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THE INDEX OF THE
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA
RAPHAEL POSNER
Editorial Decision
The making of the index for the Encyclo
paedia Judaica (EJ) was governed by various
decisions taken by the Editorial Board in
conjunction with the publishers. Both bodies
felt that a work of the scope of the EJ
required a comprehensive index; so much
information is buried within entries that
without such an index the encyclopaedia
loses a great deal of its value. It should be
noted that the text of the encyclopaedia
comprises thirteen and a half million words
in 24,000 entries. It was further felt that an
index would obviate the need for c see' ref
erences within the text of the encyclopaedia;
taking into consideration the fact that con
cepts and people are known by different
names and that, at times, the same name is
spelt in several different ways, plus the fact
that a great deal of Hebrew is used in the
encyclopaedia, these references would clutter
up the text unbearably.
In order to stress to the reader the import
ance of the index it was decided that it
should appear in Vol. 1 together with the
introduction. No limit was set on the size
of the index.
It was further decided that the whole EJ
would appear at once, including Volume 1,
and that, considering the large financial in
vestment involved, the encyclopaedia would
not, under any circumstances, be able to wait
for the completion of the index. In other
words, the task was to finish the printing of
the index simultaneously with the comple
tion of the printing of the encyclopaedia
text. The EJ was published in January 1972,
but the actual printing started in August
1970, and the work on the index began in
November 1969. The encyclopaedia was
printed by the offset method and a com
puter-aided typesetting programme was used.
Entries were set at random as they were
ready and when all the entries for any vol
ume were complete they were transferred on
to one tape. The computer tape activated a
Photon electronic film setter and the film
produced was made up into printing plates.
Scope
There were long discussions in the Editor
ial Board of the encylopaedia with regard to
what type of index should be incorporated
in the EJ; there was even a suggestion that
the index should include articles of the
Jewish Encyclopaedia which appeared at the
beginning of the century and which has no
index. This idea was, however, discarded as
being beyond the scope of our index, which,
it was decided, would be fully comprehen
sive. This meant that: (1) all entries would
be listed; (2) all persons mentioned in the
EJ—including those in charts and picture
The lndexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972 101
captions—would be indexed; (3) all places
would be indexed; (4) all concepts would be
indexed and (5) all books of major import
ance would be indexed. It was decided that
the index would not include lists of pro
fessions or callings, i.e. there would not be
an index entry 'doctors' followed by a list
of all the doctors mentioned in the encyclo
paedia. The very nature of the encyclopaedia
would make such a listing impracticable; a
listing of, say, rabbis or Hebrew authors
would run into tens of thousands and would
hardly be of any real use to anybody. How
ever, for certain subjects of special educa
tional importance, lists were included.
In order to make the E] as useful a work
as possible we decided that all the informa
tion on a specific subject found throughout
the encyclopaedia should be gathered as sub-
entries under that subject in the index. We
realised that this would inevitably lead to
some duplication of information but we felt
that the advantages greatly outweigh the dis
advantage of occasionally seeing the same
information twice.
Indexing from Manuscript
Normally indexing is done from page-
numbered galley proofs or from the printed,
numbered pages themselves. We realised
that such a system would be unworkable for
us; although it would have been possible to
have indexed the early volumes by the con
ventional method, the time available to us
for the last eight or nine volumes—from their
being paginated until the completion of their
binding—would be far less than the mini
mum required to index them adequately.
Furthermore, even were we to enlarge the
staff very greatly (more about this later)
and manage to do the actual indexing, we
would never have enough time to order and
edit the index adequately. It must be borne
in mind that in a work of this scope the
objective indexing problems are enormous.
The number of people mentioned in the en
cyclopaedia with the same name is very
large and while in most cases identification
is relatively easy, in a significant minority of
cases a great deal of research (which means
time) is required to arrive at an adequate
identification. In a very few cases it is im
possible.
Another difficulty is the person who was
known by many names and is referred to, in
different entries, by different names. This is
a problem which, to my knowledge, no index
has succeeded in solving completely; the
amount of work required to achieve at least
a reasonable level of correctness is very great.
In addition to all this we realised that a
great deal of work would be needed to put
the index in order and to arrange the sub-
entries into sub-divisions in those entries
where there was a great number of sub-
entries. Because of all the above-mentioned
considerations we decided to index the entries
in manuscript form after the manuscript had
received the final authorization from the
Editor-in-Chief's office and was ready for
press. This, of course, created the problem
of corrections and additions that were made
to the entries after that stage and indeed
right up till the final printing. Taking every
thing into consideration, however, we felt
that this method would still give us the best
chance of success and arrangements were
made that any change or addition to a manu
script after it had left the index department
was required to be sent to our department
before going for setting; it was examined to
see if the changes or additions required any
change to the indexing and, if they did, the
necessary adjustment would be made in the
index cards. All in all, we succeeded in
making the whole EJ staff very c index-con
scious '; both the management and the senior
editorial staff were co-operative, and all
levels of staff quickly learned that it was
totally forbidden to alter an article once it
had passed the indexing stage without in
forming the index department of the change.
The computer programme used for print
ing the encyclopaedia called for each article
to have a distinctive number. This number
was made up of the first four letters of the
name of the article (or all the letters if there
were less than four) followed by a six digit
102 The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972
number which was not random but built
according to an internal logic. A number
which did not fit the logic was rejected by
the computer. For the index we utilised this
number plus specific index numbers which
were added to it. The purpose was to use
computer code numbers in the index instead
of volume and page numbers. This would
enable us to build our complete index, edit
it and prepare it for press without knowing
in which volume or on what page our in
formation appeared. At a very final stage the
computer would convert all the codes into
real volume and page numbers. For the
overwhelming majority of the index this
system worked perfectly.
The Work System
The actual working arrangement was as
follows: The indexer received the manu
script of an entry and made out a * title
card' which consisted of the name of the
entry as it appeared at the head of the
article, followed by a brief description in
parenthesis and the code number of the
entry. Ordinary 3£in. by 4£in. index cards
were used. A typical title entry card looked
thus:
•Tunis. Tunisia (tn, ctry, Africa) TUNI 058562
The name was underlined in red and pre
ceded by an asterisk for easy identification
as a ' title entry *; this convention was later
used as an instruction for typesetting. All
writing on the card was in block capitals
to ensure legibility; the red underlining
indicated capitalization. The indexer then
read the article and marked all the pass
ages that he felt needed indexing. This
included all places and people mentioned
in the article as well as subjects and
concepts. The article, thus marked up in
pencil, was examined by the chief editor of
the index, who made additions or otherwise
corrected it The manuscript then returned
to the indexer, who made out index cards for
all the points marked and, at the same time,
marked up the article in ink at those points.
