the list of corrections

7/17/2019 The list of corrections

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NAME : MUNAIM ALI BIN OMAR BAKIMATRIC NO. : GS32590PROGRAM : MASTER OF SCIENCEAPPROVED FIELD OF STUDY : AEROSPACE ENGINEERINGFACULTY/INSTITUTE : FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGSUPERVISOR : DR. AZMIN SHAKRINE BIN MOHD RAFIESUGGESTED THESIS TITLE : MECHANICAL AND BALLISTIC PROPERTIES OFCOMPRESSED COIREPO!Y COMPOSITE

NO.

COMMENTS FROM THEE!AMINATION COMMITTEE

CORRECTIONS MADE PAGE NO.

" #T$%&'(

Previous title of thesis ‘Mechanical andBallistic Properties of Compressed CoirComposite’ should be rephrased.

#T$%&' )*+,-'(

Title of thesis changed to theone suggested to ‘Mechanicaland Ballistic Properties ofCompressed Coir-EpoxComposite’.

!ront cover

2 #A%1+)%(#N'' % ' $41'( #S',%',)' +'(

"s aerospace industr hasexpanded #ith implementationof ne# technolog$ there is aneed to reduce cost and #eightfor ne# aerospace products#ith safet as primar concern.

i

3 #A%1+)%(#N'' % ' $41'(

"#areness of increasing threat to theenvironment b the societ$ greentechnolog concept #as introduced

#hich consist of composite made fromnatural %bre and polmeric resin forcomposite application.

#S',%',)' I41'(

Thus$ the concept of greentechnolog for aerospaceproduct suit the matters being

considered.

i

6 #A%1+)%(#S%+%'',% ,'' % ' )*+,-'(

Therefore$ coconut %bre &Coir' is theone of the lightest natural %bre #hichma satisf the re(uired characteristicfor composite material.

#S%+%'',% )*+,-'(

)ith the #eight variation ofnatural %bre$ coir %bre is one of natural %bre #hich lo# in#eight and has the potential to#ithstand impact event.

i - ii

5 #A%1+)%(#N'' % ' $41'( #I41'(

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN SISWAZAH

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

LIST OF CORRECTIONS

1/15



!or mechanical properties of *+, coir%bre

!or mechanical properties of *+#t, coir %bre

ii

7 #A%1+)%(#I,$-,$8)+,% 8,$,- ,'' % '1''(

t is found that oining b resin is better

than rivet #hen /inetic energabsorption is considered.

#R''(

ii

#A%1+(#T1+,&+%' %$%&' ,'' % '$41'(

0!"T ME1"21"3 4"2 B"30T1 B"516MP60T 0"B7T 1E3"P" TE8M"MP"T

#I41'(

0!"T ME1"21"3 4"2 B"30T1 B"5 16MP60T 0E8"T 1E3"P"-EP610 TE8M"MP"T

iii

; #A%1+(

‘hand la-up’

#I%+&$)$<'(

iv

9 #C*+4%'1 "(#T$%&' = S>)*+4%'1 "." *>& '

)*+,-'(

‘Thesis statement’

#S>)*+4%'1 "." %$%&'

)*+,-'(

‘Bac/ground’9

"0 #C*+4%'1 " ? S>)*+4%'1 "."(#B+)-1>, ,'' % ' $41'( #A'(

"erospace industr hasprogressivel expanded #ithimplementation of ne#technolog such as composite.Current composite technologgreatl reduce the #eight of

parts. )ith less #eight$ theaircraft :ight duration$ rangeand performance #ill increase.

9

"" #C*+4%'1 " ? S>)*+4%'1 "."(

coir %bre sho#s lo#est densitcharacteristic #hich is 9.*; g<cm=

#S',%',)' $41'(

the coir %bre is among natural%bre that sho#s lo# densitcharacteristic #hich is 9.*;g<cm=

*

"2 #C*+4%'1 " ? S>)*+4%'1 "."(#B+)-1>, ,'' % ' $41'( #S',%',)' +'(

"s for high velocit impact test

for coir composite$ someresearchers suggested that coirhas the potential as an impact-#orth constituent in advancedaerospace material &">andi etal.$ *;99'

=

"3 #C*+4%'1 " ? S>)*+4%'1 ".2(

#P1&' %+%'',% ,'' % ')&+1$8'(

#A' +, )&+1$8'(

Current aerospace productsuch as panels #ere based on

=

2/15



metal and high performancecomposite. !urtherimprovement of aerospaceproduct could be achieved #ithintroduction of ne# composite.2!C could be the product #hichable to improve currentaerospace composite.

