and made one square such that

total number of stones in any side of square are exactly eight. After adding stone one by one in

random side of square and rearranging stones again the total number of stones will remain same

in each side and exactly equal to eight. So, as we know mathematics is everywhere, try find out

here. Which logic is working here?

PUZZLE SOLVING WITH GRAPH THEORY

Jadav Haresh



We have a puzzle and according to puzzle rule we make a graph of this puzzle. and for finding all

possible solution first we find all possible Hamiltonian circuit and Hamiltonian path. Here in this

graph, we can find 2 Hamiltonian circuit and 4 Hamiltonian paths. In this circuit we put any

number from 1 to 9 at any position and also increasing and decreasing order so we get 18 solution

from 1 circuit and in path we start with only 1 or 9 so we get only 2 solution from 1 path.

Finally, we have (𝟏𝟖 × 𝟐) + (𝟐 × 𝟒) = 𝟒𝟒 solution in this puzzle.

DISCOVERY OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

Asha Pithiya, Dixit Patel, Hiteshree Kotecha, Nidhi Gupta, Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya,

Preeti Ben Maru, Sonali Prajapati



This presentation is about discovery of irrational numbers. How the first irrational number came

to existence. Pythagorean philosopher, Hippassus discovered the irrational numbers. Also, the

proof that this number is not the rational number that it could not be written in the ratio form. Then

the definition of irrational numbers and some characteristics of them. Then there is some

information regarding some famous irrational numbers are there. It also shows how some of these

numbers can be plotted on number line. And also, it shows how irrational numbers appear in

nature.

GRAPH THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Hardeep Khachar



60

The concept of the graph theory is quite useful in many fields and basics applications are

discussed like Königsberg seven bridge problem, seating arrangement problem and utilities

problems. The applications in other fields like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Computer science,

puzzles and others have been mentioned.

PINGALA: FATHER OF BINARY SYSTEM

Suchita Kumari



This presentation is based on the Rishi Pingala’s binary number system which is a significant

contribution to the world of Mathematics. He was the first Ancient Indian prosodist and

mathematician to develop and use the binary number system which is fundamental aspect of

today’s digital technology. Pingala created binary number system and gave each number (1 to 16)

the binary numbers. Also, he wrote the book “Chandrahsastra” wherein he analysed Sanskrit

poetry mathematically. It also contains the first known explanation of Fibonacci numbers,

geometry of spirals and Pascal’s triangle.

TOWER OF HANOI

Nidhi Gupta, Sonali Prajapati, Dixit Patel, Asha Pithiya, Preeti Maru, Hiteshree Kotecha,

Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya



Tower of Hanoi is a puzzle invented by E. Lucas in 1883. In this, we have a stack of n disks on a

rod, together with two empty rods. The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack from

one rod to another by obeying some simple rules. We will consider cases when n=1,2,3. We will

also try to find algorithm for solving this when we have n disks in general. We can also write

program for this which will give the moves required to move the stack, when we enter number of

disks. After that, we will find formula for minimum number of moves required to solve Tower of

Hanoi.

MAGIC HEXAGON Sonali Prajapati, Nidhi Gupta, Dixit Patel, Asha Pithiya, Niyati Kariya, Hiteshree Kotecha, Preeti

Ben Maru, Nikshita Pandya Department of Mathematics,


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A magic hexagon of order n is an arrangement of numbers in a centered hexagonal pattern with n cells on each edge, in such a way that the numbers in each row, in all three directions, sum to the same magic constant M.

Here, our aim is to find magic constant M for ‘n’ order. And filling numbers in the magic hexagon.

FAMOUS INDIAN MATHEMATICIANS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

Ramesh K. Bera



Whenever we talk about development of Mathematics the role of Indian Mathematicians is always

at the top. Many of us are not aware of such contributions by Indian Mathematicians in the field

of Mathematics. In this presentation, we give outline of such Indian Mathematicians and their

contributions.

MATHS PUZZLES

Ms. Nisha Doshi



Puzzles can be regarded as problem-solving games. It enhances the problem-solving ability and

logical thinking.

(1) Finding the missing number/word:

The logic behind this type of puzzle is that the numbers are arranged in a particular sequence and you

have to identify that sequence. In this method students practice their addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division skills by searching for hidden math equations. It can be

adapted to any skill and promotes a solid understanding of basic math facts.

(2) Matchstick type puzzle:

This type of puzzle seems simple, but it just might stump you. After setting up sticks in the required

order, challenge is to make it as a given shape by moving just few matchsticks.

(3) Join the dots:

This puzzle challenges students to connect all the dots using only some straight lines. Here the

challenge is that you can use only a few straight lines.

(4) Counting squares:

In this type of puzzle, you have to count all possible squares. i.e. to count from the grid 1x1 to n x n.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_hexagonal_number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_hexagonal_number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_constant

https://prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/how-to-teach-multiplication/

http://www.transum.org/software/SW/Match_fish/matchfish.asp

https://www.coolmath4kids.com/brain-teasers/connect-dots

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Math puzzles allow students to develop foundational skills in a number of key areas, and can influence

how students approach math practically and abstractly. You can also tie them into strategies.

MATHEMATICS BEHIND RUBIK’S CUBE

Asha Pithiya, Dixit Patel, Hiteshree Kotecha, Nidhi Gupta,

Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya, Preeti Ben Maru, Sonali Prajapati



This video is based on the mathematics in the Rubik’s cube. This Rubik’s cube is made by an

engineer, Erno Rubik. It has 6 sides with 9 individual pieces on each. This cube has total 43

quintillion possible positions and only one is the correct one. In this Rubik cube there is a

involvement of group theory. In the case of the Rubik’s cube, the elements are the faces of the toy.

To be called a group, the elements satisfy all the four properties of group i.e., Closure, associativity,

identity, inverse properties. Therefore, elements of Rubik’s cube form a group. Infact, they form a

permutation group. And since it is a permutation group, it is not a commutative group. The Rubik’s

cube can be connected to fractions, ratios, and proportional reasoning for the school level of

understanding.

INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICIANS

Patel Krupanshibahen Narendrabhai



The presentation incorporates a brief history of a few International Mathematicians; many of them

are known to the pupils. The list includes Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Newton, Leibniz, Euler,

Gauss, L’Hospital, de Moivre. There major contribution in Mathematics is highlighted.

APPLICATIONS OF THE SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Kanu Bhammar



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The definition of system of m linear equations with n unknowns is mentioned and the matrix form

of the systems of m linear equations with n unknowns is given. The application related to it in real

life problem like traffic flow problem is described where the unknown car volume is found using

the system of linear equations.

10. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND

BIOTECHNOLOGY

LIVER ORGANOIDS: FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO NEXT-GENERATION LIVER

MEDICINE R Vignesh, Dhyani Pandya, Shibani Thakur

Department of Microbiology and biotechnology centre


Organoids derived from stem cells or tissues in culture can develop into structures that resemble

the in vivo anatomy and physiology of intact organs. Organoids are generally used to study human

disease models, drug development and drug testing. The liver is a vital organ essential for digesting

food and removing toxic substances from the body. The liver is susceptible to many life-

threatening diseases and many of which are inherited. Liver problems can also be caused by a

variety of factors like viruses, alcohol use and obesity. Over time, conditions that damage the liver

can lead to cirrhosis, which can lead to liver failure, a life-threatening condition. Liver organoids

are now being established for multiple species from induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic

stem cells, hepatoblasts, and adult tissue derived cells. “Liver medicine” refers to all the diagnostic

and treatment strategies of the disease that cause liver failure directly or indirectly. Effective liver

medicines are needed for some of the liver diseases that provide more effective therapeutic

advantages to patients. Despite significant advances in the field of liver medicine, improved tools

are needed for some of the liver disease. Liver organoids facilitate drug testing and personalized

therapy. Next generation cell culture system has immense potential to be further improved by

genome editing and bioengineering technologies to encourage the development of patient specific

therapeutic options for clinical applications.

ARE WE READY TO EAT LIVE MICROBES?

Afiya Shaikh, Kajal Acharya and Tuhina Bhattacharya

Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre,


Microorganisms have been used as food and fodder for centuries. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

(Baker’s and Brewer’s yeast) has been used in fermentation to make alcoholic beverages by the

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ancient Egyptian civilizations, and by the Germans as an edible protein source during World War

II. Algae have supported the lives of historic communities living close to the shores for millennia,

providing a constant source of protein and vitamins. Lactobacillus and other bacteria have been

used as starter cultures in the traditional preparations of cheese and various dairy products.

Microorganisms have always been central in basic food processing techniques, for instance

converting fibres into edible food when fermenting dough to produce bread, or milk into cheese,

allowing its long-term preservation. They have been often used as a direct food source, as is the

case for yeast or algae.

In recent times, when the conventional production of food crops is leaving a substantial

environmental footprint, it should be made evident that microbial proteins and biomass are the

future to a sustainable food supply. This will be more cost-efficient, less wastage, and most

importantly the aftermath will lead to a low carbon footprint.

Microbial protein (MP) is an alternative source of high-quality single-cell protein (SCP) able to

replace animal protein in livestock nutrition and aquaculture. Going one step higher in the food

chain, MP is meeting the FAO/WHO requirements in terms of essential amino acid scoring

patterns for human nutrition, and therefore, humans could benefit greatly from the use of MP

directly as food. Mycoproteins are another example of MP derived from fungal species, they aid

with lots of health benefits and can use methane and CO2 as feedstock. A single cell protein that

has a high nutritional value, Spirulina has been used as a protein-rich dietary source for animal

feed as well as humans, keeping in mind the various health benefits of the cyanobacterium species.

Furthermore, the ingestion of live microbes that mediate health benefits through interactions with

the host gut as well as the resident gut microbiota, is also practiced. These, termed Probiotics, are

considered to be generally safe for most people as they allow for colonization of the gut with

beneficial microorganisms.

In conclusion, we live in a world where these tiny organisms are ubiquitous, existing even in our

own bodies and resulting in maintaining a functioning, symbiotic ecosystem like the gut

microbiome. Hence, microbial protein qualifies as an excellent source of nutritive proteins, but

other cellular components can also be of increasing importance, driving new developments for

microbial-based by-products. In the context of the need to generate new biotechnological processes

and products, this line of research and development should be explored with great care.

PROSPECTS OF MICROALGAE IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD Suryaudaysinh Rana, Kunal Chavan and Devang Barot

Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre


Microalgae are simple unicellular organisms, which usually grow in freshwater and marine water

systems. Microalgae is in the trend nowadays due to their utilities in various fields. Researches

have shown that this organism can produce certain medically important substances such as

Docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and beta-1, 3 glucans, which can help

to solve certain health issues such as malnutrition, diabetes, liver disorders, proteinuria,

atherosclerosis, etc. These organisms have also shown effective results in the remediation of

polluted water and the generation of biofuels. Species such as Chlorella, Chlamydomonas,

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Scenedesmus, etc. have shown the production of biofuels. So, microalgae that were used for

bioremediation of polluted water can also be used for extraction of oils and diesel. An important

observation is that the production and cultivation of microalgae do not cause any harm to the

environment and hence, these are completely eco-friendly. In addition to that, microalgae use CO2

present in the environment and produce O2 in return. Approximately 40% of global photosynthesis

is due to these microorganisms. So, biofuel production using microalgae can be beneficial to the

environment as well as living organisms. Also, these microalgae can be a promising alternative to

antibiotics, as certain types of microalgae have shown the production of antimicrobial substances

that can inhibit the growth of some human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus

luteus, B. subtilis, etc. Thus, these microorganisms can be considered as a better comrade to the

environment to satisfy the needs of mankind.

BIOLUMINESCENCE: A VISION FROM STREET LIGHTS TO TREE LIGHTS Shivam Pandey and Shalini Mondal

Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Bioluminescence is light emitted by living things through chemical reactions in their bodies.

Today, scientists and engineers are trying to harness the radiance of living things. Roads, in the

future could be lit by glowing trees instead of streetlamps, thanks to the breakthrough creation of

bioluminescent plants. Imagine: No more street lamps with broken bulbs or dimly-lit alleys. Instead, your evening stroll

is illuminated by luminous trees giving off a calming blue hue.

But why? Street lights are incredibly expensive. Also, lighting a city contributes to a lot of

emissions. Bioluminescent trees would be greener alternatives.

The goal is to isolate the genes that cause some creatures to glow, and use those genes to

genetically engineer trees to do the same thing. The real advantage of using plants is that they only

need carbon dioxide, sunlight and water. The light is ultimately powered by the energy metabolism

of the plant itself. The light-emitting protein, called luciferin, reacts with oxygen in the presence

of an enzyme called luciferase, along with other reagents. In contrast to fire and electrically

generated light, bioluminescence is "cold light"—the reactions that create this light waste very

little energy as heat.

Experts injected specialized nanoparticles into the leaves of a watercress plant, which caused it to

give off a dim light for nearly four hours. The nanoparticles helped reach the enzyme and its

substrate to the right part of the plant and also prevented them from building to concentrations that

could be toxic to the plants. Researchers believe with further tweaking, the technology could be

used to provide lights bright enough to illuminate an entire street, as well as a switch mechanism

to turn on and off the tree light.

So, are you ready for a mini-tour: FROM STREETLIGHTS TO TREELIGHTS?

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

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Pragati Durge and Saloni Kumari

Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Center

The MS University Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been termed the machine for the fourth industrial revolution. One

of the main challenges in drug discovery and development is the time and costs required to sustain

the drug development pipeline. It is estimated to cost over 2.6 billion USD and take over a decade

to develop therapeutics like cancer. This is primarily due to the high numbers of candidate drugs

failing at late drug development stages. Many sizable pharmaceutical and biotech companies have

made considerable investments in AI. This is primarily due to recent advancements in AI, which

have displayed the possibility of rapid low-cost drug discovery and development.