Thus, the article referred to above reads at
one point: 'This tradition also relates that
the kohanim (i.e. priests) escaping from Jeru
salem in the year 70c.e. carried one of the
Temple's doors to the island (Djerba) and
it is believed to be walled in the synagogue
called Ghriba . . . ' An index card for the
kohanim was made as follows:
Priests
- Carried Temple door to DJcrba, 70c.c. TUNI 058562-5
one for the Temple:
_TempIc, Second*
- Door carried to Djerba, 70c.c TUNI 058562-5
and one for Ghriba:
Ghriba (Syn., Tun)
-Temple door incorporated in TUNI 058562-6
In the manuscript the indexer inserted the
code [I|5] before the word kohanim and
[I|6] before the word Ghriba. These marks
were included in the text of the entry as it
was type-set for the computer (punched on
to the tapes) by the keyboard operators. The
[I] was the instruction to the computer that
this was the index code and it appeared on
all galleys of the encyclopaedia articles pro
duced (in the margin opposite the line of
text where it occurred) until justified copy.
For the article in question 178 index marks
were made on the manuscript; some index
marks carried more than one card as above
for kohanim and Temple.
The article was then sent for type-setting
and, for the time being, the cards for it were
stored together. Later on the cards .were put
in alphabetical order; we delayed that stage
as long as possible to facilitate easy retrieval
should any change be made to the entry.
For this stage we had decided that every
card should include a description of the sub
ject in order to help in the editing at a later
stage although we already realised that in
the final stages a great number of descrip
tions would be omitted. Indexers were also
encouraged to write on the card, in pencil,
any additional information they felt might
be of help in editing. A very definite decision
was taken that no card should contain more
than one item of information. As the work
progressed we began to develop abbreviations
The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972 103
Gevar'atn
-statistics l:placelh*
Gevar'am (wdl, Itr.) I2l929
Gevartn, Elijah 16:840
GEVAT(klb..br.)7t532
-statistics l:ptace list
GEVAUDAN(rtg., Ft.)7i5J3
Gevdber, Avrahim 9iS78
Geviaa of Argiza (savors) Mt920
<MUt(puM.)ltoewtp.Ust
OEVIM(kib.,I.r.)7i5)J
-statistics l:place list
OBVULOT(k!b.,Ur.)7:S33
•Negev 12:929
-statistics Itplace list
Gtndol (journ.) l:new«p. list
Grams* (sefirah) lOtSTOff
Ctmrot(Am\iih tea.) 2iM0
Ocwftsch (In.), it* JEVICKO
GEWITSCH. AARON WOLF
7*333
467
Gewumz.J.C. 3:3tO
Gewutn, T. (pubL, ftm) 4:1139
Oever.Ludwig 18:241
Gcyer, Martin 8:34
Getaag. Nathan 16:1123
Gtzdiui.J.*:34
GEZER (city. Ef. Ur.) 7:534
-alui 2:761
- anthropology 3:45 j 3:46
-Cfcnnont-OiontM'i identification
SifiOS
- CniiuJer battle 9:268
- Hasmoneans 8:630; 14:1565
-pictographic icrlpti 16:654
-teal 14)1074
•settlement oflribes 8:581
-Siamun 14:1416
-Solomon"! constructions IS: 102
-Solomon'* dowry 6:413; 15:100
-lUui:
—text
- Egyptian record of ncrae3i3l3
-ntetso: OEZER CALEKOAR
GEZBR (kill, Itr.) 7:536 -sUllttics):placel2it
Gferon.««TAKKANOT
Gncrch shank (hermencutfcal rule)
8i367
-(evirate marriage 111 124
Gtztral ha-Shentyyot, ut
FAMILIANTSLAW
OEZER CALENDAR71538
-alphabetic script 2:681
-biaiptlon* 16:658; 16:665 - OM-Htbrew Inscription Ut 1569
-Rojh ba-Shanah 14:306
-seasons 2)390
-yen 16:725
-dha: 2:316
—script type 2:684
G ft (
1648-49)5)411
Gtxtroi tamar(mmtatt, 1096)
7:461
Coitn/(perlod.)15:l292
GkS&» (police, Er. dr.) 9:331
Ghana (rep.) 9:391; 9:435; 9:439
-War Crimei Trials 16:298
Ghartba synagogue (Djerba) 6:139
-Utui:
~ extalorlS:l434
~mterior6:l39
Geanulian culture 9:591:15:1316 -Mm:
—grain-ctorage jug 2:333
CaataTIn (tribe, Arab.) 13:1436
GhaBer(reg..Jor.)9:137O Ghsjmea floe. Yem.) 16:809
qhazaUabuuamid muhammad ibn
MUHAMMAD AL-TOSt AL-7)531
-Albalag 2:520
-Bttribu!aofOod7:666fr
-Avcroa 3:949
-Avicenna 3:958
-Neoplatontsm 12:960
-Hint: taA
Ghaib.V. 7:887
Oham! (in.. Afg.) 10:958 ;13r315
-Afghanistan 2) 326
Ghazza-al-Shallfia (wa'dl, Er. br.) 4:703
Ghuzil (Samar.) 14:756
Ghazzil ibn Abu nVSarSr al-Gbltl
14)756
OHELBRTER. LtTMAN 7:540
GHENT (city. Bds.)7:54l
OHEREA-DOBROGEANU.
