the internet of things – the ultimate ict revolution€¦ · resources buildings transport...

The Internet of Things –

The Ultimate ICT Revolution

Joseph Sifakis

EPFL

Washington April 21, 2015

The ICT Evolution – Overwhelmingly Exploding

Evolution driven by exponential progress in technology and explosion of applications

1936 1945 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Foundations -Alan Turing, Kurt Gödel

Systems Everywhere – Vital for Modern Societies

From SW to Systems – Significant Differences

Resources HealthBuildings Transport Communications

System(SW+HW)

Shift of focus from SW to SystemsSystems are hard to design due to unpredictable and subtle interactions

with their environment, rather than to complex data and algorithms

From SW to Systems – New Trends

5

New trends break with traditional Computing Systems Engineering. It is hard to jointly meet technical requirements such as:

Reactivity: responding within known and guaranteed delaye.g. flight controller

Autonomy: provide continuous service without human intervention e.g. no manual start, optimal power management

Dependability: guaranteed minimal service in any case e.g. resilience to attacks, hardware failures, software execution errors

Scalability: at runtime or evolutionary growth (linear performance increase with resources)e.g. reconfiguration, scalable services

Scientific and Technological Challenge: Capacity to design systems of guaranteed functionality and quality,

at acceptable costs.

...and also take into account economic requirements for optimal cost/quality

OVERVIEW

6

The Internet of Things Technological Convergence

The Vision

Scientific and Technical Challenges System Design

Cyberphysical Systems

Component-based Systems

Intelligent Systems

Discussion

Convergence

Technological Convergence

7

Install and maintain a single converged network infrastructure – towards an all-IP network?

Integration of the traditional service-specific devices into devices providing converged services

Integration of services into packages which are sold to the consumers

Convergence of inter-sector policies in the context of global development: harmonize standards, regulate content and QoS, to enable pervasiveness of technologies

Technological Convergence – For a Smarter Planet

IBM’s initiative for a smarter planet

INSTRUMENTED: We now have the ability to measure, sense and see the exact condition of practically everything.

INTERCONNECTED: People, systems and objects can communicateand interact with each other in entirely new ways

INTELLIGENT: We can respond to changes quickly and accurately, bypredicting events and optimizing resources

Technological Convergence – Mobiles Services

Technological Convergence – The Google Universe

OVERVIEW

13


The Vision




Intelligent Systems

Discussion

The Internet of Things – The Vision

The Internet of Things – Behavioral Segmentation

The Internet of Things – Behavioral Segmentation

http://www.industrialinternetconsortium.org/

The Internet of Things – Industrial Internet

The Internet of Things – Industrial Internet Data Loop

OVERVIEW

22


The Vision




Intelligent Systems

Discussion

System Design – The Significant Difference

Mature systems engineering disciplines are based on solid theory for building artefacts with predictable behavior over their life-time.

Computing systems engineering is at the same stage of development as was Mechanics in the Middle Ages

Science is lagging behind technology – complex systems are built empirically

Current theoretical approaches are inoperable – correctness cannot be theoretically guaranteed

System Design – About Design

RECIPE(Program)

Put apples in pie plate; Sprinkle with cinnamon and 1 tablespoon sugar;

In a bowl mix 1 cup sugar, flour and butter;

Blend in unbeaten egg, pinch of salt and the nuts;

Mix well and pour over apples;Bake at 350 degrees

for 45 minutes

INGREDIENTS(Resources)

1 pie plate buttered5or 6 apples, cut up¾ c. butter, melted

1 c. flour½ c. chopped nuts1tsp cinnamon1tbsp sugar1c. Sugar1 egg

EasyApple Pie

Design is a Universal Concept! .

Pro

cedu

raliz

atio

n

Mat

eria

lizat

ion

System Design – Two Main Gaps

Req

uire

men

ts(d

ecla

rativ

e)

App

licat

ion

SW

(exe

cuta

ble)

Sys

tem

(HW

+S

W)

Correctness? Correctness?

