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Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage: 2015
September 2016
URL: http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-
kits/2016/income_poverty.html
Presenters
Host Michael C. Cook, Sr. Chief, Public Information Office
Presenter David G. Waddington Acting Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division
2
Go to www.census.gov and click on the slider at the top to access – • Today’s Webinar Presentation
• News Release and Supporting Tables
• Links to the Reports and Other Reference Pages
• Links to Fact Sheets
Resources for Today’s Webinar
3
• Median household income for the nation was $56,500 in 2015, an increase in real terms of 5.2 percent from the 2014 median of $53,700.
• The official poverty rate in 2015 was 13.5 percent, down 1.2 percentage points from 2014. In 2015, there were 43.1 million people in poverty, 3.5 million fewer than in 2014.
• The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) rate in 2015 was 14.3 percent, 1 percentage point lower than the SPM estimate for 2014.
• The percentage of people without health insurance coverage for the entire calendar year was 9.1 percent, or 29.0 million people. This was a decrease of 1.3 percentage points from the previous year.
Highlights
4 Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
5
Real Median Household Income: 1967 to 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1967 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Income in thousands (2015 dollars) Recession
$56,500
$44,300
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
6
Real Median Household Income: 1967 to 2015
(Income in 2015 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars) Recessions
November 1948 October 1949July 1953 May 1954
1967 44,335 1992 50,725 August 1957 April 19581968 46,245 1993 50,478 April 1960 February 19611969 47,965 1994 51,065 December 1969 November 19701970 47,593 1995 52,664 November 1973 March 19751971 47,130 1996 53,407 January 1980 July 19801972 49,148 1997 54,506 July 1981 November 19821973 50,141 1998 56,510 July 1990 March 19911974 48,553 1999 57,909 March 2001 November 20011975 47,281 2000 57,790 December 2007 June 20091976 48,066 2001 56,531 Source: National Bureau of Economic Research1977 48,370 2002 55,871 Cambridge, MA 021381978 50,242 2003 55,823 www.nber.org1979 50,146 20041 55,629 1980 48,518 2005 56,224 1981 47,712 2006 56,663 1982 47,585 2007 57,423 1983 47,283 2008 55,376 1984 48,720 2009 54,988 1985 49,631 2010 53,568 1986 51,388 2011 52,751 1987 52,032 2012 52,666 1988 52,432 20132 52,850 1989 53,367 20133 54,525 1990 52,684 2014 53,718 1991 51,145 2015 56,516
1The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf.
Note: For changes in survey and data processing methodology, see footnotes in Appendix Table A-1 of the report, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-256.
YearTrough monthYear Median Income Year Median Income
Peak month Year
2The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of these 2013 estimates is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 3The source of these 2013 estimates is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the redesigned income questions, approximately 30,000 addresses.
Real Median Household Income by Age of Householder: 2014 and 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
15 to 24years
25 to 34years
35 to 44years
45 to 54years
55 to 64years
65 years andolder
Income in thousands (2015 dollars) 2015 2014
+4.2%
+5.6%
+7.0%
+3.5%
7
No significant difference
+4.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Real Median Household Incomeby Age of Householder: 2014 and 2015
Characteristic 2014 2015Percentage
change* (2015 less 2014)
15 to 24 years 34,645 36,108 4.225 to 34 years 54,305 57,366 *5.635 to 44 years 66,770 71,417 *7.045 to 54 years 70,913 73,857 *4.255 to 64 years 60,649 62,802 *3.565 years and older 36,938 38,515 *4.3
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and EconomicSupplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
(Income in 2015 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars)
*An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2015
Income in thousands (2015 dollars) Recession
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1967 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Hispanic (any race)
Asian
Black
$77,200
$63,000
$36,900
$45,100
Non-Hispanic White
$64,300
$52,300
$38,900
$26,800
8 Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
(Inco
me
in 2
015
CP
I-U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs)
Rec
essi
ons
Yea
rsA
ll ra
ces
Whi
teW
hite
, not
H
ispa
nic
Bla
ckA
sian
His
pani
c (a
ny
race
)P
eak
mon
thY
ear
Trou
gh m
onth
Yea
r
1967
44,3
35
46,2
34
N26
,844
N
NN
ovem
ber
1948
Oct
ober
1949
1968
46,2
45
48,1
51
N28
,394
N
NJu
ly19
53M
ay19
5419
6947
,965
50
,057
N
30,2
57
NN
Aug
ust
1957
Apr
il19
5819
7047
,593
49
,571
N
30,1
72
NN
Apr
il19
60Fe
brua
ry19
6119
7147
,130
49
,296
N
29,1
19
NN
Dec
embe
r19
69N
ovem
ber
1970
1972
49,1
48
51,5
61
52,2
96
30,0
96
N38
,910
N
ovem
ber
1973
Mar
ch19
7519
7350
,141
52
,550
53
,012
30
,933
N
38,8
46
Janu
ary
1980
July
1980
1974
48,5
53
50,7
77
51,2
11
30,1
98
N38
,619
Ju
ly19
81N
ovem
ber
1982
1975
47,2
81
49,4
45
49,8
18
29,6
83
N35
,521
Ju
ly19
90M
arch
1991
1976
48,0
66
50,3
51
51,3
77
29,9
40
N36
,256
M
arch
20
01N
ovem
ber
2001
1977
48,3
70
50,8
65
51,8
74
30,0
16
N37
,946
D
ecem
ber
2007
June
2009
1978
50,2
42
52,2
30
53,2
14
31,3
88
N39
,366
S
ourc
e: N
atio
nal B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic R
esea
rch
1979
50,1
46
52,5
77
53,3
18
30,8
69
N39
,731
Cam
brid
ge, M
A 0
2138
1980
48,5
18
51,1
86
52,0
93
29,4
89
N37
,398
ww
w.n
ber.o
rg19
8147
,712
50
,411
51
,139
28
,289
N
38,2
72
1982
47,5
85
49,8
17
50,6
52
28,2
33
N35
,806
19
8347
,283
49
,586
50
,860
28
,139
N
36,0
11
1984
48,7
20
51,3
98
52,4
65
29,2
80
N36
,933
19
8549
,631
52
,341
53
,518
31
,140
N
36,7
01
1986
51,3
88
54,0
26
55,2
54
31,1
25
N37
,879
19
8752
,032
54
,822
56
,329
31
,290
64
,341
38
,605
19
8852
,432
55
,429
56
,956
31
,598
62
,143
39
,209
19
8953
,367
56
,137
57
,344
33
,385
66
,653
40
,471
19
9052
,684
54
,950
56
,206
32
,860
67
,652
39
,289
19
9151
,145
53
,595
54
,875
31
,929
61
,880
38
,523
19
9250
,725
53
,329
55
,119
31
,053
62
,588
37
,415
19
9350
,478
53
,256
55
,216
31
,561
61
,960
36
,979
19
9451
,065
53
,857
55
,595
33
,280
64
,072
37
,069
19
9552
,664
55
,276
57
,458
34
,608
62
,769
35
,330
19
9653
,407
55
,918
58
,365
35
,335
65
,120
37
,477
19
9754
,506
57
,403
59
,767
36
,897
66
,648
39
,221
19
9856
,510
59
,456
61
,675
36
,841
67
,775
41
,171
19
9957
,909
60
,227
62
,834
39
,715
72
,514
43
,751
20
0057
,790
60
,441
62
,790
40
,830
76
,737
45
,649
20
0156
,531
59
,596
61
,989
39
,452
71
,802
44
,934
20
0255
,871
59
,398
61
,788
38
,240
69
,332
43
,611
20
0355
,823
58
,804
61
,569
38
,203
71
,778
42
,522
2
0042
55,6
29
58,5
45
61,3
71
37,7
62
72,1
55
43,0
02
2005
56,2
24
58,9
28
61,6
35
37,4
51
74,1
48
43,6
52
2006
56,6
63
59,5
69
61,6
26
37,5
81
75,5
15
44,4
14
2007
57,4
23
59,5
75
62,7
81
38,7
71
75,5
65
44,2
15
2008
55,3
76
57,5
88
61,1
30
37,6
69
72,2
57
41,7
37
2009
54,9
88
57,2
91
60,1
63
35,9
95
72,3
23
42,0
22
2010
53,5
68
56,2
13
59,2
04
34,9
22
69,8
56
40,9
09
2011
52,7
51
55,0
27
58,3
97
33,9
65
68,6
38
40,7
05
2012
52,6
66
55,4
42
58,8
51
34,3
98
70,8
54
40,2
65
201
3352
,850
56
,226
59
,292
35
,205
68
,240
41
,681
2
0134
54,5
25
57,7
4061
,387
35
,943
73
,652
40
,383
20
1453
,719
56
,931
60
,325
35
,439
74
,382
42
,540
20
1556
,516
60
,109
62
,950
36
,898
77
,166
45
,148
N N
ot a
vaila
ble.
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
196
8 th
roug
h 20
15 A
nnua
l Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Sup
plem
ents
.Fo
r inf
orm
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ftp:
//ftp
2.ce
nsus
.gov
/pro
gram
s-su
rvey
s/cp
s/te
chdo
cs/c
psm
ar16
.
Not
e: F
or c
hang
es in
sur
vey
and
data
pro
cess
ing
met
hodo
logy
, see
foot
note
s in
App
endi
x Ta
ble
A-1
of t
he re
port,
Inco
me
and
Pov
erty
in th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s:
2015
, U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Rep
orts
, P60
-256
.
2 The
2004
dat
a ha
ve b
een
revis
ed to
refle
ct a
cor
rect
ion
to th
e w
eigh
ts in
the
2005
AS
EC
.
Rea
l Med
ian
Hou
seho
ld In
com
e by
Rac
e1 and
H
ispa
nic
Ori
gin
of H
ouse
hold
er:
1967
to 2
015
1 Sta
rting
with
the
2003
CP
S, r
espo
nden
ts w
ere
allo
wed
to c
hoos
e m
ore
than
one
race
. Th
is ta
ble
pres
ents
the
sing
le-ra
ce p
opul
atio
n fo
r 200
2 to
pre
sent
. Fo
r ex
ampl
e W
hite
alo
ne re
fers
to p
eopl
e w
ho re
porte
d W
hite
and
did
not
repo
rt an
y ot
her r
ace
cate
gory
. Fo
r 200
1 an
d ea
rlier
yea
rs, t
he C
PS
allo
wed
resp
onde
nts
to
repo
rt on
ly o
ne ra
ce g
roup
.