To create ne# product$ testingof chosen material is importantso that the properties andbehaviour can be understand."erospace product #hich basedon 2!C #ill need to be testedand investigated due to lac/ ofliterature.

"nother important matter isregarding coir %bre availabilit#hich highl abundant. The

matter arise at certain region#here consumption of coconutis high and it lead to problemof disposing the #aste.

=

?

"6 #C*+4%'1 " ? S>)*+4%'1 ".2( #R''(

7nli/e natural %bre #hich mare(uire more understanding ofits properties and potential if it#as to be included inapplication such as composite.n order to discover certaincapabilit of coir %bre$ it #ill

need to be included asreinforcement in composite.

#A'(

The safet evaluation of 2!Ccan be achieved binvestigating its impact#orthiness at high velocitregion. !rom previous studies$it is suggested that coircomposite has the potential tobe impact-#orth constituent

in advanced aerospacematerial. Ensuring goodunderstanding of impactresistance is critical anddecisive at design stage if coircomposite to be implementduring operation.

=

?

"5 #C*+4%'1 " ? S>)*+4%'1 ".3(#O,' = @')%$' ,'' % '1'' >' % $,$-,$8)+,%8,$,-(

#R''(

=

3/15



*. To investigate the best oiningmethods for the coir composite.

"7 #C*+4%'1 " ? S>)*+4%'1 ".3( #O@')%$' +'(

*. To investigate the potentialof compressed coir-epoxcomposite to #ithstand impactat high velocit.

+

" #C*+4%'1 " ? S>)*+4%'1 ".6(#S)4' = %*' %> ,'' % '$41'(

#R''(

0tandard Test Method for Tensile Properties of PolmerMatrix Composite Materials$

0tandard Test Methods for!lexural Properties of7nreinforced and 8einforcedPlastics and Electricalnsulating Materials

0tandard Test Methods of 0tatic Tests of 3umber in 0tructural0i@es

+

+

+

"; #C*+4%'1 " ? S>)*+4%'1 ".6(

!or determining ballistic impactcharacteristic

#S',%',)' $41'(

!or determining ballistic impactproperties

+

"9 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2."( !igure *.9 moved from page Ato page

20 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2."( Table *.9 moved from page topage

2" #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2."( Table *.* moved from page topage 9;

9;

22 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2."( !igure *.* moved from page 9;to page 99

99

23 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2."( Table *.= moved from page 99to page 9*

9*

26 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2.2( !igure *.= moved from page 9?to page 9+

9+

25 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2.2(#C,$%',) = )*', +%'1$+&( #C,%1+$)%$,- )&+$ =1

41'$> %>$'(

#S%+%'',% +'(

it seems that the claim of coirconsistenc is (uestionable.

This behaviour is probabl dueto di>erences in percentagescomposition of hemi-cellulose$cellulose and lignin.

9D

9D

27 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2.3( Table *.? moved from page 9Dto page 9A

9A

2 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2.3( Table *.A moved from page **to page *9

*9

2; #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2.5( Table *. moved from page *Dto page *+

*+

29 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2.5( !igure *. moved from page *to page *A

*A

4/15



30 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2.(#,+L+'1% )>1' ,'' % ')41'*',$'& '&+1+%'(

#A'(Ballistic limit is one ofparameter used to compare theperformance bet#eenmaterials. The concept ofballistic limit introduced b

onas-3ambert indicates the

relationship bet#een residualvelocit and initial velocit.0ome researchers preferredlogarithmic trend line and theother used linear trend line.0ince the nature of compositematerial come #ith certainimperfection$ linear trend lineis rarel used to describe theresidual velocit versus initialvelocit relationship. !romexperimental #or/ done b2ai/ and 4oshi &*;;'$ 0ev/at

et al. &*;;' and 0ha/tivesh etal. &*;9='$ it sho#ed that the

onas-3ambert curve for epox-based composite is moreto#ards logarithmic trend line.