CONSTANTIN 7:541
-socialism 15:29
-Obis: text
Gberla (In., Hung.X tt*
Szaaoiujviar Gheron. Abraham 2:310
GherotuEUakim 7:542
Gheron. Yakir 10:1009
GHERON. YAKKIR MORDECAI
BEN ELIAK1M 7:542
GHETTO7:542
- Cealtnti:
--Oeaeral 7:542
- - Muslim Countries7:543
- - Hotocmot Period7tS43
- Catholic anti-Semitism 3t 108
- currency 5:7250*
-forced Ubor6:1429
-France 7) 18
-Holocaust 8:852
- Italy 9)1126IT
- Philip IV 13)393
'•Poland 13:755
-Venice 16:96
-aim:
--text
- - Amsterdam, tokens 12)977
-Barcdona. ghetto wall 4:21Q
- - CavsOlon, entrance 5:260
--Chlet 15:421
—Dutch Jowbh quarter 10:87
- Eisenstadt 6:547
—Holocaust
Bialystok, 1941-19434)805
drawings by ghetto artists Figs.
7545>ART;5:95;8:81I
-- - "Kaunas ghetto, main gate of
(drg.E.Lutle) 10:849
--•J.odz5)726;8:B7l:
11)427.431-436; 13:1044
- - - Lodz, Rumkowski, Chiin
Mordechal 14:428
--- Opole, postmark 11: 1416
—— — residents assesiblisg for
deportation 8:763
-Riga 14:175
---TberokmUd: deportations
(map) 15:1113
---Thcnaienstadt ghetto "conk
note" (1943) 5:726
- - -Trensnlitrifl (map) 15:1331
Vitea, performance of Tkt
EunolJew Utl45
- - Vflnn, sports festivBl poster
16)145
—Warsaw 7:544; 8:869; 13:757
- - - Warsaw, children's choir
12)657
- - - Warsaw, comm tmorathro
stamp 15:336
Warsaw, plan of Ghetto 16:347
ttrafad.-CAMPS
(Concentration and
Extermination)
- - Prague, Three Fountain Square
5)1191
--Rome 10:83; 14:243.246
--Venice 9:1127; 10:82
-utehe:JEWISH QUARTER:
end indMduel lows
Ghetto. Warsaw, ut WarsanrOhttto
GHETTO FIGHTERS' HOUSE
(manorial. Ur.)7l546 -Lobimtlho-Orta'ot 11:463
~lrntt* text
GHEZ(f*m.,Tun.)7:546 Oho. David 7:546
Gbez, Hiyyim 7i547
Gnez, Joseph 7)546
Gbez. MatbSda 7:547
GDez,Mota7:546
Ghez, Paul 15:1447
OHTLLANY- FRIBDR1CH
WtLHELM 7:547
GhJrat. Alexander ibn 10) 1351
GHJRON(r*m.)7:547
Goiron,tsalih 7:548
Ghlron, Johanan 7)547
Gabon, Judah Hiyyim 7:547
Ohlion, Judth Uayyun Leonti 7:547
OilronjStmue) Hnyylm 7:541
Glirondl, Beniion 13:12
Galrondi, Ephralm Rephad 13) 12;
7)548
Gbinfedi, Maial-Tov Benvtslda
7)548
Ghiroad5,Mordecal 7:548
GH1ROND1. MORDECAI
SAMUEL BEN BENZ1ON
ARYEH 7:541
Galrosdl, Solomon Eliezcr 13:12
GHIRSHMAN. ROMAN 7:548
- archaeology 3:302
Ghislieri, CanDntL it* Pius V. Pope
Ghiyyit (fim.), it* IBN OHAYYAT
Ghor(vti;.Er.tir.)9il67
Gbouri,E.I6)l092fT
Ghriba(syn.. Tun.) 13:1430
Ghdhmbar(ln., Iraq) 15:504
Gh5r(Ghurlftan:dlit..Arg.)2:327
Ghuu(reg., Syr.) 9:597
GUcobb(15th cent., physic) 13:122
Giacomp della Marca 4 >672
Giacomo March!, ut BASSANI.
GIOROIO
Giacomo of Verona 15:1356
Gltcomo SavtDi, ut KONORIUS
IV
GUcon,Tsaxc 11:27
GUdo(vilL.Ubyo) 11:202
Glanetti (fam.), ut Ztntttl
Giants, ut ANAK, ANAK1M;
NEPHILFM
GIBBETHON (In., Er. Itr.) 7:549
Gibbethon (mosh., Itr.) 7:549
-statistics l:place list
GIBBOR. JUDAH BEN ELIJAH
7:549
Gib bora ZIyyon (mDH. unh, Belor.)
14:1125
GIBEAH(uubr.)7:349
-conccbine of 5)862
- fortifications 15:275
-Gebs7:349
-Phffljtints Bttadc 13:401
-Saul3:336:14:909
- tribal organization 8:513
-llba:
—ravishing ofthe concubine 5i863
Gibeath-Benjamin {Ut.), tt*
GIBEAH
Gibeath ha-Elohlra (bib. too, Er.
br.) 7:349
Gibeath-Morch <bib. loa) 10:102
- battle camp 16:272
Gibetth-Shaul (Itr.), ut GIBEAH
Gibettus,A.8:34
GlBEON(clly, Er.hr.)7:55O
-Adonl-Zedek 2:296
-Eglon 6:477
-Geba 7:349
-Gibeonites7tS52
- Gibconitcs and Benjamin 4l523
- pottery tnscripllons 16:660
-IItut: text
GIBEONITES AND NETHIKIM
(puishgr.) 7:552
- Commit:
Oigcn
—Introdoct ion 7:552
-'- Pwt-Biblical Pettod 7)354
- - Gibeonltts In the Aggadah7l554
- toad's conquest 8)348; 8:349
-Ophdl2il4l3
-Saul 14:912
- Servants of Solomon 15) 116
-soda! slrucUiro of ancient Inad
8:613
- sons ofSisera 14:1622
-Temple 15:954
GibUettoOa., Leb.). ut JUBAYL
GiWUh. Abraham Katx 14:1106 '
GIBRALTAR (Br. crown clny.)
7:5JS
- Hassan. Sir Joshua 7) 1467
-synagogues luyn-lbt -Uhu:
—text
—StorrftfpUqne 14) 1420-1421
Gibson. MiijM.D. 16) 1334
GIDDAL(amara) 7:556
Gide. Andre 7:1418:744
-BJtcher. Mured 4i 1030
- Debenedetti's analysis 5:1428
GIDEON (bib. fij.)7:557
- Ceutttat:
- - Introduction 7:557
- In tbeAggadih 7:551
- In the Arts 7:559
-Abiezriln2:73
-Bible history 8) 585
-En-Dor 6)738
- history chart 8:766-767
- Judges, Book of 10:446 *
-Midian 16:950
-Ophrah 12:1414
- proscription in war 8)347
-sacrifice 13:1070
-warfare 16:271
-ilba.-tnt
Gideon (Falaihak.)6:1144
GHmw (period., Yug.) 5:457;
I6:8S8
Gideon (Zion. youth orgn., Serb.)
