the importance of radioactive sources for the origin of ... · if a system in equilibrium is...

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Thiago Altair, Marcio G. B. de Avellar, Fabio Rodrigues, Douglas Galante The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of Life and the Habitability of Icy Moons in the Solar System AstrobiON / October 2018 Environmental and Planetary Sciences 1 [email protected]

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Page 1: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Thiago Altair, Marcio G. B. de Avellar, Fabio Rodrigues, Douglas Galante

The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of Life and the Habitability of Icy

Moons in the Solar System

AstrobiON / October 2018

Environmental and Planetary Sciences

!1

[email protected]

Page 2: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

BiosignaturesDetection and characterization of life

Page 3: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

BiosignaturesDetection and characterization of life

Molecular

Page 4: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

BiosignaturesDetection and characterization of life

Molecular

Mineral

Page 5: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

BiosignaturesDetection and characterization of life

Molecular

Mineral

Morphological

Page 6: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

BiosignaturesDetection and characterization of life

Molecular

Mineral

Morphological

How did this all begin?

Page 7: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Some very old forms of life...

3

1 µm

Mink Mountain Gunflint chert

Page 8: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Vida ?

Page 9: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,
Page 10: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Life’s building blocks

Page 11: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Life’s building blocks

Page 12: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Life’s building blocksWater

Nucleic acids

Aminoacids

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Page 13: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Life’s building blocksWater

Nucleic acids

Aminoacids

Lipids

Carbohydrates

CHONPS

Page 14: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Life’s building blocksWater

Nucleic acids

Aminoacids

Lipids

Carbohydrates

CHONPS+ disequilibrium

Page 15: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,
Page 16: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Extraterrestrial life

Page 17: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,
Page 18: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Geological time

Page 19: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,
Page 20: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

A planet of bacteria

Page 21: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

A planet of bacteria

Page 22: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

A planet of bacteria

Page 23: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

SECO

Page 24: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

SECO

Extremophiles

Page 25: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

10

Page 26: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

10

Page 27: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

11

Page 28: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

11

Page 29: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

The deep environment of icy moons

12

Page 30: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

The deep environment of icy moons

12

Page 31: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

The deep environment of icy moons

12

Page 32: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

The deep environment of icy moons

12

Page 33: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

The deep environment of icy moons

12Galileo old data reanalysed (2018) ! Europa plumes!

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13

Page 35: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

13

Page 36: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

14

Europa Clipper / JUICE

Page 37: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Europa

15

Page 38: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Europa• Icy moons: We can find liquid water in abundance, mesophilic

temperatures. The oceans under the icy crusts may present biophilic environments.

15

Page 39: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Europa• Icy moons: We can find liquid water in abundance, mesophilic

temperatures. The oceans under the icy crusts may present biophilic environments.

• Exogenous and endogenous sources of energy

15

Page 40: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Europa• Icy moons: We can find liquid water in abundance, mesophilic

temperatures. The oceans under the icy crusts may present biophilic environments.

• Exogenous and endogenous sources of energy

• Source of biological energy: direct radiolysis of water by primordial radioactive elements accumulated in these moons in the beginning of the Solar System history.

15

Page 41: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Europa• Icy moons: We can find liquid water in abundance, mesophilic

temperatures. The oceans under the icy crusts may present biophilic environments.

• Exogenous and endogenous sources of energy

• Source of biological energy: direct radiolysis of water by primordial radioactive elements accumulated in these moons in the beginning of the Solar System history.

15

We perform a thermodynamic analysis to demonstrate that it would be possible to attain

enough chemical energy to sustain na extremophilic ecosystem.

Page 42: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Motivation: natural nuclear reactors

16

Page 43: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Motivation: natural nuclear reactors

3Gyr ! ~3% U235

Oklo

16

Page 44: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Motivation: natural nuclear reactors

3Gyr ! ~3% U235

Oklo

16

Page 45: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Water radiolysis

thorianite

uraninite

17

Page 46: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Water radiolysis

thorianite

uraninite

17

α

γ

β

Page 47: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Water radiolysis

thorianite

uraninite

17

α

γ

β

Page 48: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Water radiolysis

𝐹𝑒𝑆2 + 4𝐻𝑂• → 𝐹𝑒2+ + 𝑆 + 𝑆𝑂−24 + 2𝐻2

thorianite

uraninite

17

α

γ

β

Page 49: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Sulfate biochemistry

4𝐻2 + 𝐻+ + 𝑆𝑂2−4 → 𝐻𝑆− + 4𝐻2𝑂

Desulfovibrio vulgaris

18

Page 50: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

19

A special extremophile

Page 51: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

• Mponeng gold mine in South Africa

19

A special extremophile

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• Mponeng gold mine in South Africa