MICROPLASTICS IN HUMAN PLACENTA

Gayatri Bhattad & Shivani Singh


The M.S. university of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002

Microplastics are particles smaller than five millimetres deriving from the degradation of plastic

objects present in the environment. Microplastics can move from the environment to living

organisms, including mammals. There are several reports of MPs in food, and in seafood, sea salt,

and in drinking water. Microplastics have also been detected in the gastrointestinal tract of marine

animals, and also human intestine. Inside tissues, MPs are considered as foreign bodies by the host

organism and, as such, trigger local immunoreactions. Furthermore, MPs can act as carriers for

other chemicals, such as environmental pollutants and plastic additives, which may be released

and are known for their harmful effects.

"For the first time microplastics were detected by Raman micro-spectroscopy in human

placentas."

Raman Micro-spectroscopy is a well-assessed vibrational technique, widely and successfully

applied in the biomedical field, to characterize both biological samples.

The potential presence of man-made MPs in placenta may harm the delicate response of

differentiation between self and non-self with a series of related consequences on embryo

development that need to be defined.

CYBORG CHLOROPLAST: ENHANCING CO2 FIXATION MECHANISM.

Ashna and Reetu Maindolia



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The major challenge for the future is increasing the CO2 concentration in atmosphere, leads to

many undesirable changes. As plants can fix the CO2 with the help of a catalytic enzyme -

RubisCo. But the rate of fixation of CO2 is very low.

The motivation behind this research is to find a new way to fix CO2 at a speedy rate and there

are always chances to improve the existing biology with synthetic biology.

ECR: an enzyme which fixes carbon dioxide at very efficient rate. ECR enzymes are much

more efficient than RubisCO, are taken from different organisms.

By taking 17 such enzymes from 9 different organisms and to bring them together and

harmonize them to work as a team to get CETCH cycle. These synthetically combined enzymes

later put into the plant cells.

So that it can enhance the CO2 fixation mechanism.

GENE EDITING TECHNOLOGY IN TARGETED CANCER THERAPY

Nakul Panchal and Shradha Tyagi



Recent advancements in gene editing technology with use of programmable nucleases (ZFNs,

TALENs, CRISPR – Cas 9) has opened up new possibilities in targeting specific genes / DNA

sequences. This has increased the accuracy of gene manipulation for research and clinical purpose

in eukaryotes.

Traditional cancer therapy methods caused damage to normal somatic cells along with tumor cell.

Using these gene editing tools, mutant cancer-causing genes can be selectively targeted and

knocked out or replaced with wild-type normal gene. Much research is now being done on

engineering stem cells and developing anti-tumor T cells.

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY: A CURATIVE APPROACH IN DRUG DELIVERY FOR

TREATING HIV-AIDS INFECTION.

Manoj kumar Baghel & Shashank Joshi

Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology centre


One of the most severe public health issues in the world is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

(HIV), the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV-AIDS remains one of

the most difficult conditions to treat in the 21st century. However, multiple antiretroviral

medications are present in the present situation, rendering the disease chronic rather than worse,

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which helps to improve the survival rate. Antiretroviral drugs are manageable, but bioavailability,

poorer permeability; bad medication half-life restricts potent operation. High dose drug

administration leads to greater toxicity, which induces side reactions and develops resistance to

the strain of HIV. There is a lack of potent drug targeting owing to its volatility, chemical

degradation, and restriction of the tissue barrier. The use of nanotechnology to produce anti-

retroviral medications has the potential to treat AIDS. Nanocarrier's effective nanotechnology

delivery system (liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, nano-emulsion,

nanovesicles) plays a vital role in the delivery of drugs. Nanocarrier has revolutionized the area of

pharmaceuticals in the world of drug distribution in a living system. This analysis reveals the nano-

based potent systems that are incorporated or enclosed with ARV drugs to improve their efficacy

or effectiveness with a low adverse effect on HIV abortion.

APPLICATION OF RECOMBINANT INSECT PRODUCTS IN MODERN RESEARCH

Disha Acharya, Apurva Randale &Gayatri Kharadi



Biotechnology enables the genetic engineering through gene modification, broadening the range

of natural products, as far production and application of transgenic products, such as implant

coatings, scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound dressing devices, as well as drug delivery

systems. In the present scenario, recombinant technology including the expression of DNA and

gene modification or simple genetic manipulation to several host organisms, involving bacteria,

yeast, plants, insect cells, mammalian cells, and transgenic animals seems to have tremendous and

promising future research opportunities. Our poster makes an attempt to show modern research

initiatives using recombinantly produced insect products including Silk, Collagen, Cantharidin,

AMPs.

VIRTUAL TOUR OF DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY

CENTRE Rhydham Karnik, Namitha Vanparambil, Prapti Modi

Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology Centre

The M. S. University of Baroda- 390002

The Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology Centre was established in 1964. Ever since it’s

discovery it has been in the forefront of Science and technology. The department provides Master

of Science in Microbiology as well as Masters of Science in Biotechnology funded by DBT. The

department has produced 155 Ph.Ds. The backbone of the department is the intellectual rigour

provided by dedicated faculties and enthusiastic students. Here we are presenting a short video on

a virtual tour of the department showing the glimpse of student life at the department and all the

facilities available to world class research.

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ORGAN ON A CHIP

Kumari Manisha and Mayuri Tilekar



It’s hard to predict which drug would work best on your body. OOC is a multichannel 3D

microfluidic cell culture cell, engineered in layer and channel, that stimulates the activities,

mechanisms, physiological responses of entire organ. Virtual human on a chip can be created by

interconnecting various chips for better response. Till now several chips have been developed

including heart, kidney, liver, gut, lungs, mammary gland, lymph node, brain and eye.

Past clinical trial take years for testing a single compound while costing billions of dollars also

harming innumerable animal in the process. OOC have capability to replace animal testing.

APPLICATION OF FERMENTATIVE YEAST IN WINE PRODUCTION Gaurav Madhukar Patekar

Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology centre,


In alcoholic fermentation, glucose is converted to ethanol by the yeast, a unicellular fungus. The

mechanism involves the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by EMP pathway and then

decarboxylation to form aldehyde which in turn is converted to ethanol by NADH reduction. The

best-known organism to perform this reaction is Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly known as

Baker’s yeast. Demonstration of alcohol fermentation can be carried out by adding simple sugar

i.e., glucose to warm water followed by addition of Baker’s yeast in a bottle. In order to check for

the CO2 production as a by-product, we can tie a balloon at the neck of the bottle. In other two

bottles, controls will be kept in which no yeast and no sugar is added. The presence of CO2 in

balloon will indicate alcoholic fermentation by yeast, while its absence will infer no fermentation.

The same process is utilized in the industry for the production of beer, wine and also in baking.

Naturally, yeast is found on ripe fruits, which can cause the spontaneous fermentation to produce

Grape-wine. Thus, yeast is of great economic importance.

The wine production can be demonstrated by using the principle of fermentation in a glass jar. The

grapes will be cleaned and crushed and transferred into the jar. The activated yeast and sugar

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solution will be added in it. The contents of the wine jar will be mixed thoroughly twice a day and

kept at 25°C. Later, mixing is discontinued for anaerobic conditions which will favour alcoholic

fermentation. After 3-5 days, wine is filtered and allowed for secondary fermentation for 7-11 days

at 25°C. The broth can be smelled to check for presence of alcohol. The wine can be aged to

develop new flavours and aroma.

