The Industrial Revolution

Do Now 01/29/19

Take a few

minutes to look

at the pictures

and analyze the

terms that may

be associated

with them using

the Industrial

Revolution

Vocabulary

Opener

Welcome to the Industrial Revolution

Big Ideas: 1. What conditions and developments contributed to Great Britain

starting the Industrial Revolution? 2. What new technology was created by or because of the Industrial

Revolution? 3. How did the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the

rest of Europe and the United States? 4. What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on urban life,

social classes, family life and standards of living? 5. Because of the earlier working conditions, what efforts were made

to improve them? How did that affect economies and countries? https://youtu.be/xLhNP0qp38Q

Essential Question

What push/pull factors cause people to move?

Overview - The Beginning

•The first industry to see a big change was the textile industry

around 1790

•Textiles – goods dealing with cloth or clothing

•Textile factories began using steam engine machines

•This led to textiles being produced quickly and cheaply in factories

•More people began to move to cities because factories were there

•This movement from country to city is urbanization

•Before this, most people lived on rural farms (farmers produced

enough for family)

•Now, goods were being made for capital gain, not just survival

The Agricultural Revolution

Revolution = CHANGE

WITH FEUDALISM AND MANORS, COMMUNAL LAND

FIELDS AFTER ENCLOSURE, SEPARATION OF LAND

Need for Development

Between 1500 and the 1750s several developments allowed

farmers in England to begin producing much more food per acre

of land than had been possible before:

• Parliament - introducing laws making the ownership of land

more secure and allowing farmers to group all their fields

together.

• New farming techniques and crops that made soil more

fertile and sustainable year round

• Better storage technology allowing harvested crops to last

longer.

• The spreading of new agricultural and scientific knowledge

thanks to improvements in printing.

Results of Developments

• Population of England began to

increase rapidly

– from just 2.5 million people in

1551 to almost 6 million by

1751.

• Existing technology couldn’t meet

the higher demand for goods

– due to demographic change +

fall in the cost of food

• Inventors used improved

scientific knowledge to produce

materials and goods much faster

and cheaper than before.

New farming Techniques

Iron Plow

Throughout the early 1700s new technologies helped improve farming and increased food production

Iron Plow Seed Drill Turnip Townshend

The wooden plow was useful in the sandy Mediterranean soil where it was invented, but did not work well in the dense wet soil of Europe. The Iron plow was heavy and strong enough to easily break Europe’s soil.

Jethro Tull created a seed drill to plant seeds in straight lines. These crops could be weeded easily.

Instead of leaving fields fallow, Townshend urged farmers to plant turnips, which restored exhausted soil.

Population Explosion More food=bigger population

Estimated population statistics: Britain in 1700: 5 million

Britain in 1800: 9 million Almost Double!!

The Industrial Revolution 1750-1850

Revolution = CHANGE

Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic and technological change in 18th and 19th century Great Britain.

• It commenced with the introduction of steam power, fueled primarily by coal.

It begins in Great Britain because they have plenty of natural resources

(like Coal) and many natural waterways

Industrial Change The Industrial revolution refers to the shift from simple hand

tools to complex machines AND from human & animal power to steam power.

Before

After

People live and work in small farming villages

During People move from farming villages

to new city centers based on industry- urbanization

Cities become overcrowded with working families

Why did Industrialization Start in England

ENGLAND HAD THE FOLLOWING:

• Colonial Empire: Colonies supplied

Britain with raw materials &

served as markets for finished

goods (mercantilism).

• Capital: wealthy merchants had

money to invest.

• Geography

– Island – good access for trade

– Irregular coastlines – great for

harbor/ports

– Mild temperatures (trade all

year)

Why did Industrialization Start in England

• Large Labor Supply: – Human Resources

• population explosion • machines replaced farmers

• Natural Resources: Coal & iron ore (abundant supply)

• New Technology: Textiles, Transportation, & Communication

• Stable government • Economy

Causes of Industrialization

1. Availability of natural resources for fuel (coal)

2. Capital (surplus money to invest) 3. Technological inventions and energy

Capital

Capital (money for investing) allowed for new

inventions:

Steam Engine- powered machines without

needing to be next to a moving

water source. Heats water by burning coal.

Spinning Jenny- Quickly produces thread.