=9 - =*

3" #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2.( #A'(!igure *. onas-3ambert curvefor epox-based composite

=*

32 #C*+4%'1 2 ? S>)*+4%'1 2.( Table *.9; moved from page =*to page ==

==

33 #C*+4%'1 3( !igure =.9 moved from page =+to page =D

=D

36 #C*+4%'1 3(

#T*'1'%$)+& =1+'1 +,+,+&%$)+& +$ =1 )41'')$1'4 )4$%'(

#A'( The idea of composite rise inthe search for light materialespeciall from non-metalgroup. t is believed thatcomposite has the capabilit toimprove current technolog#here #eight issue is critical.!or example$ currenttransportation technologdepended too much on parts#hich based on metal. Mostl$metal parts #ere heav.

mprovement of parts can beachieved b reducing #eight.3ighter parts #ill reduce overallcost and at same instantincrease performance$duration$ range and so on.ntroduction of composite inmodern transportation is fairlacceptable. )ith composite$the #eight of parts #eredramaticall reduce and thestrength are better than metalin some cases.

=A

5/15



35 #C*+4%'1 3(#T*'1'%$)+& =1+'1 +,+,+&%$)+& +$ =1 )41'')$1'4 )4$%'(

#A'(Composite is a material #hichield from combination ofreinforcement and matrix. Theimprovement of composite canbe attained b altering tpes of reinforcement or matrix.

8ecent preferred reinforcementsuch as carbon and glass #eree>ecting environmentcondition due to its ma/ingprocess. There is rising concernamong societ that somethingmust be done in order toconserve the environment.

Thus$ the idea of 2!C #asintroduced. 2!C ield fromcombination of natural %breand polmeric resin.

=A

37 #C*+4%'1 3(

#T*'1'%$)+& =1+'1 +,+,+&%$)+& +$ =1 )41'')$1'4 )4$%'(

#A'(2!C promotes light#eightmaterial and environmentalfriendl product. )ith 2!C$current composite #eight isable to be further reduced. tseems that thesecircumstances is favorable butit is (uestionable #hether 2!C#ill be able to maintainre(uired safet re(uirement.!rom engineering side$understanding the behavior of

2!C can be derive from/no#ledge of its properties.!rom mechanical properties$several factors to be considerare 2!C strength$ sti>ness andresistance to impact condition.

=A-=

3 #C*+4%'1 3(#T*'1'%$)+& =1+'1 +,+,+&%$)+& +$ =1 )41'')$1'4 )4$%'(

#A'(Coir composite is one of 2!C#hich ield from combinationof coir %bre and polmericresin. Coir composite isconsidered having decent

impact resistancecharacteristic among other2!C. Currentl$ available formof coir %bre is limited to #ovenand random orientation. Thus$method of fabricating is vermuch depending on #eightpercentage ratio of coir %breand polmeric resin. Then$ ratio#hich sho#s the bestmechanical properties #ill beselected for investigatingimpact resistance

characteristic. The decision is

=

6/15



based on assumption that anmaterial #ith bettermechanical properties #ill havegood impact resistance.

3; #C*+4%'1 3(#T*'1'%$)+& =1+'1 +,+,+&%$)+& +$ =1 )41'')$1'4 )4$%'(

#A'(!igure =.* F !rame#or/ forcompressed coir-epox

composite

=

39 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3."( Previous at page =D. 2o# startsat page ?;

?;

60 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3."( Previous !igure =.* changed to!igure =.=

Previous !igure =.= changed to!igure =.?

Previous !igure =.? changed to!igure =.D under subchapter=.9.9

?D

?A

+;

6" #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.2.3( Previous title ‘Mechanical test

machine’ changed to‘Proectile’

?

62 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.2.3( Table =.9 moved from page ??to page ?

?

63 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.2.3( #I41'(Previous !igure =.D captionimproved to ‘!igure =.A F0ingle-stage light gas guntunnel’

+;

66 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.3.3( Previous !igure =.A changed to!igure =.$ moved from page?D to page +9

+9

65 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.6(

#C*$)' = +4&' $<' ,'' % '=>1%*'1 '&+1+%'(

#A'(!or ballistic impact testspecimen$ a replication of 9A;specimens #as prepared forchosen *+, #t of coir %bre. 20tandard ;9;.;9 #as referredas a guideline. + specimens arere(uired for each tpe of group.