BACTERIAL PROTEIN MEDIATED HEAVY METAL WATER CONTAMINATION

DETECTION Shrutika Padwal & Harshita Sharma



Heavy metals are toxic metals having density five times greater than water. The main threats to

human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and

arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health are regularly

reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking-

water is mainly related to increased risks of cancers, neurological and cardiovascular defects, as

well as skin lesions such as hyperkeratosis and pigmentation changes. Health threshold limit in

drinking water, specified by the WHO, is 10 µg/L (equivalent to 10 ppb or 0.13 µM). Precise

determination of such a low concentration in a stationary laboratory environment is performed

using sophisticated instrumentation like inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic

absorption spectroscopy or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, which are

inherently not suitable for field testing on the other hand commercially available colorimetric tests

are usually based on the highly sensitive and specific Gutzeit reaction, but their major disadvantage

is that they require hazardous HgBr2 to be used. In the last two decades both cell-free (DNA- or

protein-based) and cell-based sensing layers have been developed. Some of the whole-cell based

sensors reach the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) limit and are highly selective.

Moreover, field-application of these sensors cannot meet practical requirements in general, due to

their nature of being living organisms.

As environmentally friendly alternatives, electrochemical detection methods can be combined with

various sensing layers in affordable portable devices. Direct electrical output of these devices is

convenient to handle and analyse. Moreover, the detection of low concentration toxicants by

electrochemical methods can be combined with various signal amplifier methods or microsystem

technology on electrochemical nano-biochips enabling the construction of hand-held equipment

for field monitoring. Flagellin is the principal component of bacterial flagellum, and is present in

large amounts on nearly all flagellated bacteria. A sensing system can be designed with genetically

engineered flagellin proteins and used along with electrochemical detection systems for field

monitoring.

DEMONSTRATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF MICROORGANISMS USING

HOMEMADE MEDIA. Sandesh Pralhad Telang

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Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology centre,

The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara – 390002

Cultivation of microorganisms from different habitats such as water bodies, soil surfaces and air

can be carried out using simple experiments. Microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses are present

everywhere and found on every surface and hence they are ubiquitous. For example, fungi as

fungal spores and viruses as viral particles, which can travel as bioaerosol. These bioaerosols are

basically atmospheric particles, mist of dust of µm range, associated with metabolically active or

inactive viable particles that may vary considerably in size and composition depending on a variety

of factors including the type of microorganism or toxin, the type of particles to which they are

associated. Common sources of aerosols include soil, water and sewage. Although microorganisms

are responsible for most of the infections, not all microorganisms present in the air cause infection.

Microorganisms present in the atmosphere mix with water during rainfall and are mixed with soil

and water bodies. To check their presence, we can perform simple experiments using things that

are easily available at home such as potato sugar and gelatine. Growth of the invisible microbes

can be visualised using homemade crude potato medium. For this, potatoes are boiled till they get

moist and then potato water is filtered, mixed with sugar solution followed by addition of

agar/Gelatine powder, and poured into plates. Then, a sample is added, and observed for the growth

of microbes upon sufficient incubation.

The Growth of different microbes with varying morphology on the crude potato medium may

clearly give an indication about their existence in our nearby surroundings to which we are exposed

on a daily basis.

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11. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION ON A ROUGH SURFACE OF A ROCK WITH THE

HELP OF CARBON SOOT Divya Barmeda

Department of Physics


Usually, reflection is not seen over a rough surface under any circumstances. But, by accumulating

fine powdery substances which are hydrophobic in nature, like carbon soot produced due to

incomplete combustion, over that rough surface, phenomenon like total internal reflection can be

reproduced by dipping that surface in some watery solution. This, happens due to formation of

very thin layer of air over the surface due to hydrophobic nature of carbon soot that is accumulated

over that surface. Here, fine powder of carbon soot, when seen microscopically, can be considered

as a landscape having dips at few places and peaks other places, now the water forms a uniform

layer (due to the essence of surface tension) across the peaks leaving some space in between where

dips are located. In this space air is present, as a result of which the surface separating air and water

acts as a center for total internal reflection. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from

a denser medium to rarer medium if and only if the angle of incident light is greater than

arcsine(r/d), where “r” is refractive index of rarer medium and “d” is refractive index of denser

medium. If the angle of incident light is less than this then the light penetrates into the rarer medium

and would get absorbed by the soot and the surface would be seen black when seen from outside.

Also, here the uniform surfaces of water that formed are from peak to peaks of carbon soot

landscape whose heights vary at different places, as a result of which the overall surface as seen

on zooming out at microscopic level will have a texture similar to that of a crumpled paper.

Considering this, if no object is present in the vicinity of this surface (in the watery medium side),

the overall surface will be seeming to be silver-ish (i.e., due to non-uniformed shining) in color.

But if some object is in vicinity of that surface a slight hue of that object’s color can be seen over

that surface.

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A STUDY OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Aritri Mohanta & Ashish Solanki

Department of Physics


Our project is about Particle accelerators. As the name suggests, a particle accelerator is a machine

that can accelerate charged particles to very high speeds and energies. It uses electromagnetic

fields to propel charged particles or ions to very high speeds and contains them into sharp beams.

The basic principle is that the energy and speed of a charged particle can be increased by passing

it through a potential difference again and again. The need for an article accelerator was felt in

order to be able to study the properties of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles. There are many

different types of particle accelerators that have evolved over time, such as Linear Accelerator,

Cyclotron, Synchrocyclotron, Synchrotron and Betatron.

It all started when Cockroft and E. Walton, E. Rutherford's collaborators, started studying methods

to accelerate a particle beam to energies of hundreds of KV. They finally produced, in 1932, what

is believed to be the first true particle accelerator, delivering a 400 KV collimated beam. Ernest O.

Lawrence was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for the invention of the Cyclotron using which he

later managed to accelerate a proton to 1.1 MeV with an 11-inch cyclotron.

However, there were certain limitations to a cyclotron such as its inability to accelerate a positive

ion beyond a certain limit, and its incapacity to accelerate electrons. Hence the Synchrocyclotron

and the Betatron were developed to overcome these limitations respectively.

Particle accelerators have applications in both theoretical physics as well in medical sciences. Ion

beams from cyclotrons are used in proton therapy, to penetrate the body and kill tumours by

radiation damage. Furthermore, Synchrotron light sources are used in DNA research to define how

the ribosome translates DNA information into life. In addition, LHC (Large Hadron Collider) was

responsible for discovering Higgs Boson.

LHC can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerator can reach. The aim of the LHC's

detectors is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics,

including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson and searching for the large family of new

particles as well as other unsolved questions of physics.

Physicists hope that LHC helps answer some fundamental physics questions such as the nature of

the Dark Matter, existence of extra dimensions, asymmetry between matter and antimatter, etc.