2:519
-Zionbm 16)1149
Gideon. Darid(Ger.) 14:139
Gideon. David (sport., U.S.) 15:309
GIDEON, SAMSON (fin. Ens.)
7:560.
- chronological chart 8:766-767
Gideon, Samson (Lord Eardley)
7)560
Oidonah (rural itlmt., Iir.) 11 place
list
Gidonbn(gr.PaL)2:28
GHdtiiuU, Jeccr (bser) Ut538
GtESSEN (dty. Ger.) 7:560
Oimer.MoiboDivid 5:445
OlFT7:560
-acquisition 2:216 -duress 12) 1399
-firstborn inher!tance6t 1312
-fiazakdi plea for property7:1516
-meinumt 11:1154
-non-Jewish biU 6)51:6)54
-ownenhlp. temporary 12:1533
-publicbody Ut 1353
-surely on 15:527
-Temple8)!069; 11:147
-wfflsl6:S19(r
-Mm:
- - Abigail and David 3:527; 12:736
—marriage belts, Germany 11:1043
--mnmah cover II: 1475,
-ttt dux SALE
GIFTER. MORDECAI 7:563
Gifts, priestly 13:1018
-firstborn 6:1303
-first fruiu6:l3l3;6:1315
-btrtm property 8:345
- tithes 5t 1416
Gigcn (vim BuL) 4)1480
104
Pages from the Index of the Encyclopaedia Judaica
The Indexer VoL 8 No. 2 October 1972
PRESOV
PRESOV (in., Cz.) 13:1022 -Ko*tolO:t2l6
—/Star.* text
PRESS 13:1023
-Certain:
— History 13:1023
—Australia aad New Zealand 13:1025
--Canada 13:102$
--Belgium 13:1026
-- Czechoslovakia 13:1026
— England 13:1029
--Franc* 13:1029
"Germaoy and Austria 13t 1031 — HoUudl3tl033
—Hungary 13:1015
—India 13:1036
—Italy 13:1036
—Lodino Press 13:1037
—Lstla America 13:1040
— - Middle East and North Africa.
13:1041
—Poland 13:1043
--Romania 13:1044
—Russia 13:1045
U&S.R. (1917-1970) 13:t047
--Scandinavia 13:1049
--Sottli Africa 13:1050
--Switzerland 13:1051
« Unittd Stales 13:1051
-advertising 2:319
-chDdnn't magazines 5t456; 5:457:
5:458
-Israel 9:1014:9:1017
-Zlonlim 16)1137
-Him:
— tat
——ABxttntlnt Ztitwif oes
Judemhom (fint issne, 1837)
2:648
—ArMitsltrcHtttsdeFnmet(ltl
volume. 1840)5:18
— - Bundisi papcn and pamphlets
15:40
— CTwue(Lvov. 1939) 11:615
t
697
Ap. lit (U.S.) 10:51
Dtr BlrobtizhantrSfom 14:491
Dtr Jade (Berlin. 1927) 10:402
Ac/Mamas (1914) U:235
Dtr Tot (May 15.1948) 12:1111
-DltPabnt(Pat, 1871)8:1100
- Die mil fint issue 16:445
El 7V«w><Ru)hchuk. 1894) 4:1437
- Forward (New York, 1920)
10:50:15:1619
Gazeta Junta! (H&Aln, 1931)
7:1331
- Gtatta Lorn Zyntta 11:469
- Mhtfrft/f editorial board 16:999
Ha-Am (1917) 12:361
Hedoar, first issue 15:1627
Ha-5hefQr\6i\V»
//onwr/<l (Jerusalem, 1670)
9:327
«<7|«f7:l499
- HetJoodscht Wctkbtad 12:932
-In-Zlkhl 1920) 8:1435
- Israelite. 7fo(18S4)2:821
- Jewish Chronicle (first issue)
10:41
Jtwish Morninx Journal. The
(N.Y..1906)10:77
Jewish Rteord(Dcc 13, 1862)
15:1602
JTA 'S Jewish Daily Butktln (fint
Issue) 10:95
- Kol Merasser (Odessa, 1st Issue)
10:1166
- L'E.I.FV cover page 14:1039
- Uterarltbe Bitter editoriil board
16:818
LomierSktimtlum
Leaver Veker 11:469
— UnatrVm 11:469
— LomztrArbttur Tribune 11:469 —LomterLebenlUW
— LomttrUnte Safes IIIW
— AfavfV (Tel Aviv. 1948) 11:639
—Menorah Journal. 7%r 11:1371
— Nosotm{l9a) 11:250
— - Palatine Post (Jerusalem, 1936)
7:1067:9:350:9:364
— PinskerSztymt 13:542
— PnegtBdbmiytskl IUM9 ~J?azm(itarT13:1596
~ Shot (balttmora, 1858) 15:1600
—SeHetCjdiHeymhadUiAHi
15:216
—5Wfflnft*(l8O6) 15:503
—1/> AWtf. first iuu« 15:1510
— I/tawKart 11:469
— Weekly Clemer. Tht (1857)5:57
—YIVO puWieaiioru 16:838
- - Zekhtn AerZeh (Chicago. 1869)
5:411
-snalso: NEWSPAPERS.
HEBREW; PUBLISHING i ml
under tndinim! places and
longuoges
Press. Anti-Semitic, see Antf-Semrlle Press
PRESS. FRANK 13:1056
PRESS, YESHAYAHU13:1057
-physical education 15:294
Pressburg. (city. Cz.X ste
BRATISLAVA
Preslburg, Henrietta, ttt Marx,
Henrietta
Pressburger, Abraham 2:532
' Pressbuiger, Aron4:12l4
Pressburger, Gabrid Isaac 10:247
Pressburger, Samuel 10:247
Presser, Deborah 13:1057
PRESSER. JACOB 13:1057
PRESSMAN. DAVID 5:386
PRESSMAN,LEE13:1057
PRESSMANE, JOSEPH 3:611
-Paris 13:116
Press Survey (agency, Ot. Brit.)
