The Last Lectures is about: this the end of Applied Linguistic1.Discourse Analysis

2.English Language Teaching (ELT) Methods3.Bilingualism and Multilingualism4.Lexicography and Lexicology 5.Language Planning and Implementation6.Past, Present and Future Directions

1.Discourse Analysis

Approaches to Discourse Analysis (113)

Discourse Mean? Is any types of Conversation) in which people daily engage in comm.

2. Examples:() greeting ()news () items() TV() newspapers.

()magazines ()internet()CNN()classroom()casual ()conversations()Lectures()markets()football ()games.

Is discourse important? Yes. Very, because life or daily business without talking is

boring, This why AL interested in analyzing these discourses.

why? (1)To get the knowledge of the way we build language (2) by analyzing conversations stories and written texts

McCarthy(2002:55) states that DA. Is relevant body of works for Discourse Analyst studies texts if: written and spoken texts, long or short: they relate these to(1) Contexts and (2)situations like ( Advertising, comm. Media) all need analysis.

DA..For Many Linguists as Jawoski& Coupland(199) note:

Is beyond language in use. It extends to:1. Social: by shaping social order and shaping individual’s

interaction with society2. Political

3. Cultural formations.

What is discourse Analysis ?(P:115) Trappes-Lomax (2206) sees it as: The Linguistics Cognitive Process in human interaction Social in which history and culture are embedded. Or it is a particular events in which these processes are acted. A product of that event specially in form of visible txt (spoken-

written)

Question:

How discourse analysis is a part of

AL?????

3.2 What are the Approaches to Discourse Analysis??P116

The following are approaches that related to AL and Language education: are: Sociology. conversational analysis Sociolinguistics ethnography interactional linguistics Variation theory Philosophy. Speech act theory+ Pragmatics

Linguistics Structural Birmingham school

Functional Systematic functional linguistics Artificial Intelligence The following slides is an illustration for each APPROACH:

3.3 Sociology- conversational Analysis (CA)P:116

is about the details of everyday interaction .

It focus on: () class()gender()age()groups()culture…etc

It deals with informal discourse(talk) not formal.

Who invented CA??1. Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology)1967)

2. Goffman/s frame analysis(1974-1981)

Domains of CA: Turn talking Openings Closing in conversation progress 3.3.1 Turn Talking(117) ??Is a person sharing in speech.Turn : is when some one starts speakingIt ends when another one starts to speak

There are rules control turn talking as:

I. Never overlap (avoid it) why? Let listener hear you.

II. Speaker selection (Speakers permitted to take his turn or they are chosen or nominated)

III. Self Selection (speaker cuts in- then starts speaking) if no one select him.

IV. Contexts (the ways by wc speaker can get to next turn)

Follw:

v. Use sentence like(by the way, if I may come in, can I speak– etc)VI. Use back channel comm. To tell speaker that you are listening as (huh, ehh, mmm…etc)VI. Ways of predicting the completion of conversation.

3.3.2 Adjacency Pairs (neighboring) P:117

That pairs turns depends on each others on (greeting gets) (greeting back): e.g: good morning Moudi? first pair- parts Good morning Somayia (second: pair- parts How are you? I’m fine. Thank You.These parts are controlled by cultural and social

contexts.

Some times comm. may Breaks down(fails)

McCarthy calls it1) (dispreferred sequences) what is it? E.g.A. good morningB. Drop dead.Also, there is2) solitary (isolate) routines as: C. I have a terrible headacheD. Oh, I’m so sorry can I do anything

3) Converging(nearly same) pairs as:A. I just loved that green sweaterB. Oh! So do I. isn’t it great? By Pomerantz(1984)This approach strong(socialogy bcoz:1. it based on actual recorded data (naturally occurring data.2. It reject experimental method of collecting conv. Data or set artificial interactive context.

follow

3. It helps DA to access the data offered by daily life.4. It is implication of it for Language teachers, how? Helps them to access to authentic spoken extract. Are there no conversation in text books? There but not resemble real conversations at all.

3.4 Sociolinguistic Approaches:Ethnography & Variation Theory About how language creates communication in everyday life.. not

in isolate sentence.

3.4.1 Ethnography:This approach led by: Hymes 1972, Saville 1989 concerned with situation and uses of pattern and function of speaking as activity

These includes interactions such as conversation at a party or meals.

Hyms 1972 developed speaking grid of several parts: form from the first letters of the word (SPEAKING)

SSETTING

Pparticipation

EEnds

AAct sequence

KKey

Iinstrumentalities

NNorms

GGenre

Why these grids are important?

Helped in knowing the close relationship between: speech events and their social and culture context.

3.4.2 Variation Theory (Labov 1972) he: describes structure of spoken narratives wc is

dominated in ELT. He and Waletsky 1967 put the following overall structure of fully narrative:

a) Abstract (summary of story)b) Orientationc) Compilation (sequences of events)d) Evaluation.e) Resolutionحل (protagonist)f) Coda(points about the narrative as a

whole)

3.5 Linguistic Approaches3.5.1 Birmingham SchoolIn this class knowledge was typically :transmit byنموذجيPupil answer the teachers' questions.The analysis of the data led to the building of a typically classroom exchange structure known asIRF(Institution- Responses – Feedback) للحفظ

e.g:I T: Good morning pupil what is the color of the blackboard?R P: blackF T: very goodHow this happened:a. Teacher begins with “good…b. The teacher chooses who speaks

follow

c. Teacher reinforce an answer by repeating itd. The teacher gives feedback.

3.5.2 Systematic Functional Linguistics SFL

SFLCDABoth concerned with:Describing the relationship bw L. txt and social life.Why Functional describing L?to explains the nature and organization of

Language according to:

What it has to do.e.g.: excuse me, do you know the way to..? this serves the function of asking for direction.

The main function of SFL is:On the analysis of text in relation to social in wc it occurs exactly spoken discourse.SFL: believes THAT language is organized to enable conversation to work.

3.7 D & 1st language education (P 120)

DA in applied L in the area related to ELTBcz language is a means of education.And L as a goal of ed.Scholars notes that: one of the goal of edu.

Is to acculturate children to new registers and genres (both spoken& written)

Why these important to students?

Help to develop: Grammar Sociolinguistics discourse. Strategic competences. Verhoeven 1997 claims: ()children bring to school

standard non standard dialects() school gives them organized process of classroom talk that promote personal involvement, interaction and share meaning

3.8 D & 2nd Language educationPeople aware of the importance of D in :LTReading and writingIntonation and spoken LFor evaluation students’ communicative

competence.2nd LT has been understood in term of D

Defining LT in term of commCompetence leads to integrative view. As stated by Trappes,L 2006-152)The perspective of L as D affect part of syllabus.What are these perspectives:Are( learner needs)( syllabus aims and content) (task goals and procedures)

The procedure will specified in discourse terms

He adds: material will be selected and presented to meet criteria of communicative authenticity

The preparation of language teaching are: Teachers training courses Methodology Textbooks all organized around language areas as: Phonology Grammar Lexis and 4 skills

This approach has many disadvantages as

a) Grammar &lexical presented separatelyb) 4 skills presented separately .c) Spoken and written media understood as

discrete types than continuum points.d) Failure to attend to general features of

interpretation and production. e) Pay less attention to text making features

that are common to discourse of all types

3.9 Importance of DA

Quiz (5)