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Tyndall effect

Abhishek,

Department of Physics, Facuty of Science

The Tyndall effect is light scattering by particles in a colloid orin a very fine

suspension. Also known as Tyndall scattering, it is similar to Rayleigh scattering, in

that the intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power

of the wavelength, so blue light is scattered much more strongly than red light. An

example in everyday life is the blue colour sometimes seen in the smoke emitted by

motorcycles, in particular two-stroke machines where the burnt engine oil provides

these particles. Under the Tyndall effect, the longer wavelengths are more transmitted

while the shorter wavelengths are more diffusely reflected via scattering. The Tyndall

effect is seen when light-scattering particulate matter is dispersed in an otherwise

light- transmitting medium, when the diameter of an individual particle is the range

of roughly between 40 and 900 nm, i.e. somewhat below or near the wavelengths of

visible light (400–750 nm). It is particularly applicable to colloidal mixtures and fine

suspensions; for example, the Tyndall effect is used in nephelometers to determine

the size and d density particles in aerosols and other colloidal matter (see

ultramicroscope and turbidimeter).It is named after the 19th-century physicist John

Tyndall. Rayleigh scattering is defined by a mathematical formula that requires the

light-scattering particles to be far smaller than the wavelength of the light. For a

dispersion of particles to qualify for the Rayleigh formula, the particle sizes need to

be below roughly 40 nanometres (for visible light), and the particles may be

individual molecules. Colloidal particles are bigger, and are in the rough vicinity of

the size of a wavelength of light. Tyndall scattering, i.e. colloidal particle scattering,

is much more intense than Rayleigh scattering due to the bigger particle sizes

involved. The importance of the particle size factor for intensity can be seen in the

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large exponent it has in the mathematical statement of the intensity of Rayleigh

scattering. If the colloid particles are spheroid, Tyndall scattering can be

mathematically analyzed in terms of Mie theory, which admits particle sizes in the

rough vicinity of the wavelength of light. Light scattering by particles of complex

shape are described by the T-matrix method. A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall

scattering in a translucent layer in the iris. Brown and black irises have the same layer except

with more melanin in it. The melanin absorbs light. In the absence of melanin, the layer is

translucent (i.e. the light passing through is randomly and diffusely scattered) and a noticeable

portion of the light that enters this translucent layer re-emerges via a scattered path. That is,

there is backscatter, the redirection of the light waves back out to the open air. Scattering

takes place to a greater extent at the shorter wavelengths. The longer wavelengths tend to pass

straight through the translucent layer with unaltered paths, and then encounter the next layer

further back in the iris, which is a light absorber. Thus, the longer wavelengths are not

reflected (by scattering) back to the open air as much as the shorter wavelengths are. Because

the shorter wavelengths are the blue wavelengths, this gives rise to a blue hue in the light that

comes out of the eye. The blue iris is an example of a structural color, in contrast to a pigment

color. When the days sky is overcast, sunlight passes through the turbid layer of the clouds,

resulting in scattered, diffuse light on the ground. This exhibits Mie scattering instead of

Tyndall scattering because the cloud droplets are larger than the wavelength of the light and

scatters all colors approximately equally. When the daytime sky is cloudless, the sky's color

is blue due to Rayleigh scattering instead of Tyndall scattering because the scattering particles

are the air molecules, which are much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. On

occasion, the term.Tyndall effect is incorrectly applied to light scattering by large

(macroscopic) dust particles in the air.

Plasma Globe

Aritri Mohanta, Somya Shree Sahu, Bhargavsoni

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

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A plasma is created whenever atoms of a gas are heated up so they are extremely hot. The

atoms have so much energy that when they collide, the electrons get knocked off. Therefore, a

plasma is a bunch of electrons and ions.

The plasma globe is a miniature Tesla coil. Inside the ball is a coil of wires that have

electrons going through them oscillating at a very high frequency. This shakes the atoms around

the wires so hard that their electrons start to fall off! Inside the glass globe is a partial vacuum.

This just means that some of the air has been sucked out. Because there is not as much air in there,

it is easier to make electric sparks that can be seen.

The electrons then travel out into the air from the glass ball. We know this because the

plasma ball lights up the light bulb. If you touch the plasma ball, all of the electrons will go through

you to the ground. You see only one big spark inside the ball where you put your hand. If you

stand on a stool, you are insulated from the ground and get filled with electrons. This means you

can light up a fluorescent light bulb

THE DIFFUISION CLOUD CHAMBER

Aritri Mohanta, Somya Shree Sahu, Bhargav Soni

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

A cloud chamber is a device that makes visible the paths of particles emitted as a result of

radioactive decay. When subatomic particles enter the cloud chamber they bump into air or alcohol

molecules producing free ions. The ions serve as a starting point for the growth of visible droplets

in the space that contains more condensed vapour than usual. The droplets form the visible trails.

The cloud chamber provides a supersaturated atmosphere in which this is possible.

In the diffusion cloud chamber a large difference in temperature is maintained between the

top and the bottom of the chamber, usually by cooling the bottom with dry ice. The gas in the

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chamber, in this case air, is saturated with a vapour, usually alcohol. The air-vapour mixture cools

as it diffuses to the frigid bottom, creating a supersaturated environment, the cloud.

MATERIALS Required: IPA(isopropyl alcohol), sponge, glass aquarium, metal plate with black

base, a radioactive source(here Thorium) and dry ice.

Magnetic levitation

Somya Sahu, Aritri Mohanta and Bhargav Soni

Department of Physics, faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiiwsrs_d_mAhWRXCsKHWY-BQAQjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=http://www.scifun.ed.ac.uk/pages/pp4ss/pp4ss-cloud_chamber.html&psig=AOvVaw0GhDaVl1U1Nlr3fH-FpJkF&ust=1577884937591089

78

The principle of magnetic levitation is that a vehicle can be suspended and propelled on a

guidance track made with magnets. The vehicle on top of the track may be propelled with the help

of a linear induction motor. Although the vehicle does not use steel wheels on a steel rail they are

still referred to as trains as by definition they are a long chain of vehicles which travel in the same

direction. This is the definition of a MAGLEV train.As the frictional parts are minimum in this

type of technology, the MAGLEV trains are known to have more speed, smoothness and less

sound.

The train will be floating

about 10mm above the

magnetic guiding track.

The train will be propelled to

move by the guide way

itself. Thus, there is no need

of any engine inside he train.

The detailed working of

MAGLEV train is shown

in the figure below. The

train is propelled by

the changing in magnetic

fields. As soon as the train starts to move, the magnetic field changes sections by switching method

and thus the train is again pulled forward. The whole guide way is run by electromagnets so as to

provide the magnetic effect.Thus the power needed for the whole process is less when compared

to a conventional electric train. Amongst the power used, only a little is used for the levitation

process. But a higher percentage of power is needed to overcome air friction.

Spintronics: A future vision of electronics

Kishan H. Mali*, Rushikesh Pokar

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science

*[email protected],

Electronic devices utilize the charge of electrons to store information. Maintaining the data

stored in 0 or 1 logic in these devices for a long time, high heat dissipation, low switching speed

were major problems in the electronic devices. These problems are overcome in devices based on

spintronics, in which the spin property of electrons instead of charge is exploited to store

mailto:*[email protected]

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information. Since the discovery of TMR in 1975 and GMR in 1988 various spin-based effects

have been observed and utilized in memory storage and switching devices such as MRAM,

magnetic hard-drives, spin-based transistors, magnetic field sensors, and spin filters. The field of

spintronics has evolved exponentially in the last decade providing the ability to design smaller,

faster, and much more efficient memory storage devices compared to conventional electronic

devices.

