the macronutrients - lipids chapter 1. lipids lipid is a general term for a heterogeneous group of...
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The Macronutrients - Lipids
Chapter 1
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Lipids
Lipid is a general term for a heterogeneous group of compounds.• Oils, fats, waxes, and related compounds
• Simple lipids
• Compound lipids
• Derived lipids
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Lipids
Functions Provide energy
Protect vital organs
Provide insulation from the cold
Transport the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K
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Lipids
Simple lipids
• Neutral fats – consist primarily of triacylglycerols • Triglycerides
• Major storage form of fat in adipose cells
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Triglycerides
Triglycerides• C,H,O
• Composed of 3 fatty acids (FA)
• Glycerol molecule
• TG vary in the type of FA and their bonding pattern• FA vary in the number and arrangement of
double bonds
• Usually even number C
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Acetic Acid
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Triglyceride
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Fatty Acids
Saturated fatty acids Single covalent bonds between carbon
atomsCovalent bonds share electrons
All of the remaining bonds attach to hydrogen.
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Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids One or more double bonds along the main
carbon chain.
• Monounsaturated fatty acid - one double bond.
• Polyunsaturated fatty acid - two or more double bonds.
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Fatty Acids
Stearic acid, an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid
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Fatty Acids
Oleic acid, an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid
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Lipids
Stability • Oxygen exposure causes spoilage-rancid
• PUFA’s spoil more easily
• Increase saturation• Hydrogenation
• Prolongs shelf life – prevents oxidation
• Alters texture – liquids → solids
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Hydrogenation
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Hydrogenation
Trans-Fatty Acids• Changed from cis to trans configuration and
act like saturated fats in the body• Partial hydrogenation
• Higher melting point
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Trans-Fatty Acids
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Dietary Lipids
Typical daily intake (< 30% total kcals)• Should consist of:
• 65% animal lipids
• 35% vegetable lipids
• <10% saturated
• Little or no trans fat
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Essential Fatty Acids
Double bonds• Omega number
• Position of first double bond• Omega-3 FA – 3rd position
• Linolenic acid
• Omega-6 FA – 6th position
• Linoleic acid
Body can only make double bonds after the 9th carbon from the omega end
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Linolenic Acid – omega-3
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Fatty Acids-omega-6
Linoleic acid, an 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid
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Essential Fatty Acids
Functions• Immune function,
• Vision
• Cell membrane, and
• Production of hormone-like compounds
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Essential Fatty Acids
Omega-3 Omega 6
Alpha-linolenic acid Linolenic acid
DHA EPA Arachidonic Acid (docosahexanoic (eicosapentaenoic
acid) acid)
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Essential Fatty Acids
DHA, EPA• Decrease blood clotting
• Care must be taking when supplementing DHA, EPA when on anticoagulant medication
• Or when having surgery
• Reduce heart attacks• Fish oils have an anti-arrhythmic effect on myocardial
tissue.
• Decrease inflammation, pain
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Compound Lipids
Phospholipids • Built on a glycerol backbone
• One or more FA
• Phosphorus group
• Nitrogenous base
• Found in body, cell structures
• Synthesized by the body as needed• liver
• Not needed in diet, not essential
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Compound Lipids
Phospholipids• Contain polar head groups
• Hydrophilic head (protein)
• Hydrophobic tail (two FA chains)
• Allows for movement of fat soluble substances• Vitamins
• Hormones
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Phospholipids
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Compound Lipids
Phospholipids• Lecithin - 5% of lipids in diet
• Eggs
• Liver
• Soybeans
• Wheat germ
• Peanuts
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Compound Lipids
Glycolipids: Fatty acid bound with carbohydrate and nitrogen
Essential part of cell membranes
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Glycolipids
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Compound Lipids
Lipoproteins: Proteins joined with triacylglycerols or
phospholipids
Primary method of lipid transport
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High, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
5 types of lipoproteins exist• Based on gravitational density
• Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL
Chylomicrons – fat droplets • Long chain triacylglycerols
• Phospholipids
• Free fatty acids
• A,D,E,K
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Chylomicron
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Compound Lipids
Lipoproteins • Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
• Formed in liver
• 95% fat (60% triacylglycerol)
• Transports triacylglycerols to muscle, adipose
• Oxidation of VLDL and uptake of triglycerides into cell (lipoprotein lipase)
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Compound Lipids
Lipoproteins • Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
• Contain less lipid than VLDL
• Carry most of the cholesterol (60-80%)
• Great attraction to cells of arterial walls
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Cholesterol
Lipoproteins• High density lipoproteins
• Scavenger
• Reverse transport of cholesterol
• Delivers cholesterol to liver
• Bile
• Excretion through intestinal tract
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Cholesterol
Exogenous • Dietary cholesterol (300 mg)
Endogenous • Cellular synthesis (70% in liver)
• 0.5 to 2.0 g/day
• Sufficient for body’s needs
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