3 The
2014
CP
S A
SE
C in
clud
ed re
desi
gned
que
stio
ns fo
r inc
ome
and
heal
th in
sura
nce
cove
rage
. A
ll of
the
appr
oxim
atel
y 98
,000
add
ress
es w
ere
elig
ible
to re
ceive
th
e re
desi
gned
set
of h
ealth
insu
ranc
e co
vera
ge q
uest
ions
. Th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
wer
e im
plem
ente
d to
a s
ubsa
mpl
e of
thes
e 98
,000
add
ress
es u
sing
a
prob
abili
ty s
plit
pane
l des
ign.
App
roxi
mat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive a
set
of i
ncom
e qu
estio
ns s
imila
r to
thos
e us
ed in
the
2013
CP
S A
SE
C
and
the
rem
aini
ng 3
0,00
0 ad
dres
ses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
. Th
e so
urce
of t
hese
201
3 es
timat
es is
the
porti
on o
f the
CP
S
AS
EC
sam
ple
whi
ch re
ceive
d th
e in
com
e qu
estio
ns c
onsi
sten
t with
the
2013
CP
S A
SE
C, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 68
,000
add
ress
es.
4 The
sour
ce o
f the
se 2
013
estim
ates
is th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sam
ple
whi
ch re
ceive
d th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
, app
roxi
mat
ely
30,0
00 a
ddre
sses
.
Real Median Household Income by Nativity of Householder: 2014 and 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Native born Total foreign born Naturalized citizen Noncitizen
Income in thousands (2015 dollars) 2015 2014
+4.4% No significant
difference
+5.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
+10.5%
9
Real Median Household Incomeby Nativity of Householder: 2014 and 2015
Characteristic 2014 2015Percentage
change* (2015 less 2014)
Native born 54,741 57,173 *4.4%Total foreign born 49,649 52,295 *5.3% Naturalized citizen 59,329 61,982 4.5% Noncitizen 40,842 45,137 *10.5%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and EconomicSupplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
(Income in 2015 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars)
*An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
Real Household Income at Selected Percentiles: 1967 to 2015
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
1967 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Income in thousands (2015 dollars)
10th
50th (median)
90th
$93,400
$10,100
$44,300
Recession
$162,200
$13,300
$56,500
95th
$117,900
$214,500
10 Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Rea
l Hou
seho
ld In
com
e at
Sel
ecte
d Pe
rcen
tiles
: 19
67 to
201
5(In
com
e in
201
5 C
PI-U
-RS
adj
uste
d do
llars
)
Rec
essi
ons
90th
per
cent
ile
limit
Nov
embe
r 19
48O
ctob
er19
4919
6710
,117
44,3
35
93
,350
117,
929
Ju
ly19
53M
ay19
5419
6811
,013
46,2
45
95
,561
118,
555
A
ugus
t19
57A
pril
1958
1969
11,2
98
47
,965
100,
841
12
4,64
3
Apr
il19
60Fe
brua
ry19
6119
7011
,040
47,5
93
10
1,76
3
126,
284
D
ecem
ber
1969
Nov
embe
r19
7019
7111
,213
47,1
30
10
1,79
8
126,
010
N
ovem
ber
1973
Mar
ch19
7519
7211
,956
49,1
48
10
7,45
0
134,
592
Ja
nuar
y19
80Ju
ly19
8019
7312
,521
50,1
41
11
0,89
9
138,
088
Ju
ly19
81N
ovem
ber
1982
1974
12,6
05
48
,553
108,
098
13
2,68
9
July
1990
Mar
ch19
9119
7512
,261
47,2
81
10
4,58
0
128,
738
M
arch
20
01N
ovem
ber
2001
1976
12,3
29
48
,066
107,
226
13
2,61
2
Dec
embe
r 20
07Ju
ne20
0919
7712
,481
48,3
70
10
9,09
3
135,
431
19
7812
,737
50,2
42
11
3,39
8
140,
264
S
ourc
e: N
atio
nal B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic R
esea
rch
1979
12,5
05
50
,146
114,
358
14
2,75
3
C
ambr
idge
, MA
021
3819
8012
,328
48,5
18
11
2,05
7
138,
790
ww
w.n
ber.o
rg19
8112
,157
47,7
12
11
2,07
7
138,
079
19
8211
,939
47,5
85
11
3,24
3
141,
748
19
8311
,902
47,2
83
11
4,36
5
143,
763
19
8412
,383
48,7
20
11
8,30
5
148,
887
19
8512
,392
49,6
31
12
0,11
1
151,
308
19
8612
,347
51,3
88
12
4,56
4
159,
148
19
8712
,453
52,0
32
12
7,38
8
161,
578
19
8812
,642
52,4
32
12
9,03
4
164,
933
19
8913
,293
53,3
67
13
2,84
4
169,
392
19
9012
,879
52,6
84
13
0,37
7
166,
707
19
9112
,600
51,1
45
12
8,82
7
163,
659
1
9921
12,4
18
50
,725
128,
402
16
3,95
0
1993
12,4
19
50
,478
132,
075
16
9,07
3
1994
12,7
06
51
,065
134,
347
17
3,81
7
1995
13,4
09
52
,664
135,
538
17
4,64
1
1996
13,4
07
53
,407
138,
513
17
9,87
8
1997
13,5
73
54
,506
143,
849
18
6,39
9
1998
14,0
97
56
,510
147,
215
19
2,11
9
1999
14,7
22
57
,909
153,
365
20
2,06
1
2000
14,5
64
57
,790
154,
144
19
9,86
4
2001
14,3
06
56
,531
152,
116
20
1,47
5
2002
13,9
91
55
,871
150,
336
19
7,61
9
2003
13,5
77
55
,823
152,
321
19
8,61
1
200
4213
,685
55,6
29
15
1,66
0
197,
190
20
0513
,700
56,2
24
15
3,03
1
201,
468
20
0614
,107
56,6
63
15
6,34
9
204,
561
20
0713
,903
57,4
23
15
5,46
7
202,
336
20
0813
,387
55,3
76
15
2,24
8
198,
154
20
0913
,389
54,9
88
15
2,04
1
198,
846
20
1012
,894
53,5
68
15
0,86
5
196,
206
20
1112
,646
52,7
51
15
1,34
8
196,
021
20
1212
,631
52,6
66
15
0,71
8
197,
333
2
0133
12,6
18
52
,850
152,
630
19
9,43
7
201
3412
,413
54,5
25
15
8,15
1
208,
725
20
1412
,290
53,7
18
15
7,66
0
206,
806
20
1513
,259
56,5
16
16
2,18
0
214,
462
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
196
8 th
roug
h 20
16 A
nnua
l Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Sup
plem
ents
.Fo
r inf
orm
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
se
e w
ww
2.ce
nsus
.gov
/pro
gram
s-su
rvey
s/cp
s/te
chdo
cs/c
psm
ar16
.
Not
e: F
or c
hang
es in
sur
vey
and
data
pro
cess
ing
met
hodo
logy
, see
foot
note
s in
App
endi
x Ta
ble
A-2
of t
he re
port,
Inco
me
and
Pov
erty
in th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s: 2
015,
U. S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Rep
orts
, P60
-256
.
4 The
sour
ce o
f the
se 2
013
estim
ates
is th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sam
ple
whi
ch re
ceive
d th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
, app
roxi
mat
ely
30,0
00
addr
esse
s.
2 The
2004
dat
a ha
ve b
een
revis
ed to
refle
ct a
cor
rect
ion
to th
e w
eigh
ts in
the
2005
AS
EC
.
Yea
rTr
ough
mon
thY
ear
Pea
k m
onth
Yea
r95
th p
erce
ntile
lim
it50
th(m
edia
n)10
th p
erce
ntile
lim
it
1 Cha
nge
in d
ata
colle
ctio
n m
etho
dolo
gy s
ugge
sts
pre-
1993
and
pos
t-199
2 es
timat
es a
re n
ot c
ompa
rabl
e. (
See
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Rep
orts
, "Th
e C
hang
ing
Sha
pe o
f the
Nat
ion'
s In
com
e D
istri
butio
n: 1
947-
1998
," P
60-2
04, f
or m
ore
deta
ils.)
3 The
2014
CP
S A
SE
C in
clud
ed re
desi
gned
que
stio
ns fo
r inc
ome
and
heal
th in
sura
nce
cove
rage
. A
ll of
the
appr
oxim
atel
y 98
,000
add
ress
es w
ere
elig
ible
to re
ceive
the
rede
sign
ed s
et o
f hea
lth in
sura
nce
cove
rage
que
stio
ns.
The
rede
sign
ed in
com
e qu
estio
ns w
ere
impl
emen
ted
to a
sub
sam
ple
of
thes
e 98
,000
add
ress
es u
sing
a p
roba
bilit
y sp
lit p
anel
des
ign.
App
roxi
mat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive a
set
of i
ncom
e qu
estio
ns
sim
ilar t
o th
ose
used
in th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
and
the
rem
aini
ng 3
0,00
0 ad
dres
ses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
. Th
e so
urce
of t
hese
201
3 es
timat
es is
the
porti
on o
f the
CP
S A
SE
C s
ampl
e w
hich
rece
ived
the
inco
me
ques
tions
con
sist
ent w
ith th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
, ap
prox
imat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
.
Gini Index of Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income: 1967 to 2015
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.500
1967 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Recession
0.479
0.397
0.362
0.462
Money Income Gini Index
Equivalence-adjusted Gini Index
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. Change in data collection methodology in 1993. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
11
Gin
i Ind
ex o
f Mon
ey In
com
e an
d
Equi
vale
nce-
Adj
uste
d* In
com
e: 1
967
to 2
015
Rec
essi
ons
Nov
embe
r 19
48O
ctob
er19
4919
670.