Pro

gram

min

g

Impl

emen

tatio

n

System Design – Requirements

26

Trustworthiness requirements express assurance that the designed system can be trusted that it will perform as expected despite

HW failures Design Errors Environment Disturbances

Malevolent Actions

Optimization requirements are quantitative constraints on resources such as time, memory and energy characterizing

1) performance e.g. throughput, jitter and latency; 2) resources e.g. storage efficiency, processor utilizability

The two types of requirements are antagonistic: System design should determine tradeoffs between cost and quality

System Design – Levels of Criticality

27

Safety critical: a failure may be a catastrophic threat to human lives

Security critical: harmful unauthorized access

Mission critical: system availability is essential for the proper running of an organization or of a larger system

Best-effort: optimized use of resources for an acceptable level of trustworthiness

System Design – Reported Failures

System Design – Security is a Main Concern

System Design – The Cost of Trustworthiness

System Design – The Cost of Trustworthiness

33

OVERVIEW

34


The Vision




Intelligent Systems

Discussion

Cyber-physical systems refer to the next generation of engineered systems requiring tight

integration of computing, communication, and control technologies

tightly combine the continuous dynamics (systems of differential equations) with the discrete dynamics of cyber systems (SW+HW).

are important in overcoming many challenges in energy, environment, transportation, and health care e.g., to achieve stability, performance, reliability, robustness, and efficiency

Cyber-physical Systems

The emergence of Cyber-physical systems has been enabled by

micro-scale and nano-scale design and fabrication technologies e.g., sensors, actuators, and processors that are small, cheap, fast, and energy efficient

advances in system software, from high performance computing systems to real-time embedded systems

wireless networks making feasible connectivity of mobile nodes.

Cyber-physical Systems – Computer Aided Design

Building smart systems as the composition of components whose cyber and physical parts are concurrently designed

Cyber-physical Systems – Computer Aided Design

OVERVIEW

38


The Internet of Things

The Vision

Requirements

Scientific and Technical Challenges

System Design


Component-based Engineering

Intelligence

Discussion

Components – Mastering Complexity

There is no common component model –no theory for building computing systems from components

Complex systems are built form a relatively small number of types of components (bricks, atomic elements) and glue (mortar) that can be considered as a composition operator.Assumptions: The behavior of each component can be studied separately. The behavior of a composite component can be inferred by composing

the behavior of its constituents. The behavior of the components is not altered when they are plugged in

a given context.

Components – Correctness-by-Construction

Compositionality rules guarantee that composite components inherit essential properties of constituent components

We need compositionality results for progress properties such as deadlock-freedom and liveness


Composability rules guarantee that adding new components does not jeopardize essential properties of integratedcomponents

Feature interferencein OS, middleware,telecommunicationsystems and web services are all due to lack of composability!


Fully customizable smartphones : The design for Project Ara consists of what we call an endoskeleton (endo) and modules. The endo is the structural frame that holds all the modules in place. A module can be anything, from a new application processor to a new display or keyboard, an extra battery, a pulse oximeter or something not yet thought of!

OVERVIEW

44



The Vision

Requirements


System Design



Intelligence

Discussion

Intelligence – The Myth of AI

Intelligence – The Myth of AI

IBM “WATSON” (2011)The Jeopardy!-playing

question answering system

Supercomputers may be used explore a (large) predefined space of solutions or to combine predefined knowledge

IBM Deep Blue (1997)

Intelligence is the ability to create knowledge by applying rules of reasoning: deduction, abduction (inference to the best explanation), induction (generalization from a finite number of facts)

Intelligence – Knowledge-based Engineering

Knowledge is truthful information that embedded into the right network of conceptual interrelations can be used to understand a subject or solve a problem Scientific theories, but also Mathematics, Engineering, Social Sciences,

Medicine, Cooking are domains of knowledge

Challenges

Quest for a theory of truth. What does it mean for information to be truthful?

Analyzing information of the cyberspace in terms of well-formed, meaningful and veridical data. How does truthful information upgrade to knowledge?

