The Lasting Impact of Europeans:

Religion, Language and Slavery

SS6H2 The student will explain the development of Latin America and the Caribbean from European colonies to independent nations. a. Describe the influence of African slavery on the development of the Americas.

b. Describe the influence of the Spanish and the Portuguese on the language and religions of Latin America.

Slavery in Latin America

• Shortage of labor in Americas led to beginning of Atlantic slave trade.

• Farmers and plantation owners first used Native Americans; European diseases and warfare killed millions of Native Americans.

• Workers were still needed on sugar, tobacco, and other types of plantations which brought about the Africa slave trade in the Americas.

Slavery in Latin AmericaVideo

Slavery in Latin America

Between the 1500s and the 1800s millions of Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas.

10 to 20 Million EnslavedBrazil 4 - 10 million

Spanish Empire 2 - 5 million

Caribbean 3 – 6 million

North America .5 – 1 million

Triangular Trade

Triangular trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions, in the shape of a triangle.

(Europe, Africa, and the Americas)

Triangular Trade

First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods to Africa to be exchanged for slaves.

Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Africans to Americas to be sold.

Third leg carried American products to Europe.

Europe

Manufactured goods (beads,

cloth, guns)

Africa

slaves

The Americas

Cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses, rum

Triangular Trade Route

Triangular TradeVideo

Spread of Culture

As result of slave trade, people of African descent spread throughout Americas, Western Europe

Spread called African Diaspora

Eventually led to spread of African culture—music, art, religion, food—throughout the Western World

Slaves and other ethnic groups blended

Languages of Latin America

The term Latin America refers to the origin of the languages Spanish and Portuguese from Ancient Roman Empire.These languages are spoken widely throughout Latin America as a result of European colonization of the region.

Languages of Latin America

There are two main languages spoken throughout Latin America Portuguese- Brazil Spanish- in most

other countries

Languages of Latin America

Video

Recall- Why did Europeans Explore?

The 3 G’s:GodGoldGlory

The Three G’s

European explorers had found gold and glory in the Americas.Now it was time to focus on God.

Spread of Christianity

After the Spanish conquered the Aztecs and the Incas (and other Native Americans), they tried to convert them to Christianity.

Spread of Christianity

Just as the Catholic Church was powerful in Spain… it soon became powerful in Latin America

Catholic priests set up churches, schools, hospitals and Spanish missions

                                                                                                         

Spread of Christianity

The purpose of Spanish Missions and the priests was to spread the Christian religion among the local natives.

Spread of Christianity

To help accomplish this, each Spanish mission recruited local natives, brought them to live at the mission and taught them Spanish, farming and other skills.

Religion of Latin America Today

The lasting impact of the spread of Christianity can still be found throughout Latin America today. 94% of Latin

Americans are Roman Catholic.

RomanCatholicOther

Religion of Latin America Today

Video

Latin America Independence

Simon BolivarMiguel Hidalgo

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Revolutions Begin

Revolutionary ideas took hold in Latin America as colonies fought for independence from Europe.

The revolutions in the United States and France led to other independence movements around the globe.

Simon Bolivar The Liberator

Simon Bolivar, the great revolutionary leader known as “the Liberator of South America,” was born to a wealthy family of Creoles in Caracas, Venezuela in 1783.

Simon Bolivar

He was educated in Spain.

While in Spain, he traveled to France where he saw the crowning of Napoleon as emperor.

Simon Bolivar

Napoleon invaded Spain and overthrew the Spanish king. In his place he set up his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as king.

Simon Bolivar

He did not like the way the Spanish government treated its colonies.He knew that it would be the best time to work to free the colonies of Spanish rule since they were occupied with French occupation in Spain.

Simon Bolivar

Bolivar was a wealthy colonist who worked in secrecy to organize a rebellion. Under his guidance, Venezuela was liberated from Spanish control. Bolivar was then elected President.

Simon Bolivar

Bolivar then worked to free other South America countries. Colombia Panama Ecuador Peru

Simon BolivarVideo

Toussaint L’Ouverture

In the beginning, Haiti’s native people were the Ceboneys and the Tainos who were originally from the Amazon Valley. Very soon the island was discovered by Columbus in 1492. After gold was discovered nearby in the Dominican Republic, other Spanish settlers rushed to the island and Spain took control of the island.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Next, the French brought African slaves to work on the coffee and spice plantations. By the late 1700’s, there were more slaves than French colonists who lived there.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Toussaint L’Ouverture was born a slave in 1743. Even though he was a slave, he was fortunate in having an owner who allowed him to learn to read and write.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Throughout Haiti’s history, slaves revolted numerous times, but the most influential one was lead by L’Ouverture. In 1789, the French Revolution took over in France, and the issue of slavery was debated. They voted to end slavery in the French colonies, including what was now known as Haiti.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Later, the rulers of France were replaced by Napoleon, who ruled France with dictatorial powers. He immediately reinstated slavery in the French colonies, and once again put Haiti back into war. Toussaint tried to reason with Napoleon, and they agreed to terms of peace. Napoleon agreed to recognize Haitian independence, and Toussaint agreed to retire from public life.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A few months later, the French invited Toussaint to come to a safe, negotiating meeting in Haiti. When he arrived, the French (at Napoleon's orders) betrayed Toussaint and arrested him, putting him on a ship for France. Napoleon ordered that Toussaint be placed in a prison dungeon in the mountains, and murdered by means of cold, starvation, and neglect. Toussaint died in prison in 1803, but others carried on the fight for freedom.

Miguel Hidalgo

The head figure and chief instigator of the Mexican Independence movement was Father Miguel Hidalgo, the priest of the small town of Dolores. Soon after becoming a priest, Hidalgo began to promote the idea of an uprising by the native and mixed-blood peasantry against wealthy Spanish land-owners and aristocrats.

Miguel Hidalgo

During his seven years at Dolores, Hidalgo promoted discussion groups at his house where natives, mestizos(mixed), criollos(low class Spanish commoners), and peninsulares(high class Spanish commoners) were all welcomed. The independence movement was born out of these informal discussions and was directed against Spanish domination of political and economic life in New Spain.

Miguel Hidalgo

Their plans were disclosed to the central government. On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo decided to strike out for independence.

The independence forces marched on to Mexico City. Despite some victories along the way, they lost momentum and failed to take Mexico City.

Miguel Hidalgo

After a few more victories, the revolutionary forces moved north toward Texas. In March of the following year, the insurgents were ambushed and taken prisoner. Hidalgo was tried as a priest by the Holy Office of the Inquisition and found guilty of heresy and treason. He was later condemned to death. On July 30, 1811, Hidalgo was executed by firing squad. His body was mutilated, and his head was displayed as a warning to other insurgents.

Miguel HidalgoNew leaders took Hidalgo’s place. A few wealthy Spanish nobles and many criollos joined the fight for independence. The fight lasted for 11 years. In 1821, the rebels finally overthrew the Spanish government. Mexico finally became independent.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexico’s independence was based on three guarantees.

1. Mexico would be independent from Spain

2. Mexico would be Catholic

3. Criollos and Peninsulares would be equal.

Miguel HidalgoVideo