the institutions unit 4b the presidency. the white house
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The InstitutionsThe Institutions
Unit 4BUnit 4B
The PresidencyThe Presidency
The White HouseThe White House
Constitutional Constitutional QualificationsQualifications
Be at least 35 years oldBe at least 35 years old A natural-born citizen of the United A natural-born citizen of the United
StatesStates Lived in the U.S. for 14 yearsLived in the U.S. for 14 years
““Other” QualificationsOther” Qualifications Political experience (usually have SOME)Political experience (usually have SOME)
Vice presidents, state governors, U.S. senators, U.S. Vice presidents, state governors, U.S. senators, U.S. representativesrepresentatives
Presidents with no prior elected office: Presidents with no prior elected office: Zachary Taylor (W), Ulysses S. Grant (R), William H. Taft (R), Herbert Hoover (R), Dwight Zachary Taylor (W), Ulysses S. Grant (R), William H. Taft (R), Herbert Hoover (R), Dwight
Eisenhower (R)Eisenhower (R)
Military service (not required, but many see it as Military service (not required, but many see it as important)important) 12 Presidents with no prior military service: 12 Presidents with no prior military service:
John Adams (F), John Quincy Adams (D-R, NR), Martin van Buren (D), Grover Cleveland (D), John Adams (F), John Quincy Adams (D-R, NR), Martin van Buren (D), Grover Cleveland (D), William Howard Taft (R), Woodrow Wilson (D), Warren Harding (R), Calvin Coolidge (R), William Howard Taft (R), Woodrow Wilson (D), Warren Harding (R), Calvin Coolidge (R), Herbert Hoover (R), Franklin Roosevelt (D), Bill Clinton (D), Barack Obama (D)Herbert Hoover (R), Franklin Roosevelt (D), Bill Clinton (D), Barack Obama (D)
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP)White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) John F. Kennedy (D) was first Catholic president (1961-1963)John F. Kennedy (D) was first Catholic president (1961-1963) Barack Obama (D) was first black president (2009-Present)Barack Obama (D) was first black president (2009-Present)
Charismatic (good speaker, schmoozer, access to Charismatic (good speaker, schmoozer, access to campaign $$)campaign $$)
Outsider (promises to clean up Washington)Outsider (promises to clean up Washington) Not involved in the “mess in Washington” (Carter, Reagan, Clinton)Not involved in the “mess in Washington” (Carter, Reagan, Clinton)
Only two female vice-presidential major party candidatesOnly two female vice-presidential major party candidates Geraldine Ferraro (D) (1984), Sarah Palin (R) (2008) Hilary Clinton Pres Primary (D) Geraldine Ferraro (D) (1984), Sarah Palin (R) (2008) Hilary Clinton Pres Primary (D)
20082008 James Buchanan (R) was only president not married (1857-1861)James Buchanan (R) was only president not married (1857-1861)
John Tyler (W) (1841-1845) and Woodrow Wilson (D) (1913-1921) married during their termsJohn Tyler (W) (1841-1845) and Woodrow Wilson (D) (1913-1921) married during their terms
Electoral CollegeElectoral College Article II establishes Electoral CollegeArticle II establishes Electoral College
12th Amendment requires vote for president AND vice 12th Amendment requires vote for president AND vice presidentpresident
In response to Election of 1800; Jefferson and BurrIn response to Election of 1800; Jefferson and Burr Each state receives number of electors equal to number Each state receives number of electors equal to number
of representatives and senatorsof representatives and senators 23rd Amendment provides 3 electoral votes for District of 23rd Amendment provides 3 electoral votes for District of
ColumbiaColumbia Usually, state political parties nominate their electorsUsually, state political parties nominate their electors
Winner-take-all for 48 states based on popular vote in Winner-take-all for 48 states based on popular vote in statestate
Maine and Nebraska split electoral votesMaine and Nebraska split electoral votes Electoral majority requiredElectoral majority required
Currently, 270 out of 538Currently, 270 out of 538 House of Representatives chooses if no majorityHouse of Representatives chooses if no majority
20th Amendment requires newly elected incoming House to choose20th Amendment requires newly elected incoming House to choose
Presidential Candidates and State Campaigns
Number of Hand Waves depicts number of presidential and vice-presidential candidate visits in last five weeks of election of 2004
Number of Dollar Signs depicts number of presidential campaign spending in last five weeks of election of 2004
Electoral College? Polls increasing against
Electoral College as antiquated or undemocratic May win national popular
vote, but no electoral majority
Candidates ignore several states in favor of large states and swing states
Propose choose electors based on winner of each congressional district OR national popular vote only
Election of 1824 Andrew Jackson earned popular
vote and plurality of electoral votes
House of Rep elected John Q. Adams
Election of 1876 Samuel Tilden (D) won over 50%
of popular vote 3 contested states awarded to
Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Election of 1888
Grover Cleveland (D) won popular vote, but lost to Benjamin Harrison (R) in electoral votes
Election of 2000 Al Gore (D) won popular vote, but
lost to George W. Bush (R) U.S. Supreme Court decided on
recount of Florida’s votes
270 to Win270 to Win
http://www.270towin.com/2016_election_predictions.php?mapid=bIrY
What happens if they don’t get 270? What happens if they don’t get 270? Election is tossed to the House – Election is tossed to the House – who votes – one vote per state.who votes – one vote per state.