#A'(!or tensile test$ a replication of=D sample #as prepared foreach coir %bre #t, group.

"0TM 4=;=-; 0tandard TestMethod for Tensile Properties of Polmer Matrix CompositeMaterials #as referred as aguideline. The suggestedstandard speeds chosen #asConstant Gead-0peed Tests H "standard head displacementrate * mm<min. Thedimensions$ tolerances andso on from the guideline are forrecommendations onl.Iariations are permissible

+*

+* - +=

7/15



provided that the re(uirementsin Table =.* and Table =.= aremet.

67 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.6( #A'( Table =.* F 0pecimenre(uirement$ Table =.= F0uggested dimensionaccording to orientation of

specimen

+=

6 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.6( #A'(!or :exural test$ ? sample#ere used. "0TM 4A;-;*0tandard Test Method for!lexural Properties of7nreinforced and 8einforcedPlastics and Electricalnsulating Materials #asreferred as a guideline. Thedimensions$ tolerances and soon #ere referred to severalcondition.

9' Material 9.D mm or greaterin thic/ness

The specimen #idth shall notexceed one fourth of thesupport span. The specimenshall be long enough at least9;, of the support span.

The specimen is de:ected untilrupture occurs in the outersurface of the test specimen oruntil a maximum strain of +.;,is reached$ #hichever occurs

%rst.

+?

6; #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.6."(#T& =1 =+1$)+%$, ,'' % '$,)&>'(

#A'(!igure =. F Gand mixer forstirring epox and hardener

++

69 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.6."( Previous !igure =. changed to!igure =.9;$ moved from page? to page +D

+D

50 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.6.3(#$- =1 =+1$)+%$, ,'' % '$,)&>'(

#A'(!igure =.99 F Cutting machine +A

5" #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.6.3(

#C*$)' = +4&' $<' ,'' % '=>1%*'1 '&+1+%'(

#E&+1+%'(!or ballistic impact testspecimen$ a replication of 9A;specimen #as prepared forchosen *+, #t of coir %bre.

Then$ specimens #ere dividedinto 9A group #here eachgroup consist of 9; specimens.

The thic/ness of eachspecimen measured andaverage value of ever 9;specimens representsthic/ness of single laer. Then$

+A

8/15



the average value of thic/ness#as calculated from 9A groups.

52 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.6.3(#E111 +,+&$ +, +))>1+) =+&&$%$) $4+)% 4')$', *>&' $,)&>'(

#A'( The percentage error is about?.A9, #ith %nal measurement$=.9+ mm J ;.99 mm.

+A

53 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.6.6( Previous !igure =. changed to

!igure =.9*$ moved from page? to page +

Previous !igure =.9; changedto !igure =.9=$ moved frompage ? to page +

Previous Table =.* changed to Table =.?$ moved from page +;to page +

Previous !igure =.99 changedto !igure =.9?$ moved from

page +; to page +

+

+

+

+

56 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.5( Previous !igure =.9* changedto !igure =.9+$ moved frompage +9 to page D;

Previous !igure =.9= changedto !igure =.9D$ moved frompage +* to page D9

D;

D9

55 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.5(#T'% '+>1'',% 41)'>1' =1')*+,$)+& 414'1%$' *>& '$,)&>'(

#A'(!or tensile test$characteri@ation of composites

can be determine binvestigating speci%edproperties such as strength$modulus and elongation. )hentensile test #as initiated$ thesoft#are is plotting the graphof tensile stress versus tensilestrain. !rom the graph$ thegradient of straight trend line#ill be the tensile modulusvalue. The changes in tensilestress are divided #ith changesin tensile strain. Then$ the

value of tensile modulus is%tted into mathematicalstraight line e(uation$ K mxL c.

#A'(!or :exural test$ commoninvestigated speci%edproperties are strength andmodulus. )hen :exural test#as initiated$ the soft#are isplotting the graph of :exuralstress versus :exural strain.

!rom the graph$ the gradient of

D9

D9

9/15



straight trend line #ill be the:exural modulus value. Thechanges in :exural stress aredivided #ith changes in :exuralstrain. Then$ the value of:exural modulus is %tted intomathematical straight linee(uation$ K mx L c.

