The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Editor-in-Chief Richard D. Weisel, MD Toronto General HospitalToronto, Canada

ASSOCIATE EDITORSAdult Congenital

Education

Ara A. Vaporciyan, MD University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX

Stephen C. Yang, MD Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, MD

James I. Fann, MDStanford University Stanford, CA

Perioperative

Rakesh C. Arora, MD, PhD, FRCSCUniversity of Manitoba College of Medicine / St. Boniface Hospital Winnipeg, Canada

Thoracic

Hartzell V. Schaff, MD Mayo Clinic and FoundationRochester, MN

Y. Joseph Woo, MD Stanford UniversityStanford, CA

Christopher A. Caldarone, MDTexas Children’s HospitalHouston, TX

David R. Jones, MD Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute New York, NY

Abelardo DeAnda, Jr., MD University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston, TX

James S. Tweddell, MDCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Heart Institute Cincinnati, OH

Gaetano Rocco, MD Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer InstituteNew York, NY

Francis D. Pagani, MD, PhD University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI

R.D.B. Jaquiss, MD University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX

John S. Ikonomidis, MD, PhD University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC

Sudish Murthy, MD, PhDCleveland ClinicCleveland, OH

Thomas A. D’Amico, MD Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC

Vinay Badhwar, MD West Virginia University Morgantown, WV

Scott M. Bradley, MDMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestown, SC

Victor A. Ferraris, MD, PhD University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, KY

Pavan Atluri, MD University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA

Ronald K. Woods, MD, PhD Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI

Robert B. Cameron, MD David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos Angeles, CA

Adult

Adult Congenital

Bryan M. Burt, MDBaylor College of Medicine Houston, TX

Thoracic

Congenital Thoracic

Biniam Kidane, MD, MSc Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Canada

Tara Karamlou, MDCleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH

Stephen E. Fremes, MD, MScSunnybrook Health Science CenterToronto, Canada

Farhood Farjah, MD, MPH, FACSUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

Osman O. Al-Radi, MBBCh, MSc, FRCSCKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Umberto Benedetto, MD, PhD Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol Bristol, United Kingdom

Charles M. Wojnarski, MD, MSDuke UniversityDurham, NC

ASSOCIATE STATISTICAL EDITORS

FEATURE EDITORS

J. Hunter Mehaffey, MD, MScUniversity of Virginia Charlottesville, VA

David Zurakowski, MSc, PhDBoston Children’s HospitalBoston, MA

Varun Puri, MD, MSCI Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO

Paul A. Kurlansky, MD Columbia UniversityNew York, NY

Travis J. Wilder, MD University of Utah HospitalSalt Lake City, UT

Leora B. Balsam, MDUMass Memorial Medical CenterWorcester, MA

Lisa M. Brown, MD, MASUniversity of California DavisSacramento, CA

Daniel J.P. Burns, MD, MPhil Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH

Robert Bruce Hawkins, MD, MSc University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA

Elliot Wakeam, MD, MPHUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI

Bahaaldin Alsoufi, MD University of Louisville and Norton Children’s HospitalLouisville, KY

Ethics

Susan Moffatt-Bruce, MD, PhD,MBARoyal College of Surgeons and Physicians of Canada, Ottawa, Canada

Basic Science/Evolving Technology

Frank W. Sellke, MDBrown Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital Providence, RI

Eugene H. Blackstone, MD Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH

Statistics

DEPUTY STATISTICAL EDITORS

Marnie Bertolet, PhDUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA

Vito Domenico Bruno, MD, PhD University of Bristol Bristol, United Kingdom

William M. DeCampli, MD, PhD The Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children Orlando, FL

Jocelyn Beach, MD, MS Cleveland Clinic FoundationCleveland, OH

Emilia Bagiella, PhDIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY

Fabio Barili, MD, PhDS. Croce HospitalCuneo, Italy

Andrew D. Althouse, PhDUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA

Federico Ambrogi, PhDUniversity of MilanMilano, Italy

Adin-Cristian Andrei, PhDNorthwestern UniversityChicago, IL

Alden H. Harken, MD University of California San Francisco-East BayOakland, CA

Basic/Innovation

Edward Verrier, MDUniversity of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, Washington

