the indians’ new world 1. native americans in 1492 (north of mexico) – 1 million? 7 million? 12...
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The Indians’ New World
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Native Americans
• in 1492 (North of Mexico)– 1 million? 7 million? 12 million?
• in 1900– 250,000 in US (out of 76 million = 0.3%)
• In 2000– 4.1 million (out of 281 million = 1.5%)
• 2.5 million reporting only American Indian or Alaska native• 1.6 million reporting American Indian or Alaska native + other race(s)
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The ‘Columbian Exchange’
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Last week:
• ‘Indians’ and ‘Native Americans’• Diversity of native cultures• Pre-contact life in Southwest and Eastern
Woodlands
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Taíno
Source: Yale University Libraries
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Hispaniola
Source: Yale University Libraries
8Source: University of West Florida
Timucua Apalachee
Guale
Calusa
Cofitachequi
Coosa
Mabila
(St. Augustine)
Juan Ponce de Léon
Hernando de Soto
Rene de Goulaine de Laudonnière
Franciscan missionaries
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Consequences of Spanish invasions
• Depopulation due to disease and war– Up to 75% of native population died
• Consolidation into new confederacies– Creeks, Chocktaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Catawba
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11Source: U. Oregon Mapping History Project
From the 1500s, European fishermen interacted with Beothuks, Montagnais, Micmacs
Jacques Cartier 1534
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The fur trade
• Deer, caribou, beaver
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Iroquois
Samuel de Champlain->Québec (1608). Henry Hudson. Mohawk and Mahicans. « Mourning Wars »
Manhattan -> New Amsterdam -> New York
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1585, 1587: Roanoke Island
1607: Jamestown, Virginia
1610-1614 & 1622-32: wars between the English and the Powhatans
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Plymouth
1616: major epidemic destroyed90% of native population alongthe coast
1620: Puritans arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts
1630: more Puritans arrived
1633: another epidemic
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Colonial Expansion
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Pequot massacre (1637)
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John Eliot and the ‘praying towns’
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Metacom’s War (1675-76)
20Source: Mapping History Project, U. Oregon.
21Source: Mapping History Project, U. Oregon.
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Main transformations
• Disease -> population decline -> consolidation and formation of new groups
• Trade -> geographic relocation, new alliances, new tools, crops, and animals
• Colonization -> resistance and accommodation
23Source: Norton Anthology of American Literature, 8th ed.