13:1031
Prester John 3:475: IS: 1005
Prestwich (In., Eos.) 11:859
PRETORIA (city. S.A.) 13:1058
-Was: [at
Pretorius, Paul 4:885
PREUSS, HUGO 13:1058
PREUSS. JULIUS 13:1059
•PREUSSEN, tee PRUSSIA
Preussischer Landesverband
juedischcr Gemeinden (assoc^
Prus.)4:646;5:1S95:13:1293
Prevelakyis. Pantlis Georgiou 7:887
Prevesa (city. Gr.) 10:426
Pressing, Bishop (of Brtlln) 8:911
PREZIOSI, GIOVANNI 13:1059
-Holociust 8:651
Pribrom. Aaron 4:1178
PRIBRAM. ALFRED FRANCIS
13:1060
PRIBRAM. KARL 13:1060
Pribram, Solomon 4:1178
Price. Jacob 15:310
Price, Richard 8:715
Price control, see HAFKA'AT
SHE'ARIM
Pride, ttt ETHICS; HUMILITY
Prideaux. Humphrey 8:51
Priene (anc tn., Ionia) 12:181;
15:599
-lllus:
-~Uenorahn-A26l
Priest, High, see HIGH PRIEST
Priestley, Joseph 11:78
PRIESTLY BLESSING 13:1060
- Contents:
- - Introduction 13:1060
--lntheHa!aVhahl3:1061
- General
--Amen 2:803
--amntet 2:909
—BlriathhSliatmi 2:841
—blessing of children 4:1087
—dakhen 6:267
—folklore*: 1402
~ Johanan ben Zatta!9:242 —peace 13:196
—priest 13:1076
— Ta-onfi 15:675
--Talmud 15:786
--Temple 15:972 —viriatloniln liturgy 11:393,402 —Requirements
—ablution J:85 —covering of bead 8:5
—disqualifications 4:10S3
••-marriage 11:1038
—mtnhahUtll
—Hilnytm 12:67
—mourning 12:491
—latlU 15:744 -lllus:
—text
—amuleti 2:908-910
—handj as cosmic symbol 10:514
—Iavas2:86:6:!402
—Lubacxow tombstOQC dcoontlori 15:1230
— - Padua iynagogcs liver 13:11
— Prague tombstone (1786)3:528
—Torahcrown 15:1260-1261
—Wlodawa synagogue dccorslion
16:598
-mus. notations:
—AmenltWA
— Italian rile 12:621
"Priestly Blessing" (patot, Adte)
3:558
Priestly Code5:lS79; 5:1581;
11:138:13:231
PRIESTLY VESTMENTS 13:1063
-dress 6:212
-mixed species 14:1213
-Torah symbol 4:1335
— Urlm orid Thimmtm 16:8 -illus:
— text
— - high priest's breastpiece (chart)
13:1007
PRIESTS AND PRIESTHOOD
13:1069
-Contents:
— Definition of Priesthood 13:1069
— Right to Serve 13:1076
— Levels Within the Priesthood
13:1073
— Functions 13:1076
— Holiness of the Priesthood
13:1030
—History 13:1082
— - From the Hellenistic Era to the
Destruction of the Temple
13:1086
— In the Halakhah 13:1088
--In Modem Times 13:1039
-General
—Abraham 2:115
— -education 6:396(T
—Falashu 6:1147
—Mekhhedek 11:1287
—messianism 11:1409
— Quroran community 6:66
—sages 14:640fT
— Samaritans 14:740; 14:741
— seals 14:10S0
— theocracy IS: 1099
—.Tunisia legend IS: 14)0
-History
—Aarooides2il8
— Ananias 16:1274
— - court of priests 4:722
—Jehotoda's institutions 9:1320
—Jerusalem, HeOenbtlc period
9:13897
—Jttdahrm-Nai! 10:372
PRUS
—Judaism 10:388
— king, kingship 10:1017 — prophet 13:1150
— Reform Judaism 14:24
—Sadducees14:621
— Second Temple period 8:6277
-Genealogy 7:379
--Aaron 2:4
— Aaronldes2:18
— nltar service 2:769
— careof tables 11:1231
— family purity 6:1170 -Law
--cemeteries5:272
--desecration of 5: IS59
— disqualifications 13:1062
— - Jobanan ben Zakkai 9:242;
10:150
—leprosy 11:35
—kvilical cities 11:136 --marriage laws 1S:B92
—divorce bills 6:132; 6:134
—tevirate marriage 11:125;
16:776
™ ~ ™ ntninigc with o pfosdyls
13:1184
prohibited marriages 11:1052?
prostitutes 13:1244
raped wife 13:1548
— -sexual offenses 14:1208
—nnirite 12:907
— n&ftfirfand dues8:35l
— - ritual Impurity 13:14O5IT
— - Temple Mount 15:989
*■ Dutld nnd Cuitons
— nblotlon 2:82; 2:85
--anointment 3:27
— otonement I0:1039ff
—Uessing 13:1060
--decisions 3:908
—lot casting 11:511
—mltkmcwianA ma'anaSet 12:89
-- Omer ceremony 12:1382ff
—red heifer 14:10
— sacrince 14:6080*
—Temple 13:9530*
— VrimtniThmmbn 16:9
—woodoflerings 16:630
— Privileges
—fint born 6:1308
— first fruits 6:13l3:«:13i5
— Mfl»7:ll95
— - berem property 8:345
— - Ux-exemption 15:842 — ti!he»5:14»6;15:!02S
--Torch-reading 15:1247:15:1253
-Literature
— - Commandments, tha 613
5:763r,773f
—Leviticus 11:13lfT
— UHllcus Rabbah 11:148
—Numbers. Book of 12:1244 — Porsft 13:87
— Pen taleuch 13:251
-geneal.tailel\\9
-lllus:
--Aaron (Dura-Europos paint)
6:278
— Amaiiah 12:1293
— - Ark of the Covenant carried
across the Jordan 3:461
— - capture of Jericho 3:517
— cutting hair of Nuirittj 12:906
—cphod6:805
— high priest 8:473
— - inspecting leprosy 12:924
-- lighting fire to signal new moon
14:310
— - performing Ihesaerifice3:fcg.