397
0.36
2Ju
ly19
53M
ay19
5419
680.
386
0.35
1A
ugus
t19
57A
pril
1958
1969
0.39
10.
353
Apr
il19
60Fe
brua
ry19
6119
700.
394
0.35
7D
ecem
ber
1969
Nov
embe
r19
7019
710.
396
0.35
9N
ovem
ber
1973
Mar
ch19
7519
720.
401
0.36
2Ja
nuar
y19
80Ju
ly19
8019
730.
400
0.36
0Ju
ly19
81N
ovem
ber
1982
1974
0.39
50.
354
July
1990
Mar
ch19
9119
750.
397
0.35
9M
arch
20
01N
ovem
ber
2001
1976
0.39
80.
359
Dec
embe
r 20
07Ju
ne20
0919
770.
402
0.36
2S
ourc
e: N
atio
nal B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic R
esea
rch
1978
0.40
20.
363
C
ambr
idge
, MA
021
3819
790.
404
0.36
6
ww
w.n
ber.o
rg19
800.
403
0.36
719
810.
406
0.37
319
820.
412
0.38
419
830.
414
0.38
919
840.
415
0.38
919
850.
419
0.39
419
860.
425
0.39
719
870.
426
0.39
919
880.
426
0.40
219
890.
431
0.40
819
900.
428
0.40
619
910.
428
0.40
6 1
9921
0.43
30.
413
1993
0.45
40.
436
1994
0.45
60.
436
1995
0.45
00.
433
1996
0.45
50.
437
1997
0.45
90.
440
1998
0.45
60.
439
1999
0.45
80.
441
2000
0.46
20.
442
2001
0.46
60.
446
2002
0.46
20.
443
2003
0.46
40.
445
200
420.
466
0.44
720
050.
469
0.45
020
060.
470
0.45
220
070.
463
0.44
420
080.
466
0.45
020
090.
468
0.45
620
100.
470
0.45
620
110.
477
0.46
320
120.
477
0.46
3 2
0133
0.47
60.
459
201
340.
482
0.46
720
140.
480
0.46
420
150.
479
0.46
2
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
196
8 th
roug
h 20
16 A
nnua
l Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Sup
plem
ents
.
* E
quiva
lenc
e-ad
just
ed in
com
e ta
kes
into
con
side
ratio
n th
e nu
mbe
r of p
eopl
e liv
ing
in th
e ho
useh
old
and
how
thes
e pe
ople
sha
re re
sour
ces
and
take
ad
vant
age
of e
cono
mie
s of
sca
le. E
quiva
lenc
e-ad
just
ed in
com
e is
bas
ed o
n in
com
e re
lativ
e to
a 4
-per
son
(2 a
dult,
2 c
hild
) fam
ily.
1 Cha
nge
in d
ata
colle
ctio
n m
etho
dolo
gy s
ugge
sts
pre-
1993
and
pos
t-199
2 es
timat
es a
re n
ot c
ompa
rabl
e. (
See
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Rep
orts
, "Th
e C
hang
ing
Sha
pe o
f the
Nat
ion'
s In
com
e D
istri
butio
n: 1
947-
1998
," P
60-2
04, f
or m
ore
deta
ils.)
3 The
2014
CP
S A
SE
C in
clud
ed re
desi
gned
que
stio
ns fo
r inc
ome
and
heal
th in
sura
nce
cove
rage
. A
ll of
the
appr
oxim
atel
y 98
,000
add
ress
es w
ere
elig
ible
to re
ceive
the
rede
sign
ed s
et o
f hea
lth in
sura
nce
cove
rage
que
stio
ns.
The
rede
sign
ed in
com
e qu
estio
ns w
ere
impl
emen
ted
to a
sub
sam
ple
of
thes
e 98
,000
add
ress
es u
sing
a p
roba
bilit
y sp
lit p
anel
des
ign.
App
roxi
mat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive a
set
of i
ncom
e qu
estio
ns
sim
ilar t
o th
ose
used
in th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
and
the
rem
aini
ng 3
0,00
0 ad
dres
ses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
. Th
e so
urce
of t
hese
201
3 es
timat
es is
the
porti
on o
f the
CP
S A
SE
C s
ampl
e w
hich
rece
ived
the
inco
me
ques
tions
con
sist
ent w
ith th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
, ap
prox
imat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
.
Not
e: F
or c
hang
es in
sur
vey
and
data
pro
cess
ing
met
hodo
logy
, see
foot
note
s in
App
endi
x Ta
ble
A-3
of t
he re
port,
Inco
me
and
Pov
erty
in th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s: 2
015,
U. S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Rep
orts
, P60
-256
.
For i
nfor
mat
ion
on c
onfid
entia
lity
prot
ectio
n, s
ampl
ing
erro
r, no
nsam
plin
g er
ror,
and
defin
ition
s, s
ee w
ww
2.ce
nsus
.gov
/pro
gram
s-su
rvey
s/cp
s/te
chdo
cs/c
psm
ar16
.
2 The
2004
dat
a ha
ve b
een
revis
ed to
refle
ct a
cor
rect
ion
to th
e w
eigh
ts in
the
2005
AS
EC
.
4 The
sour
ce o
f the
se 2
013
estim
ates
is th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sam
ple
whi
ch re
ceive
d th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
, app
roxi
mat
ely
30,0
00
addr
esse
s.
Yea
rTr
ough
mon
thY
ear
Pea
k m
onth
Yea
rM
oney
Inco
me
Gin
i Ind
ex
Equ
ivale
nce-
adju
sted
Gin
i In
dex
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Real Median Earnings and Women’s-to-Men’s Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2015
(Full-time, year-round workers, aged 15 and older)
Earnings of men $37,600
$51,200
Earnings of women $22,800
$40,700
Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio
61%
80%
Recession Earnings in thousands (2015 dollars)
Percent
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. Earnings rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
12
(Ear
ning
s in
201
5 C
PI-U
-RS
adj
uste
d do
llars
)
Rec
essi
ons
Nov
embe
r 19
48O
ctob
er19
49
July
1953
May
1954
Aug
ust
1957
Apr
il19
58A
pril
1960
Febr
uary
1961
1960
N37
,608
N22
,819
0.60
7D
ecem
ber
1969
Nov
embe
r19
70
1961
N38
,808
N22
,994
0.59
2N
ovem
ber
1973
Mar
ch19
75
1962
N39
,518
N23
,433
0.59
3Ja
nuar
y19
80Ju
ly19
80
1963
N40
,510
N23
,879
0.58
9Ju
ly19
81N
ovem
ber
1982
1964
N41
,457
N24
,521
0.59
1Ju
ly19
90M
arch
1991
1965
N42
,047
N25
,197
0.59
9M
arch
20
01N
ovem
ber
2001
1966
N43
,883
N25
,257
0.57
6D
ecem
ber
2007
June
2009
1967
36,6
45
44
,577
14,8
4625
,758
0.57
8S
ourc
e: N
atio
nal B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic R
esea
rch
1968
37,0
68
45
,774
15,0
1326
,620
0.58
2
C
ambr
idge
, MA
021
3819
6937
,008
47,0
3815
,374
28,4
560.
605
ww
w.n
ber.o
rg19
7036
,132
48,8
5715
,476
29,0
060.
594
1971
36,8
19
49
,066
16,0
0229
,198
0.59
519
7238
,184
51,7
0816
,675
29,9
190.
579
1973
39,5
81
53
,356
17,1
9530
,217
0.56
619
7437
,916
51,4
4116
,945
30,2
240.
588
1975
37,2
67
51
,120
17,4
5230
,068
0.58
819
7638
,184
50,9
8018
,073
30,6
860.
602
1977
39,2
63
52
,127
19,2
3830
,714
0.58
919
7841
,036
52,4
6320
,914
31,1
850.
594
1979
42,4
37
51
,831
22,0
8230
,924
0.59
719
8041
,881
50,9
8922
,859
30,6
750.
602
1981
41,7
73
50
,679
23,3
2930
,020
0.59
219
8240
,105
49,7
2223
,702
30,7
010.
617
1983
41,5
28
49
,538
25,1
6631
,503
0.63
619
8443
,808
50,4
6526
,466
32,1
250.
637
1985
44,9
43
50
,843
27,3
8332
,832
0.64
619
8645
,912
52,1
2928
,420
33,5
030.
643
1987
47,0
13
51
,803
29,9
1233
,764
0.65
219
8848
,285
51,3
3631
,237
33,9
070.
660
1989
49,6
78
50
,459
31,3
4034
,652
0.68
719
9049
,171
48,6
9931
,682
34,8
760.
716
1991
47,8
88
49
,948
32,4
3634
,893
0.69
919
9248
,551
49,9
9833
,241
35,3
910.
708
1993
49,8
18
49
,131
33,5
2435
,138
0.71
519
9451
,580
48,8
3334
,155
35,1
440.
720
1995
52,6
67
48
,677
35,4
82
34,7
69
0.71
419
9653
,787
48,3
69
36
,430
35
,678
0.
738
1997
54,9
09
49
,599
37,6
83
36,7
83
0.74
219
9856
,951
51,3
65
38
,785
37
,584
0.
732
1999
58,2
99
51
,783
40,8
71
37,4
47
0.72
320
0059
,602
51,2
69
41
,719
37
,796
0.
737
2001
58,7
12
51
,239
41,6
39
39,1
11
0.76
320
0258
,761
51,9
45
41
,876
39
,791
0.
766
2003
58,7
72
52
,408
41,9
08
39,5
93
0.75
5 2
0041
60,0
88
51
,190
42,3
80
39,1
99
0.76
620
0561
,500
50,2
29
43
,351
38
,665
0.
770
2006
63,0
55
49
,680
44,6
63
38,2
23
0.76
920
0762
,984
51,5
70
45
,613
40
,126
0.
778
2008
59,8
61
51
,043
44,1
56
39,3
50
0.77
120
0956
,053
52,0
61
43
,217
40
,076
0.
770
2010
56,2
83
52
,128
43,1
79
40,1
01
0.76
920
1157
,993
50,7
99
43
,683
39
,118
0.