DARK MATTER & DARK ENERGY

Nitya Parikh, Annapurnasingh,

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science

From the tiny atom to everything visible to human eye, is classified as ordinary matter. We can

see these things because of the light reflected by the objects is captured by the light receptors

present in the human eyes. Surprisingly our universe is made of only 5% ordinary matter &

remaining 95% comprises of 25% dark matter & 70% dark energy, which are invisible. This

implies whatever we, the humans, experience is just a very small portion of the reality. So how did

this dark matter & dark energy being discovered? Swiss born astronomer, Fritz Zwicky, studied

the images of roughly 1000 galaxies that make up the COMA CLUSTER. To his astonishment, he

found that the galaxies move so fast, that they should have simply flown apart; which isn’t the

case. This is where he speculated that something acts as a belt & named this “belt” as dark matter.

Initially this wasn’t accepted by the astronomers, since agreeing to him meant to oppose the laws

of Newton. So they rejected his ideas by saying that there had been some kind of mistake in his

research. However after 27 years, in 1960, a female astronomer named Vera Rubin, found the

similar results while studying our neighbouring Andromeda galaxy. This led to the acceptance of

the dark matter theory. Dark matter interacts with gravity on the other hand dark energy opposes

the gravity. Dark energy is the mysterious force causing the universe’s expansion to accelerate,

with the passage of time. It’s the unknown form of energy affecting the universe on the largest

scales. Their discovery refuted the earlier studies regarding the universe that was based on the

newton’s laws; which stated that “Universe’s expansion would decelerate resulting in the

retraction leading to its collapse. However“THE RED SHIFT” concept by Edward Hubble, proved

the expanding of universe.This discovery led to the further conclusion that dark matter is an

intrinsic property of spacewhich resists gravity, to occupy the whole universe

MICROPHONE

Nova Abraham

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodra- 390 002

A microphone is a device which converts acoustical energy(sound waves) into electrical energy.

Several types of microphone are used today, which employ different methods to convert the air

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pressure variations of a sound wave to an electrical signal. The most common are the dynamic

microphone, which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field.

Apparatus: Cardboard box(small), Graphite (or Pencil leads), Crocodile Wires, 9v Battery, A

sharp Knife and Speaker wires (or Earphone).

Circuit

Principle:

It works on the principle of Simple Harmonic Motion. The varying pressure in air vibrates the

graphite lead up and down, causing change in resistance. Due to this change in resistance,

potential drop on the speaker changes. Hence pressure variations are converted into electrical

signals.

Applications:

Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aid, public address

systems, for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio

engineering, sound recording, two-way radios, megaphones, radio and television broadcasting.

They are also used in computers for recording voice and speech recognition.

NASA Mars 2020 Mission Perseverance Rover

R. K. Singh

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science,

The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara -390002, INDIA

https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/

https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/

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Perseverance, nicknamed Percy is a carsized Mars rover designed to explore the Jezero

Crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission. It was manufactured by the Jet Propulsion

Laboratory and launched on 30 July 2020 at 11:50:00 Confirmation that the rover successfully

landed on Mars was received on 18 February 2021 at 20:55. As of 26 February

2021, Perseverance has been on Mars for 7 sols (8 Earth days). Perseverance has a similar design

to its predecessor rover, Curiosity, from which it was moderately upgraded; it carries seven

primary payload instruments, 19 cameras, and two microphones. The rover is also carrying the

mini-helicopter Ingenuity, an experimental aircraft that will attempt the first powered flight on

another planet.The rover's goals include identifying ancient Martian environments capable of

supporting life, seeking out evidence if microbial life existed in those environments, collecting

rock and soil samples to store on the Martian surface, and testing oxygen production from the

Martian atmosphere to prepare for future crewed missions [1].

Swati Mohanis an Indian origin and play important role in this NASA mars mission. Swati Mohan

led the attitude control of mars mission during operations and was the lead systems engineer

throughout development. The attitude control system points the vehicle where it needs to be and

help figure out where the spacecraft is oriented in space [2]. She completed her B.S from Cornell

University in Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, and her M.S. and Ph.D. from MIT in

Aeronautics/Astronautics. She has worked on multiple missions such as Cassini (mission to

Saturn) and GRAIL (a pair of formation flown spacecraft to the Moon). She has worked on Mars

2020 since almost the beginning of the project in 2013. She is currently the Mars 2020 Guidance,

Navigation, and Controls Operations Lead, at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_rover

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezero_(crater)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezero_(crater)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_2020

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(day_on_Mars)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuity_(Mars_helicopter)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars

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12. DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA Preeti.N.Thakur, Priyanka.P.Vayata & Zinkal.N.Chirutkar

Department of Statistics


This project is based on data science. In this project we have presented a demonstration showing

what is statistics, what statistician do with the data and how statistics works to draw conclusions.

There are 6 stages involved in data processing.

First stage is framing of the problem. In this project we want to know how the novel pandemic

affected the life of people.

Second stage is collection of data. In this we have first prepared the questionary to collect

necessary data which can be used to analyse and draw some conclusion. We have used google

based form. The questionary involves gender, age group, relationship status, to which working

occupation the belongs to, did people got proper facilities to work or study from home from home

or not , their satisfaction from online services , how they spend their lockdown time, their working

status, their situation during lockdown, their physical health, did they avail their daily needs like

grocery, medicines, sanitizer, etc., did they received help from government or non-government

programs or not, how much time they spend at home and their overall experience. We have

collected 90 responses.

Third stage is organization of data. In this we have cleaned the raw data and have transformed it

into tabular form.

Fourth stage is presentation of data. In this we have explored the data and have examined it

carefully to draw hidden relationships. For this we have used pie chart, bar diagram, horizontal bar

diagram.

Fifth stage is analysis using statistical methods. We have used inferential methods. We have used

statistical tools like fitting of distribution and testing of hypothesis.

Sixth stage is interpretation and conclusion. Here, after performing all the above stages we

conclude that there is association between age group and situation during COVID-19 pandemic.

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So, situation of people depends on their age group. Also, we have shown that the person we select

from the population would have neutral or better experience during pandemic.

STOCK MARKET Ghodasara Kriyanshi



The demand to predict stock prices are Extremely high, hence it is the need for stock market

analysis. It is Analysis and Prediction of project on technical analysis, visualization and prediction

using data provided by Google Finance. The purpose of this project is to comparatively analyse

the effectiveness of prediction algorithms on stock market data through visualization to predict

future stock behaviour and value at risk for each stock. Thus, we can say that stock market is such

a wide field that we can have good trade in it and many people invest and find good opportunity

for doing business. As every coin has two side even stock market has two side.

Sometimes investor may have good income and sometimes due to low SENSEX it may happen

that they might have to take loan and debt themselves. We have to make opportunity by ourself

and they need to think about future. Hence, we can conclude that it is such a wide imaginary world

where people get lost and sometimes due to over pressure they might get in depression and if they

have good profit in stocks due to greediness also, they might forget their family members and

others so deeply that they feel loneliness. Statistics is such a huge field which involves almost all

the surroundings and we use it regularly for our prediction and analysis.

