the international legal framework for nuclear safety and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Nuclear Energy Management
P. Reyners
15 July - 3 August, 2013
Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy, the University of Dundee, U.K.
The International Legal Framework for Nuclear Safety and Security
IAEAInternational Atomic Energy Agency
Introduction to Nuclear Law -International Instruments
Nuclear Law Institute21 November 2011
Vienna
Wolfram TonhauserHead, Nuclear and Treaty Law Section
Office of Legal Affairs
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“Nuclear law is the body of special legal normscreated to regulate the conduct of legal or natural
persons engaged in activities related to fissionable materials and ionizing radiation ”
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International Iegal framework
National law
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Safety Security
Safeguards
Liability
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Aims to protect individuals, society and the environment from radiological releases
Nuclear Safety
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Seven international instruments to remember
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CONVENTION ON NUCLEAR SAFETY
Scope:
Safety of nuclear installations=
“any land-based civil nuclearpower plant including storage,handling and treatment facilitiesthat are on the same site anddirectly related to the operationof the nuclear power plant”
Does not apply to researchreactors
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Key points:
All countries operating nuclear power plants are pa rty to the Convention
Peer review process
Adequacy has been questioned
Extraordinary Meeting to discuss lessons learned fr om Fukushima
CONVENTION ON NUCLEAR SAFETY
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JOINT CONVENTION ON THE SAFETY OF SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT AND ON THE SAFETY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Scope:
Spent fuel from the operation ofcivilian nuclear reactors
Radioactive waste from civilianapplications, includingdecommissioning activities
Uranium mining and millingwastes
Not spent fuel held atreprocessing facilities as part ofa reprocessing activity
Not NORM material which isoutside the nuclear fuel cycle
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Key points:
Only 60 parties although relevant to all states (with orwithout a nuclear power programme)
Peer review process
JOINT CONVENTION ON THE SAFETY OF SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT AND ON THE SAFETY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT
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CONVENTIONS ON EARLY NOTIFICATION AND ASSISTANCE IN THE CASE OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
Scope:
Obligation to notify nuclearaccidents which have resulted ormay result in a transboundaryrelease that could be ofradiological safety significancefor another State
System of national contactpoints for information exchange
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Key points:
So-called post-Chernobyl conventions
Global regime with more than 100 parties
CONVENTIONS ON EARLY NOTIFICATION AND ASSISTANCE IN THE CASE OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
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Complemented by:• Bilateral agreements between neighbouring States• A number of safety standards; and practical arrangements an d
mechanisms:
CONVENTIONS ON EARLY NOTIFICATION AND ASSISTANCE IN THE CASE OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
ENATOM RANET JPLAN
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Scope:
All radioactive material rangingfrom very low activity materialto very high activity materialsuch as spent fuel and high-level waste
World-wide transport ofradioactive material by allmodes of transport, i.e. air, sea,land
IAEA REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
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Key point:
Not only a non-binding safety standard but creates also alegally binding regime
This is necessary to facilitate the movement of radioactivematerial across borders
IAEA REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
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= incorporate the principles of the IAEATransport Regulations
IMDG Code
By Sea
IATADangerous Goods
Manual
Annex 18 tothe ChicagoConvention
By Air
MERCOSUR/MERCOSULAgreement
ADRAgreement
By Road
RID
By Rail
ADN
ADNR
By InlandWaterways
Universal PostalConvention
By Post
Overview
IAEA REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
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CODE OF CODUCT ON THE SAFETY AND SECURITY OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
Scope:
‘High risk’ sealed radioactivesources (Categories 1-3)
Supplemented by import/export guidance document to facilitate harmonized approach among exporting countries
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Key points:
Is a non-binding legal instrument
Presently just over 100 political commitments
For the first time, cross-over with nuclear security regime
No peer review process but regular meetings
CODE OF CODUCT OF THE SAFETY AND SECURITY OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
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Scope:
Safety of “research reactors”=
nuclear reactors used mainly forthe generation and utilization ofneutron flux and ionisingradiation for research and otherpurposes
CODE OF CODUCT OF THE SAFETY OF RESEARCH REACTORS
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CODE OF CODUCT OF THE SAFETY OF RESEARCH REACTORS
Key points:
Is a non-binding legal instrument
