the lionfish invasion - florida fish and wildlife ... · lionfish have become successfully...
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The Lionfish Invasion
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Division of Marine Fisheries Management
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What is an Invasive Species?
▪An organism brought to a new region by people
▪Causes negative impacts like introducing diseases or preying on native species
Examples: Burmese Python Hydrilla Kudzu
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Invasive vs. Nonnative
• Both are organisms outside their native habitat
• Nonnative: not established or does not have negative impacts
• Invasive: established
and has negative
impacts
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Rapid growth level population
Introduction
Time
Invasion Trend
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Marine Invasions ▪ 41 nonnative marine fishes in Florida, only 5 have
become established ▪ USGS non-indigenous aquatic species database 2019
▪ Lionfish have become successfully established in nonnative range and are classified as the worst marine invasion to date
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Lionfish (Pterois volitans & P. miles)
▪ Tropical predatory fish from Indo-Pacific region
▪ Introduced by an aquarium release in 1980’s ▪ Established in western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and
Gulf of Mexico
▪ Density and biomass exceed that in
their native range
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Canada
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Canada
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Canada
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Canada
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Canada
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Canada
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Canada
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• Venomous spines
• Non-venomous rays
Invasive Characteristics ▪ Wide range of habitat use – natural and artificial, 1 – 1,000 ft. depths,
tolerate temperatures as low as 50°F, salinities as low as 4 ppt (sea water is 35 ppt)
▪ Sexually mature at 1 year; spawn frequently (every 4 days); up to 30,000 eggs/spawn
▪ Consume economically & ecologically-important species; over 90 different species found in stomach; swallow prey over half body size
▪ 18 venomous spines; neuromuscular toxin; treatment: apply heat
▪ Unique coloration – native predators do not recognize as prey
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Anatomical Terms Dorsal
1. Dorsal Spines 2. Dorsal Fin 3. Caudal Fin 4. Pectoral Fin 5. Pelvic Spines 6. Pelvic Fin 7. Anal Spines 8. Anal Fin
Ventral
1
2
4
5
3
87 6
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Venomous vs. Poisonous
• Poisonous – a toxin ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin
• Venomous – a venom injected through a bite
or sting
• Lionfish are venomous NOT poisonous
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Lionfish Diet ▪ Economically important species
▪ Fish: groupers, snappers, baitfish
▪ Invertebrates: shrimp, crabs, lobster
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Lionfish Diet ▪ Ecologically important species
▪ Cleaners: maintain health of reef fish by consuming parasites
▪ Grazers: maintain health of coral reefs by consuming algae
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Effects on Native Ecosystems
▪Opportunistic generalists ▪ Consume over 90 different species
of native fish and invertebrate species
▪Reduce recruitment and prey biomass: ▪ More than 2 times the reduction
in juvenile recruitment than native predators
▪ 65% reduction in prey biomass (Green et al. 2012)
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Effects on Native Ecosystems
▪Absence of natural control mechanism
▪Non-consumptive effects: ▪ Competition with larger
predators for habitat and prey
▪ Habitat degradation
▪Humans are only known predator
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Lionfish Landings by Gear Type
Nu
mb
er o
f lio
nfi
sh (
lbs)
Lionfish Landings for Food
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Trawl
Traps
Hook and Line
Diving
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Year
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- tracked the removal of over 593,486
Programs about Lionfish
• Agency goals: Minimize negative impacts to human health and safety, the environment, and the economy
▪ Diver programs: • Rules that make it easy to harvest lionfish
• Support lionfish tournaments
• Encourage divers to harvest lionfish
• Research new ways to catch lionfish
▪ Education programs: • Workshops and school dissections
• Traveling “Be the Predator” outreach booth • Lionfish Removal and Awareness Day
▪ Promote consumption and commercial market
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Video and Diver: Meaghan Faletti
Questions?