PREDICTION OF BETA-THALSSEMIA AMONG THE MSU STUDENTS

Patil Hinal & Keerti Jangid



Our presentation aims at designing such a Predictive Model which can predict the presence or

absence of Beta-Thalassemia given the Complete Blood Count of the individuals. Our presentation

aims to perform comparative study between models such as Multivariate Logistic Regression,

Ridge Logistic Regression and Principal Component Logistic Regression. The dataset consists of

complete blood count, HPLC details and the diagnosis of the individuals under study.

Our test outcomes demonstrates that the Statistical approaches might be utilized for the effective

screening of the Beta-Thalassemia.

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How happy Barodians are: A Happiness survey on Vadodara Citizens

Kinjal Kanwar and Komal Patil


In today’s fast moving and highly stressful life, we all are running after materialistic things and

are trying to find happiness in it. But do we actually know what happiness is and if we know how

to define it then, can we measure it in any way. To find the answers to such questions there have

been numerous studies around the world. A breakthrough in quantifying happiness or wellbeing

was made by Bhutan by calculating their country’s Gross National Happiness (GNH) instead of

Gross National Product (GNP). The term GNH was coined by the 4th King of Bhutan Jigme Singye

Wangchuk. Since then there have been different studies and researches conducted by various

organizations like United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network which publishes

World Happiness Report every year since 2012.

According to which, India is ranked on 144th position out of 156 countries in 2020. So, it becomes

quite alarming to study about various factors responsible for happiness. Hence, we have conducted

a study: “How happy barodians are: A happiness survey on Vadodara Citizens”. This study was

conducted before covid-19 breakdown. Happiness is an abstract concept which can not be

measured but psychologists and researchers have long tried various ways to quantify it and have

given different definitions for happiness ,all of which could be summarized as : Happiness is being

satisfied with life, being in a good mood, feeling positive emotions, feeling enjoyment, etc.

Researchers have identified various contributors of happiness like physical health, income, social

relationships etc. In study of Gross National Happiness by Bhutan government, they have

identified 9 domains and 33 indicators of happiness like education, health, psychological wellbeing

etc.

Similarly, in our study we have measured happiness based on 7 domains -health, marriage, family,

education, social relationships, occupation, general life satisfaction. We have further identified 28

indicators based on these domains and have asked a question regarding all of them, in which

respondents have answered based on a 5-point scale from highly agree to highly disagree. For our

study, we have taken a random sample of 315 people from 4 wards of Vadodara, and asked them

to fill the questionnaire.

Based on their responses we have calculated an average happiness score of each individual by

using weighted average method. In calculation of GNH, Bhutanese have given equal weights to

all the 9 domains. Since all the indicators are not equally important for an individual’s happiness

but each of them are important to some person at a given point of time. So, using some statistical

techniques we have given weights to different domains and then using these weights we have

calculated the average happiness scores and according to them we have divided the people into 3

categories; unhappy, happy and extremely happy.

From our study we have found that 86% female respondents are happy and 83% of the male

respondents are happy. Among married and unmarried people, we have seen that 85% of the

married are happy while 84% of the unmarried are happy. Since family is an important factor for

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations

https://positivepsychology.com/positive-emotions-list-examples-definition-psychology/

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happiness so we have also asked the people about the family type they are currently living in; and

we found that 87 % of the people living in nuclear families are happy while 82% of the people

living in joint families are happy.

We have also calculated an overall happiness index for Vadodara city. For finding this index we

have used two thresholds: sufficiency threshold, happiness threshold. If a person’s weighted

average score is 7 or above in particular domain then he / she is considered sufficient in that

domain. And if the person enjoys sufficiency in 4 out of 6 domains then he / she is considered

happy. To calculate GNH we need no. of happy and not yet happy people so in our study we had

(255 out of 315) i.e. 80.95% people in the sample were happy and (60 out of 315) i.e. 19.04%

people in sample were not - yet - happy. So overall happiness index of Vadodara city came

to be 8.83 out of 10. So, we can see that barodians are quite happy.

BAYESIAN BRAIN

Amisha Yadhav and Srishti sen


Suppose you are going to a market and you see a dog-like creature running towards you, your

belief that it will attack you may be 34%; if you recognize that it’s a Doberman, your belief that

you’ll be attacked may rise to 78%; if it starts barking, 92%; if another barking dog passes you

from behind, the probability of your attack-belief being true drops again. From this example we

can see that how your certainty of a belief may change as you gain new evidence.

Initial belief + new evidence = updated belief.

To explain such type of phenomena scientist gave an idea called Bayesian brain that uses a

mathematical model to describe how the brain works. It explains how the brain is influenced by

the past experience, their moods and all sorts of other factors. Since everyone has lived a

different life , everyone’s brain is different.

Bayes’ law is the mathematical formalization of that idea: P(B|E)=P(E|B)*P(B)/P(E), which

calculates the conditional probability of your belief B being true, given evidence E. This is what

the brain approximates4 during predictive processing. In particular, your brain updates its

statistical model of the world by integrating prediction errors in accordance with Bayes’

theorem; hence the name Bayesian brain.

The crucial point in understanding the Bayesian brain is that: the internal model of the world

within the brain suggests that processes in the brain model processes in the physical world. In

order to successfully predict the future, the brain needs to run simulations of the world on its own

hardware. These processes need to follow a causality similar to that of the external world, and a

world of its own comes alive in the brain observing it.

Dynamics of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study Based on the Gujarat

Koshi Panchal; Sheetal Prasad; Priti Singh

https://www.mindcoolness.com/blog/bayesian-brain-predictive-processing/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-14246

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Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda,

Vadodara 390002

Background: WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 due to its large-scale

spread across the world. The spread of the pandemic COVID-19 has posed a great public health

challenge globally. In India, Gujarat is one of the leading states in terms of number of deaths

wherein all the districts have been already affected by the spread of the disease. Ahmedabad, Surat,

Vadodara, Rajkot, districts contribute the large number cases from Gujarat. There is a need for a

focused plan to reduce the deaths and spread of the disease.

Objectives: The study attempt to examine the progress of COVID 19 cases till 22nd Feb 2021 long

with the trend of case fatality and positivity rate in Gujarat.

Data source and Methodology: The data available on COVID-19 portal given by the Government

of India has been used to show the status of COVID 19 pandemic. Case Fatality Rate (CFR) and

Positivity Rate (PR) has been calculated from the given data. Correlation coefficient has been used

to show the causal relationship between PR and CFR.

Results: A total of 267104 COVID-19 infected cases and 4405 deaths were found in Gujarat (With

2.3% PR and 1.6% CFR). June month represent as a highest (9.8%) and January 2021 (1.42%) as

a low positivity rate in Gujarat. Whereas highest CFR (6.65%) taken place in the month of May

and low in the month of January 2021 (0. 49%).From the Month of August CFR and PR both

started decline in Gujarat. A positive correlation exists (+0.88) between PR and CFR. 1731 active

case is there in Gujarat as on date.

