the large hadron collider by lyndon evans philosophical transactions a volume 370(1961):831-858...
TRANSCRIPT
The Large Hadron Collider
by Lyndon Evans
Philosophical Transactions AVolume 370(1961):831-858
February 28, 2012
©2012 by The Royal Society
The history of colliders.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
The Large Hadron Collider.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
A cross section of the two-in-one LHC bending magnet.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
LHC superconductor and cable.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
The regular lattice.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
(a) Cross-sectional model of the LHC dipole without the cryostat.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Schematic of the LHC magnet cooling system.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Excavation of ATLAS. The cavern is the largest ever built in the type of rock encountered in the Geneva basin.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Aerial view of point 5 in 1998.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Roman coins found during archaeological excavations at point 5.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
An underground river made the excavation of the shaft of the CMS cavern very difficult.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Schematic of the machine layout.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
The superconducting radio frequency cavities at point 4.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
The ‘inner triplet’ in the long straight sections left of point 1 (ATLAS).
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Cooling down of the LHC sectors.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Beam on turns 1 and 2.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
A few hundred turns.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
(a) No RF, de-bunching in approximately 25×10 turns, i.e. approximately 25 ms.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Corrected closed orbit on B2.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Equivalent thermal conductivity of He II. (Online version in colour.).
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Effective thermal conductivity of He II.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Sub-sector magnet cooling scheme.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Experimental validation: temperature evolution.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Powering example: 15R1 powering at 5000 A.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Snapshots in sectors 67 and 78 of all 154 dipoles during a current ramp to 5 kA—B32.R6 with a high (47 nΩ, top trace) joint resistance between the poles of one aperture.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Loss maps for collimation.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
The electron cloud effect.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
Improvement in vacuum pressure during ‘scrubbing’.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society