770
2012
59,0
09
50
,994
44,0
42
39,0
12
0.76
5 2
0132
60,7
69
50
,910
45,0
68
39,8
43
0.78
3 2
0133
61,2
40
50
,892
44,6
29
39,4
73
0.77
620
1462
,455
50,4
41
46
,226
39
,667
0.
786
2015
63,8
87
51
,212
47,2
11
40,7
42
0.79
6
N N
ot a
vaila
ble.
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
196
1 th
roug
h 20
16 A
nnua
l Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Sup
plem
ents
.Fo
r inf
orm
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ftp:
//ftp
2.ce
nsus
.gov
/pro
gram
s-su
rvey
s/cp
s/te
chdo
cs/c
psm
ar16
.
Not
e: F
or c
hang
es in
sur
vey
and
data
pro
cess
ing
met
hodo
logy
, see
foot
note
s in
App
endi
x Ta
ble
A-4
of t
he re
port,
Inco
me
and
Pov
erty
in th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s: 2
015
U.S
. C
ensu
s B
urea
u, C
urre
nt P
opul
atio
n R
epor
ts, P
60-2
56.
2 The
2014
CP
S A
SE
C in
clud
ed re
desi
gned
que
stio
ns fo
r inc
ome
and
heal
th in
sura
nce
cove
rage
. A
ll of
the
appr
oxim
atel
y 98
,000
add
ress
es w
ere
elig
ible
to re
ceive
the
rede
sign
ed s
et o
f hea
lth in
sura
nce
cove
rage
que
stio
ns.
The
rede
sign
ed in
com
e qu
estio
ns w
ere
impl
emen
ted
to a
sub
sam
ple
of th
ese
98,0
00 a
ddre
sses
usi
ng a
pro
babi
lity
split
pan
el d
esig
n. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 68
,000
add
ress
es w
ere
elig
ible
to re
ceive
a s
et o
f inc
ome
ques
tions
sim
ilar t
o th
ose
used
in th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
and
the
rem
aini
ng 3
0,00
0 ad
dres
ses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
. Th
e so
urce
of t
hese
201
3 es
timat
es is
the
porti
on o
f the
CP
S A
SE
C s
ampl
e w
hich
rece
ived
the
inco
me
ques
tions
con
sist
ent w
ith th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
, app
roxi
mat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
. 3 Th
e so
urce
of t
hese
201
3 es
timat
es is
the
porti
on o
f the
CP
S A
SE
C s
ampl
e w
hich
rece
ived
the
rede
sign
ed in
com
e qu
estio
ns, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
,000
add
ress
es.
1 The
2004
dat
a ha
ve b
een
revis
ed to
refle
ct a
cor
rect
ion
to th
e w
eigh
ts in
the
2005
AS
EC
.
Pea
k m
onth
Rea
l Med
ian
Earn
ings
and
Wom
en’s
-to-
Men
’s E
arni
ngs
Rat
io: 1
960
to 2
015
Yea
rTr
ough
mon
thYe
ar
Num
ber w
ith
earn
ings
(th
ousa
nds)
Med
ian
earn
ings
(d
olla
rs)
Num
ber w
ith
earn
ings
(th
ousa
nds)
Med
ian
earn
ings
(d
olla
rs)
Yea
r
Men
Wom
en
Wom
en's
-to-
Men
's
earn
ings
ratio
(Ful
l-tim
e, y
ear-
roun
d w
orke
rs)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1967 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers with Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2015
All male workers
Females, full-time year-round
Males, full-time year-round
14.8 million
Numbers in millions
53.2 million
36.6 million
34.4 million
Recession
47.2 million
86.4 million
77.0 million
63.9 million All female workers
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 13
Rec
essi
ons
1967
53
,222
34
,391
36
,645
14
,846
N
ovem
ber
1948
Oct
ober
1949
1968
54,0
26
35,6
95
37,0
68
15,0
13
July
1953
May
1954
1969
55,2
73
37,7
37
37,0
08
15,3
74
Aug
ust
1957
Apr
il19
5819
7055
,821
38
,273
36
,132
15
,476
A
pril
1960
Febr
uary
1961
1971
56
,886
38
,485
36
,819
16
,002
D
ecem
ber
1969
Nov
embe
r19
7019
72
57,7
74
39,4
70
38,1
84
16,6
75
Nov
embe
r19
73M
arch
1975
1973
59,4
38
41,5
83
39,5
81
17,1
95
Janu
ary
1980
July
1980
1974
59
,752
42
,650
37
,916
16
,945
Ju
ly19
81N
ovem
ber
1982
1975
59
,268
42
,926
37
,267
17
,452
Ju
ly19
90M
arch
1991
1976
60
,450
44
,565
38
,184
18
,073
M
arch
20
01N
ovem
ber
2001
1977
61,7
04
46,1
94
39,2
63
19,2
38
Dec
embe
r20
07Ju
ne20
0919
7862
,903
48
,398
41
,036
20
,914
S
ourc
e: N
atio
nal B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic R
esea
rch
1979
63
,422
49
,839
42
,437
22
,082
C
ambr
idge
, MA
021
3819
8064
,730
51
,448
41
,881
22
,859
w
ww
.nbe
r.org
1981
65,2
33
51,9
40
41,7
73
23,3
29
1982
64,7
30
51,8
20
40,1
05
23,7
02
1983
65,1
38
53,1
08
41,5
28
25,1
66
1984
66
,454
55
,226
43
,808
26
,466
19
85
67,8
09
56,2
96
44,9
43
27,3
83
1986
68,7
28
57,6
86
45,9
12
28,4
20
1987
69
,545
59
,359
47
,013
29
,912
19
8870
,467
60
,658
48
,285
31
,237
19
8972
,045
61
,338
49
,678
31
,340
19
9072
,348
61
,732
49
,171
31
,682
19
9172
,040
61
,796
47
,888
32
,436
19
92
73,1
20
62,4
08
48,5
51
33,2
41
1993
73
,198
63
,660
49
,818
33
,524
19
94
74,2
64
64,7
06
51,5
80
34,1
55
1995
74
,619
65
,557
52
,667
35
,482
19
9676
,121
66
,661
53
,787
36
,430
19
9776
,694
67
,736
54
,909
37
,683
19
9877
,295
68
,846
56
,951
38
,785
19
99
79,3
22
71,0
53
58,2
99
40,8
71
2000
80
,494
71
,657
59
,602
41
,719
20
0180
,209
71
,232
58
,712
41
,639
20
0280
,500
71
,411
58
,761
41
,876
20
0380
,508
71
,372
58
,772
41
,908
2
0041
81,4
48
71,9
30
60,0
88
42,3
80
2005
82,9
34
72,4
76
61,5
00
43,3
51
2006
83,9
28
73,6
83
63,0
55
44,6
63
2007
84,4
82
74,2
95
62,9
84
45,6
13
2008
84,0
39
74,5
38
59,8
61
44,1
56
2009
81
,934
72
,972
56
,053
43
,217
20
1080
,856
72
,716
56
,283
43
,179
20
1181
,366
73
,094
57
,993
43
,683
20
1283
,003
74
,188
59
,009
44
,042
2
0132
83,5
55
74,5
45
60,7
69
45,0
68
201
3383
,855
74
,821
61
,240
44
,629
20
1484
,494
75
,572
62
,455
46
,226
20
1586
,435
76
,974
63
,887
47
,211
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
196
8 th
roug
h 20
16 A
nnua
l Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Sup
plem
ents
.Fo
r inf
orm
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
se
e ftp
://ftp
2.ce
nsus
.gov
/pro
gram
s-su
rvey
s/cp
s/te
chdo
cs/c
psm
ar16
.
Yea
rTr
ough
mon
thY
ear
Pea
k m
onth
2 The
2014
CP
S A
SE
C in
clud
ed re
desi
gned
que
stio
ns fo
r inc
ome
and
heal
th in
sura
nce
cove
rage
. A
ll of
the
appr
oxim
atel
y 98
,000
add
ress
es
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive th
e re
desi
gned
set
of h
ealth
insu
ranc
e co
vera
ge q
uest
ions
. Th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
wer
e im
plem
ente
d to
a
subs
ampl
e of
thes
e 98
,000
add
ress
es u
sing
a p
roba
bilit
y sp
lit p
anel
des
ign.
App
roxi
mat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive a
set
of
inco
me
ques
tions
sim
ilar t
o th
ose
used
in th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
and
the
rem
aini
ng 3
0,00
0 ad
dres
ses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
. Th
e so
urce
of t
hese
201
3 es
timat
es is
the
porti
on o
f the
CP
S A
SE
C s
ampl
e w
hich
rece
ived
the
inco
me
ques
tions
con
sist
ent w
ith th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
, app
roxi
mat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
.
Not
e: F
or c
hang
es in
sur
vey
and
data
pro
cess
ing
met
hodo
logy
, see
foot
note
s in
App
endi
x Ta
ble
A-4
of t
he re
port,
Inco
me
and
Pov
erty
in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes:
201
5, U
.S. C
ensu
s B
urea
u, C
urre
nt P
opul
atio
n R
epor
ts, P
60-2
56.
Num
ber
of T
otal
and
Ful
l-Tim
e, Y
ear-
Rou
nd
Wor
kers
With
Ear
ning
s by
Sex
: 19
67 to
201
5
Yea
rsTo
tal W
orke
rsFu
ll-Ti
me,
Yea
r-Rou
nd W
orke
rs
Mal
es
Fem
ales
M
ales
F
emal
es
(Num
bers
in th
ousa
nds.
Peo
ple
15 y
ears
and
old
er b
egin
ning
in 1
980,
and
peo
ple
14 y
ears
and
old
er a
s of
the
follo
win
g ye
ar fo
r pre
vious
yea
rs.
Bef
ore
1989
civi
lian
wor
kers
onl
y.)
1 The
2004
dat
a ha
ve b
een
revis
ed to
refle
ct a
cor
rect
ion
to th
e w
eigh
ts in
the
2005
AS
EC
.