988
—receiving dough-ofiering7:1196
— -vestments 4:786: <:8O5:13:1066
-stealn:mOH PRIEST
FrigoS; James 15:315
Priji, Bernard 13:1091
FRUS. JOSEPH 13:1091
The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972 105
for the terms most commonly used. For the
duration of the work on the index an average
of seven or eight people was employed. Of
these some were indexers and others were
editors. The latter also worked as indexers
until the later stages when they took up the
actual editing of the cards and even then
occasionally had to help out with the index
ing. One of the great problems was the un
even flow of material into the department;
at times huge quantities of material would
descend and great pressure would be applied
for us to process it quickly so as not to cause
difficulties in the production stages following
ours. Usually indexing is not a part of the
production flow but rather outside it and
parallel to it; it is therefore free of this pro
blem. Since we were indexing from manu
script we were, in fact, the last stage of the
editorial process and thus the natural address
for the complaints of the production people.
At other times the index department would
be without material for days on end. At the
beginning the slack periods were utilized for
reviewing what had been done and for pre
liminary discussions of policy for the editing
stages. Later on, the quiet days, which be
came fewer, were used to catch up on filing
and alphabetization.
Illustrations
The illustrations for the EJ were prepared
by a separate department. Occasionally
illustrations were specifically ordered by
authors or editors but a very large proportion
was initiated by the researchers of the illus
tration department who ultimately had to
receive the authorization of the editor-in-
chief with regard to suitability and correct
ness of captions, etc. The term * illustration'
here includes photographs, maps, diagrams,
musical notations and family trees. The
administrative and co-ordinative problems
involved in indexing these before printing
were insurmountable and so they were in
dexed only when the actual numbered page
proofs were ready. The system followed was
the same as above except that actual volume
and page numbers appeared on the cards
instead of computer code numbers.
Filing
When some 25,000 cards had accumulated
we started filing them. The cards were filed
according to the words appearing on the first
line and alphabetization was by letter up to
the first punctuation mark; the system fol
lowed in putting the encyclopaedia entries
in order.
What resulted was a situation in which
all the cards on a specific subject were
grouped together. In the case of title-cards,
they always came first, followed by the cards
with all the other references to the subject
which would become sub-entries; in the case
of main entries, such as the Ghriba card
above, a decision would have to be taken
later whether to arrange them as a main
entry followed by sub-entries, in which case
the most substantive reference would be
taken for the main entry or, if the number
of cards or the nature of the information did
not justify that, to arrange the cards as one
main entry followed by several page refer
ences. Actually the Ghriba card shown
above was the only one on the subject. For
title entries, only one page number could
follow, with some exceptions for 'capsule'
articles; all other information had to take
the form of sub-entries. We felt that this
was the best way to indicate to the reader
where the actual entry was and thus to
differentiate between the entry and second
ary material: the system used in the index
of Encyclopaedia Britannica and the New
Catholic Cyclopedia, by which even a title
entry is followed by more than one number
does, to our mind, create a certain confusion
even if the number listed first indicates the
actual article.
At this stage the editing consisted of
putting the cards in the proper order and
starting some order for the sub-entries. We
developed a system of crossing out unwanted
words in green felt-tip pen so that the text
would still be legible. The ' Priests' card
shown above was filed behind the title-card,
'Priests and Priesthood' for that was the
actual name of the entry, and the word
106 The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972
' Priests' on the first line was crossed out.
Thus, this card was now a sub-entry to the
title entry.
The cards were stored in open boxes which
held about a thousand cards each. Boxes
were never filled and the labels showing the
scope of each box .were constantly being
changed as new material flowed in. The
editors took responsibility for the boxes in
series of five or six; we felt it advisable to
spread the editors over the index as widely as
possible. Every few days the new cards
which had accumulated were alphabetized
and put at the back of the box where they
belonged; a wooden block was kept in each
box to keep the cards upright and separate
the integrated cards from the new ones. Peri
odically the editors reviewed their boxes and
integrated the new cards. The plan of the
index entries was constantly changing, due to
the insertion of the new cards, and as yet no
serious effort was made to put the sub-entries
in order. At this stage the editorial work
consisted mainly of checking problematic
cards. The cards from the indexing of the
illustrations were kept separate as long as
possible so as not to complicate the editing.
Details of Index Policy
As the number of index cards increased,
editing became more intensive. Index en
tries began to be created; final abbreviations
and conventions were decided and general
policy took form. We decided that persons
listed in the index would not have a descrip
tion attached unless there were others of an
identical or very similar name. In those cases
dates were given to differentiate; where the
dates .were not sufficient, the occupation or
profession was given and where that was not
sufficient, the country. There were few cases
where all three were not sufficient and in
those the reader will have to examine all the
entries concerned. For names of people
which are not easily so identifiable, a des
cription was given, as was the case with
certain groups of people such as kings or
amoraim (rabbis of the Talmud). All other
index entries were described except when
absolutely obvious. People preceded places
and places preceded things. In the case of
persons with identical names the order fol
lowed was chronological.
A further decision was that for large en
cyclopaedia entries (we took 3,000 words as
the criterion although there are many in the
10-20,000 range and not a few in excess of
50,000) we would include a list of contents
of the article in the index entry for the con
venience of the reader who is interested in
some specific aspect of the subject.
When the number of sub-entries justified
it, we arranged them into sub-divisions
according to their content. The sub-divisions
follow a logical order not necessarily alpha
betic but the sub-entries .were always
arranged alphabetically
' See * and ' See also ' cards
All alternative names of a subject were
indicated by see cards: Mcnakcr. Abraham, see MOREWSKI, ABRAHAM
as were alternative spellings. Such cards
were also used when the subject was treated
in another article: Engineers, see INVENT
ORS AND ENGINEERS. Cognate subjects
or entries likely to be of interest to the
reader were indicated by see also references
at the end of the index entry thus: CAMPS (Concentration and Extermination) has
more than 120 sub-cntrics which are followed by:
see Aso FORCED LABOR ;GHETTO;HOLOCAUST
The criteria by which another encyclo
paedia article was listed as a sub-entry or as
a see also reference were (1) subject matter,
i.e. whether the information was directly
relevant to the entry, and (2) the size of the
article referred to; the Holocaust article is
full of information about concentration
camps but that information is spread
throughout an article of more than 70 pages.