Do Now 01/30/19

Close your eyes and really think

about this question. It can be tricky,

and you can’t say your

phone/ipad/computer/gaming

system.

(Take the whole 3 minutes to quietly

reflect)

What is one piece of

technology you can’t

bear to live without?

YouTube: Crash Course History of Science -

Industrial Revolution video

Transportation Systems Inventions allowed for the production of large quantities of product but transportation was slow. Turnpikes- private roads that charged $$ to transport on.

● named after medieval revolving devices with sharp pikes on them to keep people from using certain roads

● private road in 18th century had gates and guards and you had to pay a toll to use them.

Steamships- ships powered with steam could move faster and reliably without wind. Railroads- steam powered locomotives could carry large loads quickly across long distances. The first major line laid in 1830. Within 40 years lines crossed Europe and America. Canals - British began to widen rivers and cut canals to allow for more trade. Then, In 1825, the Erie Canal was built

7 of the Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

1. The steam engine –1765; used in factories machines; later for steamships and trains

2. Cotton gin - 1802; picked out sharp cotton seeds 3. Railroads – 1812; faster movement of goods and

people 4. Telegraph –1844; long distance communication 5. Steel –1858; much lighter than iron but just as

strong; skyscrapers now possible (Bessemer process)

6. Telephone – 1876: improved communication 7. The light bulb – 1880s; lanterns and candles no

longer necessary

Samuel Slater - “Father of the American Factory System”

•Built first US textile mill in 1793 in

Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

•Born in England on June 9, 1768

and worked in British factories.

•Slater came to US to make his

fortune in the textile industry.

•Slatersville Mill was the largest and

most modern industrial cotton mill

of its day

The Lowell Mills

Francis C Lowell

came to the US to

build British

factories & met up

with Boston

mechanic, Paul

Moody

Together they

improved the mill

and invented a

power loom that

revolutionized

textile

manufacturing

Technology and the Textile Industry

• Before, cloth was made by the domestic system, in which hand-powered spinning wheels and looms were used in workers’ cottages.

• In 1733, John Kay, British, invented the flying shuttle which cut in half the time needed to weave cloth.

• In 1764, James Hargreaves, a British carpenter, invented the spinning jenny, making it possible for one person to spin many threads at the same time.

Technology and the Textile Industry

• 1769 - Scottish mechanic James Watt, perfected the steam engine, and steam replaced water as the major source of power.

• American inventors Eli Whitney and Catherine Littlefield Greene, invented the cotton gin

• 1856 - British inventor Henry Bessemer, found a cheap way of removing the impurities from iron to make steel, which was harder and stronger than iron. – About five years later, Whitney developed the system of

interchangeable parts. • Late 1700s - Oliver Evans is the first to use automation • 1847 - Samuel Colt improves Bessemer’s idea and creates the

assembly line • 1863 - Frenchman Pierre-Emile Martin and Englishman William

Siemens invented the open-hearth process (cheaper way of producing steel

Activity - Create A New “Invention”

Ok, your turn. Elon Musk (you know...because I like

Tesla and the Space X program) is coming to TCEA

tomorrow to invest in the next great invention. You

have a fabulous idea! You just have to put the final

pieces together.

Invention “Checklist”:

1. Illustrate or describe in detail what it looks like?

2. What would it do?

3. How would you build it?

4. What industry does it help or belong in?

5. How much will it cost to produce?

6. Is it easy for someone else to reproduce before

you get a patent?

7. How would it make you money? Would it?

8. What are the benefits? Risks?

9. Do you sell it directly to consumers or to a

business?

10. Will it have the potential to HELP or DESTROY the

world!?

Use your imagination!

Effects of Industrialization

1)Urbanization and a general rise in the standard of living

2)Loss of Traditional way of Life

3)New Economic Systems

4)Doomsayers

1:53

1. Urbanization Movement of people to cities to find work.

What do you already know about the conditions in these factories and cities?

Child Labor

Dark, unsafe factories

Long hours and little pay

Poor living conditions

Do Now 01/31/19

https://youtu.be/8NPzLBSBzPI

NOW COMPARE THIS ONE

https://youtu.be/0Mv0pbsBWC0

Process before the Industrial Revolution

• FIRST •Cotton was sent to farm families who would spin cotton into

thread.