InaugurationInauguration ““I do solemnly swear (or I do solemnly swear (or
affirm) that I will faithfully affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of execute the Office of President of the United President of the United States, and will to the best States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the protect and defend the Constitution of the United Constitution of the United States.” – Oath of OfficeStates.” – Oath of Office
Twentieth Amendment Twentieth Amendment (1933) established January (1933) established January 2020thth as inauguration date as inauguration date Used to be on March 4Used to be on March 4thth
Since John Adams, the Chief Since John Adams, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Justice of the Supreme Court has administered the Court has administered the oathoath
Presidential Terms of Presidential Terms of OfficeOffice
Four-year termsFour-year terms Originally, no limit to number of terms Originally, no limit to number of terms
servedserved George Washington set George Washington set
precedent/tradition of two termsprecedent/tradition of two terms Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt
Elected to 4 terms (1932, 1936, 1940, 1944)Elected to 4 terms (1932, 1936, 1940, 1944) 22nd Amendment (1951)22nd Amendment (1951)
Limited president to two termsLimited president to two terms
Presidential BenefitsPresidential Benefits $400,000 annual salary$400,000 annual salary $50,000 annual tax-free expense account$50,000 annual tax-free expense account $100,000 annual tax-free travel allowance$100,000 annual tax-free travel allowance Taxable pension planTaxable pension plan Secret Service protectionSecret Service protection Support staffSupport staff White House staff of 400-500 peopleWhite House staff of 400-500 people Camp David, a countryside getawayCamp David, a countryside getaway Air Force One (plane) and Marine One Air Force One (plane) and Marine One
(helicopter)(helicopter) Considered the most powerful person in the Considered the most powerful person in the
worldworld Leader of the Free WorldLeader of the Free World
The Many Hats of the The Many Hats of the PresidentPresident
Chief ExecutiveChief Executive Execute laws, appoint executive officialsExecute laws, appoint executive officials
Chief LegislatorChief Legislator Propose legislation, veto power, State of the UnionPropose legislation, veto power, State of the Union
Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief In charge of armed forcesIn charge of armed forces
Head of StateHead of State Ceremonies, receive foreign leaders, official dinnersCeremonies, receive foreign leaders, official dinners
Chief DiplomatChief Diplomat Negotiate treaties/alliances, develop foreign policies, Negotiate treaties/alliances, develop foreign policies,
appoint ambassadorsappoint ambassadors Head of Political PartyHead of Political Party
Agenda setting, coattails, patronageAgenda setting, coattails, patronage
Chief ExecutiveChief Executive Presidential Appointments Presidential Appointments
(FORMAL POWER)(FORMAL POWER) * - * - The president cannot remove from officeThe president cannot remove from office
Executive department heads Executive department heads (i.e. Secretary of State)(i.e. Secretary of State)
Heads of independent Heads of independent regulatory agencies regulatory agencies
(i.e. Federal Reserve (i.e. Federal Reserve Chairperson)*Chairperson)*
Federal judiciary Federal judiciary (including U.S. Supreme (including U.S. Supreme
Court)*Court)* U.S. marshals and attorneysU.S. marshals and attorneys AmbassadorsAmbassadors Requires U.S. Senate Requires U.S. Senate
approval (simple majority)approval (simple majority) Recess appointments Recess appointments
(FORMAL POWER)(FORMAL POWER) Executive AppointmentsExecutive Appointments
* Informal powers* Informal powers White House StaffWhite House Staff Executive Office of PresidentExecutive Office of President
“…“…take care that the laws be take care that the laws be faithfully executed”faithfully executed”
EXECUTIVE ORDERS EXECUTIVE ORDERS (INFORMAL POWER)(INFORMAL POWER)
Rules and regulations of Rules and regulations of enforcement by presidentenforcement by president
Suspension of habeas corpus, Suspension of habeas corpus, Japanese internment, equality in Japanese internment, equality in armed forces, EPAarmed forces, EPA
Ex parte MerrymanEx parte Merryman Korematsu v. United StatesKorematsu v. United States
EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE (INFORMAL POWER)(INFORMAL POWER)