Education

Glenn Whitman, MDJohns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsBaltimore, MD

Perioperative

Nahush Mokadam, MDThe Ohio State University Columbus, OH

Craig R. Smith, MD Columbia Presbyterian Medical CenterNew York, NY

Richard Lee, MD, MBAAugusta UniversityAugusta, GA

Carl L. Backer, MDAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Chicago, IL

Leonard N. Girardi, MDWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY

Igor E. Konstantinov, MD, PhD, FRACSUniveristy of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Australia

Jules Lin, MD University of Michigan Medical CenterAnn Arbor, MI

Michael Lanuti, MDMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA

Mario F.L. Gaudino, MD Weill Cornell UniversityNew York, NY

Thomas Ng, MDThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN

Can Yerebakan, MD Children’s National Heart Institute Washington, DC

Adult Congenital ThoracicFEATURE EDITORS

Xiaofei Wang, PhDDuke University School of Medicine Durham, NC

Thomas J. Richards, PhD University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

Jeevantham Rajeswaran, PhDCleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH

Mohamed Rahouma, MDWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY

Jacquelyn Quin, MDVA Boston Healthcare System West Roxbury, MA

Seo Young Park, PhDUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA

Mary Plomondon, MSPH, PhD Colorado School of Public Health Aurora, CO

Helen Parise, ScD

Carlos M. Mery, MD, MPHTexas Children’s HospitalHouston, TX

James Michael Meza, MD, MScDuke UniversityDurham, NC

DEPUTY STATISTICAL EDITORS

Liang Li, PhDMD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX

Benjamin D. Kozower, MD, MPHWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO

Eric Lim, MD, MSc, FRCS Royal Brompton HospitalLondon, United Kingdom

Mauro Lo Rito, MDIRCCS Policlinico San DonatoMilano, Italy

Lingeng Lu, MD, PhDYale School of Public HealthNew Haven, CT

Brian W. McCrindle, MD, MPH Hospital for Sick Children, University of TorontoToronto, Canada

Paul Visintainer, PhDUMass Medical School BaystateSpringfield, MA

Paul Sergeant, MD, PhDGasthuisberg University HospitalLeuven, Belgium

Kevin F. Kennedy, MSMid America Heart InstituteKansas City, MO

Craig Jarrett, MD, MBABringham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA

Anusha Jegatheeswaran, MD, PhD, FRCSCHospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Canada

Marianne Huebner, PhDMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI

Penny Houghtaling, MSCleveland Clinic, Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland, OH

Christoph P. Hornik, MD, MPH Duke UniversityDurham, NC

Sari D. Holmes, PhDWest Virginia University MedicineMorgantown, WV

Adrian Hernandez-Diaz, MD, PhDUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, CT

Vaibhav Gupta, MD, PhDUniversity of TorontoToronto, Canada

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Niv Ad, MD West Virginia University Heart and Vascular Institute Morgantown, WV

Iki Adachi, MDTexas Children’s Hospital Houston, TX

Ibrahim Abdullah, MD Banner Children’s Cardon Children’s Medical Center Mesa, AZ

Abbas Abbas, MDTemple University Philadelphia, PA

Jay Bhama, MD University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR

Petros Anagnostopoulos, MD, MBA University of WisconsinMadison, WI

Ko Bando, MD, PhDJikei University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan

Matthew J. Bott, MD Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY

Erle H. Austin III, MD University of Louisville, Norton Children’s Hospital Louisville, KY

John Augoustides, MD, FASE, FAHAUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA

Frank A. Baciewicz, Jr., MD Wayne State University/ Harper University Hospital/ Sinai-Grace HospitalDetroit, MI

Emile A. Bacha, MDColumbia UniversityNew York, NY

Jean Bachet, MD, FEBTCSADETECParis, France

John Bozinovski, MD, MSc The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbus, OH