3 The
sour
ce o
f the
se 2
013
estim
ates
is th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sam
ple
whi
ch re
ceive
d th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
, ap
prox
imat
ely
30,0
00 a
ddre
sses
.
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Number in poverty
Numbers in millions
0
5
10
15
20
25Percent
Poverty Rate and Number in Poverty: 1959 to 2015
43.1 million
Recession
Poverty rate 22.4% 13.5%
39.5 million
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 14
1959
39.5
22.4
1988
31.7
13.0
Nov
embe
r19
48O
ctob
er19
4919
6039
.922
.219
8931
.512
.8Ju
ly19
53M
ay19
5419
6139
.621
.919
9033
.613
.5A
ugus
t19
57A
pril
1958
1962
38.6
21.0
1991
35.7
14.2
Apr
il19
60Fe
brua
ry19
6119
6336
.419
.5 1
9921
38.0
14.8
Dec
embe
r19
69N
ovem
ber
1970
1964
36.1
19.0
1993
39.3
15.1
Nov
embe
r19
73M
arch
1975
1965
33.2
17.3
1994
38.1
14.5
Janu
ary
1980
July
1980
1966
28.5
14.7
1995
36.4
13.8
July
1981
Nov
embe
r19
8219
6727
.814
.219
9636
.513
.7Ju
ly19
90M
arch
1991
1968
25.4
12.8
1997
35.6
13.3
Mar
ch
2001
Nov
embe
r20
0119
6924
.112
.119
9834
.512
.7D
ecem
ber
2007
June
2009
1970
25.4
12.6
199
9232
.811
.9S
ourc
e: N
atio
nal B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic R
esea
rch
1971
25.6
12.5
200
0231
.611
.3
C
ambr
idge
, MA
021
3819
7224
.511
.920
0132
.911
.7
<
ww
w.n
ber.g
ov>
1973
23.0
11.1
2002
34.6
12.1
1974
23.4
11.2
2003
35.9
12.5
1975
25.9
12.3
2004
337
.012
.719
7625
.011
.820
0537
.012
.619
7724
.711
.620
0636
.512
.3
1978
24.5
11.4
2007
37.3
12.5
1979
26.1
11.7
2008
39.8
13.2
1980
29.3
13.0
2009
43.6
14.3
12,0
8219
8131
.814
.020
104
46.3
15.1
12,3
3119
8234
.415
.020
1146
.215
.011
,367
1983
35.3
15.2
2012
46.5
15.0
1984
33.7
14.4
2013
545
.314
.515
,391
1985
33.1
14.0
2013
646
.314
.815
,952
1986
32.4
13.6
2014
46.7
14.8
14,3
4219
8732
.213
.420
1543
.113
.5
18,8
711 P
over
ty d
ata
for 1
992
refle
ct 1
990
Cen
sus
popu
latio
n co
ntro
ls.
24,2
572 P
over
ty d
ata
for 1
999
and
2000
con
sist
ent w
ith 2
001
data
thro
ugh
impl
emen
tatio
n of
Cen
sus
Fi
ve p
eopl
e28
,741
200
0-ba
sed
popu
latio
n co
ntro
ls a
nd a
28,
000
hous
ehol
d sa
mpl
e ex
pans
ion.
Six
peo
ple
32,5
423 C
PS
200
5 A
SE
C fi
le (2
004
data
) was
cor
rect
ed a
fter t
he re
leas
e of
the
2004
Inco
me,
36
,998
Pov
erty
and
Hea
lth In
sura
nce
repo
rt du
e to
adj
ustm
ents
to th
e w
eigh
ts.
41,0
2949
,177
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
196
0 to
201
6 A
nnua
l Soc
ial
and
Eco
nom
ic S
uppl
emen
ts.
For i
nfor
mat
ion
on c
onfid
entia
lity
prot
ectio
n,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
<w
ww
2.ce
nsus
.gov
/pro
gram
s-su
rvey
s/cp
s/te
chdo
cs/c
psm
ar16
>.
Siz
e of
fam
ily u
nit
Pove
rty
Rat
e an
d N
umbe
r in
Po
vert
y: 1
959
to 2
015
(Num
bers
in m
illio
ns, R
ates
in p
erce
nt)
Num
ber i
n P
over
tyP
over
ty R
ate
Yea
rN
umbe
r in
Pov
erty
Pov
erty
Rat
eY
ear
Rec
essi
ons
Yea
r
Wei
ghte
d A
vera
ge P
over
ty
Thre
shol
ds in
201
5
Pea
k m
onth
Trou
gh m
onth
Yea
r
Thre
shol
d
Und
er 6
5 ye
ars
One
per
son
(unr
elat
ed in
divid
ual)
Four
peo
ple
Hou
seho
lder
65
year
s an
d ol
der
Hou
seho
lder
und
er 6
5 ye
ars
Two
peop
le
65
year
s an
d ol
der
6 The
sour
ce o
f the
se 2
013
estim
ates
is th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sam
ple
whi
ch
rece
ived
the
rede
sign
ed in
com
e qu
estio
ns, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
,000
add
ress
es.
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
201
6 A
nnua
l Eco
nom
ic S
uppl
emen
t.
Thre
e pe
ople
4 Pov
erty
dat
a fo
r 201
0 re
flect
201
0-ba
sed
popu
latio
n co
ntro
ls.
5 The
2014
CP
S A
SE
C in
clud
ed re
desi
gned
que
stio
ns fo
r inc
ome
and
heal
th
insu
ranc
e co
vera
ge.
All
of th
e ap
prox
imat
ely
98,0
00 a
ddre
sses
wer
e el
igib
le to
re
ceive
the
rede
sign
ed s
et o
f hea
lth in
sura
nce
cove
rage
que
stio
ns.
The
rede
sign
ed
inco
me
ques
tions
wer
e im
plem
ente
d to
a s
ubsa
mpl
e of
thes
e 98
,000
add
ress
es
usin
g a
prob
abili
ty s
plit
pane
l des
ign.
App
roxi
mat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
wer
e el
igib
le
to re
ceive
a s
et o
f inc
ome
ques
tions
sim
ilar t
o th
ose
used
in th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
an
d th
e re
mai
ning
30,
000
addr
esse
s w
ere
elig
ible
to re
ceive
the
rede
sign
ed in
com
e qu
estio
ns.
The
sour
ce o
f the
se 2
013
estim
ates
is th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sa
mpl
e w
hich
rece
ived
the
inco
me
ques
tions
con
sist
ent w
ith th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
, ap
prox
imat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
.
Nin
e pe
ople
or m
ore
Eig
ht p
eopl
eS
even
peo
ple
Poverty Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Percent
Non-Hispanic White
Hispanic (any race)
Asian
Black
55.1%
22.8%
16.1%
7.5%
Recession
21.4%
11.4% 9.1%
24.1%
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
15
Pove
rty
Rat
es b
y R
ace1 a
nd H
ispa
nic
Ori
gin:
195
9 to
201
5(P
erce
nt)
Rec
essi
ons
1959
22.4
NN
N55
.1N
NN
Nov
embe
r19
48O
ctob
er19
4919
6022
.2N
NN
NN
NN
July
1953
May
1954
1961
21.9
NN
NN
NN
NA
ugus
t19
57A
pril
1958
1962
21.0
NN
NN
NN
NA
pril
1960
Febr
uary
1961
1963
19.5
NN
NN
NN
ND
ecem
ber
1969
Nov
embe
r19
7019
6419
.0N
NN
NN
NN
Nov
embe
r19
73M
arch
1975
1965
17.3
NN
NN
NN
NJa
nuar
y19
80Ju
ly19
8019
6614
.7N
NN
41.8
NN
NJu
ly19
81N
ovem
ber
1982
1967
14.2
NN
N39
.3N
NN
July
1990
Mar
ch19
9119
6812
.8N
NN
34.7
NN
NM
arch
20
01N
ovem
ber
2001
1969
12.1
NN
N32
.2N
NN
Dec
embe
r20
07Ju
ne
2009
1970
12.6
NN
N33
.5N
NN
Sou
rce:
Nat
iona
l Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Res
earc
h19
7112
.5N
NN
32.5
NN
N
C
ambr
idge
, MA
021
3819
7211
.9N
NN
33.3
NN
22.8
<w
ww
.nbe
r.org
>19
7311
.1N
7.5
N31
.4N
N21
.919
7411
.2N
7.7
N30
.3N
N23
.019
7512
.3N
8.6
N31
.3N
N26
.919
7611
.8N
8.1
N31
.1N
N24
.719
7711
.6N
8.0
N31
.3N
N22
.419
7811
.4N
7.9
N30
.6N
N21
.619
7911
.7N
8.1
N31
.0N
N21
.819
8013
.0N
9.1
N32
.5N
N25
.719
8114
.0N
9.9
N34
.2N
N26
.519
8215
.0N
10.6
N35
.6N
N29
.919
8315
.2N
10.8
N35
.7N
N28
.019
8414
.4N
10.0
N33
.8N
N28
.419
8514
.0N
9.7
N31
.3N
N29
.019
8613
.6N
9.4
N31
.1N
N27
.319
8713
.4N
8.7
N32
.4N
16.1
28.0
1988
13.0
N8.
4N
31.3
N17
.326
.719
8912
.8N
8.3
N30
.7N
14.1
26.2
1990
13.5
N8.
8N
31.9
N12
.228
.119
9114
.2N
9.4
N32
.7N
13.8
28.7
1992
14.8
N9.
6N
33.4
N12
.729
.619
9315
.1N
9.9
N33
.1N
15.3
30.6
1994
14.5
N9.
4N
30.6
N14
.630
.719
9513
.8N
8.5
N29
.3N
14.6
30.3
1996
13.7
N8.
6N
28.4
N14
.529
.419
9713
.3N
8.6
N26
.5N
14.0
27.1
1998
12.7
N8.
2N
26.1
N12
.525
.6 1
9992
11.9
N7.
7N
23.6
N10
.722
.7 2
0003
11.3
N7.
4N
22.5
N9.
921
.520
0111
.7N
7.8
N22
.7N
10.2
21.4
2002
12.1
8.0
N24
.1N
10.1
N21
.820
0312
.58.