Conclusion: Although PR and CFR shows a decline trend, but COVID-19 has become a major

public health challenge all over the world as well as India and Gujarat. So government and people

should take precaution to stop the spread until the vaccination covered in whole population

Bayesian Network

Zankruti Shah and Reshma Shah

Faculty of science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Department of Statistics, Vadodara, Gujarat,

390002

Our presentation aims is to estimate the Covid19 infection Prevalence rate and infection fatality

rate of different countries and regions.

We have data of different countries that are USA, Germany, and japan and select some province

from this countries by simple random sampling method.

And then how Bayesian Network and Baye’s rules are useful to estimate the infection Prevalence

rate and infection fatality rate.

Our conclusion is that Bayesian Network Analysis of Covid-19 data reveals that higher infection

Prevalence rate and lower Fatality rates than widely reported.

Experiment Based on Probability

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Soham D Rathod


Faculty of Science,

Theories Regarding Experiment:

Definitions

1. Probabitity : Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will

occur in a Random Experiment. Probability is quantified as a number

between 0 and 1, where, loosely speaking, 0 indicates impossibility and 1

indicates certainty. The higher the probability of an event, the more likely it is

that event will occur.

2. Bias : In statistics, the bias of an estimator is the difference between this

estimator’s expected and true value of the parameter being estimated.

3. Unbiased : An estimation or decision rule with zero bias is called unbiased.

4. Estimation : Estimation statistics is a data analysis framework that uses a

confidence intervals, precision planning, and meta-analysis to plan

experiments, analyze data and interpret results. It is distinct from null

hypothesis. There are mainly two types of estimation.

1. Point Estimation : In statistics estimation involves the use of sample data

to calculate a parameter at the point. Than that estimation is known as the

point estimation.

2. Interval Estimation: In statistics estimation involves the use of sample

data to calculate a parameter at interval/Range. Than that estimation is

known as interval estimation.

Experiment : Discussed in Video

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13. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

MEDICAL USES OF INSECTS AND INSECT BYPRODUCTS

Akshita Tailor, Harshita Johari & Dhaval Devaliya

Department of Zoology,


For years, doctors and researchers have turned to the world around them to try and find

cures for diseases, to alleviate pain and provide all kinds of services to patients. In fact, there is a

branch of the scientific world known as entomology that studies the relationship between insects

and humans. That means that scientists in this area study the ways insects can be used as food and

in religious rituals. However, one particularly fascinating area of entomology is the study of

medical uses for insects.

CRAPPY AFFAIR- OF WHITE GOLD AND GOOEY MENACE

Rajkumar Jivani, Aditya Wadekar, Kajal Patel, Ratna Pandey, Kritagnya Vadar, Tanisha Dagur

& Ishani Bhatt

Department of Zoology,


“Poop”- What comes to your mind after hearing this? Waste material? Well, it turns out that it is

actually beneficial. In the following video presentation, 7 species of animals have been selected

which are associated with weird and scientifically important poop facts. Here, you will get to learn

about poop being used as coffee, as gunpowder, as perfumes, as fertilizers, as water purifiers and

poop that smells so good that it can refresh your mood. More importantly, poop, which is readily

available and yet ignored, has ecological importance to it-Like contributing to Carbon cycle,

Sulphur cycle, Nitrogen cycle and keeping greenhouse gases like Methane in check. Therefore,

this topic has been chosen to create awareness among people about poop and its implications to

the future of this planet. Also, the importance of these species in the overall well-being of their

ecosystems and how poop plays a role in it has been discussed.

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND LANDFILL

AMMARAH AJMERI A.

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T.Y B.Sc., Department of Zoology


Garbage arising from human or animal activities, that is abandoned as unwanted and useless is

referred as solid waste. Generally, it is generated from industrial, residential and commercial

activities in a given area, and may be handled in a variety of ways. However, waste can be

categorized based on materials such as paper, plastic, glass, metal and organic waste. Solid waste

disposal must be managed systematically to ensure environmental best practices. Solid waste

disposal and management is a critical aspect of environmental hygiene and it needs to be

incorporated into environmental planning.

Solid waste disposal management is usually referred to the process of collecting and treating solid

wastes. It provides solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. Solid waste

management can be described as how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource.

Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions

in turn lead to pollution of the environment. Diseases can be spread by rodents and insects. The

tasks of solid waste disposal management are complex technical challenges. They can also pose a

wide variety of economic, administrative and social problems that must be changed and solved.

1) To devise a system of storage of waste and segregation of recyclable waste at source & improve

system of primary collection of waste.

2) To devise more efficient system of day-to-day cleaning, conventionally and mechanically.

3) To eliminate manual handling of waste and open transportation vehicles.

4) To improve the system of transportation of waste by ensuring "handling waste only once".

5) To reduce quantity of waste going to landfill site by adopting suitable technology.

8) To ensure safe disposal of waste including bio medical waste, C&D Waste, E-Waste and another

Special category waste

.

So, I have prepared model on modern waste management techniques and new modern landfill. For

this I virtually visited Antony Lara Enviro Solutions Pvt. Ltd. There I found various new

techniques which they have implanted for waste management and disposal in Mumbai. The

processing and machineries are unique. I have explained all processing, working of machineries

and preparation/blueprint of modern landfill and its working in the video in detail.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT ORGANISMS

Anjali Singh & K.D.V. Sriya

Department of Zoology

The M.S University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food

molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. It is important for breaking

down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. Food and drink

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must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs them and carries

them to cells throughout the body. Different species of animals are better able to digest certain

types of foods than others. This difference occurs because of the various types of digestive systems

found in animals. There are four basic types of digestive systems: monogastric, avian, ruminant,

and pseudo-ruminant.

In this project we are going to compare different digestive systems of different organisms by also

differentiating their average digestion time. Here we have taken major four organisms representing

each system: a pigeon, a cow, a rabbit, and human beings. Depending on their food habits and

consumption digestion time depends. Generally, bird digestion is faster compared to other

organisms. Whereas cow digestion takes time due to the regurgitation process. We also tried to

research their average digestion time. Some organs involved in digestion are different in some

species and in some they may be new organs too. Like in cows, we could observe that it is having

four chambered stomach which includes: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, likewise in

pigeon the parts include gizzard and corp.

We can write that digestive systems of all species have been shaped by environmental time

pressures over long evolutionary time spans. Nevertheless, all digestive systems must achieve the

same end points, the ingestion of biological material and its conversion to molecules that serve as

energy substrates and structural components of tissues.

Through this project, we would explain why digestion is important and how evolution made magic

and brought up wonderful organism human beings with well-developed organ systems.

Adaptation in various organisms

Dave Prarthana Maheshbhai

Sy BSC, Department of Zoology,Faculty of science, The Maharaja Sayajirao university of

Baroda, Vadodara-390002

As my topic itself says, I am going to present and reflect ideas about what actually adaptation is

and why it is necessary and what are the types and aspects of it. I think most of you are aware

about term adaptation but to study in detail might be boring so I have come up with interesting

idea to know and understand adaptation in various organisms in my ppt/ video.

the maharaja sayajirao university of barodamsuopenhouse.in/open_house_1.pdf · t.y. b.sc....

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