The Italian Renaissance

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Events ending the Middle Ages

Great Famine (1313-1322)• Heavy rains led to flooding• Crops spoiled – livestock drowned• Result in Great Famine• Farm animals needed for work were

slaughtered for food, seed grain eaten• Millions died from the famine• Many questioned the Church why this

happened

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Events ending the Middle Ages

• Black Death (1347-1351)• The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)• 116 year war between England & France

– King of England claimed French throne– Long war strengthened royal power in

both countries.– Each king developed a standing army of

foot soldiers

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Events ending the Middle Ages

Hundred Years’ War:– New weapons

•English long bow•Gun-powder and cannons from China

– Both countries developed greater national feeling and loyalty to kings.

– Joan of Arc (1429)• Successfully drove the English out of the city

Orleans & crowned the new French king.

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Events ending the Middle Ages

Great Schism (1378-1417) • Pope often clashed with Europe’s secular (non-

religious) rulers.• Kings wanted to:

– appoint bishops who controlled large areas of land

– try priests in royal courts– tax Church lands

• Pope resisted these demands

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Great Schism (1378-1417)• 1305 – Frenchman elected Pope

– Moved Papacy from Rome to Avignon, France– Church fell under French King’s influence

• 1378 – An Italian was elected Pope– French cardinals claimed election was unlawful

• Elected a French Pope to keep Papacy in Avignon

• Created schism (split) weakened Church’s authority• 1409 - Church Council made matters worse by

electing a third Pope • 1417 - A new Church Council deposed all three and

elected a single Pope in but Church’s prestige was weakened

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What was the Renaissance?

• The Renaissance was a time of renewal

• Renaissance means rebirth• A philosophical and artistic

movement.• People had lost their faith in the

church and began to put more focus on human beings.

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What was the Renaissance?

• Began in Italy

• As trade between Asia and Europe increased, cities of Italy emerged as centers of banking and commerce

• Secular (things not religious)

• Moved away from life in the church

• Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life

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Major Italian CitiesItaly failed to become united during

the Ages.

Many independent city-states emerged in northern and central

Italy that played an important role in Italian politics and art.

MilanMilan VeniceVenice

FlorenceFlorence

Milan

One of the richest cities, it controls trade through the Alps.

Venice

It attracts trade from all over the world.

Florence

Controlled by the De Medici Family, who became great patrons of the

arts.

All of these cities:

Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets

• Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern

Europe

• Were initially independent city-states governed as republics

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Italian Renaissance Writers

Francesco Petrarch

Niccolo Machiavelli

• The Prince • First work of political

science, instruction manual to do what is necessary to stay in power and stability.

• Looked to ancient Romans as models

• Considered the father of Humanism

• Sonnets to Laura

• Believed that God had given man his intellect and potential to be used to the fullest.

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• Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved• Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making

• Ruler keeps power by any means necessary• Be good when possible, and evil when necessary

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The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature.

Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy.

Education became increasingly secular.

Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.

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•Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art

•They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion

•Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form

•Perspective

•Oil on canvass

•Three dimensional

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Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the

most inspired men who ever lived

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David

Michelangelo created

his masterpiece David in

1504.

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Sistine ChapelPope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine

Chapel.

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1452-1519

Painter, Sculptor, Architect,

Engineer, and Scientist.

Genius!17

Mona Lisa

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The Last Supper

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Raphael 1483-1520

The Sistine Madonna, details of the angels (1512-1513)

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•In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using movable metal type on a machine called a printing

press.

•Printed books became cheap and easier to produce than hand written copies

•Now, readers gained access to broad range of knowledge.

•The printing press would greatly contribute to the Protestant Reformation

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Northern Renaissance WritersThomas More

– Utopia: ideal society

– No one is lazy, all people are educated, and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing criminals.

– Served King Henry VIII of England

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Northern Renaissance WritersWilliam Shakespeare

– Leading Literary figure

– Transformed well-known stories into dramatic masterpieces

– Portrayed personality and human emotions

– Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet, and Macbeth

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Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art

•The continuation of late medieval attention to details.•Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].•Interest in landscapes.•More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. 24

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What was the Protestant Reformation??

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic

The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church

People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

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The Beginning

• The first break in the Catholic Church took place in what is now Germany.

• Many people entered clergy to gain power and wealth rather than because of faith.

• Members of the church acted more like secular princes rather than spiritual leaders.

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The Beginning

• Johann Tetzel: sent to raise funds in northern German states

• Indulgences: pardons from punishment for sins

• Originally rewarded for good deeds

• Renaissance Popes simply sold them for money.

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Martin Luther Lived from 1483-1546 in

Germany

Father encouraged him to study law

A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

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Martin Luther• Found that the church’s methods for

overcoming sin gave him no comfort

• Turned to the bible for comfort

• Developed beliefs became known as

LUTHERANISM

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Lutheranism• Ceremonies and good deeds made no

difference in saving a sinner

• Only thing that counted was inner faith in God

• Simple faith could lead everyone to salvation

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Luther’s 95 Theses A list of things he thought were wrong with the

Catholic Church (95 Complaints)

Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany

Gained support from people and criticism from Church

Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs

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Luther’s 95 Theses He criticized:

The Power of the Pope

The Extreme Wealth of the Church

Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation

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Luther on Trial The Edict of Worms 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up

his beliefs Luther burned the order and was

excommunicated Luther went into hiding where he

translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

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He was the Pope during the height of the corruption 36

Anglican Church King Henry VIII caused the break

between England & the Roman Catholic Church.

Declared himself head of the English church. (Act of Supremacy 1534)

Created the Church of England with the King as head of the church.

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John Calvin

Anti-Catholic

Influenced by Martin Luther

Published a clear set of beliefs: The Institutes of the Christian Religion.

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PredestinationCalvin believed in:

Salvation through Predestination

It is already decided by God who will be saved and who will not be saved.

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Calvin believed

God knows everything that will happen in your life

Purified approach to life:

No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

C C

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Started in Switzerland – Calvinists

France = Huguenots

England = Puritans

Scotland = Presbyterians

Germany = Reform Church

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PuritanHugeunots

Presbyterian

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Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

• 1530’s Catholic Church started reform

• An attempt to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters

• A campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism.

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Counter-Reformation

• Pope Paul III

• Brought the inquisition to Rome – Used to find & punish Heretics – Cruel punishment to keep people within the

Catholic Church

• Pope Paul IV

-Index of Forbidden Books 44

The Council of Trent

• Council called by Pope Paul III called to clarify the church’s teachings

RESULTS:

• Indulgences were a valid expression of faith but selling them was banned.

• Tightened discipline within the clergy

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Counter-Reformation

• Society of Jesus: Jesuits (a religious order)

• Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuits

• Organized them like a military body

• Stressed Education and founded some of the best colleges in Europe.

• Worked to strengthen the faith of Catholics in their schools

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Results • A time of devastating religious wars in

France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.

• 30 Years War (1618-1648): Wars between Catholics and Protestants.

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• Explained many of the events that took place around them as the doing of spirits

• Wise people were often called “good witches”

• “Witch hunting” occurred in the 1500s and lasted for more than 100 years

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