2N
24.4
N11
.8N
22.5
200
4412
.78.
7N
24.7
N9.
8N
21.9
2005
12.6
8.3
N24
.9N
11.1
N21
.820
0612
.38.
2N
24.3
N10
.3N
20.6
2007
12.5
8.2
N24
.5N
10.2
N21
.520
0813
.28.
6N
24.7
N11
.8N
23.2
2009
14.3
9.4
N25
.8N
12.5
N25
.3 2
0105
15.1
9.9
N27
.4N
12.2
N26
.5
2011
15.0
9.8
N27
.6N
12.3
N25
.3
2012
15.0
9.7
N27
.2N
11.7
N25
.6 2
0136
14.5
9.6
N27
.2N
10.5
N23
.5 2
0137
14.8
10.0
N25
.2N
13.1
N24
.720
1414
.810
.1N
26.2
N12
.0N
23.6
2015
13.5
9.1
N24
.1N
11.4
N21
.4
N
Not
ava
ilabl
e.
pop
ulat
ion
for 2
002
to p
rese
nt.
For e
xam
ple
Whi
te a
lone
refe
rs to
peo
ple
who
repo
rted
Whi
te a
nd d
id n
ot re
port
any
othe
r ra
ce c
ateg
ory.
For
200
1 an
d ea
rlier
yea
rs, t
he C
PS
allo
wed
resp
onde
nts
to re
port
only
one
race
gro
up.
2 Con
sist
ent w
ith 2
001
data
thro
ugh
impl
emen
tatio
n of
Cen
sus
2000
-bas
ed p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
ls.
3 Con
sist
ent w
ith 2
001
data
thro
ugh
impl
emen
tatio
n of
Cen
sus
2000
-bas
ed p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
ls a
nd a
28,
000
hous
ehol
d sa
mpl
e ex
pans
ion.
4 CP
S 2
005
AS
EC
file
(200
4 da
ta) w
as c
orre
cted
afte
r the
rele
ase
of th
e 20
04 In
com
e, P
over
ty a
nd H
ealth
I
nsur
ance
repo
rt du
e to
adj
ustm
ents
to th
e w
eigh
ts.
5 Con
sist
ent w
ith 2
011
data
thro
ugh
impl
emen
tatio
n of
Cen
sus
2010
-bas
ed p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
ls.
Sup
plem
ents
. Fo
r inf
orm
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
<w
ww
2.ce
nsus
.gov
/pro
gram
s-su
rvey
s/cp
s/te
chdo
cs/c
psm
ar16
>.
Yea
rY
ear
Bla
ckY
ear
Trou
gh m
onth
Pea
k m
onth
Whi
te, n
ot
His
pani
cW
hite
alo
ne,
not H
ispa
nic
All
race
sB
lack
alo
neA
sian
alo
neA
sian
and
P
acifi
c Is
land
er
His
pani
c (a
ny ra
ce)
6 The
2014
CP
S A
SE
C in
clud
ed re
desi
gned
que
stio
ns fo
r inc
ome
and
heal
th in
sura
nce
cove
rage
. A
ll of
the
appr
oxim
atel
y 98
,000
add
ress
es w
ere
elig
ible
to
rece
ive th
e re
desi
gned
set
of h
ealth
insu
ranc
e co
vera
ge q
uest
ions
. Th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
wer
e im
plem
ente
d to
a s
ubsa
mpl
e of
thes
e 98
,000
ad
dres
ses
usin
g a
prob
abili
ty s
plit
pane
l des
ign.
App
roxi
mat
ely
68,0
00 a
ddre
sses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive a
set
of i
ncom
e qu
estio
ns s
imila
r to
thos
e us
ed in
th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
and
the
rem
aini
ng 3
0,00
0 ad
dres
ses
wer
e el
igib
le to
rece
ive th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
. Th
e so
urce
of t
hese
201
3 es
timat
es is
th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sam
ple
whi
ch re
ceive
d th
e in
com
e qu
estio
ns c
onsi
sten
t with
the
2013
CP
S A
SE
C, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 68
,000
add
ress
es.
7 The
sour
ce o
f the
se 2
013
estim
ates
is th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sam
ple
whi
ch re
ceive
d th
e re
desi
gned
inco
me
ques
tions
, app
roxi
mat
ely
30,0
00
addr
esse
s.
1 Sta
rting
with
the
2003
CP
S, r
espo
nden
ts w
ere
allo
wed
to c
hoos
e m
ore
than
one
race
. Th
is ta
ble
pres
ents
the
sing
le-ra
ce
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
196
0 to
201
6 A
nnua
l Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2015
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Percent
18 to 64 years
Under 18 years
17.0%
27.3%
35.2%
65 years and older
Recession
19.7%
12.4% 8.8%
Note: The data for 2013 and beyond reflect the implementation of the redesigned income questions. Data for people aged 18 to 64 and 65 and older are not available from 1960 to 1965. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
16
Pove
rty
Rat
es b
y A
ge: 1
959
to 2
015
(Per
cent
)
1959
27.3
17.0
35.2
1988
19.5
10.5
12.0
Nov
embe
r19
48O
ctob
er19
4919
6026
.9N
N19
8919
.610
.211
.4Ju
ly19
53M
ay19
5419
6125
.6N
N19
9020
.610
.712
.2A
ugus
t19
57A
pril
1958
1962
25.0
NN
1991
21.8
11.4
12.4
Apr
il19
60Fe
brua
ry19
6119
6323
.1N
N19
9222
.311
.912
.9D
ecem
ber
1969
Nov
embe
r19
7019
6423
.0N
N19
9322
.712
.412
.2N
ovem
ber
1973
Mar
ch19
7519
6521
.0N
N19
9421
.811
.911
.7Ja
nuar
y19
80Ju
ly19
8019
6617
.610
.528
.519
9520
.811
.410
.5Ju
ly19
81N
ovem
ber
1982
1967
16.6
10.0
29.5
1996
20.5
11.4
10.8
July
1990
Mar
ch19
9119
6815
.69.
025
.019
9719
.910
.910
.5M
arch
20
01N
ovem
ber
2001
1969
14.0
8.7
25.3
1998
18.9
10.5
10.5
Dec
embe
r20
07Ju
ne20
09
1970
15.1
9.0
24.6
199
9117
.110
.19.
7S
ourc
e: N
atio
nal B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic R
esea
rch
1971
15.3
9.3
21.6
200
0216
.29.
69.
9
C
ambr
idge
, MA
021
3819
7215
.18.
818
.620
0116
.310
.110
.1
<w
ww
.nbe
r.org
>19
7314
.48.
316
.320
0216
.710
.610
.419
7415
.48.
314
.620
0317
.610
.810
.219
7517
.19.
215
.3
2
0043
17.8
11.3
9.8
1976
16.0
9.0
15.0
2005
17.6
11.1
10.1
1977
16.2
8.8
14.1
2006
17.4
10.8
9.4
1978
15.9
8.7
14.0
2007
18.0
10.9
9.7
1979
16.4
8.9
15.2
2008
19.0
11.7
9.7
1980
18.3
10.1
15.7
2009
20.7
12.9
8.9
1981
20.0
11.1
15.3
201
0422
.013
.88.
919
8221
.912
.014
.620
1121
.913
.78.
719
8322
.312
.413
.820
1221
.813
.79.
119
8421
.511
.712
.4
2
0135
19.9
13.6
9.5
1985
20.7
11.3
12.6
201
3621
.513
.310
.219
8620
.510
.812
.420
1421
.113
.510
.019
8720
.310
.612
.520
1519
.712
.48.
8
N
Not
ava
ilabl
e.1 C
onsi
sten
t with
200
1 da
ta th
roug
h im
plem
enta
tion
of C
ensu
s 20
00-b
ased
pop
ulat
ion
cont
rols
.2 C
onsi
sten
t with
200
1 da
ta th
roug
h im
plem
enta
tion
of C
ensu
s 20
00-b
ased
pop
ulat
ion
cont
rols
and
a
28,
000
hous
ehol
d sa
mpl
e ex
pans
ion.
3 CP
S 2
005
AS
EC
file
(200
4 da
ta) w
as c
orre
cted
afte
r the
rele
ase
of th
e 20
04 In
com
e, P
over
ty
and
Hea
lth In
sura
nce
repo
rt du
e to
adj
ustm
ents
to th
e w
eigh
ts.
4 Con
sist
ent w
ith 2
011
data
thro
ugh
impl
emen
tatio
n of
Cen
sus
2010
-bas
ed p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
ls.
Sou
rce:
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
196
0 to
201
6 A
nnua
l Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
S
uppl
emen
ts.
For i
nfor
mat
ion
on c
onfid
entia
lity
prot
ectio
n, s
ampl
ing
erro
r, no
nsam
plin
ger
ror,
and
defin
ition
s, s
ee <
ww
w2.
cens
us.g
ov/p
rogr
ams-
surv
eys/
cps/
tech
docs
/cps
mar
16.p
df>.
Rec
essi
ons
Yea
rTr
ough
mon
thY
ear
Pea
k m
onth
5 The
2014
CP
S A
SE
C in
clud
ed re
desi
gned
que
stio
ns fo
r inc
ome
and
heal
th in
sura
nce
cove
rage
. A
ll of
the
appr
oxim
atel
y 98
,000
add
ress
es w
ere
elig
ible
to re
ceive
the
rede
sign
ed s
et o
f hea
lth in
sura
nce
cove
rage
qu
estio
ns.
The
rede
sign
ed in
com
e qu
estio
ns w
ere
impl
emen
ted
to a
sub
sam
ple
of th
ese
98,0
00 a
ddre
sses
us
ing
a pr
obab
ility
spl
it pa
nel d
esig
n. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 68
,000
add
ress
es w
ere
elig
ible
to re
ceive
a s
et o
f inc
ome
ques
tions
sim
ilar t
o th
ose
used
in th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
and
the
rem
aini
ng 3
0,00
0 ad
dres
ses
wer
e el
igib
le to
re
ceive
the
rede
sign
ed in
com
e qu
estio
ns.