Special Problems
Some of the index entries were so large
as to pose special indexing problems. The
ISRAEL (STATE OF) index entry contains
in excess of 1,100 sub-entries and, obviously,
any reader other than the most expert is
going to have difficulty finding his way
The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972 107
through it. We therefore decided that in
such cases—there were a few—the index
entry would begin with a guide to itself
indicating how it had been sub-divided. Fur
ther, important sections of it also appear as
independent index entries in their correct
alphabetical position. Thus, WATER AND
IRRIGATION IN ISRAEL appears in the
index of both the ISRAEL encyclopaedia
entry and the ISRAEL index entry.
Many of the above problems are based on
the question ' What is an index for? * and
the solutions found will be based on the
answer to that question. Is an index merely
an aid to finding the information you are
looking for or should it perform an inde
pendent function as well? We wanted the
index to the EJ to be, in some degree, a useful
study guide for major subjects, particularly
since no other Jewish encyclopaedia has an
index. One of our aims when we made index
entries such as BIBLE and ZIONISM was to
give the reader a comprehensive study pro
gramme to the subjects as far as the informa
tion in the EJ was concerned and not just an
aid to help the reader who knows what he
wants to find in it.
Typography and lay-out were considered
after the work on the index had been under
way for about nine months. Several trial
pages were made up and we decided that:
(1) title entries would be in upper case; (2)
main entries would be in upper and lower;
(3) sub-divisions would be in upper and
lower; (4) sub-entries would be in lower ex
cept for proper names; and (5) sub-divisions
and sub-entries would be indented, and that
indentation marks would be used.
Thus the title or main entry is always
flush left and if there are only sub-entries
these are indented one space and the in
dentation is indicated by an indentation
hyphen. If, however, the sub-entries are
sub-divided, the sub-division title receives
one indentation and its sub-entries two. In
a very few cases we resorted to special typo
graphy to avoid creating four levels of in
dentation. Here, considerations of space
were important; we felt that four columns to
a page was the best number and it was ob
viously desirable to minimize as far as possi
ble the number of over-run lines. With this
in mind we also tried to keep the text of the
sub-entries as brief as possible.
The Computer Stages
We had realised that if the EJ was to be
published in January 1972 we would have
to start setting the index in August 1971. At
that time not all the encyclopaedia articles
had been through the index department. The
E/ was prepared in less than five years and
during the last six months of that period the
pressure .was, to say the least, extreme. An
encyclopaedia is a dynamic organism until
the very last page is printed; omissions are
constantly being noticed and article-struc
ture changed. Although a master-list of
entries had finally been completed in April
1969, it was by no means complete and .was
open to change right up till the last stage of
the encyclopaedia. We had devised a system
for the index by which we would send it for
typesetting and update each successive round
of galleys with the index cards that would
accumulate in the meantime. We were eager
to start getting the index into galley form
for another reason. Although we had made
several trial runs for the computer conversion
of code-numbers and for the layout of the
pages we were still apprehensive about the
final result; every system needs to be * de
bugged' and we were not sure just how
stubborn the final bugs would prove to be.
Furthermore, any mistake in control cards
for the programme or in punching the tapes
might take a great deal of time to trace and
correct and we knew that in the very final
stages the time margin available to us would
have to be measured in days and hours and
not in weeks. There was always the possi
bility that we would have to do the conver
sions by hand, and to this end we had
prepared a back-up programme. We had
ordered from the computer a print-out of all
the index numbers in the text according to
volume and this we received as soon as each
volume was transferred on to one tape. We
had also ordered a completed conversion of all
108 The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972
those numbers, which we would get as soon
as the pagination of the entire encyclopaedia
was registered in the computer. We could
have ordered this second print-out for each
individual volume but the cost was prohibi
tive. Should the programme collapse entirely,
the first print-out, which indicated those
numbers that had for one reason or other
been rejected, would be of some help; should
the conversion programme work but the
matching up part of it fail, the second print
out would be invaluable.
As each volume was paginated the pagina
tion was registered into the computer. Be
cause of the illustrations it was impossible
to use the computer to make-up the encyclo
paedia pages as we did for the index (more
on this later). The film of the text was pro
duced by the Photon and the pages were
made up by hand, incorporating the illustra
tion material. It was necessary, therefore, to
c inform' the computer of the make-up, i.e.
what articles appeared on which pages.
When this process was completed the com
puter would convert all the code numbers in
the order in which they appeared in the text
into their corresponding real number and
then it would take the index in which the
code numbers appeared in random order and
substitute the correct volume and page num
bers for the code numbers. By this stage
the index cards had already been edited
thoroughly. The entries had been built and
all the cards had been checked for the proper
use of the conventions decided upon with
the type-setting department. The illustra
tion cards were now merged with the text
index cards and the boxes were given a final
editorial review. All in all there were more
than 200,000 index cards.
Galleys and Updating
The boxes were divided so that each con
tained approximately 350 cards, and from
now on each such box was treated as a
galley. Each box was given a distinctive
computer number made up of the four letters
INDE and six digits arranged so that the
third, fourth and fifth were in running order;
this was for easy internal identification—the
other digits were according to the computer
logic. The boxes of cards were sent for type
setting and we received back hard-copy
typed sheets; the punched tapes were not yet
sent to the computer. The hard-copy was
proof-read against the boxes of cards (a diffi
cult fob since indentations were indicated on
those sheets by computer code signs) and the
cards which had come in since the boxes
were sent for setting were integrated into the
sheets as corrections.
The corrected sheets were then returned to
setting, the corrections made and the tapes
sent to the computer. Electronic tape was
received back which activated the Photon
electronic typesetter which produced film
galleys of the index. These galleys were
proof-read and corrected, and the index-
cards which had accumulated were added as
corrections. The galleys were returned and
corrected, and another round produced for
which we followed the same procedure. On
the second galley we succeeded in integrating
nearly all the outstanding cards since by that
time nearly all the encyclopaedia articles had
reached us.
