Fall of the Roman Republic

The Late RepublicUnit 81. During Romes expansion, they based much of their society (history, philosophy, rhetoric) off of which present-day country

2. This man was considered the most well-known senator of his time, even called the Roman Demosthenes. He wasnt a big fan of Carthage130-137 QUIZRoman Empire is born (almost)150 B.C. Andriscus wants to reunite Macedon

Quintus Metellus Macedonicus defeats Macedon Both Macedon and Epirus are part of the Roman Empire

146 B.C. Corinth rebels against Roman control and lostCorinth burned to the ground, women and children sold into slavery

Third Punic War146 B.C.

Carthages wealth is quickly regained following Second Punic War

Ask to pay off Roman debt, but Rome refusedWhy would Rome refuse to allow this

Carthage was supposed to be allowed to hold onto their African landsWho in Africa would pose a threat to Carthage?

Carthage raises an army, finally pay off indemnity to Rome

CATO THE ELDERDelenda est Carthago!!!

149 B.C. Rome sends 80,000 men to finally destroy CarthageRome demands Carthage abandon their city and army and move 10 miles inland.naturally, Carthage refused

Plague hit the Roman camp, they laid siege for 2 years

Scipio Aemilianus invaded10 day street battleOnly 50k of original 700k were still thereMany taken into slavery, other allowed to become citizensCity was burned to the groundTiberius Gracchus fought in this battle Remember this name!!

LEGEND: Rome plowed the fields with salt so nothing could ever grow there againThis was written later, and it makes sense that Rome supported this legendWhy would Rome support this legend? How can it benefit them in the future?

Third Punic WarPERCEPTION:- Romans viewed this as a dishonorable war.- Scipio himself was ashamed of its destructionSiege of Carthage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1-913gAAvISiege of Carthage Rise of Tiberius GracchusRome began to profit greatly off overseas expansion

Rome began to become greatly influenced by Greek culture

Cato the ElderNovus HomoConsul and censorBest speaker in Rome; called the Roman DemosthenesAlways subordinated Greek culture to Roman

Cato and others helped to define what it meant to be Roman, and began to instill a Roman pride that centered around politics, warfare, and running of the household.Imperialism and Culture148 B.C. Scipio Aemilianus won consulshipUnder age and never been a praetor134 B.C. - Also won second consulship technically illegal

143 B.C. Appius Claudius Pulcher held a triumph even though senate refused

Conflict between consuls and tribunesConsuls wanted large armies, tribunes naturally did not

Larger land plots +more slaves = growing economic divideSome estimate that there were 2-3 million, over 1/3 of the population!Many soldiers would return home to find that their land was confiscated

Tribunes began to take an active role on behalf of the people

Decline in the prestige of the SenateFor the last 350 years, Rome was determined to keep it a republic and not an empire or monarchy

Increasing amounts of landless poor and patrician ambition began to slowly destroy this tradition

All the new wealth of these overseas expansion was ending up in the hands of a few. As they became so successful, they no longer had an interest is what was best for the RepublicWho can this trend all be traced back to?

Soldiers began to follow the leader who was best at securing richesThis was mercenary work in the guise of state policy

Taking Stock.Setting the StageMilitary/Social ProblemsDecline in birth rate

Lower quality troops

Poor training/lack of leadership

Urbanization = unemployment, poor housing

Slave uprisings = SPARTACUS!!Economic problemsInflux of wealth from provinces. Controlled by upper class

Boom in building, reduction in public spending

Shortage of grain = high price of breadTIBERIUS GRACCHUS162-133 B.C.

Son of a well-known politician, successful soldierEspecially well know for being the first over the wall in the siege of Carthage

Brother-in-law of Scipio Aemilianus and grandson of Scipio Africanus!

Insulted by the senate, turned to people

134 BC elected tribune of the plebs

Agrarian reform

Begins the formation of the Optimates and Populares

**Keep in mind, people were not eligible for military service if they did not own land!

Some historians still today question his motivesYou fight and die to give luxury to other menbut you have not a foot of ground to call your own.

Ager publicus land owned by the state

Maximum allotment of 500 iugera, many had more than thatGive the rest to the poor!Would be overseen by three men, a triumvirateHow does he get this passed?

ANY tribune could veto a proposed billOf course, this was implemented to favor the will of the people

Marcus Octavius vetoes the measure, Tiberius throws him out!What the what?! Hes sacrosanct!!

What precedent is Tiberius setting that will threaten the Republic?

LAND REFORM!FYI: 1 iugera = .25 hectare = .625 acresEx: 500 iugera = approx. 300 acresWhy was his proposed bill so politically clever?

- Did not threaten private property

- Wealthy broke the laws

- Empowered the people

DEATH OF TIBERIUS GRACCHUSTiberius held Senate hostageThreatened to veto everything

Senate allocated no budget!

133 B.C. - King Attalus III of Pergamon gave land to Roman people

Ran for re-election, in clear violation of tradition

Senate thought he was trying to become a king

Murdered him with benches, stools and other objects at hand

Senate sets an even scarier precedentMIGHT = RIGHT

So perish all who do the like again.- Scipio Aemilianus13GAIUS GRACCHUS154-121 B.C.