57 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.7(#T'% ),$%$, 1'>$1'',% ,''% ' $,)&>'(

#A'( The experimental setup andre(uirement #as refer to 2standard ;9;.;9. nstead ofusing chronograph$ high speedcamera #as used. !rom theliterature$ high speed cameraaccurac is better thanchronograph.

D*

5 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.7( #A'(!igure =.9A F 0chematic ofballistic impact test from 2

standard.

#E&+1+%'(5as clinder contain Geliumgas and connected #ithpressure vessel. The pressureis set at gas clinder. Theproectile is placed at breechand there is inner valveseparating pressure vessel andbreech. The valve then #illopen #hen trigger is pressed.

The gun tunnel barrel is about

four meter in length and theno@@le protruded the capturechamber.

#A'(!igure =.9 F 0chematic of gasgun tunnel

D*

D* H D=

D=

5; #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.7( Previous !igure =.9? changedto !igure =.9$ moved frompage += to page D?

Previous !igure =.9+ changedto !igure =.*;$ moved from

page +? to page D+

Previous !igure =.9D changedto !igure =.*9$ moved frompage +? to page DD

Previous !igure =.9A changedto !igure =.**$ moved frompage ++ to page DA

D?

D+

DD

DA

59 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.7(#E111 +,+&$ =1 ,,$-$%$<')+&' ,'' % ' $,)&>'(

#A'( There are potential error inmeasuring the velocit of

proectile. 6ne source of error

DA

10/15



is from non-digiti@ed scale#here each interval of point isabout *cm. !or non-digiti@edscale$ the error percentage #asabout ;.A,. This error #illa>ect the readings of initialvelocit and residual velocit.

70 #C*+4%'1 3 ? S>)*+4%'1 3.(

#E,$1,',%+& 1'>$1'',% +,'+&>+%$, *>& ' $,)&>'(

#A'(1oto protocol focuses onreducing greenhouse gasesemissions especiall carbondioxide. 0ome of contributingto greenhouse emission is fromcomposite manufacturingprocess. 4ue to expansion ofaerospace and aviationindustr$ carbon %brecomposite is so favorableduring material selection indesign stage. "s the demand

for carbon %bre increased$ thecarbon dioxide emission fromcarbon %bre production couldbe uncontrollable and #ill posedanger to human health. Thus$heav regulation has beenimposed b environmentalcommunit so that atmosphericconcentration of carbon dioxidecan be stabili@e &5rubb$ *;;?'.

#A'()ith rising a#areness

regarding environmentcondition among researchers$lots of investigation beingcarried in the search foralternative material. !rom theliteratures$ man suggestedthat 2!C has the potential toimprove current compositeproblems. Currentl$ theimprovement of 2!C is stillbeing carried out so thatsomeda it can be reliablematerial and suit the

environmental re(uirements.

#A'( The disposal problem of coircan be manage e>ectivel bturning it into something usefulsuch as coir composite. "ntrouble region #hichenvironment piled up #ith coir#astage #ill be much clearerthan before.

D

D

D

7" #C*+4%'1 6( Previous Chapter ? starts atpage +A. 2o# starts at page

D.

D

11/15



72 #C*+4%'1 6 ? S>)*+4%'1 6."( Previous !igure ?.9 moved frompage +A to page A;.

Previous !igure ?.* moved frompage + to page A9.

A;

A9

73 #C*+4%'1 6 ? S>)*+4%'1 6.2(#C*$)' = )4$%$, 25 %

)$1 81' *>& ' '&+1+%' ,'&+%$)$% +, %1',-%*(

#E&+1+%'(

8atio of *+, coir %bre and A+,epox resin is the best forcompressed coir-epoxcomposite #hen subected totensile and :exural test. Thetensile strength and :exuralstrength for particular ratio isalso evaluated.

#A'( Table ?.9 F Tensile and :exuralstrength for *+, compressedcoir-epox composite

#A'( The results then are comparedto the tensile and :exuralstrength of coir-epoxcomposite #ith similarthic/ness of = mm that #asdone b Garish et al. as sho#nin Table ?.*.

#A'( Table ?.* F Tensile and :exuralstrength from Garish et al.

