the legacy of 1989

8/8/2019 The Legacy of 1989

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PaPer SerieS

The Legacy of 1989

The euroPean QueSTion, reviSiTedThe vision of a conTinenT whole and free is unfulfilled

roberT huTchingSPrinceTon universiTy

The german QueSTion, reviSiTedwhy unificaTion in 1990 creaTed Peace in euroPe

and Previous aTTemPTs did noT

roberT LeichT die ZeiT


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The Legacy of 1989

Brussels Forum Paper Series

March 2009

T E Q , RThe v s on of a cont nent whole and free s unfulf lled

R b HP U

T G Q , RWhy un f cat on n 1990 created peace n Europeand prev ous attempts d d not

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DiE ZEiT


4/20


5/20

The European Question, RevisitedThe v s on of a conte nent whole and free s unfulf lled


March 2009

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8/20

The German Marshall Fund of the United States6

The Germanquestion was

never aboutunification alonebut about fitting

a powerfulGermany intoa stable and

secureEuropean

order.

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9/20

The European Question, RevisitedThe vision of a continent whole and free is unfulfilled

7

For all therhetoric aboutnot wanting to exclude or embitter Russia,Western actionshelped to do

just that Seenfrom Moscowsperspective,Latvia had avoice in Europeanand transatlanticdecisionmaking,whereas Russiadid not.

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10/20


Americans wereloath to give up

the mantle of allied leadership,

and Europeanswere ill preparedto seize it. A new

transatlanticbargain was

needed.

European Union

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The European Question, RevisitedThe vision of a continent whole and free is unfulfilled

9

As it preparedfor its 60thanniversary in2009, NATOhad already established itself as the mostenduring military alliance in modernhistory. Yet itsfuture was indoubt.

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September 11tended more to

divide than tounite Europeans

and AmericansThe United States

and Europe hadan indispensable

role to play infashioning a

global grandbargain that

integrated therising global

powers whilepreserving

the basic liberalvalues that had

undergirdedthe Western-led

international system.

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The German Question, RevisitedWhy un f cat on n 1990 created peace n Europe

and prev ous attempts d d not


March 2009

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The first Germannation-state was

born of threewars and became

the cause of anew war. The

second Germanunification was

completely different. It only

became possibledue to a declared

renunciationof the use of

force and was acontribution to a

peaceful European structure.


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15/20

It was throughThucydides thatthe three phasesof the conflictbetween Athensand Spartabecame knownas a singleevent called thePeloponnesianWar. A number of historians wrotetogether WorldWar I and WorldWar II, as well asthe foul peacebetween them,under the rubric of the second Thirty Years War.

The German Question, RevisitedWhy unification in 1990 created peace in Europeand previous attempts did not

13

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16/20

One would have tobe blind to history

to reduce thevarious collective

mentalities of Germans in 1871,

1914, 1933,1949, 1989,

and, finally, 2009to the common

denominator Once a German,

always a German.


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But the questionof whether (andhow) a unifiedGermany couldever assume arole in Europe thatwould promotepeace was notanswered before19891990. Thequestion was notactually properly posed until the fallof the wall.

The German Question, RevisitedWhy unification in 1990 created peace in Europeand previous attempts did not

15

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18/20

There are morethan enough

opportunities for criticism of the

EU. But it wouldbe dangerous not

to recognize theimmense gain in security, peace

and freedom thatthese structures

as ever stillimperfect

achieved in ahistorically

unique manner.


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the legacy of 1989

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