Power to refuse appearing before or refusing to provide information to Congress or the Supreme Court
Presidents argue for it based on separation of powers
Washington and the House on treaties
United States v. Nixon (1974) Evidence may not be withheld in
criminal proceedings Clinton v. Jones (1997)
Presidency cannot protect from civil litigation on actions before becoming president
Chief LegislatorChief Legislator
Veto PowerVeto Power Sign bills into law (FORMAL Sign bills into law (FORMAL
POWER)POWER) Signing Statements Signing Statements (INFORMAL (INFORMAL
POWER)POWER) Veto bills (FORMAL POWER)Veto bills (FORMAL POWER)
Congressional override (2/3 Congressional override (2/3 majority of both houses)majority of both houses)
Less than 10% of vetoes ever Less than 10% of vetoes ever overridden overridden
POCKET VETO POCKET VETO (FORMAL (FORMAL POWER)POWER)
LINE-ITEM VETOLINE-ITEM VETO Clinton v. City of New YorkClinton v. City of New York
State of the Union Address State of the Union Address (FORMAL POWER)(FORMAL POWER)
Special Sessions of Congress Special Sessions of Congress (FORMAL POWER)(FORMAL POWER)
Prepare and propose federal Prepare and propose federal budget to Congress (INFORMAL budget to Congress (INFORMAL POWER)POWER)
Per the Budget and Accounting Per the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921Act of 1921
Congressional Budget and Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act Impoundment Control Act (1974)(1974)
Denied president right to refuse Denied president right to refuse spending appropriated fundsspending appropriated funds
Office of Management and Office of Management and Budget (OMB)Budget (OMB)
Agenda Setting and Power of Agenda Setting and Power of PersuasionPersuasion
National leader and National leader and representative (INFORMAL representative (INFORMAL POWER)POWER)
Head of the party (INFORMAL Head of the party (INFORMAL POWER)POWER)
Bully pulpit (INFORMAL POWER)Bully pulpit (INFORMAL POWER) Presidential approval ratings Presidential approval ratings
(INFORMAL POWER)(INFORMAL POWER) Veto threat (FORMAL POWER)Veto threat (FORMAL POWER)
Formal Judicial Powers of the Formal Judicial Powers of the PresidentPresident
Appoint justices to the U.S. Supreme Court Appoint justices to the U.S. Supreme Court and lower federal courtsand lower federal courts Requires U.S. Senate approval (simple majority)Requires U.S. Senate approval (simple majority)
Senatorial courtesy*Senatorial courtesy*
Grants reprieves, pardons, amnestyGrants reprieves, pardons, amnesty Reprieves postpone a sentence allowing for Reprieves postpone a sentence allowing for
appealsappeals Pardons forgive a crime and cancel the Pardons forgive a crime and cancel the
punishmentpunishment Gerald Ford’s blanket pardon of Nixon for Watergate Gerald Ford’s blanket pardon of Nixon for Watergate
Amnesty is to forget the crime in lieu of Amnesty is to forget the crime in lieu of testimony or supporttestimony or support
Chief DiplomatChief Diplomat Congress delegates diplomatic powers Congress delegates diplomatic powers
to Presidentto President Appoints ambassadors (FORMAL Appoints ambassadors (FORMAL
POWER)POWER) U.S. Senate approval (simple majority)U.S. Senate approval (simple majority)
Receives foreign dignitaries (FORMAL Receives foreign dignitaries (FORMAL POWER)POWER)
Recognize nations (FORMAL POWER)Recognize nations (FORMAL POWER) Treaties and PactsTreaties and Pacts
Negotiates Treaties (FORMAL POWER)Negotiates Treaties (FORMAL POWER) Requires advice and consent of 2/3 Requires advice and consent of 2/3
majority of U.S. Senatemajority of U.S. Senate Woodrow Wilson and Treaty of Woodrow Wilson and Treaty of
Versailles/League of Nations DenialVersailles/League of Nations Denial EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS
(INFORMAL POWER)(INFORMAL POWER) Bypassing treaty ratification Bypassing treaty ratification
requirements, president establishes requirements, president establishes foreign policy with heads of statesforeign policy with heads of states
Does not require Senate approval, but Does not require Senate approval, but must be re-consented by each new must be re-consented by each new presidentpresident
North American Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)(NAFTA)
Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief
Over all armed forcesOver all armed forces Appoints Joint Chiefs of Staff Appoints Joint Chiefs of Staff
(military advisors)(military advisors) Wages warWages war Troop deploymentTroop deployment
