the italian building typology in the framework of tabula ... · the italian building typology in...

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The Italian Building Typology in the framework

of TABULA project

Vincenzo Corrado, Stefano Corgnati, Ilaria Ballarini

Politecnico di Torino

Energy Department

Tebe Research Group

International Expert Workshop

Wels (Austria), 29 February 2012

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Italian residential building stock

Some statistical data Number of buildings

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

Million

Buildings 2,150,259 1,383,815 1,659,829 1,967,957 1,983,206 1,290,502 791,027

Before 1919 1919-‐1945 1946-‐1961 1962-‐1971 1972-‐1981 1982-‐1991 After 1991

Apartments with heating system according to the fuel type or energy carrier and the heating system type

0246810121416

Central system formore apartments

Individual systemper apartment

Fixed appliances forthe whole

apartment or themost part of it

Fixed appliances forsome apartment

rooms

Million

Liquid or gaseous fuel Solid fuel Electricity Fuel oil Other fuel or energy

Number of apartments in residential buildings

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.0

Before 1919 1919-‐1945 1946-‐1961 1962-‐1971 1972-‐1981 1982-‐1991 After 1991

Million

more than 16 apartmentsfrom 9 to 15 apartmentsfrom 5 to 8 apartments3 or 4 apartments2 apartments1 apartment

Source: National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT, 2004)

•  Number of residential buildings: 11,226,595

•  Number of apartments: 27,291,993

•  Mean total living space: 96 m2

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Building construction elements

Ø  Definition of typical constructions from experience, statistical data and literature support (technical standards, scientific books …)

Ø  Identification of typical construction U-values from technical standards (UNI/TS 11300-1, UNI 10351, UNI 10355, UNI EN ISO 10077-1 …)

Ø  Specifications about the definition of typical construction and their U-values:

–  Italian construction are typically massive structures;

–  traditional materials of building components are bricks (solid and hollow) and concrete;

–  the period of construction is fundamental for the definition of building components insulation level. According to a general classification:

•  before 1976 à no insulation (the U-values depend on the component typology and thickness)

•  between 1976 and 1991 à low insulation level (i.e. Uwall ≈ 0.8 W/m2K)

•  between 1991 and 2005 à medium insulation level (i.e. Uwall ≈ 0.6 W/m2K)

•  after 2005 à insulation level according to regulations (i.e. Uwall ≈ 0.3 W/m2K)

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Building construction elements – some examples

FLOORS/CEILINGS U [W/(m2K)]

WINDOWS U [W/(m2K)] ROOFS U [W/(m2K)]

DOORS U [W/(m2K)]

WALLS U [W/(m2K)]

( / - 1900)

2.07 (c)

1.58 (f)

2.86 (c)

2.04 (f)

( / - 1900)

( / - 1930)

2.60 (c)

1.87 (f)

(1920 - 1945)

2.48 (c)

1.81 (f)

(1901 - 1930)

2.66 (c)

1.95 (f)

(1930 - 1975)

1.65 (c)

1.30 (f)

( / - 1950)

( 1930 - 1975)

( 1930 - 1975)

1.80

2.20

1.85

( / - 1975) (1976-2005) (1976-2005)

4.90

5.70

2.80

3.70

( / - 1980)

3.00

5.70

(1980-2005)

3.80

(1980 - / )

1.70

( / - 1920)

( / - 1930)

2.40

1.61

1.48

(1900 - 1950)

2.01

(1900 - 1950)

(1930 - 1975)

1.15

(1950 - 1975)

1.76

2.80

3.40

(1955 - 1975)

(1955 - 1975)

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Building systems

Ø  Definition of typical space heating and DHW systems from experience, statistical data and literature support (technical standards, scientific books …).

Ø  Determination of heat losses and efficiencies of space heating and DHW systems from technical standards (UNI/TS 11300-2). The following subsystems were analysed:

–  heat generation

–  heat storage

–  heat distribution

–  auxiliary components

Multi-unit housing central heating system with gas standard boiler in unconditioned space

Multi-unit housing individual heating system (per apartment) with gas standard boiler in conditioned space

Single-unit housing central heating system with oil standard boiler in unconditioned space