•NEXT •Thread was sent to artisans to dye and weave into cloth

•THEN •Dyed cloth was sent to small factories to create garments

What is wrong with this process?

Too slow and too expensive. Only small quantities could be produced keeping cost high

Origin of Textile Factory Workers

New inventions were bought by rich

capitalists. The machines turned out cheaper

and better products than the farm workers.

Thus the workers become disposable.

Jobs and Wages Samuel Courtauld built a silk mill in 1825 in

Halstead, Essex (South East England).

Before the Industrial Revolution, Halstead was an

agricultural community with a cottage industry

producing woolen cloth. In Halstead, as elsewhere

in England, unemployment among depressed

farming households and former wool workers

forced people to find work outside the home.

Because their labor was cheap, women more than

men were recruited into the textile factories that

sprang up all over Britain in the 19th century. This

is a chart of the Courtauld workforce in 1860. The

wages are in British schillings.

Source: http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/textile.html

Jobs and Wages (cont’d)

Source:

http://www.womeninwor

ldhistory.com/textile.html

The Assembly Line

• Labor = work • Even with machines, factories still needed labor forces or

“workforce” • Inventors developed a way to use machines and humans

together - the assembly line • Jobs no longer required specialized skills • People given certain jobs to perform over and over again

- boring • It was a step by step process; one person couldn’t begin

until another one finished • New method greatly increased production • Due to automation, assembly lines are not AS common,

but still used

Activity

You will take part in two separate activities to learn the link between The Industrial Revolution, Factories, Workers and Assembly Lines.

This will be a friendly competition. You will be placed into teams to complete two different “jobs”. One will focus on interchangeable parts and the other on the assembly line as a whole.

1. Happy Face Assembly Line Activity 2. Snack Mix Assembly Line activity

Do Now 02/01/19

Who’s Ready to Play

Industrial Revolution Game of

Extremes?!?!

IR Game of Extremes

2. Loss of Traditional Way of life

The customs and traditions of the farms and past are replaced by the “new” city ways. Traditional ways are blended or lost as a result

Effects on the Worker

How did the Industrial

Revolution affect the

workers?

Push for change!

• Working Conditions

• Worker’s wanting to be heard

https://youtu.be/_6ZFUkENEOI

Women and the Industrial Revolution

1850: 10% of white women were working

for pay outside home

• Large majority of working women

were single

• Left paying jobs once married

Idea of “Cult of domesticity” develops

• New concept of the perfect women:

homemaker

Jobs outside of the home empowered

married women

• Increased power & independence of

women in the home usually led to a

decline in family size

Effects on Workers - Living Conditions

● 1820: 1/2 of industrial

workers were children

under 10

● Some factory workers

lived in workhouses in

which they were

locked in for the night

and then carts came in

to get them in the

morning. They would

come back very late.

● Parents spent very

little time with their

children as they were

all working

More Effects on Workers

● Factory workers were in much worse shape physically than

the middle class

● They were exposed to all types of disease, and death rates in

industrial cities were very high.

● In many poor areas, only 1 out of 3 children lived past their

first birthday due to disease and unsanitary conditions.

● Due to poor living and working conditions, workers began to

fight against these conditions taking their complaints to the

companies and to the government

Activity

1. In small groups, read Barilla Taylor (15yo): Letters from a Factory Girl

2. Individually, answer the questions after Taylor’s letter 3. Create your own Journal Entry - key items

a. Imagine you are living during the Industrial Revolution and you are forced to

work in a factory (around 1880 in US)

b. Write about your life in a 2-3 paragraph journal entry - use a relatable date

c. What is your life like? What do you do at work? Do you make a lot of

money? What do you do when you’re not working? Friends? Where do you

live and what is it like?

d. Have good grammar, spelling, and capitalization

Do Now 02/05/19

Directions:

• Examine closely the images under the headings “Leisure,” “Clothing,” “Childhood

(work and play),” and “Living Conditions.” Discuss the questions under each section

heading as a group.

• Using the storyboard chart, write a short description of what you see in the images.

Place your description under the appropriate column: either “working class” or

“middle class.”

• Use the questions below to help you think about your descriptions.

1. How do these images help tell the story of living during the Industrial Revolution?

2. In what way is this story different from the world you live in?

3. In what way is the story similar?

• Save your descriptions to use in the post-activity assignment.