Quaestor in Sardinia

123 B.C. elected Tribune

Grain prices!! Plague of locusts in N. Africa Buy high and sell low

PROPOSED LAWS:1. Couldnt re-stand for tribunate if against will of people2. No capital punishment without approval of assemblySenate killed Tiberius associatesEx-post facto!3. Minimum age and maximum service time of military, govt. provided clothing

DEATH OF GAIUS GRACCHUS122 B.C. Second term as TribuneRights of non-Roman ItaliansWhy would the Senate be afraid of this?

Sailed to Carthage, senate begins plotting against him

Ran as tribune a third time!

Lost third election, repealed his laws

Gracchi supporters killed his enemy, charged with treason

Ran with a slave and his slave killed him

Full blown populists campaign mode:

- Lived with the poor- Tore down risers in the gladiatorial stadium

Provincial Government and CorruptionCorrupt tax practicesHow did taxes work in Roman provinces?

Publicani wealthy individuals who undertook public contracts

Equites order of the knights most publicani belonged toNeeded to have excess of 100,000 denarii to qualify

Gaius Gracchus filled provincial courts with knights instead of senatorsHow would this potentially help Gracchus?

Marius Military reformsRome: Rise and Fall of an empire Part 1/14http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JB732wBSTvw

21:15 - END

Marius mulesLegionary standardsCohortsRotating linesWhere did Marius get his troops from? Why was this so radical?

Why was Marius elected consul so many times in a row?

What types of things did Marius do to better train his soldiers?

How did Marius cut out the heart of the republic when settling his political differences?

Marius and Military ReformsProblems in Africa

Numidian king Jugurtha rebelled against Roman control

107 B.C. - Gaius Marius was elected as consul No property requirementsprovincial command in Africavolunteers as opposed to conscription

105 B.C. Marius defeats Jugurtha105-101 B.C. elected consul 5 times!Defeated the German tribes Teutones and Cimbris the north

No land for his men!Eventually exiled

Rome also began to expand into Transalpine Gaul

Rome built roads and towns throughout this area

SOCIAL WAR90-88 B.C.

Marius relied heavily on Northern alliesWhy would this cause a problem?

Oct. 91 B.C. consul Livius Drusus assassinated for proposed citizenship for the wealthy

State of ItaliaGovernment, 100k soldiers

Rome150k soldiersOffered citizenship to those that stayed loyal

RISE OF SULLALucius Cornelius Sulla138 B.C. 78 B.C.

Mithridates of Pontus invades BithyniaHe is tired of Roman ruleKnows Rome is busy with Social War

Calls for murder of Romans80,000 Romans killed in one night!!

88 B.C. Sulla elected consul, travels to Africa

Marius and Cinna take over Rome and declare Sulla enemy of the state

Sulla is successful in the East, returns to Rome

SULLAS PROSCRIPTIONSProscriptionKilled between 2,000-9,000 names of political enemies

82 B.C. Sulla declares himself dictator for life

Cursus Honorum established minimum age limits and experience for govt. positions

No tribune could hold any other magistracyHow did this help prevent men like the Gracchi brothers from rising to power again?

Political system is corrodedArmies fought within RomeConstitution subverted by forceMassive confiscation of landRestoration of the senate was artificialMarcus Licinius Crassus115 53 B.C.

Wealthiest man in RomeSullas proscriptions and firefighting service

Military glory during the Civil WarBattle of the Colline Gate

Rival of Pompey the GreatNever gets the credit he hoped to deserve!

Worth $180 BILLION dollars!!SLAVESFound in every area of Roman society; usually captured or kidnapped

Urban slaves often had a close relationship with ownersNannies, tutors, wetnursesSome were highly educated

Freed slaves were indebted to their former ownersSlaves also were trained to fight in the arena and provide entertainment

SPARTACUS!73 71 B.C.

Spartacus led 70 slaves in a revolt in CapuaEventually gained 70,000 more men!

Won 3 battles in a row against Roman forces

Forces grew and were successfully trained

Marcus Licinius Crassus Decimation!

Crassus defeats the slave army

Pompey Magnus takes all the credit!!

Crassus crucified 6,000 slaves along the Appian Way to send a message to other slaves in Romehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIsg7rgnghM

Why was Crassus so determined to defeat Spartacus?

Why is Spartacus much more well-known today than Crassus?Crassus v. SpartacusPOMPEY THE GREAT106 B.C. 48 B.C.Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus

83 B.C. supported Sulla and led 3 legionsVERY self-consumedSkipped the Cursus HonorumEarly triumph at 25The teenage butcher

Put down revolts in Etruria and SpainDefeated Spartacus

Wont you stop citing laws to us who have swords by our sides?POMPEY THE GREAT67 B.C. Destroyed the Cilician pirates

66 B.C. Finally defeated Mithridates

Created a HUGE eastern Empire for Rome riches, wealth, and fame

62 B.C. - Returned to Rome, but failed in authorizing Eastern land for his troops

Took control of:JerusalemParthiaBithyniaSeleucid empire