Covers all stages of RR lives from siting to decomm issioning
No political commitment foreseen under this Code
No peer review process but regular meetings
Lacks security provisions
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Safety:
Regime started with Chernobyl in 1986
Comprehensive suite of legal instruments – althoughcombination of binding and non-binding instruments
Complemented by a comprehensive set of safetystandards
Common element of all of these instruments is theestablishment of a system of control of nuclear activities
Regime now under scrutiny notably regarding its technicalcontents (design requirements, independence ofregulatory body, analysis of information)
POINTS TO REMEMBER
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Aims to protect radioactive and nuclear materialand facilities from malicious acts by non -Stateactors
Nuclear Security
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Seven international instruments to remember
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CONVENTION ON THE PHYSICAL PROTECTION OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL
Scope: (threefold)
Physical protection ofnuclear material duringinternational transport
Criminalisation of offences(prosecution or extradition)
International co-operationand information exchange
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THE AMENDMENT TO THE CPPNM
Scope (extended):
Physical Protection of nuclearfacilities and of nuclear materialin domestic use, storage andtransport
New offences relating to nuclearsmuggling/illicit trafficking andsabotage
Expanded co-operation amongStates regarding stolen orsmuggled nuclear material,sabotage, and related offences
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CODE OF CONDUCT ON THE SAFETY AND SECURITY OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
Scope:
Applies to security of sealedsources
Nuclear material or unsealedsources are not covered
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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF ACTS OF NUCLEAR TERRORISM
Scope:
All radioactive material,including nuclear material
Same subject matter as theCPPNM and its Amendment (i.e.physical protection,criminalization of offences andinternational cooperation)
Refers to relevant IAEArecommendations regarding thephysical protection ofradioactive material
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IMO SUA CONVENTION AND PROTOCOLS
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Scope:
All ships except warships
Criminalisation of offences (prosecution orextradition)
International cooperation and informationexchange
The 2005 Protocols (eif in 2010) extend scope toinclude criminalisation of maritime transport ofterrorists, terrorist acts and unlawful transportof WMD and related materials
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ICAO SUA CONVENTION AND PROTOCOL
Scope:
Civil aircraft
Criminalisation of offences(prosecution or extradition)
International cooperation andinformation exchange
Beijing 2010 Conference extendscope of Convention and Protocol toinclude criminalisation of unlawfultransport of WMDs and radioactivematerial, use of civil aircraft todischarge WMDs and use of WMDs toattack civil aircraft
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UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1540
Scope:
Weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological, chemical)
States to prohibit non-Stateactors from acquiring suchweapons through:
• adoption of laws• enforcement measures• domestic controls
Establishes the 1540 Committeeto monitor implementation ofthe resolution
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POINTS TO REMEMBER
Security:
• Was reinforced after 9/11
• Multiplicity of instruments and numerous internationalinitiatives (currently 18 international counter terroris minstruments)
• The common thread for the majority of theseinstruments is the threefold scope of application:subject matter; criminalization and internationalcooperation
• International legal framework on nuclear security issupported by a number of international initiatives
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Three international instruments to remember
Safeguards
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Nuclear Liability
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PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLESPRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
OECD/NEAREGIONAL
IAEAGLOBAL
1960 Paris Convention 1963 Vienna Convention
1963 BrusselsSupplementary Convention
1997 Protocol to amend theVienna Convention
2004 Protocols revisingthe Paris and Brussels Conventions
1997 Convention on Supplementary Compensation
1988 Joint Protocol
International Instruments
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Nuclear Liability
Principles
1.CHANNELING OF
LIABILITY 2.ABSOLUTE LIABILITY
3.MINIMUM AMOUNT
4.LIABILITY
LIMITED IN TIME
5.MANDATORYFINANCIALCOVERAGE
6.CHANNELING OF
JURISDICTION
7.NON-
DISCRIMINATION
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Liability:
• The liability regime was created with the dual obje ctive of assuring adequate compensation for victims and facilitating nuclear energy development
• The international instruments are relevant for bothnuclear power and non-nuclear power countries
• 1997 CSC provides the basis for a global nuclearliability regime but not yet in force
POINTS TO REMEMBER
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All of these international legal instruments are relevant as States will transform them into
national law
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All texts can be found via the website of the Office of Legal Affairs
http://ola.iaea.org/OLA/default.asp
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!