Computer Problems
The major problem during this stage was
mechanical in origin. If there was the slight
est mistake or abnormality in the punching
of the galley header (i.e. the number) when
the correction was typed in for integration
by the computer, there was the possibility
that those corrections might find their way
into another galley and even displace mater
ial which rightfully belonged there. It is not
difficult to imagine the chaos that this
created. We made very serious efforts to
eliminate such errors; die corrections were
proof-read before sending the tape to the
computer and the punched paper tape itself
was examined. Notwithstanding our best
efforts, some mistakes did occur. When the
correction involved was minor we preferred
to correct it on the galley and send that back
as a correction; when, however, it was major
we sent the galley back for retyping from
The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972 109
the original until an acceptable result was
achieved.
By this time the registration of the pages
into the computer was complete and we re
ceived a print-out listing every index code
number and the page on which it appeared.
The print-out also indicated those numbers
which, for one reason or other, no page
number had been found. There had been
several articles which had not been set
through the computer or which had been so
drastically re-edited at the film stage after
the computer, that the computer record was
to all intents and purposes useless. For these
articles, of which we had been kept in
formed, we prepared conversion tables of our
own. These were now used to supplement
the computer sheets.
Lay-out
The instruction was now given to the
computer to prepare justified, converted gal
leys. The earlier galley rounds had been in
specially large type and with a great deal of
space between the lines (the Photon machine
is capable of producing innumerable varia-
ations) to facilitate proof-reading and cor
recting. This converted justified galley was
produced in the exact size in which it would
be printed and the length of the lines was
justified. All the code numbers were now
replaced by volume and page numbers and
those for which the computer had not found
the page number appeared on separate lines
and were easily spotted. These were now
inserted manually. The conversion was bet
ter than we had imagined it even in our
rosiest dreams; immediate checks were made
in large samplings and the margin of error
was negligible. We did discover that occasion
ally a code number that appeared on the last
line of one column was converted as though
it was on the next column but in a very large
sampling this happened in only a very few
cases. This round of galleys was proof-read
and final additions were made. The follow ing and final computer stage was the page
make-up. The programming called for the
lay-out of the index to be done automati
cally; this meant that the Photon would
produce a film of each page Iaid-out in four
columns and that each page would have two
running headers, one in the top left-hand
corner and one in the top right-hand corner,
indicating the scope of the index for that
page. These headers would indicate the first
and last title or main entry on the page but
not a sub-entry and they would appear in
the same type face as the entry they repre
sented but in a larger size. We had also
decided to start every letter of the alphabet
on a new page so that if there were any
complications in a specific letter of the
alphabet they would affect only that letter
and not everything after it. This decision,
as it turned out, was a most important one.
The page make-up programme worked well
except for a few of die smaller letters of the
alphabet which had to be cut up into col
umns and made up by hand. However for the
major bulk of the index we received perfectly
good film from the Photon. This was proof
read and the corrections were stripped in.
The index then went to press. Since the
pagination of the encyclopaedia was done
on the first justified galley proofs, we were
able to achieve what I think must be a
'first': the index was printed and bound
while there were still two volumes of the
encyclopaedia which had not yet been
printed.
Evaluation
When reviewing the whole programme it
is clear that the use of the computer did save
us a great deal of time. The programme was,
in fact, a straightforward one in its concep
tion but rather complicated in its operation.
It was not sophisticated but, because of the
many stages involved and the huge numbers
of items, complex. We would certainly not
have been able to produce the index together
with the encyclopaedia had we not used such a programme. However, the computer had
no effect on the actual index itself; here
there can be, happily, no substitute for the
intelligent, informed and educated human
being, since the discretion required is entirely
110 The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972
beyond the computer. Our evaluation of the
programme indicates that the use of the
computer is only justified (from a financial
point of view) if: (1) the text to be indexed
is, anyway, going to be set by computer;
(2) the size of that text is so large as to be
unwieldy, and (3) if great speed of production
is required. Should any of these three con
ditions be lacking it is our feeling that as
good a job can be done manually and pro
bably at less cost.
Pages 467 and 697 of the Index are repro
duced to illustrate the article. The entries
Ghriba (syn., Tun) 15:1430 on page 467,
and PRIESTS AND PRIESTHOOD, in
the 'General' sub-division the sub-entry
Tunisia legend 15:1430 on page 697 show
the final appearance in the Index of points
made in the article.
The Wheatley Medal 1972
It was with much disappointment that,
after a careful examination of seventeen
nominated indexes, the Joint Panel of the
Library Association and the Society of In-
dexers felt unable to recommend any of them
for the award of the 1971 Wheatley Medal.
Two of the indexes were highly com
mended by the Panel. These were:
GERARD, Yves. Thematic catalogue of
the works of Luigi Boccherini. O.U.P.,
1969.
INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.
Index to publications, January 1965 to
December 1969. The Institution, 1971.
(Index compiled by Dr. J. E. Holmstrom.)
Both these indexes were carefully com
piled and had several interesting features,
but neither was considered to reach the very
high standard demanded for the award of
the Wheatley Medal.
The Panel were concerned about two
features concerning the nominations for this
year's award. One was the apparent lack of
interest in the award reflected in the small
number of lists received and in the poor
response from those libraries which had been
specifically invited to make recommendations
in their subject field. The other, in contrast,
was the standard of indexes nominated by
some libraries: some of these were good
' bread-and-butter' indexes, while others
were just not good indexes.
The Panel recommended that the terms
of the award be amended so that only in
dexes which had been first published in the
United Kingdom should be eligible. They
also considered the possibility of an award
for an outstanding contributor to indexing,
and it would be interesting to have the views
of members of the Library Association and
the Society of Indexers on the idea of such
an award, either in addition to or in place
of the existing arrangements.
K. G. B. Bakewell,
Chairman of the Wheatley Medal
Joint Panel, 1972.
[The main change in this recommendation
is to offer the, or an, Award to an ' outstand
ing contributor' as well as for ' an outstand
ing contribution' to indexing.
Mr. Bakewell comments that some of the
indexes recommended for the Award were
good ' bread-and-butter' indexes, and im
plies that therefore they were not up to the
required standard. If he means by this state
ment that they were competent but did not
display any originality, or unusual methods
of dealing with a difficult or complicated
text, and for this reason the Medal should
not be awarded, it may be felt that this
would impose a requirement which is not
laid down in the conditions. The Award is
intended to assist in improving the standard
of indexing and should therefore not be too
limited in its scope; the number of texts
which provide opportunities for unusual in
dexing techniques cannot be numerous and
the number of indexes of such books which
The Indexer Vol. 8 No. 2 October 1972 111