Do Now 02/06/19

Complete the Industrial Revolution Economic mini-DBQ chart you received at the door.

Do Now 02/07/19

Using the first page of the

packet you received at the door,

answer the following questions:

1. What is the difference

between a reform

movement and a

revolutionary movement

2. Make some predictions

about the types of reform

movements that may come

out of the Industrial

Revolution

https://youtu.be/ejJRhn53X2M

Why? How could music be a source of inspiration?

Laura Griffing’s words call for an immediate

“Strike, strike, the workers’ anvil. For the cause

of labor.

Strike for your homes and freedom. Strike for

each friend and neighbor. Everyone.

For the cause and reform laws. Now demand

complete protection.”

Continue reading her lyrics. What could be the

purpose? Do you think something like a song can

inspire or unite people?

Effect on the Cities

How did the Industrial

Revolution affect the

cities?

Push for change!

• The middle class makes demands for

voting rights and educational

opportunities

• Urbanization - positive and negatives

• Women want equal rights as men

since they are working outside the

home now.

URBANIZATION

TOWN OF MANCHESTER, ENGLAND AROUND 1770

TOWN OF MANCHESTER, ENGLAND AROUND 1880 (red square is the slide from before!)

Effects on Cities - Living Conditions

• An apartment building where poor

people live

• Often families of 8 or 9 lived in a

single room of just 7sq ft!

• Housing was filthy and unsanitary

• Many orphans lived in the streets

• Due to rapid urbanization, cities

grew too fast to support the

number of people coming in.

Continued Effects on Cities

• Air pollution- air was polluted from coal-fired furnaces.

• It caused smog to hang over cities and soot caused lung

disease for those in the towns.

• Water Pollution- Open sewers filled with human and animal

waste were in large cities making drinking water unclean

• River Thames in London became so polluted one summer

that it made the city stink so bad it was called the “Great

Stink”

• Results: unsanitary living conditions, traffic on roadways,

overcrowding in housing

Worker Reforms

In order to protest companies, workers began to organize and

form trade unions –an organization set up to improve the

working conditions of its members

• Individuals would be fired if they spoke out against

companies, but there is “strength in numbers” and workers

in all types of industries from textile to coal miners began to

organize

• Unions bargained with employers for better/shorter hours,

higher pay, and better working conditions

More on Worker Reforms

Company owners still possessed all the wealth so how

could trade unions make a difference?

• If collective bargaining failed, workers could go on strike-

work stoppage by a group of employees with the objective of

gaining better wages or working conditions

• Strikes would stop factories immediately, employers would

lose potentially millions of dollars

• Strikes meant that workers weren’t making money but put

pressures on the employers

• By 1871, strikes were legal in Great Britain and elsewhere-

unions could fight for better conditions in all industries

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911

• Workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist complained about awful working conditions and long hours

• Owners Max Blanck and Isaac Harris would not listen to workers’ complaints

• 146 workers, mostly immigrant women, died when a fire

broke out in the factory at 4:45pm

• The factory was overcrowded/dirty resulting in panic when

the fire broke out.

• Workers were unable to escape due to poor architectural

design, and because the doors were locked to keep workers

in and labor organizers out

• Resulted in new fire safety codes, and sparked a new

conversation about industrial labor in America

Start of Government Reforms

• Parliament in England in the 1830s and 1840s began to

pass laws to protect workers. Some laws required

owners to put up fencing around machines and keep

factories cleaner

1. Factory Act (1833)- Children under age 9 couldn’t work in

a textile mill, and children 9-13 could only work 8 hours a

day. They had to go to school for 3 hours/day

2. Mines Act (1842)- girls and boys under age 10 couldn’t

work in mines

3. Ten Hour Bill (1847)- stated that women and children in

any industry in Great Britain could only work a maximum

of 10 hours/day

Pleas for Child Labor Reform

This newspaper ad

is marked Child

Labor. Would it get

attention from both

sides?

Why do you think

they mention

wanting private

money to get

politics out of the

conversation?

3. New Economic Systems

-Capitalism

-Communism

Shift from a traditional economic system based on bartering and trade to mostly money based exchanges.

Basic Belief with Industrialization

• Laissez Faire (lehs-ay-FAIR) – Economic policy of letting owners of industry to set

working conditions without interference of government.