The
sour
ce o
f the
se 2
013
estim
ates
is th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sa
mpl
e w
hich
rece
ived
the
inco
me
ques
tions
con
sist
ent w
ith th
e 20
13 C
PS
AS
EC
, app
roxi
mat
ely
68,0
00
addr
esse
s.
6 The
sour
ce o
f the
se 2
013
estim
ates
is th
e po
rtion
of t
he C
PS
AS
EC
sam
ple
whi
ch re
ceive
d th
e re
desi
gned
in
com
e qu
estio
ns, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
,000
add
ress
es.
Yea
rY
ear
65 y
ears
an
d ov
er18
to 6
4 ye
ars
Und
er 1
8 ye
ars
of
age
65 y
ears
an
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er18
to 6
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ars
Und
er 1
8 ye
ars
of
age
Poverty Rates by Age and Sex: 2015
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
Under 18 years 18 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 65 years andolder
Male FemalePercent
-5.3 percentage points
-6.1 percentage
points -4.3 percentage
points -2.1
percentage points
-1.7 percentage
points
No significant difference
-3.3 percentage
points
Age Group Male Female
Percentage point change (Male
minus Female)
Under 18 years 19.5 19.9 -0.318 to 24 16.4 21.7 *-5.325 to 34 9.9 16.0 *-6.134 to 44 9.8 14.1 *-4.145 to 54 9.4 10.5 *-2.155 to 59 9.0 10.7 *-1.765 years and older 7.0 10.3 *-3.3
Supplements. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsamplingerror, and definitions, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic
Poverty Rates by Age and Sex: 2015
*Changes between the male and female estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
Observations from the Interagency Technical Working Group • Will not replace the official
poverty measure • Will not be used for resource
allocation or program eligibility • Census Bureau and Bureau of
Labor Statistics responsible for improving and updating the measure
• Continued research and improvement
• Based on National Academy of Sciences panel 1995 recommendations
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. www2.census.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-258.html
Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM)
18
Supplemental Poverty Measure Thresholds and Resources
Source: U.S. Census Bureau www.census.gov/library/infographics/poverty_measure-how.html
Official poverty
measure
Owners with a
mortgage
Owners without a mortgage
Renters
19
$24,036
$25,930
$21,806
$25,583
Source: Official Poverty Thresholds, www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/threshld/index.html, Supplemental Poverty Measure Thresholds, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), www.bls.gov/pir/spmhome.htm.
Official poverty
measure
Owners with a
mortgage
Owners without a mortgage
Renters
Supplemental Poverty Measure Thresholds
Official and SPM Thresholds for Units with Two Children, Two Adults: 2015
Comparison of SPM Poverty Estimates: 2014 and 2015
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
15.3 15.0 14.4 14.3 13.8 13.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
All People Under 18 years 18 to 64years
65 years andolder
No significant difference
Percent 2015 2014
20
(Percent)
Characteristic 2014 2015
All People 15.3% 14.3%Under 18 years 16.7% 16.1%18 to 64 years 15.0% 13.8%65 years and older 14.4% 13.7%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and EconomicSupplement. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/prod/techdoc/cps/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Comparison of SPM Poverty Estimates: 2014 and 2015
Comparison of SPM and Official Poverty Estimates: 2015
*Includes unrelated individuals under age 15. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
13.7
20.1
12.4
8.8
14.3 16.1
13.8 13.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
All People Under 18 years 18 to 64years
65 years andolder
Percent SPM Official*
21
(Percent)
Characteristic Official* SPM
All People 13.7% 14.3%Under 18 years 20.1% 16.1%18 to 64 years 12.4% 13.8%65 years and older 8.8% 13.7%
*Includes unrelated individuals under age 15.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and EconomicSupplement. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/prod/techdoc/cps/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Comparison of SPM and Official Poverty Estimates: 2015
Change in Number of People in Poverty After Including Each Element: 2015 (In millions)
-9.2 -4.6
-3.3 -2.5
-1.4 -1.3 -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2
1.4 4.8 5.6
-35 -25 -15 -5 5 15
Social SecurityRefundable tax credits
SNAPSSI
Housing subsidiesChild support received
School lunchTANF/general assistanceUnemployment insurance
Workers' compensationWIC
LIHEAPChild support paid
Federal income taxFICA
Work expensesMedical expenses
Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and over
-26.6
0.3
22
11.2
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
Program Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and over All AgesSocial Security -1.6 -7.9 -17.1 -26.6Refundable tax credits -4.8 -4.3 -0.1 -9.2SNAP -2.0 -2.2 -0.4 -4.6SSI -0.6 -2.1 -0.6 -3.3Housing subsidies -0.9 -1.2 -0.5 -2.5Child support received -0.8 -0.6 0.0 -1.4School lunch -0.7 -0.5 0.0 -1.3TANF/general assistance -0.4 -0.3 0.0 -0.7Unemployment insurance -0.2 -0.4 0.0 -0.6Workers' compensation -0.1 -0.2 0.0 -0.4WIC -0.2 -0.2 0.0 -0.4LIHEAP -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0.2Child support paid 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3Federal income tax 0.3 1.1 0.1 1.4FICA 1.5 3.1 0.2 4.8Work expenses 1.8 3.6 0.2 5.6Medical expenses 2.5 6.0 2.7 11.2Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 Annual Social and EconomicSupplement. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <www.census.gov/prod/techdoc/cps/cpsmar15.pdf>.
Change in Number of People in Poverty After Including Each Element: 2015 (in millions)
Changes in the rate of health insurance coverage reflect:
• Economic trends
• Demographic shifts
• Policy changes, such as the Affordable Care Act (ACA)
23
Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage: 2015
*Military health care includes TRICARE and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs) as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
24
9.1
90.9
67.2
55.7
16.3
37.1
16.3
19.6
4.7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Uninsured
With health insurance
Any private plan
Employment-based
Direct-purchase
Any government plan
Medicare
Medicaid
Military health care*
Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage: 2015
Uninsured 9.1With health insurance 90.9
Any Private Plan 67.2 Employment-based 55.7 Direct-purchase 16.3
Any Government Plan 37.1 Medicare 16.3 Medicaid 19.6 Military Health Care1 4.7
1Military health care includes TRICARE and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
Type of Health Insurance 2015
Change in Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage: 2014 to 2015
No statistical change between years. *Military health care includes TRICARE and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs) as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014, 2015, and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Uninsured
With health insurance
Any private plan
Employment-based
Direct-purchase
Any government plan
Medicare
Medicaid
Military health care*
25
Change in Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage: 2014 to 2015
Uninsured 10.4 9.1 *-1.3With health insurance 89.6 90.9 *1.3
Any Private Plan 66.0 67.2 *1.2Employment-based 55.4 55.7 0.3Direct-purchase 14.6 16.3 *1.7
Any Government Plan 36.5 37.1 *0.6Medicare 16.0 16.3 *0.3Medicaid 19.5 19.6 0.1Military Health Care1 4.5 4.7 0.2
1Military health care includes TRICARE and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Z Represents or rounds to zero.*Changes between the estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
Type of Health Insurance 2014 2015
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2014)
Change in Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage: 2013 to 2015
Uninsured
With health insurance
Any private plan
Employment-based
Direct-purchase
Any government plan
Medicare
Medicaid
Military health care*
26
No statistical change between years. *Military health care includes TRICARE and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs) as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014, 2015, and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Change in Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage: 2013 to 2015
Uninsured 13.3 10.4 9.1 *-1.3 *-4.3With health insurance 86.7 89.6 90.9 *1.3 *4.3
Any Private Plan 64.1 66.0 67.2 *1.2 *3.0Employment-based 55.7 55.4 55.7 0.3 ZDirect-purchase 11.4 14.6 16.3 *1.7 *4.9
Any Government Plan 34.6 36.5 37.1 *0.6 *2.6Medicare 15.6 16.0 16.3 *0.3 *0.6Medicaid 17.5 19.5 19.6 0.1 *2.0Military Health Care1 4.5 4.5 4.7 0.2 0.2
1Military health care includes TRICARE and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014, 2015, and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Z Represents or rounds to zero.
Type of Health Insurance 2013 2014
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2013)
*Changes between the estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
2015
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2014)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014, and 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
Uninsured Rate by Single Year of Age: 2013 to 2015
27
Percent
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 7575+
2013
2014 2015
Age
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150
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954
15.3
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5.7
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15.5
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156
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357
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758
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559
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5.5
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560
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161
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Uninsured Rate by Household Income: 2014 and 2015
Percent 2015 2014
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Less than $25,000 $25,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more
-1.7 percentage points -1.6 percentage
points
-1.1 percentage points -0.7 percentage
points -0.8 percentage
points
Uninsured Rate by Household Income: 2014 and 2015
Less than $25,000 16.6 14.8 *-1.7$25,000 to $49,999 14.1 12.5 *-1.6$50,000 to $74,999 10.7 9.6 *-1.1$75,000 to $99,999 8.0 7.3 *-0.7$100,000 or more 5.3 4.5 *-0.8
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Household Income 2014 2015
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2014)
*Changes between the 2014 and 2015 estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
Uninsured Rate by Work Experience, Ages 19 to 64 Years: 2014 and 2015
Percent 2015 2014
29
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Worked full-time, year-round Less than full-time, year-round Did not work at least one week
-1.3 percentage points
-2.3 percentage points
-2.0 percentage points
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
(Non-workers)
Uninsured Rate by Work Experience, Ages 19 to 64 Years: 2014 and 2015
Worked full time, year round 11.2 9.9 *-1.3Worked less than full time, year round 18.1 15.8 *-2.3Nonworkers 17.7 15.8 *-2.0
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Work Experience 2014 2015
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2014)
*Changes between the 2014 and 2015 estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
Uninsured Rate by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2014 and 2015
Percent 2015 2014
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
White, not Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic
No significant difference -1.9 percentage
points
-3.6 percentage points
-0.9 percentage points
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Uninsured Rate by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2014 and 2015
White, not Hispanic 7.6 6.7 *-0.9Black 11.8 11.1 -0.7Asian 9.3 7.5 *-1.9Hispanic (any race) 19.9 16.2 *-3.6
Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. This chart shows data using the race-alone concept.For example, Asian refers to people who reported Asian and no other race.