Provides for domestic orderProvides for domestic order Call up the National Guard in Call up the National Guard in
affected state/localityaffected state/locality Crisis Manager (INFORMAL Crisis Manager (INFORMAL
POWER)POWER) War Powers Resolution War Powers Resolution
(1973)(1973) President notifies Congress 48 President notifies Congress 48
hours in advance of combathours in advance of combat Armed forces for 60 days and Armed forces for 60 days and
30-day withdrawal period30-day withdrawal period Congress may extend military Congress may extend military
use, declare war, or authorize use, declare war, or authorize use of militaryuse of military
Impeachment May be charged with treason, bribery, high crimes and
misdemeanors House of Representatives impeaches
(indicts/charges/accuses) Simple majority required
Senate tries (acquit or convict) Presided over by Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court 2/3 majority required for conviction
Historical Events Andrew Johnson
Democrat president dealing with Radical Republicans during Reconstruction
Acquitted by 1 vote on 2 charges Bill Clinton
Democrat president involved in affair and impeached by Republican-dominated House for perjury and obstruction of justice
Overwhelmingly acquitted Richard Nixon*
House Judiciary Committee was in process of drafting impeachment articles before Nixon resigned
Vice PresidentVice President Selection of a Vice PresidentSelection of a Vice President
Balance the ticketBalance the ticket Selected based on different party faction, geographical Selected based on different party faction, geographical
region, political experienceregion, political experience John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson (1960 Election)John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson (1960 Election)
Constitutional ResponsibilitiesConstitutional Responsibilities Preside over the Senate as President of the SenatePreside over the Senate as President of the Senate Break voting ties in the SenateBreak voting ties in the Senate Assume presidency upon death, infirmity, disability, Assume presidency upon death, infirmity, disability,
removal from office of presidentremoval from office of president Duties of a Vice PresidentDuties of a Vice President
Attend Cabinet meetings alongside the presidentAttend Cabinet meetings alongside the president Serve on National Security CouncilServe on National Security Council Diplomatic representative of presidentDiplomatic representative of president
Presidential SuccessionPresidential Succession Vice president succeeds Vice president succeeds
president upon death, president upon death, removal from office, removal from office, disability, infirmitydisability, infirmity Article IIArticle II Twentieth AmendmentTwentieth Amendment Twenty-Fifth AmendmentTwenty-Fifth Amendment
Presidential Succession Presidential Succession Act of 1947Act of 1947 Vice PresidentVice President Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House President Pro TemporePresident Pro Tempore Secretary of StateSecretary of State Secretary of TreasurySecretary of Treasury Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense Attorney GeneralAttorney General
Presidential Succession Presidential Succession (cont.)(cont.) Based on chronological order Based on chronological order
of executive departmentof executive department Secretary of InteriorSecretary of Interior Secretary of AgricultureSecretary of Agriculture Secretary of CommerceSecretary of Commerce Secretary of LaborSecretary of Labor Secretary of Health and Secretary of Health and
Human ServicesHuman Services Secretary of Housing and Secretary of Housing and
Urban DevelopmentUrban Development Secretary of TransportationSecretary of Transportation Secretary of EnergySecretary of Energy Secretary of EducationSecretary of Education Secretary of Veterans’ Secretary of Veterans’
AffairsAffairs Secretary of Homeland Secretary of Homeland
SecuritySecurity
The Office of the The Office of the PresidentPresident
In development of policy and decision-In development of policy and decision-making, the closest and/or last making, the closest and/or last person/people to the president influence person/people to the president influence the ultimate decisionthe ultimate decision
Executive Office of the President (EOP)Executive Office of the President (EOP) Executive Order 8248 by FDRExecutive Order 8248 by FDR
White House StaffWhite House Staff Part of the EOPPart of the EOP