Single-unit housing central heating system with wood stove in conditioned space

SOME EXAMPLES

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Italian building typology

Classification of the national typology A

lpin

e Z

on

e M

edit

erra

nea

n

Zo

ne

Mid

dle

C

lim

atic

Zo

ne

Climatic zones

CLIMATIC ZONE “A” DD ≤ 600

CLIMATIC ZONE “B” 600 < DD ≤ 900

CLIMATIC ZONE “C” 900 < DD ≤ 1400

CLIMATIC ZONE “D” 1400 < DD ≤ 2100

CLIMATIC ZONE “E” 2100 < DD ≤ 3000

CLIMATIC ZONE “F” DD > 3000

More than 50% of Italian municipalities belongs to Climatic Zone “E” à “Middle Climatic Zone”

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Building age classes


Classification of the national typology

Up to 1900

1946-1960

1976-1990

1991-2005

1901-1920

1921-1945

1961-1975

The post-war period, the re-construction

Towards the oil crisis

First regulations on the energy efficiency

New regulations: from Law 10/1991 to Legislative Decree 192/2005

Between the two World Wars

The beginning of the XX century

The XIX century 1

2

3

4

5

7

6

After 2005 Implementation of EPBD and regional laws on energy efficiency 8

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Building size classes


Classification of the national typology

SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE MULTI-FAMILY HOUSE APARTMENT BLOCK TERRACED HOUSE

“BUILDING TYPOLOGY MATRIX”

Climatic Zone Building Size Class

Bui

ldin

g A

ge C

lass

BUILDING-TYPE

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Building-type definition

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Use of energy certificate databases

Piedmont Region was taken into account as the most representative region of the “Middle Climatic Zone”.

The Piedmont Regional Database of Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs, 66000 house records) has been used to identify some building-types.

Three approaches have been investigated to define reference buildings:

- the first approach identifies the real building with geometrical and thermo-physical characteristics similar to the average of the building sample;

-  the second method provides a building having the most probable features;

-  the third approach makes groups containing buildings having similar profiles.

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“Building Typology Matrix”

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Definition of refurbishment measures – building envelope

Ø  STANDARD REFURBISHMENT

à  WALLS: 0.33 W/(m2K)

à  FLOORS and ROOFS: 0.30 W/(m2K)

à  WINDOWS: 2.0 W/(m2K)

Ø ADVANCED REFURBISHMENT

à WALLS: 0.25 W/(m2K)

à  FLOORS and CEILINGS: 0.23 W/(m2K)

à WINDOWS: 1.7 W/(m2K)

FLOORS and CEILINGS

Insulation thickness: from 7 to 12 cm

WALLS


WALLS


FLOORS and CEILINGS


New U-values of construction elements according to Piedmont Region requirements (more restrictive than the National ones)

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Definition of refurbishment measures – systems

Ø  STANDARD REFURBISHMENT –  SPACE HEATING SYSTEM

•  Insulation of pipes

•  Replacement of the heat generator:

•  condensing boiler

•  district heating …

–  DHW SYSTEM

•  Insulation of pipes

•  Insulation of the heat storage

•  Replacement of the heat generator:

•  condensing boiler …

Ø ADVANCED REFURBISHMENT –  SPACE HEATING SYSTEM

•  Insulation of pipes •  Replacement of the heat generator:

•  geothermal heat pump •  air source heat pump …

–  DHW SYSTEM •  Insulation of pipes •  Insulation of the heat storage •  Replacement of the heat generator:

•  geothermal heat pump •  air source heat pump •  thermal solar plant …

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Energy performance calculation National energy balance of the residential building stock

Six reference building-types were selected: according to statistical analysis, they are representative of a suitable significant portion of the national residential building stock (“Middle Climatic Zone”) considering both the construction age and the building size.

Af,n

[m2]

SFH.01 139 1,046,278

SFH.03 116 559,336

MFH.04 827 707,563

AB.05 2,450 869,056

AB.06 3,506 1,214,773

AB.07 2,879 358,765

4,755,771

REFERENCE BUILDING-TYPE

FREQUENCY (number of buildings)

Primary energy for space heating and DHW - Residential building stock (Italian "Middle Climatic Zone")

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Residential building stock

[10

3 G

Wh

] Original StateStandard RefurbishmentAdvanced Refurbishment

- 65%- 77%

“MIDDLE CLIMATIC ZONE” Primary energy for space heating and DHW - Building-types enlarged to residential building stock of "Middle

Climatic Zone"

0

100

200

300

400

500

SFH.01 SFH.03 MFH.04 AB.05 AB.06 AB.07

[10

3 G

Wh

]

Original StateStandard RefurbishmentAdvanced Refurbishment

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Italian Typology Brochure

Example of building-type display sheet

the italian building typology in the framework of tabula ... · the italian building typology in...

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