the importance of private property in biology
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Photos by Joan unless
otherwise specifiedStrassmann/ Queller lab group
The importance of property and privatization in social evolution
Joan E. Strassmann & David C. [email protected]
Read my blog on how to become a professor!http://sociobiology.wordpress.com
John Templeton Foundation
![Page 2: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What unites us?
![Page 3: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What unites us?Insects: social wasps, social bees, ants, & termites
![Page 4: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What unites us?Insects: social wasps, social bees, ants, & termites
Topic: altruism, sociality, and their evolutionary, behavioral, physiological, and ecological consequences
![Page 5: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Why is what we do so important?
Theories derived from studies of social insect altruism and its consequences are powerful for understanding life.
![Page 6: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Privatization and property
![Page 7: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Privatization is a neglected topic in biology
Strassmann and Queller, Animal Behaviour, 2014
![Page 8: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Private property includes all resources kept from others, excluding one’s own
body, or those of one’s progeny.
![Page 9: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is privatizing behavior?• Actions that restrict a resource from others,
taking it for oneself.
![Page 10: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Territoriality is perhaps the best known kind of privatization
![Page 11: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sometimes defense covers a single resource
Broad-tailed hummingbird defends feeder
![Page 12: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
An individual may attempt to privatize a group of mates
Female elk and young
![Page 13: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Another way to privatize a resource is to hide it
Pygmy nuthatch collects and caches seeds
![Page 14: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
You can defend a resource by internalizing itGiant clams contain algae
Tridacna giant clam from Komodo National Park, Nick Hobgood, Wikimedia Commons CC 3.0
Giant clam Tridacna gigas, alga Symbiodinium croadriaticum, from Douglas
![Page 15: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A fortress may privatize a resource, making it easier to defend
![Page 16: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How to privatize resources:
Great egret nests at High Island, Texas
• Territoriality• Defense• Concealment• Fortress• Internalization
![Page 17: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
What are the benefits of privatizing?
• Restricted access to resources
• Increases future resource predictability
• Resource enhancement benefits self, or family
![Page 18: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What are the costs to
privatizing?
• Privatizing takes energy
• Might involve conflict
• Takes away from other activities
![Page 19: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Special relationship of
privatization with sociality
• Benefits can go to relatives
– Includes next generations, so enhancement can pay off even when slow
![Page 20: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Special relationship of
privatization with sociality
• Easier to privatize with division of labor
– Even a group of just two can have a forager and a guard
– Larger groups can have specialists of many kinds
![Page 21: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Special relationship of
privatization with sociality
• Resource can be used prudently
– Can save some of the resource for time of scarcity
– Avoid tragedy of the commons
– Allow living resource to grow
![Page 22: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Special relationship of privatization with sociality
• Allows longer term relationships and resource enhancement
• Can lead to spectacular structures http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common
s/4/42/Cathedral_Termite_Mound_-_brewbooks.jpg
![Page 23: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Special relationship of privatization with
sociality
• Benefits can go to relatives
• Easier to privatize with division of labor
• Resource can be used prudently
• Allows longer term relationships and resource enhancement
![Page 24: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
How might social insect studies benefit from attention to privatization?
![Page 25: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Perhaps most interesting are those cases where privatization is lost.
Scott Bauer, http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
![Page 26: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The combination of
privatization and sociality is very important
in microbesCDC Public Domain
Staphylococcus aureus on catheter
![Page 27: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Bacteriocins are produced by bacteria that die to help relatives
Dying bacteriocin producing bacteria are black.Their zone of bacteriocin influence is red.
![Page 28: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Bacteriocins do not kill bacteria of their own type
Close relatives immune to bacteriocin are open black shapes, indicating they are alive
![Page 29: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Bacteriocins do kill less related bacteria
Non-relative bacteria are green, die (solid shape) when hit by bacteriocin, live (empty green) when away from bacteriocin
![Page 30: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Dictyostelium discoideum, a social amoeba
![Page 31: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Social cycle develops under starvation when some cells die to become stalk
Kessin 2000
![Page 32: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Some clones carry bacteria through the social stage
Micrographs of sorus contents
Spores
Spores
Bacteria 5µm
12 genetically-distinct clones collected from a small transect in Va.Experienced same environment; access to same potential food
Study population:
![Page 33: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Non-farmer
Farmer
0
10
20
30
40
Soil 1 Soil 2
Fold
incr
eas
e
in s
po
res
Farmer
Farmer clones have their own lunch kit when the spores hatch in a new place.
1.3-2.2 x 108
CFU’s/gm soil
0.6-0.64 x 108
CFU’s/gm soil
![Page 34: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
What keeps farmers from losing their carried bacteria to non-farmer clones?
![Page 35: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Besides the food bacteria, the farmers also carry bacteria they use as weapons
D.discoideum farmer clones
Location collected Closest relative in GenBank % Identity
5 clones Mt. Lake, VA Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 98
2 clones Mt. Lake, VA Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a 98
2 clones Mt. Lake, VA Enterobacter sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 98
3 clones Mt. Lake, VA Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 98
2 clones Mt. Lake, VA Burkholderia phytofirmans psJN 97
4 clones Lake Itaska, MN Flavobacterium johnsoniae UW101 93
![Page 36: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Supernatants from B. xenovorans cultures harm non-farmers and benefit host farmers
36
% c
han
ge in
sp
ore
pro
du
ctio
n
FarmerNon-farmer
![Page 37: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
We have identified the small molecules responsible for privatizing in another weapon, Pseudomonas fluorescens
![Page 38: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
We have identified the small molecules responsible for this effect in another weapon, Pseudomonas fluorescens
![Page 39: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Chromene diminishes non-farmer growth, augments farmer growth
Stallforth et al. PNAS 2013
![Page 40: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pyrrolnitrin diminishes non-farmer growth, augments farmer growth
![Page 41: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Privatizing is probably the commonest and most effective solution to the
tragedy of the commons
![Page 42: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Isn’t it ironic that selfish gene, sociobiology turned first to cooperative
solutions to social problems?
![Page 43: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
© 2005 Tree of Life Web Project
A little taxonomic adventurousness is fun!
John Templeton Foundation
![Page 44: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: The importance of private property in biology](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a664591a28abcc1b8b45f3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)