The CabinetThe Cabinet Executive department headsExecutive department heads
White House StaffWhite House Staff May be hired and fired at will; no legislative or judicial approval May be hired and fired at will; no legislative or judicial approval
necessarynecessary Chief of StaffChief of Staff
Administers the White House staffAdministers the White House staff Usually a personal or close friend/allyUsually a personal or close friend/ally May possess a certain policy expertise or political connectionsMay possess a certain policy expertise or political connections
Press SecretaryPress Secretary Disseminate and provide information to the president, the White House Disseminate and provide information to the president, the White House
staff, and the mass mediastaff, and the mass media CommunicationsCommunications
Develop and promote the president’s agendaDevelop and promote the president’s agenda Organizational StructuresOrganizational Structures
PyramidPyramid Hierarchal structure reports to the Chief of StaffHierarchal structure reports to the Chief of Staff
CircularCircular Members and aides all directly report to the presidentMembers and aides all directly report to the president
Ad-hocAd-hoc Task forces, committees, informal groups of advisors and friends report to the Task forces, committees, informal groups of advisors and friends report to the
presidentpresident
Executive Office of the Executive Office of the PresidentPresident
Policy advisors and expertsPolicy advisors and experts Some officials require Senate approvalSome officials require Senate approval Office of Management and Budget Office of Management and Budget
(OMB)(OMB) Assist in developing federal budget proposalAssist in developing federal budget proposal Monitor supervision of executive agenciesMonitor supervision of executive agencies
Council of Economic AdvisersCouncil of Economic Advisers National Security CouncilNational Security Council
National security and foreign policy advisementNational security and foreign policy advisement Office of the U.S. Trade RepresentativeOffice of the U.S. Trade Representative
The Cabinet
Administrators, or secretaries, of the executive departments
Appointed by president and approval from Senate
Selection by President Usually an expert in department appointed with
some political and private experience In most cases, the person barely has any personal or
political relationship to the president, if any Some may be chosen for image of diversity
Department Loyalty Policy expertise over partisanship, administration
Some in-fighting with EOP and White House Staff
The Executive Departments State
Treasury United States Mint/Bureau of
Engraving and Printing Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Defense (“The Pentagon”) National Security Agency
(NSA) Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
U.S. Marshals Service Office of the Solicitor General
Interior National Park Service Bureau of Indian Affairs
Agriculture (USDA) Commerce
Bureau of the Census National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Medicare
Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Transportation Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Energy Education Veterans’ Affairs Homeland Security
United States Coast Guard Immigration and Customs Enforcement
(ICE) U.S. Customs and Border Protection United States Secret Service Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) Transportation Security Administration
(TSA)
The First Lady First and foremost as
White House hostess Attends social events and
ceremonies with or representing president
Modern First Ladies usually coordinate politically safe issues and initiatives Nancy Reagan’s “Just Say No
To Drugs” Strong First Ladies
Dolly Madison Eleanor Roosevelt
Civil rights issues, campaigned for FDR
Hillary Clinton Given direct policy role for
national health care initiative
Presidential CharacterActive-Positive
Energetic, high self-esteem, confident, optimistic, productive, flexible, enjoys being president
Jefferson, FDR, Truman, Kennedy, H.W. Bush
Presidential CharacterActive-Negative
Energetic, low self-esteem, compulsive, rigid, secures and retains power, pessimism
Wilson, Hoover, Lyndon Johnson, Nixon
Presidential CharacterPassive-Positive
Enjoys being president, seeks affection, cooperative, compromising, limited energy, reacts
Madison, Taft, Harding, Reagan, Clinton
Presidential CharacterPassive-Negative
Obligated, limited energy, principles over politics, avoids power
Washington, Coolidge, Eisenhower