#E&+1+%'( The average value of tensilestrength is comparable but theaverage :exural strengthdi>erence is large. !actors thatcontributed to lo#er value arebecause poor interfacialbonding and the formation ofvoids on the resin surface. "tthis point$ it can be seen that#hen the coir-epox compositesubected to bending$ various

(ualit of specimens can berelated from its tendenc tobend. 7suall$ the value ofelastic modulus obtained fromthe tensile and :exural test areclose. !or coir composite$ thevalue of elastic modulus gainedfrom both test sho#ed (uitelarge di>erence. Thus$identi%cation of the elasticmodulus should be dealdi>erentl #hich related totesting tpe.

A*

A*

A*

A=

A=

76 #C*+4%'1 6 ? S>)*+4%'1 6.2( Previous !igure ?.= moved from A+12/15



page D; to page A+.

75 #C*+4%'1 6 ? S>)*+4%'1 6.2(#F>1%*'1 '&+1+%$, = ,+L+'1% )>1' $ 1'>$1'(

#E&+1+%'( The ballistic limit valueobtained then #as compared#ith #or/ done b ahaa et al.#hich investigated ballisticlimit of the /enaf-epox

composite. The value ofballistic limit is comparable#ith coir-epox composite.

Thus$ estimation of ballisticlimit #ith logarithmic trend lineis suitable. This also provedthat 2!C has the capabilit to#ithstand high velocit impact.

#A'(0ince onas-3ambert curvemethod is not et optimum$ theballistic limit value is also

investigated #ith the lineartrend line.

AD

AD

77 #C*+4%'1 6 ? S>)*+4%'1 6.2( Previous !igure ?.? at page D9removed.

#A'(!igure ?.? F Ballistic limitestimation for 9-laer b lineartrend

#E&+1+%'(!rom the linear trend line$ it isestimated that the ballistic

limit$ I+; is about 9.AD m<s. The di>erence is ver large#hen compared to logarithmtrend line. )ith current/no#ledge of high performancecomposite and 2!C$ thelogarithmic trend line is thebest #hen estimation ofballistic limit value is re(uired.

AD

AA

7 #C*+4%'1 6 ? S>)*+4%'1 6.2(#I4+)% ','1- *>& ' =>1%*'1'&+1+%'(

Previous !igure ?.+ removed.2o#$ !igure ?.+ F Translational/inetic energ absorbed for#ithout oining method.

#A'( The obtained absorbed energthen compared to coir-epoxcomposite #hich fabricated b">andi et al. #ith normalcompression method up until ?-laer. !igure ?.D sho#scomparison of absorbed energfor compressed coir-epoxcomposite and coir-sheetcomposite. Then$ the di>erencein energ absorption is also

evaluated in Table ?.=.

A

A

13/15



Previous !igure ?.D removed.2o#$ !igure ?.D F Comparisonof compressed coir-epox andcoir-sheet composite

#A'( Table ?.= F Percentage

di>erence of energ absorption

#E&+1+%'("s number of laer increased$the energ absorption is alsoincreased. !or 9-laer group$the di>erence is (uite lo# andnot signi%cant but thecompressed coir-epox isslightl better than coir-sheet#ith percentage di>erence of9D.9,. !rom *-laer till ?-laer$ it clearl indicates that

compressed coir-epox isbetter than coir-sheet bpercentage di>erence of morethan +;, in capabilit ofabsorbing energ.

A

;

;

7; #C*+4%'1 6 ? S>)*+4%'1 6.2(

#C+4%$, ,'' % ' $41'(

Previous !igure ?.A moved frompage D? to page 9.

#C+4%$, $41'(!igure ?.A F 6verall linear trendline for absorbed energ vslaer

9

9

79 #C*+4%'1 5( Previous Chapter + starts at

page DD. 2o# starts at page =

=

0 #R'='1',)'( Changed from ‘Bibliograph’ to‘8eferences’

+

" R'='1',)':

"dditional references from previous#or/.

9' 5rubb$ M. *;;?*' 0ha/tivesh et al. *;9==' 0ev/at et al. *;;?' 2ai/ and 4oshi. *;;+' ahaa et al. *;9?

D' 1halil et al. *;9*

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the list of corrections

Documents

coconut fibre coir

title of subchapter

coir fibreimproved

composite material

background need

lightest natural fibre

current composite technology

mechanical properties