the importance of clouds. the global climate system
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The importance of clouds
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http://www.dkrz.de/dkrz/broschuere-eng/research/climatesystem.html
The Global Climate System
http://www.lwr.kth.se/Grundutbildning/1B1292/Compendium_online/ch05s01s02.html
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Radiation in the climate system
Kiehl and Trenberth, BAMS, 1997
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Net cloud radiative effect from ERBE
-90 -70 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
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Combined satellite rainfall measurements
Reflects locations of major precipitating cloud systemsspatiotemporal variability
Latent Heating
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http://www.dkrz.de/dkrz/broschuere-eng/research/water.html
The Global Hydrological Cycle
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From global to local – range of scales
1000 km
100 km
10 km
1 km
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Impact of cloud type upon radiation
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Impact of cloud type upon radiation
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Impact of cloud type upon radiation
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Distribution of cloud types
Tropical
East Pacific
Anvils
Mid-level
High
Low
Deepconvection
Stratocumulus
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Radiative effect of cloud types
Mid-level
High
Low
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Factors influencing cloud types
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ERBE net cloud forcing
SST anomaly
from zonal mean
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ISCCP inferred St/Sc amount
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Tropical-subtropical
general circulation
from Randall et al., J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 125-130,
1980
cold SST
warm SST
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Seasonal cycle of precipitation
Jan 2004
Jul 2004
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Interannual variability of precipitation
Jan 1998
Jan 1999
El Niño
La Niña
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Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space
Christian et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2003.
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Tight couplings between
SST, winds, and clouds
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Clouds and precipitation
associated with midlatitude cyclones
warm conveyor
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Orographic precipitatio
n enhanceme
nt
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Clouds and climate change
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Clouds in climate models- change in low cloud
amount for 2CO2
from Stephens (2005)
GFDL
CCM
model number
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IPCC, 2007
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Pacific Northwest Projected River Flow
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Cloud effects on atmospheric chemistry
•Acidity of rain•Gas-particle conversion
•Biogeochemical feedbacks to tropical cloud pattern
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Hobbs 2000
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Hobbs 2000
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Modeling clouds and precipitation
•Forecasting of precipitation• Climate impacts
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From the sublime….
10x10x5 m resolution
20x20x3 km domain
Stevens et al. (2002)
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….to the ridiculous, but necessary
3x3o resolution global domain
climateprediction.net
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Hobbs 2000
O3 photolyzed OH