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Race and Hispanic Origin 2014 2015
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2014)
*Changes between the 2014 and 2015 estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
31
Uninsured Rate by State: 2013
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013 1-Year American Community Survey.
Uninsured Rate by State: 2013
United States 14.5 Missouri 13.0
Alabama 13.6 Montana 16.5
Alaska 18.5 Nebraska 11.3
Arizona 17.1 Nevada 20.7
Arkansas 16.0 New Hampshire 10.7
California 17.2 New Jersey 13.2
Colorado 14.1 New Mexico 18.6
Connecticut 9.4 New York 10.7
Delaware 9.1 North Carolina 15.6
District of Columbia 6.7 North Dakota 10.4
Florida 20.0 Ohio 11.0
Georgia 18.8 Oklahoma 17.7
Hawaii 6.7 Oregon 14.7
Idaho 16.2 Pennsylvania 9.7
Illinois 12.7 Rhode Island 11.6
Indiana 14.0 South Carolina 15.8
Iowa 8.1 South Dakota 11.3
Kansas 12.3 Tennessee 13.9
Kentucky 14.3 Texas 22.1
Louisiana 16.6 Utah 14.0
Maine 11.2 Vermont 7.2
Maryland 10.2 Virginia 12.3
Massachusetts 3.7 Washington 14.0
Michigan 11.0 West Virginia 14.0
Minnesota 8.2 Wisconsin 9.1
Mississippi 17.1 Wyoming 13.4
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013 1-Year American Community Survey.
State Percent Uninsured
State Percent Uninsured
Uninsured Rate by State: 2014
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014 1-Year American Community Survey. 31
Uninsured Rate by State: 2014
United States 11.7 Missouri 11.7
Alabama 12.1 Montana 14.2
Alaska 17.2 Nebraska 9.7
Arizona 13.6 Nevada 15.2
Arkansas 11.8 New Hampshire 9.2
California 12.4 New Jersey 10.9
Colorado 10.3 New Mexico 14.5
Connecticut 6.9 New York 8.7
Delaware 7.8 North Carolina 13.1
District of Columbia 5.3 North Dakota 7.9
Florida 16.6 Ohio 8.4
Georgia 15.8 Oklahoma 15.4
Hawaii 5.3 Oregon 9.7
Idaho 13.6 Pennsylvania 8.5
Illinois 9.7 Rhode Island 7.4
Indiana 11.9 South Carolina 13.6
Iowa 6.2 South Dakota 9.8
Kansas 10.2 Tennessee 12.0
Kentucky 8.5 Texas 19.1
Louisiana 14.8 Utah 12.5
Maine 10.1 Vermont 5.0
Maryland 7.9 Virginia 10.9
Massachusetts 3.3 Washington 9.2
Michigan 8.5 West Virginia 8.6
Minnesota 5.9 Wisconsin 7.3
Mississippi 14.5 Wyoming 12.0
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014 1-Year American Community Survey.
State Percent Uninsured
State Percent Uninsured
Uninsured Rate by State: 2015
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 1-Year American Community Survey. 31
Uninsured Rate by State: 2015
United States 9.4 Missouri 9.8Alabama 10.1 Montana 11.6
Alaska 14.9 Nebraska 8.2Arizona 10.8 Nevada 12.3
Arkansas 9.5 New Hampshire 6.3California 8.6 New Jersey 8.7Colorado 8.1 New Mexico 10.9
Connecticut 6.0 New York 7.1Delaware 5.9 North Carolina 11.2
District of Columbia 3.8 North Dakota 7.8Florida 13.3 Ohio 6.5
Georgia 13.9 Oklahoma 13.9Hawaii 4.0 Oregon 7.0Idaho 11.0 Pennsylvania 6.4
Illinois 7.1 Rhode Island 5.7Indiana 9.6 South Carolina 10.9
Iowa 5.0 South Dakota 10.2Kansas 9.1 Tennessee 10.3
Kentucky 6.0 Texas 17.1Louisiana 11.9 Utah 10.5
Maine 8.4 Vermont 3.8Maryland 6.6 Virginia 9.1
Massachusetts 2.8 Washington 6.6Michigan 6.1 West Virginia 6.0
Minnesota 4.5 Wisconsin 5.7Mississippi 12.7 Wyoming 11.5
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 1-Year American Community Survey.
State Percent Uninsured
State Percent Uninsured
Uninsured Rate by State and Medicaid Expansion Status: 2015
32 *Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2015. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 1-Year American Community Survey.
Uninsured Rate by State and Medicaid Expansion Status: 2015
Alabama No Montana No
Alaska No Nebraska No
Arizona Yes Nevada Yes
Arkansas Yes New Hampshire 2Yes
California Yes New Jersey Yes
Colorado Yes New Mexico Yes
Connecticut Yes New York Yes
Delaware Yes North Carolina No
District of Columbia Yes North Dakota Yes
Florida No Ohio Yes
Georgia No Oklahoma No
Hawaii Yes Oregon Yes
Idaho No Pennsylvania 2Yes
Illinois Yes Rhode Island Yes
Indiana No South Carolina No
Iowa Yes South Dakota No
Kansas No Tennessee No
Kentucky Yes Texas No
Louisiana No Utah No
Maine No Vermont Yes
Maryland Yes Virginia No
Massachusetts Yes Washington Yes
Michigan 2Yes West Virginia Yes
Minnesota Yes Wisconsin No
Mississippi No Wyoming No
Missouri No
2Expanded Medicaid eligibility between January 1, 2014, and January 1, 2015.For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 1-Year American Community Survey.
StateMedicaid
Expansion State?1
StateMedicaid
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1Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2015. For more information, see <www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-State/By-State.html>.
Decrease in Uninsured Rate for Expansion States: 2013 to 2015
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014, and 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys. 33
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Decrease in Uninsured Rate for Non-Expansion States: 2013 to 2015
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014, and 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys. 34
0
Decrease in Uninsured Rate for Non-Expansion States: 2013 to 2015
United States 14.5 11.7 9.4 *-2.3 *-5.1
Alabama 13.6 12.1 10.1 *-2.0 *-3.4
Alaska 18.5 17.2 14.9 *-2.3 *-3.7
Florida 20.0 16.6 13.3 *-3.2 *-6.7
Georgia 18.8 15.8 13.9 *-2.0 *-5.0
Idaho 16.2 13.6 11.0 *-2.5 *-5.1
Indiana 14.0 11.9 9.6 *-2.3 *-4.3
Kansas 12.3 10.2 9.1 *-1.1 *-3.1
Louisiana 16.6 14.8 11.9 *-2.8 *-4.7
Maine 11.2 10.1 8.4 *-1.7 *-2.8
Mississippi 17.1 14.5 12.7 *-1.8 *-4.4
Missouri 13.0 11.7 9.8 *-1.9 *-3.3
Montana 16.5 14.2 11.6 *-2.6 *-4.8
Nebraska 11.3 9.7 8.2 *-1.4 *-3.1
North Carolina 15.6 13.1 11.2 *-1.9 *-4.5
Oklahoma 17.7 15.4 13.9 *-1.5 *-3.8
South Carolina 15.8 13.6 10.9 *-2.7 *-4.9
South Dakota 11.3 9.8 10.2 0.4 *-1.1
Tennessee 13.9 12.0 10.3 *-1.8 *-3.6
Texas 22.1 19.1 17.1 *-2.0 *-5.0
Utah 14.0 12.5 10.5 *-2.1 *-3.5
Virginia 12.3 10.9 9.1 *-1.7 *-3.2
Wisconsin 9.1 7.3 5.7 *-1.7 *-3.5
Wyoming 13.4 12.0 11.5 -0.4 *-1.9
*Changes between the estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014, and 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
Decrease in Uninsured
(2015 minus 2013)
1Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2015. For more information, see <www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-State/By-State.html>.For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey,
Non-Expansion State1 2013 2014 2015
Decrease in Uninsured
(2015 minus 2014)
Percent
Uninsured Rate by Poverty Status and Medicaid Expansion of State for Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years:
2013 to 2015 Expansion states* Non-expansion states*
35
0
5
10
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Below 100%of poverty
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poverty
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Below 100%of poverty
Between 100%and 399% of
poverty
At or above400% of poverty
2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015
*Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2015. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013 , 2014, and 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
Uninsured Rate by Poverty Status and Medicaid Expansion of State for Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years: 2013 to 2015
Below 100 percent of poverty 34.1 25.4 18.8 *-6.7 *-15.3 45.5 40.7 36.5 *-4.2 *-9.0Between 100 and 300 percent of poverty 24.5 18.4 14.1 *-4.3 *-10.4 28.4 24.3 21.1 *-3.2 *-7.4At or above 400 percent of poverty 6.2 4.7 3.7 *-1.0 *-2.5 7.8 6.3 5.5 *-0.8 *-2.3
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
1Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2015.
Income-to-Poverty Ratio
Expansion states1 Non-expansion states1
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2013)
2014 20142013 2013
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2013)
2015
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2014)
2015
Percentage point change (2015 minus
2014)
*Changes between the estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.
• Median household income for the nation was $56,500 in 2015, an increase in real terms of 5.2 percent from the 2014 median of $53,700.
• The official poverty rate in 2015 was 13.5 percent, down 1.2 percentage points from 2014. In 2015, there were 43.1 million people in poverty, 3.5 million fewer than in 2014.
• The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) rate in 2015 was 14.3 percent, 1 percentage point lower than the SPM estimate for 2014.
• The percentage of people without health insurance coverage for the entire calendar year was 9.1 percent, or 29.0 million people. This was a decrease of 1.3 percentage points from the previous year.
Highlights
Income rounded to nearest $100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
36
Questions?
Dial-in number: 877-917-4904 Participant passcode: 4044808
37
American Community Survey (ACS) September 15 ACS One-Year Estimates (2015)
December 8 ACS Five-Year Estimates (2011-2015)
Other Releases December Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates: 2015
Upcoming Releases
38
39
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