• 2.8 km deep

19

A special extremophile

Page 53: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

• Mponeng gold mine in South Africa

• 2.8 km deep• Gram positive sulfate-

reducing bacterium

19

A special extremophile

Page 54: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

• Mponeng gold mine in South Africa

• 2.8 km deep• Gram positive sulfate-

reducing bacterium• Carbon and nitrogen fixation

19

A special extremophile

Page 55: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

• Mponeng gold mine in South Africa

• 2.8 km deep• Gram positive sulfate-

reducing bacterium• Carbon and nitrogen fixation• 60 °C and pH of 9.3

19

A special extremophile

Page 56: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

• Mponeng gold mine in South Africa

• 2.8 km deep• Gram positive sulfate-

reducing bacterium• Carbon and nitrogen fixation• 60 °C and pH of 9.3• Single species ecosystem

19

A special extremophile

Page 57: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

• Mponeng gold mine in South Africa

• 2.8 km deep• Gram positive sulfate-

reducing bacterium• Carbon and nitrogen fixation• 60 °C and pH of 9.3• Single species ecosystem• Radiophilic (?!) bacteria

19

A special extremophile

Page 58: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

• Mponeng gold mine in South Africa

• 2.8 km deep• Gram positive sulfate-

reducing bacterium• Carbon and nitrogen fixation• 60 °C and pH of 9.3• Single species ecosystem• Radiophilic (?!) bacteria

19

Julio Verne’s Journey to the Center of the Earth

Descende, audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges (Descend, bold traveller, and you will attain the center of the Earth)

A special extremophile

Page 59: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

• Mponeng gold mine in South Africa

• 2.8 km deep• Gram positive sulfate-

reducing bacterium• Carbon and nitrogen fixation• 60 °C and pH of 9.3• Single species ecosystem• Radiophilic (?!) bacteria

19

Julio Verne’s Journey to the Center of the Earth

Descende, audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges (Descend, bold traveller, and you will attain the center of the Earth)

A special extremophile

A survivor from the LHB?

Page 60: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

20

D.Audaxviator metabolism

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A simplified metabolism

21

Page 62: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Radiolysis modelling for Europa

22

Page 63: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Radiolysis modelling for Europa

22

1) Metabolism of Desulforudis audaxviator

2) 238U, 232Th, 40K abudances for radiolysis

3) Experimental rate of production of SO42− via oxidation of

pyrite

! Europan deep ecosystem carrying capacity

(⋆) Here we are exploring an internal souce for SO42−, not

exogenous.

Page 64: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Radiolysis modelling for Europa

23

The rate of production of this anion via radiolysis is given by

Where

• Gs = 2.1 × 10−9 mol/m2/(J/kg) (experimental value) is the efficiency of the sulfate production via radiolysis ;

• Di =EiλiciNaA−1 [J/kg/year] is the radiation dose rate for the various species i;

• E [J /decay ] is the energy per decay corrected by neutrino loss ; • λ = 1/t1/2 [decay /year ] is the decay constant; • c [ppm] is the concentration of the radioactive element ; • Na = 6.022 × 1023 is the Avogadro’s number ; •  A [g/mol] is the atomic mass

𝒀 = ∑𝒊

𝑫𝒊 × 𝑮𝒔

Page 65: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Radiolysis modelling for Europa

23

The rate of production of this anion via radiolysis is given by

Where

• Gs = 2.1 × 10−9 mol/m2/(J/kg) (experimental value) is the efficiency of the sulfate production via radiolysis ;

• Di =EiλiciNaA−1 [J/kg/year] is the radiation dose rate for the various species i;

• E [J /decay ] is the energy per decay corrected by neutrino loss ; • λ = 1/t1/2 [decay /year ] is the decay constant; • c [ppm] is the concentration of the radioactive element ; • Na = 6.022 × 1023 is the Avogadro’s number ; •  A [g/mol] is the atomic mass

𝒀 = ∑𝒊

𝑫𝒊 × 𝑮𝒔

The annual production of radiolitic sulfate is given by Ps = Ys × Spy, where Spy [m2/kgrock] is the surface area of pyrite per kilogram of sedimentary rock.

Page 66: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Results

24

Our numbers are :

• 0.056 to 15 ppm of 232Th ; • 0.016 to 271 ppm of 238U ; • 380 to 3800 ppm of 40K;

*we assumed pyrite concentration of 5 wt.% and pyrite surface area of 1.13m2/kgrock

Page 67: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Results

24

Our numbers are :

• 0.056 to 15 ppm of 232Th ; • 0.016 to 271 ppm of 238U ; • 380 to 3800 ppm of 40K;

*we assumed pyrite concentration of 5 wt.% and pyrite surface area of 1.13m2/kgrock

Europa?

Page 68: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Results

24

Our numbers are :

• 0.056 to 15 ppm of 232Th ; • 0.016 to 271 ppm of 238U ; • 380 to 3800 ppm of 40K;

*we assumed pyrite concentration of 5 wt.% and pyrite surface area of 1.13m2/kgrock

Our result is, then,

Ps = 0.82 − 8.2 nM/year,

which is of the same order or one order of magnitude greater than the minimum necessary for the survival of the D.audaxviator.

(⋆) Important remark : models for the origin, composition and evolution of the crust and ocean of Europa suggest the formation of pyrite-like materials, being these a major component.

Europa?

