the khadin waterharvesting system ofperu ancient example
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
The Khadin water harvesting systemof Peru – an ancient example
for future adaption to climatic change
Bertil MÄCHTLE1, Katharina ROSS2, Bernhard EITEL1
1Universität Heidelberg, Institute of Geography2Jena University, Chair for Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology of Arid Environments, Hannover, 14.–17.3.2012
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
1. Introduction
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
History of the Khadin system
• water concentration measure
• more than 5.000 years old (Near East)
• currently used in NW‐India
(Thar desert, Rajasthan)
• works with 70…150 mm mean ann. prec.
• full food subsistence for the people
• triggered by weak monsoons during the
14th century = adaption to climatic change
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(Singhvi & Kar 2004)
(Sinha et al. 2007)
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
Properties of the Khadin system
Distinct geological and topographical requirements:
• bare rock, steep slopes
• (arteficial) sediment bodies (= storage)
• bund for collecting episodic runoff
• catchment to Khadin are ratio 25…15 : 1 (Kolarkar 1997)
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(Kolarkar 1997)
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
2. Analogue from the New World
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
The western Andean slope – a desert margin area
• Agriculture is limited to river oases
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PalpaCiudad Perdida
Ica
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
Mean annual precipitation
• ~ 20 mm/yr = hyperarid conditions
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(Brenner 2011)
Ciudad Perdida
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
Adaption, independent from the Old World
The first description of Khadin water harvesting in Peru (?)
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ancient Khadin, abandoned due to climatic change palaeoclimatic archive
(Kolarkar 1997)
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
Properties of the Khadin system
• large settlement, stone architecture
• terraced slopes
• walls (runoff control)
• feeders
• cisterns
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
Age of construction: 1260‐1290 AD (1 σ)
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
Potential für crop production (K. Ross)
• Soil properties: 62 % of field capacity = plant available
• Maize water needs 344 l/kg
• Khadin area 2.5 ha
• Maize yield 5.000 kg/ha
• Dwellers ~180 (33 % maize diet, 1800 kcal/day)
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
3. From Past to Future
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
Khadin – adaption measure under favourable conditions?
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• Last humid period: 1150–1450 AD, high population
• Khadin gives evidence of 150 mm mean annual precipitation dry spell
1150 AD 1260 AD 1350 AD 1450 AD 2000 AD
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
From the Khadin to past ENSO dynamics
• Period of drought at the end of the 13th century trigger for Khadin construction
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
Outlook
• IPCC (2007) prediction: changes in global circulation mechanisms
ITCZ, monsoons, westerlies shifts shifts of desert margin areas
• basic limitation: circulation models
frequent mismatch with paleo‐record
• changes in Palpa
(1980‐99 against 2080‐99):
• more humid (< 10% increase)
= more El Niño‐like conditions
• changes in Chile:
• southward displacement of the
westerlies
= more La Niña‐like conditions!
• paleo‐record: high sensitivity!
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
Conclusions
• Khadin systems are very useful for adaption to increased drought, if
topography and geology are adequate
• cheap and easy to construct
• where Khadins will be needed depends on real regional impact of climate change
shift of desert margins
• but it is obvoius that the Khadin is needed as adaption measure to climate change
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Thank you
& thanks to the BMBF
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The Khadin water harvesting systemThe Khadin water harvesting system
References
• Sinha et al. (2007): Geophysical Research Letters, VOL. 34, L16707, doi:10.1029/2007GL030431, 2007
• Singhvi & Kar (2004): Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), 113, No. 3, September 2004, pp. 371‐401
• KolarkarA (1997): Traditional water harvesting systems – Thar desert – Khadins. In: Agarwal, A, Narain S
(eds) Dying wisdom – Rise, fall and potential of India’s traditional water harvesting systems. State of India’s
Environment 4. Center of Science and Environment, New Delhi, pp 104–143
• IPCC (2007) = Christensen, J.H., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. Jones, R.K. Kolli, W.‐T.
Kwon, R. Laprise, V. Magaña Rueda, L. Mearns, C.G. Menéndez, J. Räisänen, A. Rinke, A. Sarr and P. Whetton,
2007: Regional Climate Projections. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D.
Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
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