Integrating knowledge into computing systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise (Knowledge-based engineering)

Intelligence – Knowledge-based Engineering

.Knowledge Unlimited

Information Facts Data Software

Formalized Knowledge Mathematics Physics Biology Computing Social Sciences

The Internet

Models of the labor market?

What is the

probability that…..

next week?

Online design tools?

The Semantic WEB

Intelligence – Adaptivity

Security ThreatsHW

failures

Varying ET Varying Load

Mitigation

SY

ST

EM

CO

NT

RO

LLE

R Learning

Objective Management

Planning

System state

Parametersteering

Systems must provide services meeting given requirements in interaction with intrinsically uncertain (non-deterministic) environments

Adaptivityconsists in using control-based techniques to ensure correctness despite uncertainty

Intelligence – Adaptivity

52

Planning

Learning

Management of objectives

Movie would have been better …

Go to: 1) Stadium 2) Movie 3) Restaurant

OVERVIEW

53



The Vision

Requirements


System Design



Intelligence

Discussion

Discussion – The Ultimate ICT Revolution

Europe had traditionally held strong positions in industrial sectors where embedded systems are key to their development e.g. mobile communications, automotive, avionics and space, rail, energy, consumer electronics, medical devices – The main competitors used to be Asian players

Europe is losing strong positions in industrial sectors where embedded systems are key to their development e.g. mobile communications, automotive, energy, consumer electronics, medical devices.

Some examples:

Rise of Samsung and Apple - decline of Nokia (acquired by Microsoft),

Bankruptcy of BenQ Mobile ( formerly Siemens Mobile)

Exit of Ericsson from the Sony-Ericsson joint venture

Continued decline of Alcatel-Lucent

Discussion – Over-hyped Technology?

Gartner 12/08/2014: “The IoT is the most over-hyped technology in development today” “lack of standardization in the area, as well as the changing nature of the technology itself, as part of the reason why widespread adoption is further than its promoters think”

The Internet of Things – The Limits of Integration

56

Integrated network infrastructure covering a large variety of characteristics (few kilobytes to high-bandwidth, timed or asynchronous, any distance).

The emergence of this infrastructure is likely not to happen before 10 years!

Discussion – The Limits of Integration

Do My Washer and Grill Have to Talk? Connectivity must enhance the user experience, not simply be

included because it is possible to do so. Benefit provided by connectivity is arguably minimal when its cost is

potentially compromised network security.

Impossibility to guarantee security and dependability in general is and will remain the main roadblock to integration

Scientific and technical limitations (lack of theoretical foundations, complexity, figuring out all possible attacks)

Regulatory and policy-related issues (lack of strict regulatory frameworks for transparency and accountability of system designs)

Discussion – The Limits of Integration

Do My Washer and Grill Have to Talk? Connectivity must enhance the user experience, not simply be

included because it is possible to do so. Benefit provided by connectivity is arguably minimal when its cost is

potentially compromised network security.

Impossibility to guarantee security and dependability in general is and will remain the main roadblock to integration

Scientific and technical limitations (lack of theoretical foundations, complexity, figuring out all possible attacks)

Regulatory and policy-related issues (lack of strict regulatory frameworks for transparency and accountability of system designs)

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Ideas+ Data Information

Phenomena

Artifacts

Cyber-world

Artwork

Human-Built World

Living WorldPhysical World

Discussion – System Design

Science

Desig

n

Knowledge

Biology ComputingSocialSciences

Formalized KnowledgeMathematics

Physics

Build in orderto Study

Study in orderto Build

Discussion – System Design

Is everything for the best in the best of all possible cyber-worlds ?- The toughest uphill battles are still in front of us

Developing rigorous frameworks for system design is both an intellectually challenging and culturally enlightening endeavor – it nicely complements the quest for scientific discovery in natural sciences

Failure in this endeavor would seriously limit our capability to

master the techno-structure

also mean that designing is a definitely a-scientific activity driven by predominant subjective factors that preclude rational treatment

Thank you

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