Stephen R. Broderick, MD, MPHSJohn Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimore, MD

Alessandro Brunelli, MD St. James’s University Hospital Leeds, United Kingdom

Roosevelt Bryant III, MDUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH

Hossein Almassi, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI

Nicholas D. Andersen, MD Duke University School of MedicineDurham, NC

Sary F. Aranki, MDBringham and Women’s HospitalBoston, MA

Anelechi C. Anyanwu, MD, FRCSIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY

Manuel J. Antunes, MD, PhD, DScUniversity Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Coimbra, Portugal

Amedeo Anselmi, MD, PhD Potchaillou University Hospital Rennes, France

Mara B. Antonoff, MD, FACSUniversity of Texas M D Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX

Tohru Asai, MD, PhDJuntendo UniversityTokyo, Japan

Usman Ahmad, MDCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH

Gabriel S. Aldea, MDUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WA

Haiquan Chen, MD, PhDFudan University, Shanghai, China

Jonathan M. Chen, MDChildren’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA

Ke-Neng Chen, MD, PhDBeijing Cancer Hospital Beijing, China

Toyofumi F. Chen-Yoshikawa, MD, PhDNagoya UniversityNagoya, Japan

Michael N. D’Ambra, MD Bringham and Women’s HospitalBoston, MA

Hiroshi Date, MD, PhDKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyoto, Japan

Tirone E. David, MD University of TorontoToronto, Canada

Francois Dagenais, MDLaval HospitalQuebec City, Canada

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Mark A. Chaney, MD University of ChicagoChicago, IL

Paul Checchia, MDBaylor College of Medicine Houston, TX

Subhasis Chatterjee, MD, FACS, FACC, FCCPBaylor College of Medicine Houston, TX

Andrew C. Chang, MD University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI

Paul J. Chai, MDColumbia University Medical Center, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital - NYPNew York, NY

Robert J. Cerfolio, MD, MBANew York University-Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY

Juan A. Crestanello, MDThe Ohio State University Columbus, OH

Joseph S. Coselli, MDBaylor College of Medicine; Texas Heart InstituteHouston, TX

Joseph Brian Clark, MDPenn State Children’s HospitalHershey, PA

Joanna Chikwe, MD, FRCSIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY

Jonathan D’Cunha, MD, PhD Mayo Clinic ArizonaPhoenix, AZ

Ryan R. Davies, MD University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX

Victor Dayan, MD, PhD, FACCCentro Cardiovascular UniversitarioMontevideo, Uruguay

Andrea Carpenter, MD, PhD University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX

Thierry-Piere Carrel, MD University Hospital Berne Berne, Switzerland

Sergio A. Carrillo, MDNationwide Children’s HospitalColumbus, OH

Harold M. Burkhart, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK

John Butterworth, MDVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, VA

Duke E. Cameron, MD Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Christoph Haller, MD The Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Canada

Arnar Geirsson, MD, FACS, FAHAYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Marie Gruebe, MD, FASE Cleveland Clinic FoundationCleveland, OH

Charles Fraser, MD, FACSThe University of TexasAustin, TX

David Faraoni, MD, PhD, FAHA The Hospital for Sick KidsToronto, Canada

Jonathan W. Haft, MD University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI

James Hammel, MDChildren’s Hospital and Medical CenterOmaha, NE

Waël C. Hanna, MDCM, MBA, FRCSCMcMaster University, St. Joseph’s Healhcare Hamilton, Canada

Donald D. Glower, Jr., MDDuke University Medical CenterDurham, NC

Eugene A. Grossi, MD New York University-Langone Medical Center New York, NY

Kevin L. Greason, MDMayo ClinicRochester, MN

Camille L. Hancock Friesen, MDUT Southwestern, Children’s HealthDallas, TX

J. William Gaynor, MDThe Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA

Francesco Formica, MDSan Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy

Shawn Spencer Groth, MD, MS, FACSBaylor College of MedicineHouston, TX

Raja M. Flores, MD Mount Sinai Medical CenterNew York, NY

Paul W.M. Fedak, MD, PhD University of Calgary Calgary, Canada

Anthony L. Estrera, MD, FACS McGovern Medical School at UTHealth and Memorial Hermann Heart & Vascular InstituteHouston, TX