– Term is French for “let do” – Basically saying...Leave business alone! – From the Enlightenment: Government puts burden

on business and interferes with businesses’ profits

Capitalism

▪ Wealthy people (entrepreneurs) and companies will invest money, capital, into factories

▪ Entrepreneurs believed they would make money off of

the growing demand.

▪ The idea is it takes money to make money

Adam Smith and Capitalism

Wrote “The Wealth of Nations” (1776)

• Defended a Free Economy

• Liberty guaranteed economic ($) progress

• Created 3 Natural Laws of Economics

– Law of Self-Interest

– Law of Competition

– Law of Supply and Demand

Capitalist Cycle

•Capitalism •Growing Demand

•Investors buy machines to produce large quantities

•Supply increases, prices fall

•Lower prices fuel more demand

Capitalist Problems Capitalist systems tend to push for Laissez Faire, or non-regulation by the government. Such systems, however, allow businesses to exploit the workers, as they place profits above all else. As such, workers are forced to work long hours for low wages, in unsafe conditions. Eventually, the workers unite in unions and vote for new politicians to force changes. We call these times of reform, the Progressive Era.

Socialism

• Founder - Charles Fourier Saint-Simon

• Definition - Factors of production are owned

by the government

• Goal

– End poverty and promote equality

– Plan your community vs. Freedom of

choice

Communism

• Karl Marx – The Communist Manifesto – predicted that the workers would overthrow the capitalists (private owners making $$)

• Communism - political system that supports

extreme socialism – anti-capitalism – Classless society – wealth and power shared by all – State would eventually wither away – pure communism

Haves and Have-nots

Bourgeoisie: they own the means of production and control society

The Entrepreneurs and investors The bosses

Haves Have-nots

Proletariat: they own nothing and work for the bourgeoisie

The workers The proletariats will struggle against the bosses

Stages of Communism

According to Marx, history has been the story of the struggle between the workers and bosses.

1) Capital

2) Factories are built

3) Factories need workers

4) Conflict

5) Communism

#1 Capital

Remember one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution is capital, or surplus money used for investment.

#2 Build Factories

#3 Factories need Workers

#4 Conflict Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie

#5 Communist Revolution

Karl Marx: Father of

Communism

“The proletariat will rise above

the bourgeoisie and set up a

communist society: class less

and shared property. “

Communism

Wrote theory in the book “Communist Manifesto”

• Theory: – Have’s – Bourgeoisies (Oppressor) – Have Not’s - Proletariats (Oppressed) – Proletariats (workers) will always overthrow the

Bourgeoisies (middle class, business owners) and then they become the new bourgeoisies.

• Communism is the final phase of Marxism - created by Karl Marx and friend Frederick Engles

4. Doomsayers Some saw the new industrialization as a negative for society. Thomas Malthus believed the growing population would outgrow the food supply. “Poverty and misery are unavoidable because population is increasing faster then the food supply”

David Ricardo felt there was no hope for the working class to escape poverty unless they limit their family sizes. He created the Iron Law of Wages.

Iron Law of Wages

High wages to appeal to the few available workers

Families have more children

Wages start to fall because kids are working. Increasing the labor force

Capitalist Cycle

1 2

3

4

5

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Goods produced cheaper

and faster than before.

Increase in improved and

efficient transportation,

like railroads (to move

goods)

Growth of cities -

urbanization - brings new

ideas and mixture of

culture.

Less effort on humans,

since machines made

easier and less tiring

Most products were

cheaper to buy (supply &

demand)

Negative Effects of the

Industrial Revolution

1. Long hours and low pay (anyone could do

the job)

2. Dangerous and poor working conditions

3. Children often worked in factories for their

family

4. Bad living conditions in cities – small

apartments

5. There were usually no sewer systems or

trash collection

6. More air pollution from factories

7. Led to more diseases because of this poor

sanitation

1 2

3

4

5

Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Long hours and

low pay

Dangerous and

poor working

conditions

Children often

worked in factories

for their family

DBQ intro

When writing an intro, you should always include a definition of the theme or topic:

Industrial Revolution: What does Industry mean:

What does Revolution mean:

What was the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the 18th and 19th Centuries. This revolution was a time period of change in the way we produce our goods, transitioning from slowly hand made products to mass produced goods using machines. While we still produce using machines, the industrial revolution itself caused many positives and negatives as Britain changed.