Page 69: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Close-packing modelGeological dependence of pyrite availability

Page 70: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Close-packing modelGeological dependence of pyrite availability

Page 71: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Close-packing modelGeological dependence of pyrite availability

Page 72: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Close-packing modelGeological dependence of pyrite availability

Type of aggregat

eGrain d(µm)

Spy(d) (m2.kg-1)

Clay 2 1.41×103

Silt10 2.83×102

60 4.71×101

Sand125 2.26×101

500 5.651000 2.83

Pebbles 10000 2.83×10-1

50000 5.65×10-2

Cobbles 100000 2.83×10-2

200000 1.41×10-2

Page 73: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Close-packing modelGeological dependence of pyrite availability

Page 74: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Close-packing modelGeological dependence of pyrite availability

Page 75: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Close-packing modelGeological dependence of pyrite availability

Page 76: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Close-packing modelGeological dependence of pyrite availability

Page 77: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

In summary

26

Page 78: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

In summary

26

• From calculation for Europa it is possilbe to provide at least as much energy as the necessary only by the γ decay of 40K since its abundance can be 10 times (or more) greater than that found on Earth oceans.

Page 79: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

In summary

26

• From calculation for Europa it is possilbe to provide at least as much energy as the necessary only by the γ decay of 40K since its abundance can be 10 times (or more) greater than that found on Earth oceans.

• This result makes Europa a propitious place for the development of an ecosystem that sustains simple forms of life like the sulphate-reducing bacteria Desulforudis audaxviator.

Page 80: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

In summary

26

• From calculation for Europa it is possilbe to provide at least as much energy as the necessary only by the γ decay of 40K since its abundance can be 10 times (or more) greater than that found on Earth oceans.

• This result makes Europa a propitious place for the development of an ecosystem that sustains simple forms of life like the sulphate-reducing bacteria Desulforudis audaxviator.

• Our results also make of Europa a good place for searches for extraterrestrial forms of life.

Page 81: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

In summary

26

• From calculation for Europa it is possilbe to provide at least as much energy as the necessary only by the γ decay of 40K since its abundance can be 10 times (or more) greater than that found on Earth oceans.

• This result makes Europa a propitious place for the development of an ecosystem that sustains simple forms of life like the sulphate-reducing bacteria Desulforudis audaxviator.

• Our results also make of Europa a good place for searches for extraterrestrial forms of life.

• Habitable zones extented to radioactive environments!

Page 82: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Fontes hidrotermais Origin of life?

Page 83: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Fontes hidrotermais Origin of life?

Page 84: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Fontes hidrotermais Origin of life?

Page 85: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Fontes hidrotermais Origin of life?

Page 86: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Fontes hidrotermais Origin of life?

Page 87: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Fontes hidrotermais Origin of life?

Page 88: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Sphere in movement

Example of equilibrium

Page 89: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Sphere in movement

Example of equilibrium

Page 90: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Sphere in movement

Example of equilibrium

Out of equilibrium

Page 91: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Example of equilibrium

Out of equilibrium

Page 92: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Example of equilibrium

Out of equilibrium

Page 93: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Example of equilibrium

Out of equilibrium

Page 94: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Example of equilibrium

Out of equilibrium

Page 95: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Example of equilibrium

Out of equilibrium

Page 96: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Example of equilibrium

Page 97: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Example of equilibrium

In equilibrium

Page 98: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Static equilibrium

Example of equilibrium

In equilibrium

Page 99: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

In summary...Reactants Products

Page 100: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

In summary...Reactants Products

Chemical equilibrium

Page 101: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

In summary...Reactants Products

Chemical equilibrium

Important: From thermodynamics, the chemical equilibrium will only happen when the procces is not sponteneous in any direction!

Page 102: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes, the system will move its equilibrium position in a way to balance the effects of perturbation.

Le Chatêlier principle

Henry Louis Le Chatêlier (1850-1936)

Químico francês

Page 103: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Lost Cityhydrothermal system

• Off-axis mid-ocean rige

• Moderate temperatures (~60 - 120oC)

• High pH (10): strong gradient

• Source of H2 and CH4

• Fe and S available • Microenvironment and

compartimentalization

37

Page 104: The Importance of Radioactive Sources for the Origin of ... · If a system in equilibrium is disturbed by an alteration on concentration, temperature or pressure of one of its componentes,

Lost Cityhydrothermal system

• Off-axis mid-ocean rige

• Moderate temperatures (~60 - 120oC)

• High pH (10): strong gradient

• Source of H2 and CH4

• Fe and S available • Microenvironment and

compartimentalization

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Volcanic CO2

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Volcanic CO2

H2 hidrothermal

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Global electrochemical cell

Volcanic CO2

H2 hidrothermal

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Global electrochemical cell

Volcanic CO2

H2 hidrothermal

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Natural radioactive environments as sources of local disequilibrium for the

emergence of life Thiago Altair, Larissa M. Sartori, Fabio Rodrigues, Marcio G.

B. de Avellar, Douglas Galante

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Natural radioactive environments as sources of local disequilibrium for the

emergence of life Thiago Altair, Larissa M. Sartori, Fabio Rodrigues, Marcio G.

B. de Avellar, Douglas Galante

44

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