Aaron Eckhauser, MD, MSCIUniversity of Utah/Primary Children’s HospitalSalt Lake City, UT

Daniel T. Engelman, MDBaystate Medical CenterSpringfield, MA

Joseph A. Dearani, MDMayo Clinic Rochester, MN

Gabriele Di Giammarco, MD Universita degli Studi Gabriele d’Annunzio Chieti e PescarChieti, Italy

Chadrick Denlinger, MD Medial University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC

Todd Demmy, MD University of BuffaloBuffalo, NY

Michele Di Mauro, MD, PhD University of ChietiChieti, Italy

James A. DiNardo, MD Children’s Hospital Boston Boston, MA

Yves d’Udekem, MD, PhDRoyal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Australia

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Richard Lazzaro, MDLenox Hill HospitalNorthwell HealthNew York, NY

Jerrold Levy, MD, FAHA, FCCMDuke University Medical CenterDurham, NC

Harold L. Lazar, MDBoston Medical CenterBoston, MA

Oliver J. Liakopoulos, MDHeart Center University of CologneCologne, Germany

Natalie Lui, MD, MASStanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA

Jennifer S. Lawton, MDJohns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD

Damien J. LaPar, MD, MScColumbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY

Kevin P. Landolfo, MD, MScMayo ClinicJacksonville, FL

Matthew Hartwig, MD, MHS, FACSDuke University Medical CenterDurham, NC

J.W. Hayanga, MD, MPH, FACSWest Virginia University Morgantown, WV

George Leslie Hicks, Jr., MD University of Rochester Medical Center, Strong Memorial HospitalRochester, NY

Chuong D. Hoang, MDNational Institutes of Health - National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer ResearchBethesda, MD

Konrad Hoetzenecker, MD, PhD Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria

Michael Hsin, MDQueen Mary HospitalHong Kong

Charles Huddleston, MD St. Louis University St. Louis, MO

Dawn S. Hui, MD University of Texas Health Science CenterSan Antonio, TX

Joon Bum Kim, MD, PhD Asan Medical Center Seoul, South Korea

Anthony W. Kim, MDKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA

James K. Kirklin, MDUniversity of Alabama in BirminghamBirmingham, AL

Jacob Klapper, MDDuke University Durham, NC

Irving L. Kron, MD University of Arizona Sarver Heart CenterTucson, AZ

S. Adil Husain, MDUniversity of Utah Health/Primary Children’s HospitalSalt Lake City, UT

S. Ram Kumar, MD, PhD, FACSKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California / Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA

Minoo N. Kavarana, MD, FACS Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC

Robert S. Kramer, MD, FACS Maine Medical CenterPortland, ME

Nicholas Kouchoukos, MD Washington UniversitySt. Louis, MO

Andrew Lodge, MDDuke University Medical CenterDurham, NC

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

P. Michael McFadden, MD University of Sourthern California, Keck School of Medincine Los Angeles, CA

Patrick M. McCarthy, MD Northwestern University / Northwestern Memorial HospitalChicago, IL

Richard D. Mainwaring, MDStanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA

Katsuhide Maeda, MD, PhDStanford UniversityStanford, CA

Rizwan A. Manji MD, PhD, FRCSC, MBA University of ManitobaWinnipeg, Canada

M. Blair Marshall, MD Brigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, MA

Antonio Miceli, MD, PhD Istituto Clinico Sant’Ambrogio, Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato Milano, Italy

Ari A. Mennander, MD, PhD Tampere University Hospital Tampere, Finland

Carlos A. Mestres, MD, PhD FETCSUniversity Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland

R. Scott Mitchell, MDStanford University Medical CenterStanford, CA

Marc R. Moon, MD Washington University School MedicineSt. Louis, MO

Daniela Molena, MDMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY

Ourania Preventza, MD, MBA, FACS Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX

Juan Nicholas Pulido, MD Swedish Medical Center Seattle, WA

David L.S. Morales, MD Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH

Ralph S. Mosca, MDNew York University- Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY

Katie S. Nason, MD, MPHBaystate Medical Center Springfield, MA

Brian Mitzman, MDUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City, UT

K. Annette Mizuguchi, MD, PhD, MMSc, FASE Brigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, MA

Siamak Mohammadi, MD, FRCSCQuebec Heart and Lung InstituteQuebec City, Canada

Shuab Omer, MD Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX

Tom C. Nguyen, MD, FACS, FACCUniversity of TexasHouston, TX

Mark W Onaitis, MD, MSUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CA

Muralidhar Padala, PhDEmory UniversityAtlanta, GA

Subroto Paul, MD, MPHRJWBarnabas Health West Orange, NJ

Davide Pacini, MD, PhDUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy

Gaetano Paone, MD, MHSAEmory UniversityAtlanta, GA

Hans-Joachim Schäfers, MD Saarland University Medical CenterHomburg / Saar, Germany

Oz M. Shapira, MD Hadassah Medical CenterJerusalem, Israel

Richard J. Shemin, MDUniversity of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA

Alan M. Speir, MDInova Health SystemFalls Church, VA

Tomas A. Salerno, MD University of Miami / Jackson Memorial HospitalMiami, FL

Lars G. Svensson, MD, PhD Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH

Rakesh M. Suri, MD, D.Phil Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH

Hiroo Takayama, MD, PhD Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY

Vinod H. Thourani, MD Piedmont Heart InstituteAtlanta, GA

Betty Caroline Tong, MD, MS, MHSDuke University Medical Center Durham, NC

Tomasz A. Timek, MD Spectrum Health GroupGrand Rapids, MI

Ming-Sing Si, MDC.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI

Smita Sihag, MD, MPHMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY

Edward Y. Sako, MD, PhD University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX

Fraser D. Rubens, MD, MSc, FACS, FRCSCUniversity of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa, Canada

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Daniel Raymond, MD Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH

Michael J. Reardon, MDHouston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular CenterHouston, TX

Siva Raja, MD, PhD, FACSCleveland Clinic FoundationCleveland, OH

Scott I. Reznik, MDUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX

R. Taylor Ripley, MDNational Institutes of Health - National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer ResearchBethesda, MD

T. Brett Reece, MDUniversity of ColoradoAurora, CO

Jack Shanewise, MD, FASE Columbia University New York, NY

Louis Stein, MD, PhD Albany Medical CollegeAlbany, NY

James St. Louis, MD Children’s Mercy HospitalKansas City, MO

Ibrahim Sultan, MD University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA

Nicholas R. Teman, MD University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA

Joseph Turek, MD, PhD Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC

Benny Weksler, MBA, MD Allegheny Health Network/Allegheny General HospitalPittsburgh, PA

Grayson H. Wheatley III, MD, FACS, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA

Bryan A. Whitson, MD, PhD The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbus, OH

David D. Yuh, MD Stamford Hospital Stamford, CT

Michael Yamashita, MDCM, MPHSt. Boniface HospitalWinnipeg, Canada

David Scott Winlaw, MBBS, MD, FRACSThe Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of SydneySydney, Australia

Sai Yendamuri, MBBSRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, NY

Victor van Berkel, MD, PhD Univeristy of Louisville Louisville, KY

Jakob Vinten-Johansen, PhD Emory UniversityGrayson, GA

Benjamin Wei, MDUniversity of Alabama– BirminghamBirmingham, AL

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Nirmal Veeramachaneni, MD University of KansasKansas City, KS

Song Wan, MD, FRCS, FACC The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China

Aaron J. Weiss, MD Cleveland Clinic FoundationCleveland, OH

Chi-Fu Yang, MD Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA