the impact of the mormon migration on the community of
TRANSCRIPT
Brigham Young University Brigham Young University
BYU ScholarsArchive BYU ScholarsArchive
Theses and Dissertations
1984-04-01
The Impact of the Mormon Migration on the Community of The Impact of the Mormon Migration on the Community of
Kirtland, Ohio, 1830-1839 Kirtland, Ohio, 1830-1839
Mark R. Grandstaff Brigham Young University - Provo
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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Grandstaff, Mark R., "The Impact of the Mormon Migration on the Community of Kirtland, Ohio, 1830-1839" (1984). Theses and Dissertations. 4725. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4725
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IMPACT MORMON MIGRATION COMMUNITY
KIRTLAND OHIO 1830 1839
thesispresented
department historybrigham young university
partial fulfillmentrequirements degree
master arts
mark R grandstaff
april 1984
thesis mark R grandstaff accepted
present form department history brig
ham young university satisfying thesis requirements
degree master arts rycrobert C kenzercommittee chairmchaiemchairman1 n
keith perkinscommittee member
fe 0 Jjtdate R lanierfnieranier britsch
graduate coordinator
11
acknowledgments
gratitude expressed robert C kenzer
patience extensive assistance careful scrutinymanuscript likewise keith perkins expended large
amounts time shared important sources
kirtland period me besides serving my committee
I1 benefited valuable classroom instructionprivate conversations deepest appreciation
extended milton backman jr served
my employer during my years brigham young universitygenerously shared insights research
numerous professors brigham young universityI1 owe my deepest gratitude I1 should especially wish
thank james alienallenailen david prattprattt each
own way contributed my understanding those
knowledgeable american especially mormon history
realize I1 owe great debt marvin hillproviding me valuable insights
thanks extended D michael quinn
donald cannon read parts manuscript
offered helpful advice encouragement addition
david whittaker shared bibliographical compilations
mormon american history provided many
important references
iiiiliill
staff LDS historical department
genealogical department especially dean jesseekip sperry provided me valuable assistance
did special collections harold B library brigham
young university librarians lake county
historical society mentor ohio geaugageaugh county
historical society burtonburtton ohio western reserve
historical society commended
enthusiastic help
my sincerest appreciation rendered my wife
tamara my children ferrin cherresacherreraCher resa camber
provided me love gratitude encouragement
work dedicated them
ivIV
TABLE CONTENTS
acknowledgments iiiliililLIST TABLES viiLIST MAPS ix
LIST CHARTS x
chapter
introduction 1
terminology 3
I1 SOCIAL ORIGINS KIRTLAND MORMONS 4
conclusions 27
II11 IMPACT MORMON emmigrationMIGRATIONimmigrationEM
KIRTLAND OHIO 1830 1839 28
western reserve earlysettlers kirtland 29
kirtland 181518301815 1830 0 0 1.1 32education religion 390 0 0 0 0 0 0
mormon experience 183018381830 1838 0 0 0 41subversion 420 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
politics 440 0 0 0
mormon poverty 460 0 0 0 0 0 0
religious beliefs 49kirtland economy 0 0 50
measurement impact 0 0 0 0 53kirtlandsKirt lands decline growth 0 0 55conclusions 550 0 0 0 0 0
111IIIill MORMON EXODUS KIRTLAND AFTERMATH 70
mormon hegira 700 0 0 0 0 0
great apostasy 0 70aftermath 0 0 75
kirtlandsKirt lands decline grgrowthw h 82conclusions 830 0 0 0 0 0
v
appendices 86
I1 use lines longitude determinedistance 87
II11 social mobility non mormonscormons 1827 183418391834 1839 88
III111ili kirtland township elections 1830 1838 92
IV warnings kirtland mormonscormons 1 102
V tables 104
NOTES 129
introduction 130chapter I1 131chapter II11 144chapter III111iliill 153
bibliography 157
primary sources 158secondary sources 165
VI
LIST TABLES
tables1.111lill number moves family within new
england new york areas 179818391798 1839 104
1.21212 migration new york kirtland 104
1.31313 age baptbaatbaptismism 105
1.414 education 105
1.51515 wealth converts 106
1.616iglg converts religious affiliationreligious affiliation parents 107
1.717 converts occupational status fathersoccupational status 108
1.818 converts fathers religiousaffiliation 109
1.919lgig reasons conversion written diaryautobiography convert 110
1.10110llolio ratio seekers converts placeconversion ill111lilliiiliiii
1.11111illiii seekers religious affiliation ill111liilil2.121 kirtland township population 1830 1840 112
2.22222 mormon non mormon town officers kirtlandtownship 183018391830 1839 113
2.32323 wealth distribution kirtland community183018391830 1839 114
2.42424 non mormon wealth concentration 1827183018391830 1839 115
2.52525 mormon wealth concentration 183518391835 1839 116
2.62626 non mormon wealth concentration acresland 1827 183018391830 1839 117
VII
2.72727 mormon wealth concentration acres land183518391835 1839 41 118
2.82828 average size farm kirtland 183018391830 1839 119
2.92929 land distribution kirtland mormoncommunity 183518381835 1838 I1 120
2.10210 growth rate non mormon mormonkirtland 183018391830 1839 121
2.11211 kirtland land prices current dollars183018391830 1839 I1 122
2.12212 non mormon persistence 182718391827 1839 123
2.13213 non mormon turnover ratio 1832 1839 124
2.14214 non mormon social mobility 1827 183418391834 1839 125
2.15215 non mormon non persistersPer sisters wealthdistribution 1827 1830 1839 126
2.16216 non mormon newcomers wealth distribution183518381835 1838 127
3.13131 post migration patterns kirtlandkirfclandsaints 183718381837 1838 128
viiiviii
LIST MAPS
maps
1.111iiil early branches mormon church 6
1.21212 settlement patterns wiwithinthin new york176018501760 1850 8
2.121 western reserve ohio 1833 30
2.22222 kirtland township ohiohlohio0 1830 37
2.32323 kirtland village 1837 38
2.42424 church moves kikirtlandrtlandartland 0ohiohiohlo 1831 43
2.52525 joseph smiths 1836 plplanpian kirkirfclandtlandaland ohio 0 52
2.62626 land values kirtland township ohio 1830 57
2.72727 land values kirtland township ohio 1832 58
2.82828 land values kirtland township ohio 1833 0 59
2.92929 land values kirtland township ohio 1834 0 60
2.10210 land values kirtland township ohio 1835 0 0 61
2.11211 land values kirtland township ohio 1836 0 62
2.12212 land values kirtland township ohio 1837 63
2.132132013 land values kirtland township ohio 1838 0 0 64
2.14214 land values kirtlandkirfcland township ohio 1839 65
2.15215 mormon non mormon property kirtlandohio 1832 660 0 0 0 0
2.16216 mormon non mormon property kirtlandohio 1834 670 0 0 0 0
2.17217 mormon non mormon property kirtlandohio 1836 0 0 0 68
2.18218 mormon non mormon property kirtlandohio 1838 0 69
ix
LIST CHARTS
charts2.121 1820 population pyramid kirtland township 33
3.131 post migration patterns memberskirtland branch 183718381837 1838 73
3.23232 growth rate kirtland comparedwestern reserve geaugageaugh countylake county 84
x
introduction
introduction mormonism kirtlandarea topic numerous scholarly studies
eva L pancoastsPancoasts mormonscormons kirtland 1929
milton V backmansbackmannBack mans heavens resound 1983
mormonscormonsMor mons stay kirtland during 1830s
examined light mormon doctrinal economic socialdevelopment 1 examination first quantitativecommunity study impact mormon immigration
non mormon township 2 answers questionsinvolving kirtland mormonscormons how did
migration affecttheaffect township kirtland what
happened both kirtland mormonscormons kirtlandtownship mormon exodus 1838
chapter through use diaries journals
autobiographies reconstructs mormon socialbackgrounds provides portrait those saintsmoved kirtland challenges those scholars
postulated mormonism attracted those
psychologically dislocated due frequentmigrations however does substantiate currentthinking mormon movement anti pluralisticcounterrevolutioncounter revolution attempting re establish order
redefinere define what antebellum life should like based
1
2
upon reason revelation millenarian movement
advocated return primitive christian principles
inaugurated number experiments designed accomplish
societyssocietys restoration many joined movement
those seeking stability few migrated often yet many
poor occupations primarilysubsistence farmer small home manufacturer
threatened increasing speculation urbanization
commercial agriculture large scale manufacturing
study finds mormonscormonsMormons part
those seeking divine intervention straightening
affairs irrational society
chapter two through use land records
deeds personal real property tax records
measures results constant influx mormon
families non mormon kirtland community many
sociopoliticalsocio political economic factors lead
anti mormon sentiments discussed quantified ZI1
study finds besides numerous social factorsincreasing mormon growth rate combination
rising land prices affected communitys
perception mormonscormonsMor mons non mormonscormons saw
mormon growth rate economic opportunity sold
them land others felt threatened high land
food prices left afraidmormonscormons reducing township poverty few
economic political leaders realizing mormonscormons
3
beginning dominate township initiatedeconomic restraints against them
chapter three analyzes kirtland community
mormon exodus provides analysis what
happened kirtland mormonscormons emmigrationmigrationimmigrationem
specifies how many apostatized 1837 1838 died
moved missouri nauvoo utah
terminology
terms mormon church LDS church
church synonymous church jesus christlatter day saints incorporated fayette
new york joseph smith april 6 1830 members
church referred mormonscormonsMor mons
latter day saints saints case
first chapter persons become mormonscormonsMor mons
time analysis called pre mormon
converts pre mormonscormons those individualsbelonging mormon church called
non members non mormonscormons gentiles terms
prophet prophet joseph referreligious movements founder joseph smith jr
CHAPTER I1
social origins kirtland mormonscormons
early spring 1831 recorded
members new religious movement entered ohioschios scenic
western reserve settled town kirtland
came men women children everyconceivable manner horses oxenvehicles rough rude while others walked
part distance future citysaints appeared like beseiged
every available house shop hut barnfilled utmost capacity even boxesroughly extemporized used shelter untilsomething permanent secured 1
small group under 200 1831
2000 1837 mormon converts responded
churchschurche active missionary program parts
united states canada 2 many western reserve residentsasked numerous scholars investigated these
people what originshistorians either found biographical data scant
lacked quantitative skills however findings
inconclusive quantitative study based
upon records mormonscormons while kirtland vicinity1830 1839 attempt provide
complete portrait early mormon social origins
4
5
work mormon origins presented plethora
possible solutions why movement arose
scholars theorized mormon converts reactingprofound economic social changes typical
turbulent jacksoninanJackso ninan period 3 others postulated4rural maturation mormon converts
doctrines anticlericalanti clerical anti revivalistanti pluralist 5 recent scholar comparitivecomparativecompari tive
work mormonscormonsMor mons shakers oneidaperfectionists argues mormonism countering
subversion patriarchal householddissolution kinship bonds common changing new
york environment 6
pioneer work mormon origins whitney R
cross attempts explain origins steeped
sectarian revivalism emanated section7western new york known burned district
cross plots where mormon converts livedburned district see map 1.111llli conclusion
mormon converts neither frontier nor
part mario de pillis finds crossscroiss map well8conclusions flawed arguing mormon
converts migratory nature made them ready
authoritative message mormonism associatesorigins mormonism disorientation values
caused migration within backwoods
united states 9 marvin hill agreeing de pillis
m
147
p
MORMON
CHURCH
district
1 aheame
1MAPkamram burned
BRANCHESaheake
EARLY
elomscross
R
whitney
SOURCE
7
asserts mormonscormons transients seeking stopping
place lifestyle 10
contrary both hill de pillis study
finds little correlation between migration mormon
religious conversion 11 fact sources indicatestriking similarities between pre mormon converts
i 912american contemporaries
westward movement new york frontierbetween 1790 1830 stimulated shortage
available land new england 13 immigration
many settlers rapid disseminationagriculturally suitable areas new york frontierappears much like wave sweeping uniformly acrossnew york however map 1.21212 demonstrates new
settlers well pre mormonscormons westward
migration symmetrical wave rolling along broad
front DW meinig explains highly
selective uneven fragmented pattern advance 14
main body early migrants traveled through mohawk
valley wich accesibleaccessibleacce sible overlandersoverlanderrlanders new
england 1015 secondary influx pennsylvania
meinig describes how channel flowed along
susquehannahSusquehannah directly wyoming valley
reached new york turned spread strongly east
west along valleys binghamptonBing hampton cannistocanniotonisto n
eventually reached well finger lake
district 16 vermont served third gateway new
00
sommYORKmork
armm1799
17801799
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PATTERNS
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GENERALLY
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NNINGS1799
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BEFORE
17761789
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01
20
30
14
ausMUSauw
SCALE
0DATES M 10
9
york vermontersvermonfcersVerven monters crossed northern edge
adirondacks before entering western new york where
intermingled fellow yankees southern new
england spreading northward black rivercorridor southwest side adirondacks
ezekial johnson whose family convertedmormonism early 18301830s vermonter
migrated western new york establishedhome ezekial like many americans followed
two step migration procedure first able bodied
men family went look land make
clearing build cabin second returned
bring women children permanent177 ezekialsezekielsEzekials writessettlement joel hills johnson son
families migration 1813 records
father went ahead family scouted area bought
land concluded return locate familyi ftcountcountryryn 18 joel further writes like young
men age anxious get own obt-ainobtain
property 19 joel uncomplicated reasons
westward movement cheaper better land yet betterland incentive land speculationcomplicated migration pattern many predicted
where critical junctures arise towns
established supply center purchased land
rapid growth new york particularly susceptible
speculative phenomena equally important
10
process migration role family successes
initial settlers found prosperity new
surroundings enticed relatives east join
them meinig explains yankee social system
tight community bonds close kinship network
prompted unusual degree group migrationsustained movements greatest lure
enthusiastic report family friend20actual success frontierfronfren tier
example luman androw shurtliff earlymormon convert moved kirtland writesfamily received numerous favorable reports
brother frontier caused excitement
our minds 21r i soon shurtliff family
road hopes obtaining cheaper better land
west
migration previously noted occurred
cases means obtaining land yet
migration de pillis contends disorientatedpre converted mormonscormonsMormons values longer
229prior religious leaders lifestyle guide them
thus predisposition made pre mormon convert
susceptible authoritative message
mormonism
kirtland saints study does find
transitory nature 23 table 1.111illi shows
ninety five percent mormonscormons moved two less
11
times eighty percent less fifty percent
did move between birth first childmove kirtland 190 families
reconstituted average moves per family less2477 further child step ladder method
measuring frequency duration between moves
indicate average number years stableresidence prior moving kirtland 7.37373 years
median 11.7117 25
looking once again map spread
settlement map 1.212 several conclusions drawn
1 map based upon locationyear converts first child
new york see majoritymormonscormons moved grown areas
previously settled thus
turnerian sense word
frontiersmen2 1780 1820 first halfmormon population moved new york
new england within next decade 1820
1830 half new yorks western26borders
3 map 1.21212 based upon first childnew york table 1.212 appendix I1
based upon birth pre mormonscormonsMormons
child new york confirm pre mormonscormons
12
continuing west frontier expanded
hence each subsequent decade passedpre mormonscormons initialitialfitial move closer new
yorks western borders consequentlypost conversion move kikirtlandrtlandartland table 1.212
shorter distance
summary mormon converts new york likeneighbors part either born new york
migrated new england prior
conversions transients geographically
stable migration pattern suggests long move
previously settled area rather frontiertherefore least those moved kirtlandgeographical mobility migration patterns alone cannot
account attraction mormonism
however hill correct cites socialdislocation change important key
understanding religious conversion 277 argues
coming erie canal broke down corporate
family structure thereby undermining both self sufficientfarming home centered production cloth
9 ft28woolens 0 according historians areas western
new york palmyra experiencing extensiveeconomic growth social realignment serious religious
conflict chaotic winds social dislocation blew
burned region spread flames
13
revivals moral crusades christianize antebellum9029society
tradition being torn asunder eighteenthcentury patriarchies dissolving myriads people
found themselves free pursue own needs
wants 30 sex roles longer strictly definedcorporate family economy main stay canal
era old occupational class structuresdissolving 31 small farmers lifestylelifesfcylejeopardized specialization commercialization
farming products previously made sold
farm household now made larger scaleshipped distant markets sold lessfarmer manufacture them 323 land became scarce
unproductive second generation sons daughters
new yorks farmers began moving towns citiesfind occupational stability sense community 330
william mcloughlin work greatawakeningsawaken ings asserts second great awakening
displayed something greater emotional conversion
espoused revivalism utopianism millenialismmillennialism
advent numerous religious sects reactionsprofound changes taking places america during
first third nineteenth century 34 mcloughlin
views awakeningsawaken ings periods cultural system
revitalized order overcome jarringdisjunctions between norms experience old beliefs
14
new realities dying patterns emerging patternsbehavior 35 hence awakeningsawaken ings occur society
finds everyday behavior drastically deviated
traditional norms
basis argument lies anthony
wallaces classic work revitalization movements
wallace studying hundreds groups variousparts world concludes individual
finds enculturated pattern thinkingbehavior mazowaymazewaymaz eway fails reduce level stress
ie rapid change social dislocationconfronted either maintaining old mazewaymazoway
tolerating stress changing mazewaymazoway
363 fattempt reduce stress 0 revitalizationaccording wallace individual makes
effort change mazewaymazowaymaz eway group attempts
change mazewaymazoway becomes revitalization movement
mcloughlinsmcloughlink vernacular awakening 377
wallace suggests patternrevitalizing movements awakeningsawaken ings arisereorientreorientabereorientateorientatere aaeabe groups suffering severe culturaldistortion first stage occurs period
individual stress people become disorientatedoften psychically physically ill numbers
socially disorientated increase traditionalinstitutional bonds society begin weaken
peventually dissolve 380 thus societyssocie tys traditional
15
restraints lessened during early decades
nineteenth century many people elevatedpreviously unknown level knowledge freedom
autonomy mcloughlin pointed induced
untolerable stress societyssocie tys old world mazewaymazoway
resulted men searching new creeds new ways
39evaluate themselves societysecond stage wallace calls period
cultural distortion begins individuals become
convinced root anxiety originates
societal institutions symptoms culturaldistortion include economic disorders politicalrebellions well schismatic behavior within
40churches
during second great awakening many
individuals voiced dissatisfaction sectarianreligions dwelled election ppredestinationedestination
414tended promote elite learnedconsequently revival became increasing means
assuring common folk uniqueness42individuals place society revivalism
mcloughlin noted solidified relationshipsamong those seeking new mazewaysmaz eways served
means assimilate participants Ameriamerlamericascaiscalscchanginghang ing culture 430
according wallace during
period cultural distortion traditionalist
16
group attempts stem tL ttidetldeuldelide L change arguing
return old beliefs values religious sense
god displeased society principlesancient church practiced begin
look institution group practicesancient rituals ie seekerism 44 many seeking
ancient church mormonism solutions societyssocie tysills did practice form christian
I1primitivism provided adherents
encompassing plan dispel confusion restore 1
traditional beliefs values establishreestablishre order Jimportant our discussion mormonism
wallaces third final stage revitalization during
third stage wallace identifies how prophet
personally undergone profound religious experience
diety visits emerges resultmeeting prophet receives new forms divine law
shows others how follow god appoints disciplesproselytize explains nature god
develops new set norms outline individualgroup behavior within religousreligiousreligous order prior v y
conversion according wallace people often 4
divine experience similar prophet
experience reconfirmsconfirmsre
prophets sanctions teachings gods
finally fourth stage cultural reorientation
17
begins t prophet attracts those flexibleenough experiment new lifestyleslife styles 454
william mcloughlin argues those seeking
cultural assimilation revivalist prophet while
leaders joseph smith william millerprophets those seeking modified version american i
46ccultureu 1 t u r e consequently what significantly linksmormonism wallaces revitalization movements
origin mormonism predicated upon riseprophet joseph smith uneducated poor smith
came family religious seekers sufferednumber financial social setbacks 477
middle teens smith became concerned multitude
issues decisions future centralQ48concerns desire accepted god 0 however
due conflicting teachings sectarian ministers t
unsure religion follow eventually eiTr iselih
receiving visit deity smith concluded ydrtiryryyir P
f 4
churches wrong true church49god soon restored
early september 21 1823 joseph smith
told angel instrumentalpreparing world second coming jesus
christ 50 receive priesthood keys
assist translation book
mormon 515 throughout course early mormon
movement smith inaugurated number socioreligioussocio religious
18
experiments designed create society voidantebellum strife thus mormon doctrineexclusive gathering egalitarian priesthodpriesthoodpries thod
exalting temple ordinances commcommunitarianismcommunifcarianismunitarianism polygamy
means culturally orientatereorientatere
followers redefined nineteenth century
american life created primitive christian society
establishedreestablishedre covenanted community 52D
v wallaces pattern cultural reorientationv many pre mormon converts expressed number tension
forming crises eventually led searching
ancient church these crises ranging
feeling alienation god losses landmoney social prestige contributed feeling
deprivation anger confusion resulted53c3ca
c questioning viability institutionsmkellefes many americans suffered similar crises duduringringt
Vly period mass revivalism served meansahtyht
displace insecure emotionalism assimilatethem changing american culture 543 pre mormon
convert hand looked restoration
traditional beliefs values search led many
further dissatisfaction pluralism preached
various religious denominations culminated
seeking membership ordered society absent
generalities vagueness plagued jacksonian
america mormonism emphasis divine authority
19
continual revelation provided fellowship
seekers
ezekial johnson family provides vivid example
pre mormon converts pattern joel hills johnson
oldest sixteen children born ezekialjulia first join mormon church 55
small child recalled how h mother
educate him religion 5056 many occasions
thinkhink nature god religion weep
bitterly felt himself sinner sight57ngod occasion being scolded
58c pparents considered suicide teenage years
filled anxiety desire find5 9faith once delivered saints
eighteen floating between religious meetings
writes mind rest ministers told him
experienced religion 0060
yet joel hills felt incomplete neitherbaptized remission sins nor
given gift holy ghost practicedancient church inconsistency led eventual
baptism free baptist church near pomfret
chautauguachautauquaChaut augua county new york 61 religious needs
somewhat fulfilled joel wanted economic securityconcluded purchase farm adjoining parents
62fbuild saw mill however faulty planning caused
saw mill torn foundation johnson
20
lost money fcotcotto creditors saw my situationcame upon me took away I1 left me
n6363worse nothing attempt recuperate
loss joel invented patented machine
cut shingles again misfortune struck johnson
writes being original inventor I1 sold many rightshelped me considerably being honest myself
supposing everyone else same I1 soon
swindeledswinde led largest part my right n646
johnson discouraged decided leave home my
youth seek asylum among strangers 6365 moving
amherst ohio exposed christianfundamentalism preached mormon elders
66baptized
meanwhile things going well fatherjohnson family farmland becoming increasingly
unproductive need cloth woolens
decline prices goods bought town
rapidly rising 677 doubt ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls eyes town
pomfret far different small villagecame 1813 few friends remained
I1 MALAAkaakajt
persistence area 18.6186 percent
1825 1835 68 further 18.6186 percent stayed
81.6816816 percent upwardly mobile 69 ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls 55 acresacraar esps
placed him upper third wealth yet
son joel records ffamilyamily state poverty
due familysfam ilys large size 70 beside
21
Eezekialz ekia1 drdrankI1
aiiiaidiN heavilyheavi non church goer 71711 juljuijuliajuiiajuilaiaff j C
hill ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls wife seemed antanttipathy
husband devout presbvtpresbyteriane pianrian d ddedicatededica ted mother
julia raised 16 children almost single handedly 727
ezekial became immersed bottle operation
farm left 773 eventually ezekialquest social respectability proper family
life decided leave pomfretpomfrett look new beginning74further west left julia children
promise let them know where settlingjoin him 7375 record julias
feelings doubt apprehension anger present
ezekial running away problems facing
him either through bottle frequent migration
left raise numerous children organize
run farm face changing socibocisoc i economic
environment western new york what relief must
see oldest son joel return ohio
Howhovhowevereverieverl joel did come staystavstev rather preach
creeds new religion what ever anxiety juliafeeling released tenaciously clung
tenets new church soon julia family
way city saints kirtlandohio 76
various enduring tensions dominated joeljulias lives joel endless sense
guilt desire right eyes god
22
neo capitalistcaoitalistcapitalist economy speculation deceitseemed epitomize what wrong societyu
joel lived joel wanted accepted god
knew sinful society
either migrate area free decadence
failing find area join group sought
exclude attempted both juliahand found life ezekial difficult 77
christian did profess promoted temperance
addicted alcohol concerned
present status continually emphasized futurestatus migrated area area search
society fit thus mormonism joeljulia promised acceptance god assured
membership society promoted consistencydisorganized world
benjamin brown another convert pomfret
area searched religious authority socialstability records youth very
787 fiinterested religion 0 several visionsdecided attend nearby revival while attendance
brown caught wanted stand advocate797 Qconversion however large amount
masons anti masons congregation stoodagainst better judgment asked large group
put antimasonanti mason issue behind them 800 though
trembled felt inferior writes
23
proposition well received 81 having gainedacceptance wanted join them shortlymeeting brown went see minister where told him
visions desires practice ancientgospel 82 minister told brown both visions
desires devil 8300 brown once again
looking lifestyle afford him society
status respect mormon missionariespreaching area brown found what looking
joseph bates noble writes youthRA84desired religion 0 wanted truth wanted
belong ancient church boy 14
apprenticed 0 help father support large85Q Cyet ppoor0 0 r family throughout teenage years
experienced burdens wanting approvedQ fforgiving god 8600 changing jobs learning
milling trade found mormon missionariesQ 1preaching religious authority 870 indeed gods second
coming soon hand noble wanted partorganized kingdom where equality justice
88prevailbrigham young future president church
recalled how impoverished childhood made
mind quit country see what89do village village auburn cayuga
county new york 1817 boom town stores
24
houses being erected almost overnight land speculation
caused local leaders continually open new streetsmeet requirements immigrants entrepreneurs
thousands newcomers found work small shops90stores taverns mills along main street
young age 17 moved auburn found himselfmany teenagers seeking occupation place
society many turned revivals association1
iyoung though brought strict j
methodist home records experience
religion many children young men got religion 5
brigham recalls until age 22
made profession faith 91 then justprofession keep minister peers off back 92
loneliness occupational instability desire order
place society part youngsexperience until 1832 mormon
missionaries brought new type society93Q 3young searching
luman shurtliffsshurtliffe early lifeinconsistency self doubt family belonged
various religious sects luman records secretlyI1 christian far I1 knew kept entirely
myself yet went myself prayed continuallyhoping time come soon I1 join
94church 1819 lumans family moved ohio
father lost properties ohio
25
massachusetts series land deals 95 luman
attempting find employment teacher records how
ill prepared teach older scholars 966
shurtliff writes made me sick brought nervous
complaint followed me several years 97qaq7
family reduced poverty luman discouragingly writes
wales brother now twenty seven yearsold saved hard labor
hundred twenty dollars propertyI1 twenty worth forty dollars father
sixty two years old strippedeven horse ride brokendiscouraged energy ambition seemed
ease thus our harhard98 labor yearsforced start anew
shortly familysfam ilys financial failurelumans nervous disorder nearby revivals began
writes stirred reformationgot religion ngg religious conversion
shurtliffShurfcliff took shoemaking recover
familysfam ilys previous economic loss 100 embittered
ill fortune befell him records how
work day night year just make
living 101loi01 during time continued attendbaptist services eventually sought church
stressed heavenly authority provided plan
stability first thought campbellism
unsatisfied continued attend both methodist
baptist meetings 10102 shortly once confusedsearching found sanctuary mormonism
26
preceding cases indicative livesmany mormonscormons prior conversion
young mean age 29 50 percent
them under 30 see table 13 many shared common
1031 n Q
surname few migrated often marriage
less timesvortimesfortimetimessvorsyoryor changed religionsfrequency 10410 those whose parental data
found vast majority converts adherredherredad both
fathers religious affiliation wellwelioccupational status see tabletabie 1.616lgig 1.717 hence
semiskilledsemi skilled fathers tended semiskilledsemi skilled sons
unchurched fathers unchurched sons however
evident fathers belonged major
denominations did sons see table 1.81818
main factors common mormon
converts quest religious authoritysocial stability 105 those whose reasonsconversion found 58 ninety percentresponded mormon doctrine divine authority
106continuing revelation see table 1.91919lg
ninety percent seeking religious authority
stability majority joined ohio new york
see table 1.10110liollo two thirds these seekers
farms rural villages sixty percent eitherunchurched members christian primitivist sect
prior conversion see table 1.11111lillii like
27
converts young lower social statusf 7groupings least common school education 107lu
t & r
conclusions
while many americans experiencing socialdislocation rapid change relatively few chose
anti pluralistic solution rather attempting
reform american society mormonism redefinedestablished own americans turned revivalism
served means reducing anxiety socialdisorientation assisted assimilation
americas changing culture others like pre mormon
convert neither changed religion nor moved often
found current society lacking lookedi r p108alternative society promoted stability 1 1 hence
important factors attracted converts
mormonism thus kirtland promise divine
sanction assurance status orderedlifestyle undeviating restored kingdom god
short new church met needs
CHAPTER II11
impact mormon emmigrationmigrationimmigrationEm
kirtland ohio 183018391830 1839
1830 township kirtland locatedgeaugageaugh county ohio part western reserve
beginnings bright future population
doubled previous decade
densely settled areas geaugageaugh county cleveland
54 citizens 1 early spring 1831
religious group known mormonscormonsMor mons began
immigrate kirtland area 2n resultkirtland community tripled population during 1830s
largely due 55 percent annual growth ratemormonscormonsMormons
1837 mormon population peaked
kirtland area approximately 2000 see table 2.12121
yet spring 1839 mormonscormons deserted
kirtland leaving behind temple few church members
many disgruntled ex members citizenry 1840
kirtlandsKirt lands non mormon population failed double
during preceding decade lost many
original settlers well 3 exceptional 317
percent growth rate fell 74 percent 25 percent
28
29
less growth racerate 1820s outrankedoulcrankedCrankedoul ranked
dozen geaugageaugh county townships
1834 elected committee kirtland citizenscharged mormonscormons impeding townships progress
subjecting community unsupportable weight
pauperism thus inhibiting permanent citizenssettling 5 chapter investigate
charge suggest degree
increasing mormon population demographic impact
kirtland non mormon community accomplish
chapter divided three sections firstbeginnings kirtland township described
emphasis developing sociological politicaleconomic environment second mormon beginnings
highlighted several factors introduced
collectively impact non mormon
population kirtland third quantitative measurements
rate persistence social mobility
wealth examined see how settled community
kirtland responded growing mormon population
western reserve earlysettlers kirtland
western reserve see map 2.121 situatednortheastern part ohio set aside
connecticut veterans revolution
educational purposes 6 september 2 1795
connecticut legislature sold western reserve
W30C
27
p
eapsmapseams
multicolored
multi
colored
bryan
james
SOURCE
31
connecticut land company group 35 investors
1200000 7 october 1796 area
east cuyahogaCuya hoga river including kirtland bad
surveyed ready purcpurchasehasebase 80
first permanent settlers kirtlandchristopher crary may 1811 32 day
transit massachusetts crary family moved
temporarily house friend mentor four
miles west kirtland even though distanceshort move mentor kirtland took long period
time often hazardous christopher gore
craryscharys son recalled move mentor kirtland
took old chillicotheChilli cothe road badtraversed scarcely except cattle
wild beasts trees interlacedform canopy our headbead
rendered quite romantic gloomyfordedcorded chagrin without difficultysupposed our worst fears removed going
little farther our wawaaonraaon broke nightfast closing around us
crary further recorded choice
continue walking carry torches means ward
off bears wolves even though distance between
mentor small did arrive campsite
until well midnight 10 next morning young
christophers first kirtland recalled
forest trees endless varietytallest kinds thick growth
underbrush grew beneath flowers rare beautyblushed unseen birds varied plumage filled
32
air theithel music air fragrantliinvigorating 1
like frontier settlers craryscharys carve
home wilderness erect house poles12i
then struggle might surviveyear crary family moved
kirtland isaac morley family joined growing
community like crary morley moved
massachusetts kirtland secured land builtlog cabin eventually morley able build frame
house plant wheat corn rye grow maple trees13pursue trade cooper
besides becoming kirtlandsKirt lands first trusteesmorley active christian primitive group known
family practiced formcommunitarianismunitarianismcomm under auspices future mormon
leader sidney rigdon later morley family
converted mormonism donated much land
church eventually left kirtland migrated
mormonscormons missouri illinois ultimately
utah
kirtland 181518301815 1830
years between 1815 1820 saw rapidexpansion kirtlandsKirt lands population reached 481
well economy 14 looking population
pyramid see chart 2.121 see people
33
CHART 22.12121 1
1820 population PYRAMID KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP
MALE FEMALE
AGECOHORT
19 11 45
64 51 264426 44
36 32 162516 25
44 32 10 15
104 79 UNDER 10
SOURCE federal census 1820
34
kirtland young 93 percent men 95
percent women under age 45 15
1818 kirtland enough people form
local government election held
local settleressett leres elected various town officesthese included three trustees treasurer town clerk
constable overseers poor supervisors
highways few property appraisers 1819
justice peace added town officials 16
kirtland like nearby towns mentorpainesvillegainesvillePaines ville chester center agriculture
farmers bring grain milled then
either sell barter essentialsvillagers farmers what little industry
close ties villages agriculture
like northern united statessingle family farm homestead typical unitproductivity 17i farmer used available resources
supply own food own non agricultural goods
clothing products food services
bartered sold profitnortheastern united states typical
farm size 1820s ranged 100 200 acres1 Q18however many much smaller 0 kirtland farms
small average size farm 1826 being 73
acres 19 three fifths land cleared
cultivated five six acres set aside
35
houses barn garden orchard pasturelandpastu relandanother five acres may set aside additionalpasturelandpastu reland meadow 15 acres crops usually
included 2 12 acres corn wheat rye barleyoats 1 12 acres potatoes lucerne turnips
buckwheatbuck wheat 20 corn first crops planted
adaptable cleared fields old treesstumps lying around stable crop
relied upon event crop failure corn
required limited labor worker easily tend
2 12 acres feed family five seven
year surplus corn usually fed
livestock wheat hand shorterharvest season corn once grain began ripen
farmer family reap quickly riskspoilage labor both scarce expensive
entire family usually worked full day harvest wheat
normally yielded five eleven bushels per acre
livestock kirtland farm variedtypical farm least four cows supplied
necessary milk cheese butter meat augment
22farmers diet livestock included horses oxen
sheep chickens horses kept transportationplowing oxen used places plowing
hauling large quantities sheep raisedwestern reserve primarily wool wool
transformed clothing blankets home
36
later bartered various goods carding
factory established kirtland localwomen bring wool get dressed
chickens contributed both dieteconomy sold 50 cents 75 cents per dozen
provided both good meat eggs well means
9123income
map kirtland see map 2.22222 depicts series
isolated homesteads where life centered around
village community village ideally situatedtributary chagrin river see map 2.32323 river
supplied power industrial services supported
Kirtkirtlandskirfclandslands agricultural economy gristmill erected
1820 essential kirtland community
made possible whole wheat bread farmers dietprovided market flour absence mill
meant diet homepoundedhome pounded corn bread mill
provided custom work farmer grinding wheat
offered miller making money selling flourground grain collected usual
24feesaw mill grain mills erected
around 1819 far grist mill carding
machine dressed sheared wool agriculturalservices provided including blacksmith shop
pocket furnace making iron tools ploughsploughtploug hs
chair cabinet factory necessary home
37
MAP 22.22222 2
KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio
aq7q
22
ic V
TT71
aa4a 90 91 95
aw1w
SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps false colorseparations kirtland examples 180019001800190018001800 1900 MA thesisdepartment geography brigham young university 1980P 343
38
MAP 2.32323
KIRTLAND VILLAGE 1837
1 k M WM dasdayDRIGMAM H 0 g lofty
YOUNG t ft adaywday&ammwm mswv I1
r06dKI SAWMILL
0T0 0 1 SITEwuobuo GRISTMILLoamDAM
namDAM HEBER C KIMBALLBRICKdelck YARDyarc
1 THOMASthouasHAN COCK
1
john F BOYNTON v
f SA 0ilc MORLEY
izilii FARM alvardALVARONty NATHANIEL MILLUXEN beeseeforge
GRANDISON NEWELWHITNEY STOREstome CHAIRchaiachala FACTORY
mydeHYDE SIMEON WRIGHT MILLTANNE Y DAVI D HO L BROOKnewnemgemet SAMUEL SAWMILL
ITH IRA BOND
WILLUJAM
SCHOOLHOUSE
CASHERYJACOB bumpSUMPsuup
j N NA 1.1
LOSON J4 pftart
VIE R smtthSMITHsmitm
MARTIN
CHRIST ER QUINN1ImjAW I1 irllxkt jouphjoeph warmwrrm VARIETY STORE marrisHARRISmarais LEVI
EF wlldijwijITH HANCOCK
1.1 HAH josepmJOSEPH smitmSMITH JRR
SAMON GEEgre NTON ORIEomie METHODIST CHURCH
CEMETERYwlm atwstwLEVI rckmosw1ll1am
TEMPLELEVI R rigas
PRINTINGOSEPH OLIVER nnwsnw OFFICE SIDNEY RIGDONsmitersmithrl- f BREWER
JOSEPH JOSEPHSMITHsmtth SMITHJR
K EF G r triNTASN K nighHIGH T gWILLIAMSwilllams I1
VINSON KNIGHT akiALIjkiYRUM SMITHsmitm
JOHN TAYLOR LORENZOlomenzo SNOWEPHEN PORTER SOPHIA ROBIWSON JOHN TANNER ARTEMAS MILLETgv46 GEORGE ROBINSON STONE QUARRY
V i
t I1
SOURCE keith W perkins way looks todaycamera tour church history sites kirtlandneighborhood ensign 9 january 1979s1979 141l
39
furnishings additional industry included hatterybatterydistillery ashery converting potash
salts soapmakingsoap making taverns later hotel
built many travelers journeyed through25kirtland
merchant community provided criticalfunction serving link between farmer
269 fiexternal economy since items firearmsgunpowder tobacco tea coffee salt soap
produced easily farm village craftsmen
obtained village store merchant
provided village usually through type
barter system merchant turn receive
farmers produce sell barter additionalgoods monies various market places 27 1821
newel K whitney built first store kirtlandoffered variety goods including silk canvas books
289 fiindigo whitneywhittney later joined mormon church299 Q
became kirtlandsKirt lands first bishop
education religion
while typical work day long hard
early settlers kirtland time found both
education religion 1814 first log school
house erected village 1830 kirtlandseparated school districts thereby increasing
opportunities children outlying areas
benefits elementary education 30 however where
40
education often found incidental many farmers
children religion found indispensable
further religious meetings often contactfamily neighbors provided means
worship served necessary social outlet these
factors influenced many men women join type
church group 1830 traditionaldenominations congregationalistsmethodists met formed orgainizations built
church houses various parts kirtland jl31
others calvinistic baptists meeting
homes members
northeastern ohio deeply touched
enthusiastic sermons second great awakening
revivals camp meetings t protracted meeting
integral religious environmentperiod 32 various millenarian sects church
god whinebrennarian free baptistsmilleritesMille rites proliferated area kirtland became
fertile ground disciples christ christianprimitivist group stressed return new
testament standard under auspices alexandercampbell future mormon leader sidney rigdon
group flourished many kirtland vicinityjoined 34 religious groups settled
area quakers mount pleasant shakers
thompson amish burton
41
mormon experience 183018381830 1838
might ask why did mormonscormons come
kirtland35kirtland5Kirtland 355 nothing typical semi obscurevillage distinguished particularly appealing area
mormonscormons settle occurrence seemed
providential missionary group sentmovements prophet preach indians missouri
responsible connecting kirtland mormonism 366
parley P pratt four mormon missionariespersuaded missionary group visit sidney rigdon
disaffected campbellite preacher convertedprattprattt form christian primitivism few years
earlier 37J soon rigdonsRigdons introduction mormonism
baptized many congregations mentor
kirtland followed example joined withintwo months converts ohioMormonimormonismsmormonism1ssms home state new york december 1830
rigdon edward partridge painesvillegainesvillePaines ville merchant
ventured new york meet joseph smith bring him
38pnews ohio successes
joseph smith speaking third general
conference church revealed lords counselgo ohio I1 give you my law
you endowed power high 39
response command members fayettepalmyra colesvillelesville areas new york soldproperty packed worldly belongings headed
42
ohio several mormon groups used wagon roads
led erie canal buffalo winter conditionspoor usual especially those using
lake vessels transport themselves buffalofairport harbor ohio see map 2.42424 finished
journey kirtland vicinity colesvillelesvillegroup however situated itself thompson twenty
40miles northeast kirtlandduring 1830s mormon migration
kirtland should accepted kirtlandprepared groups christian primitivistsmillenialistsMillenia lists receptive restored religion
mormon migration began nothing unusual
group mormon theology practices varied
little practiced sects
area nearby shaker amish communities
strange creeds theology shakers celibate
exclusive communities pennsylvania
harmonistsHarmonists practiced communitarianismunitarianismcomm oneida41colony new york advocated form free love yet
these usually tolerated free abuse
persecution whey then did mormonscormons problems
subversion
central fears many kirtland inhabitantsmormonscormons subversive democratic
principles 42 smith sustained monocratic leader
entire church spokesman
43
w Cc e
E 0CI cpiP i X Ewllellwil 8 0 E
1 2 0
01 0 & V
DE0 0 E C 80 C 1t 0 2 0 t 0
V C CL EE 0
00 I1 r 2 t CLbeciecP f10ssr 0 U C c0 I16 C0 62.2 C D
0 c idc c M ibDFLu C0 0E C 0 0 b
0 oi
cac4 c44 vi D
oodi- xvav0 0
tu 00
E
clzvotvol
cd
44
deity through control mormon population
influence local politics direct economic
endeavors virtually control every aspect church
members life kirtland where smith performed
first unlawful marriage under guiseecclesiastical rather civil authority 433
introduced plural marriage selected few44individuals including himself practice
money became scarce advocated establishedbank 45 many church members chagrin
non mormonscormons kirtland seemed
infallible 46 brothernbrother josephs word became word
god almighty doubt feared many
kirtlandsKirt lands citizens just matter time
before joseph smiths revelations run town
politicsinflux mormon population see table
2.121 allowed religious group increasing potential
exert strong influence communitcommunitycommcommunitysunit y
sociopoliticalsocio political environment best illustratedlocal politics mormonscormons ardent supporters
jacksonian democracy decrying united states bank
nullification south carolina privileged
classes 47 kirtland community likewestern reserve consistent supporting whig
party large bloc vote mormonscormons able
give majority votes democrats example
45
1834 whig candidate governor received67 votes while democrat received 78 48 1835
local dislike mormon voting turned apprehension
whig unity became crucial insuringmormon democrat defeat
further mormon animosity developed
kirtland mormonscormons published political newspaper entitlednorthern times decried whig tactics
advocated democrat martin van buren president soon
first edition published whig papers
area retaliated denouncing mormon politicalposition whig editor responding mormon
publication contended
mormonitesMormo nites country wearydull monotony dreams devotion
vision vexation profitlessprophecies talking tonguesconcluded turn attention politicalmatters paper entitled northern times
made appearance presskirtland bearing name 0 cowdery
leaders preachers editoreditor breaks forth flood words
filling seven columns under editorial headpounces upon dead carcass united
states band quixotic ferocity talksWIGS praised president
nomination van buren still addmeet our mind receive our strong support
editor professes communionspirits invisible world
certifies seen angelhefted golden plates prophet
political anomaly dangerousopponent 7
46
presidential election 1836 mormon
influence grew much stronger while whigs carriedboth county state lost kirtland 50
mormon political influence local leveleven pronounced 1834 mormonscormons being
elected town offices see table 2.22222 citizensaccused mormonscormons voting according instructions
church leaders non mormonscormons furthercontended mormon influx continued town
kirtland soon run prophesies joseph
smith 513 even county officials apprehensive
positions contended mormonscormons
continued multiply county offices soonC fdominated mormonscormonsMor mons 52 township elections
1837 kirtlandsKirt lands fears realized majority
township offices won mormonscormonsMor mons 0353
mormon poverty
even early 1831 mormon poverty induced54kirtland officials warn incoming mormonscormons town
many thought mormonscormons become publiccharge harm towns reputation 1834
township elected committee whose job hireperson gather materials expose
joseph smith fraud 55 committee contended
impoverished mormonscormons harming
towns reputation threatening current citizens
47
unsupportable weight pauperism 56
important examine allegation
wealth distributions see table 2.32323 demonstrate
majority both mormon non mormon
populations lowest decilesdecales wealthhowever years 1835 1837 mormonscormons
close thirty percent population
lowest decilescilesdecalesde even combining lowest two decilesdecalesdecilestrend still shows twenty percent differential
between mormonscormons kirtland non mormon community
wealth concentrations tables 2.42424 through 2.72727
reveal significant disparity distributionmormon wealth land instance 1836
1837 ninety percent land held top
twenty percent mormon landholders contrastingmormon wealth land concentrations rest
community appears equal
distribution among non members
gini coefficient concentration tables
2.42424 through 2.72727 confirms mormon community
higher level inequality land wealth
did non mormonscormonsMormons suggests few
incoming mormonscormons funds purchase large amounts
land consequently many mormonscormons either lived
very small tracts land land
church members fact while average size mormon
48
farm ten acres mormonscormons owned less acre
see tables 2.82828 2.92929
lack land further complicated growth
mormon agriculture though mormonscormons did
enough land small garden perhaps cow
few enough own subsistence let alone
surpluses feed rapidly growing mormon population
therefore 1836 increasing prices food forcedmormonscormons pool scant food supplies until
57
contemporary sources verify mormon poverty
mormon observer wrote partmormon homes small unadorned evincing anything
wealth further recorded homes
scatterednscatteredunscattered directions river lordshouse south building 58 truman coe
pastor old south congregational church kirtlandwriting eastern paper mormonscormonsMormons provides
convincing portrait mormon poverty
many them live extreme indigence I1
suffer accumulated evils crowding multitudepoor people together wider
distribution might better means I1
supplying wants themwealthy purchased 3 4000 acres
land different parts towngrotesque assemblancesemblance hovels shanties
thrown wherever findfooting very few these cawscabins
accounted fit human habitation 5
49
fall 1836 mormon church leaders issuednew directions hopes deterring increasingpoverty kirtland 60 these resolutions instructedleaders eastern branches church stop sending
poor kirtland uniunlessess leaders come
kirtland funds necessary supportememmigrantsemmigranfcsmigrantsimmigrants unfortunately effect these measures
cannot determined mormonscormons left kirtlandlittle year instruction given
religious beliefstime group mormon missionaries
arrived kirtland latelatte 1830 citizensmembership church religious society hence
mormonism increase expense
established religions sects like disciples christangry actively fought back 610
furthermore mormonscormons attributed having designs
take non mormon land thus forcing
gentiles january 18 1831 john whitmer
mormon leader came new york presidemormon group kirtland upon arrival nearby
paper explained whitmer came
tcottofco inform tche brethren tche boundariestche promised land tche new jerusalem
just made known fcotcotto smithsmitch god tchetownship kirtland few miles westwestt thiethle
tche eastern line tche pacific ocean tchewestern line tche northnortch southsoutchsoutth lines
described nott learnedthem orders broughtbroughfc fcotcotto tche brethren
50
sell land rather buyjoseph smith forces hiieheresoon take possession promised land 6
religious anxiety centralized aroundaggressive mormon missionary tactics many mormonscormons forced
preaching apathetic then denounced
damned them unbelieversbelieversun caused ill feelings
often led mormon elders being ordered63area
kirtland economy
local entreprenuers viewed incoming mormonscormons
anxiety prior mormon immigration
kirtlandsKirt lands population doubled industry started64grow future economic prosperity seemed imminent
however onset mormonscormonsMor mons non mormon
growth rate declined see table 2.121 2.10210 prospects
future economy seemed dim mormonscormons tended
buy exclusively own merchants 656 winter
1835 realizing mormonscormons economic
liability kirtland business men joined together
effort force mormonscormons leave first refused
hire mormon laborers then boycotted sellingfoodstuffs them finally refused even
mill mormon grain 66 these starvation tactics failedcause desired results mormonscormons able
grain shipped ground nearby mormon
mill
51
templetemdletempie completed two additionalprograms instituted build mormonscormons
economically first city plan devised joseph
smith replace original community pattern see map
2.52525 each half acre lot then sold futuremormon settlers two hundred dollars contemporary
mormon apostle wrote journal town plan
adopted kirtland kings earthcome behold glory thereof 676 second mormon
bank established hopes bank
revitalize economy stimulate further interestagricultural industrial growth however
mormonscormons unable gain state banking charter
rather wait future petition granted
formed joint stock company known kirtlandanti banking safety society started issue money
soon ffirst bills issued 1837
combination several factors including panic
1837 run bank doomed venture
failure 68 result many mormonscormons kirtlandcitizens alike became dissatisfied mormon
leaders both programs city plot bank
viewed many critics subversive concept
separation powers church statemormonscormons wanted redesign community
control both money economy well
52
MAP 2.52525
rawSAWyawsioliosko h AA
1I lope
wl
L7L
WA
n AA
0 4
77 V rvr V
ataviasiavta
777rnet
tat4
rl
R1 1ak4k
7771 ft4
imiILIFii
lly114blypl i11141ivlivi1
4 e 6 am
7k
JOSEPH SMITHS 1836 PLAN KIRTLAND OHIO
courtesy church archives
53
measurement impact
preceding section presented severalfactors collectively affected non mormon attitudestoward mormon neighbors these attitudesreflected quality decision making
processes related mormonscormons
community thus how kirtland citizens perceived
increasing mormon population may dictated what type
person stay leave migrate kirtlandhowever evidence suggests those decisions
lalargelyrgelyreely based two basic economic factorsincreasing population rising land prices
tables 2.12121 2.11211 2.12212 figures 2.62626 through
2.18218 show increasing mormon population needed
land land prices naturally rose point where
many kirtland citizens saw profitable selllands leave 069 hence mormon population began
dominate kirtland 1836 1837 see table 2.12121
land prices rose 448044.804480 per acre 182 percent
increase 1835 land prices resulted
36.7367367 percent see tables 2.11211 2.12212 citizensselling leaving similarly turnover ratiosee table 2.13213213 growth rate see table 2.10210
demonstrate parallel pattern non mormon
newcomers increased during years declining land
costs decreased land prices high
example 1830 land prices 6546.54654 per
54
acre turnover ratio reflected almost three people
moving kirtland every leaving
high rate persistence 90
percent substantial growth rate well 23623.6236percent yet 1837 mormon population
land prices height turnover ratioless 0770.77077 growth rate negative 9.39393
percent 36.7367 percent non mormon population
failed persist 70
measuring concentration wealth land
social mobility possible shed lightaffected influx mormonscormonsMor mons
tables 2.42424 2.62626 show wealth land
concentrated around top 40 percentnon mormon taxpayers kirtland group
least affected fluctuating land costs
likely remain present sociallevel see table 2.14214 likely
persist see table 2.15215 table 2.16216216 suggests
increasing trend toward wealthiernewcomers rising land costs often attracted wealthier
settlers encouraged wealthy stay 771
hand those affected cyclic nature
kirtlandsKirt lands land prices poorest 40 percent see
table 2.15215 example years 1832
1838 average 61 percent see table 2.15215 those
55
did persist bottom 40 percent72taxpayers
kirtlandsKirt lands decline growth
previously noted kirtlandsKirt lands growth ratedecreased 30 percent previous decade 182018301820 1830
42 percent below countyscountescoun tys growth rate1840 773 too simplistic assume
mormon influx alone responsible kirtlandsKirt lands declinegrowth viewed different perspective
decade 1830s saw years strong positive growth
kirtland geaugageaugh county townships
1000 citizens enumerated census 1830
kirtlandsKirt lands growth rate highest 747 since
large towns geaugageaugh county experiencing
declining growth rate factors furtherwestward expansion panic 1837 may
affected growth rate kirtland thereforeaccuse mormonscormons decline kirtlandsKirt landsnon mormon population well decline growth
rate may misleading
conclusions
constant influx 55 percent annual growth
rate mormonscormons induced various sociologicalreligious political economic conflictsinhibited persons settling kirtlandinflux affected how kirtland citizens perceived
56
mormon neighbors important rapidly
increasing mormon population triggeredcorresponding rise land costs thus affectedkirtlandsKirt lands social structure wealthy
part remained kirtland while poor
susceptible fluctuating land prices tended
make bulk those leftsituation kirtland during 1830s
many ways unique few areas country
large religious group move township become
dominating force indirectly affect growth yet
mormonscormons alone cannot blamed kirtlandsKirt lands declinegrowth similarly sized townships geaugageaugh county
experienced like declines
57
MAP 22.62626 6
kirtland township ohio 1830land valuesvousvnus county tax assessor
I1
dtdr vl aireir 912734952734952734912734.912734.9527349195 2734
2
02
2
2
SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 39
58
MAP 272.727
kirtland township ohio 1832land valuesvalue county tax assessor
I1
dtoaf vivilelwvlw rs 537 i7ia
4
10
2
2
2
2
SOURCE james bryan euleuimultimul bi colored maps p 41
59
MAP 22.82828 8
kirtland township ohio 1833land valuesvailsvaill county taxtox assessorasrssorassssor
i I1 I1 j
dtdacdecdag vlVW eklExleelexlrsexlusrS
32 1
1210
2
4
2
2
SOURCE james bryan multimulticoloredcolored maps p 44
60
MAP 22.92929 9
kirtlandKirtkint lond township ohio 1834landlonoennolann valuesvaluvolu county taxtox assessorainsorainson
i
dt& VI tiptiruip ti 3774
6
4
4
cac2
4
SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 46
61
MAP 22102.1010
kirtland townshiptownships ohio 1835land valuesvou county tax assessor
I1 J I1 I1
drdate valmevalue extromess154erit1i4 3332933297
20
1 21
4
4
SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 49
62
MAP 22112.1111
kirtland township ohio 1836land valuesvolgvolu county tax assessorairssor
I1 Jdagoafdeg veuVBUvek farfzr sioslos10 31
12
10
SOURCE james bryan nulnuimulticoloredmultimul ttl colored maps p 51
63
MAP 2.12212
kirtlandKirti township ohio 1837landlondtand loiusvoiusvolusvalusvaluvaig county soxtaxtoxsax assessorasllan
1 1 t
0rar vilvigelwvlw fotrfxtr 11330113 30 11
0 o20
14
4
SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 53
64
MAP 22132.1321313
kirtland township ohio 1838land valvesvalusvaluesvaigl county tax assessor
i j I1 I1
dt0 viVJ xtrs4444297644 2976
2ic
10 62
124
SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 55
65
MAP 2142.14214
kirtland township ohio 1839land valusvalues county tax miniorainiorassessor
I1 i I1 i
Ddr vivvilalvVWvlv esrisfsreerisfereerfsris 126- 383312612
302IAI1
0
4
4
jSOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 57
66
MAP 2.15215215
KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio 1832
F NON- MORMON
E MORMON
township 9 range 9
ahbyghby kirtlandkirtiandKirtiI1 baldwin rdr 41 0o aschvsch C
0
KIRTLANDVILLAGE
J 0 st
L
eagle mialsmifls ad
eclidemlid chagrin
SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 62
imapap 2.15215215 2.18218 shows general areas where cormonsmormons
bought property reflects size propertyholding
67
MAP 2.16216216
KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio 1834
F NON- MORMON
E MORMON
township 9 range 9
gilby Kirtikintikirtlandbaldwin rdvotlov
kirtlandKIATLANDVILLAGE
eagieeagle mills rd
E fid chognm
SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 66
68
MAP 22.12121 17
KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio 1836
R NON- MORMON
MORMON
township 9 range 9
hbyaby kvtancdibaldwin rd
TLAND
clid chgrinchagrin
SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 711
69
MAP 2.18218
KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohioNON- MORMON
MORMON
township 9 range 9
SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 755
CHAPTER 111IIIliimormon exodus kirtland aftermath
mormon hegira
great apostasy
night january 12 1838 death knellsounded mormon headquarters kirtland
combination dissension within mormon ranks
well non mormon persecution sent mormon prophet
assistant sidney rigdon fleeing lives 1
mormon historians point 1837 1838
period churchschurche great Aposapostasytasyn 2 complications
arising collapse kirtland safety societymormon dabblingsdabb lings land speculation continual
build smiths temporal ecclesiastical power
tarnished prophets reputation eyes many
32faithful mormonscormonsMormons
basis apostasy rooted smithsinsistence sole infallible spokesman
god smith questioned alledgedledgedalimproprieties kirtland disgruntled member recorded
smith saying
authorized god almighty establishkingdom gods prophet
gods agent do whatever
70
71
should choose do therefore churchright call question anything did
censure him reasenreas9nreason4responsible god almighty
even early february 1837 kirtlandsafe smith may land records demonstrate
mormon land transactions peak many
mormonscormons began question smiths integrity 5 months
june july found mormon prophet gravely illchurch member attributed ills
transgressions 56 mormon apostle recorded
time twenty persons earth
declare joseph smith prophet1177god
during summer lawsuits both mormonscormons
disaffected mormonscormons increased late julyrecovering slightly smith left kirtland canada
returned early september found severalmormon leaders cut off church being
sustained church conference prophet leftmissouri
upon return december kirtland church
splintered group apostates parrish
party repudiated smith formed new church 8
group advocated physical overthrow smith
demonstrated resolve inducing riots several
church meetings 9 january smith rigdon remained
kirtland peril lives
72
traditionally supposed many members
church became disaffected during dark hours
1837 1838 10 however difficult findsupport contention study mormon migration
patterns shows majority saints
kirtland 1837 1838 remained faithfulchurch table 3.13131 chart 3.131 shows
eighty percent those kirtland during
apostasy period followed church leaders another
gathering place outside kirtland further53 apostate heads households 290 persons
based upon mormon family size 5.55555 during
183018401830 1840 decade almost thirty percent church
leaders consequently eleven percent totalkirtland membership during those years separated
church
significance kirtland apostasy
involved much mormon leadership
disaffected leaders felt smith abused
ecclesiastical authority others accused him being
despot many smith began symbolize what
wrong encompassing religion permeated
too much lives meant promotion
few expense many
73
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74
warren cowdery perhaps summarizesrdissidentsf dissidents perspective best wrote church
newspaper
must inevitably effectmonopolies sooner later givepriviledgesprivi ledges withhold them othersmake rich richer poor poorermoney know power possess
men powergive our priviledgeprivi ledge man
make him monarch absolute despoticourselves abject slaves fawning sychophants
grant priviledgesprivi ledges monopoliesfew always continue underminefundamentalvfundamental principles freedom sooner
later convert purest liberalformfornf 0 r m government rankestaristocracy these conceive matters
history matters fact cannotcontrovertcontrovertedcontrovertered well may said thusbarter away our liberties unworthythem syren sic song libertyindependence empty namedoes allow man himself think speak
reason act wealthy landlordshould dictate virtually resigneddignity independent citizenmuch slave manaclesmaraclesmanacles uponhands boasted liberty deception
independence phantom wheneverpeople unlimited confidence civil
ecclesiastical ruler rulersmen themselves begin think
do wrong increase tyrannyoppression establish principle manpoor frail lump mortality like themselves
infallible does see principlepopery religious tyranny involved
order things great objectprivileged classes money poweruniversal undeviating course
possess both add both expenseliberties best interests
fellow citizens
cries fallen prophet schismaticgroups like parrish party attempted wrestle
75
control church smith hopes reforming
while advocating return old standard
these reformers desired church tune culturalpluralism time followers smith however
pushed purging dissenters within main
body believers them society establishedsmith where elect gathered
pre millenialmillennial kingdom god builthistorian astutely pointed kirtland sown
seeds ideological division time
lead split between reorganized branch
mormonism capitol independence amongst
gentile community utah branch mormonism
became isolated self contained closedi f
somewhat militant 12
aftermath
expulsion two mormon leaders did
quell violent outbursts displays violencedesigned force mormonscormons leave unidentified
13persons burned mormon printing office may
arsonist incinerated methodist meeting house
attempted ignite mormon temple 14 mobs consisting
both apostate mormonscormonsMor mons non mormonscormons continued
campaign breaking mormon homes then setting
fires basements 151 amidst internal dissensionnon member persecutions many mormonscormons began
exodus kirtland kirtland saint recorded
76
turned key locked door our homes
leaving our property possessed hands
enemies strangers never receiving centanything owned 16 july 1838 handful
faithful saints remained kirtland 17
escaping missouri jail joseph smith
general conference church nauvoo commerce
illinois may 1839 sent oliver granger back
kirtland take charge oversee housei p
lord 18101 0 further smith suggested mormonscormons
living east should move kirtlandresettle stake saints nauvoo
anticipated returning kirtland either establishreestablishre
residency finish unsettled business however
exodus both kirtland missouri left church
leaders nauvoo numerous projects large debts
little income thus church leaders apprehensive
rumors spread many nauvoo planned
return kirtland 191 high council meeting
december 1839 nauvoo bishop edward partridge
directed publish article times seasons
informing church improper remove
20r nwest purpose locating kirtland ohio
while saints nauvoo being discouraged
returning kirtland those kirtland high
77
hopes return mormon capital city WW
phelps letter dated march 9 1840 writes
work lord still goingsection country kirtland
conference then session townnelson portage baptisedbaptizedbapti sed many
believing branch churchorganized consisting thirteen membersmob supposed put end mormonism
called contrary mormonismspread far wide now begin
pant word life hopeword liaeli&elielle21
continue proclaimedears
hiram kellogg another kirtland church member
wrote nauvoo leaders exclaiming lord
reviving work increasing
membership many old inhabitantsstanding looking until convinced
work lord willing embrace222 during time almon babbitt
itinerant member seventysSeventys quorum began preach
kirtland kirtland gathering place
lieu nauvoo 23 granger presiding elder
kirtland wrote smith nauvoo complaining babbittsteachings 2224 smith instructed granger take charge
church seek removal babbitts elders25license
why nauvoo leadership concerned
Kirtkirtlandskirfclandslands growth first failed establish nauvoo
both church headquarters gathering place
secondsec ond distracted necessary manpower financial
78
resources josephs industrious plans thirdperhaps important stimulated independent
thinking part 0 f kirtland saintsundermined prophets credibility theocraticleader 260 twice babbitt called face charges
before high council first time babbittsent back kirtland stake president second
time made leader illinois 277 however
during period church leaders nauvoo
confused how handle additional satellite citycorrespondence kirtland leaders often
misleading contradictory instancebabbitts second disfellowshipmentdisfellowshipment november 1841
hyrum smith brother prophet decided end
issue revelation saints dwell
land kirtland commanded come away
28thus saith lord however lettersent latter part november joseph smith
acting stake presidency kirtland joseph appears
refute hyrumshyrams prophecy further encourages
build church kirtland writes
appears manykirtland desire remain
build place you made greatexertions according your letter establish
printing press since period youmay well continue operations accordingyour designs do what yourighteousness build kirtland dosuffer yourselves harbor ideakirtland rise ruins nauvoo 29
79
throughout 1842 kirtland continued grow lyman wight
twelve apostles recorded during visitkirtland preached 500 people
thirteenth october wight reported thirty elders
ordained 203 baptisedbaptizedbapti sed 18 childrenblessed further wrote nauvoo leaders nwe
now holding meetings every night shall do
long three ten coming forward day
now case 0030 justin brooks babbittsreplacement wrote smith amazing growth
kirtland
reformation taken placehere taken prominentmembers among methodistspresbyterianspresbyte rians begin think mormonism
dead consequence bennetsapostacyapostasyapo stacy many smart intelligent young men
ordained eldersanxiety learn doctrines church
never before manifemmanifeemanifest sincecommencement church sic 1
yet early 1843 wight sent back kirtlandcommand saints go nauvoo help build
temple april 6 unanimous vote taken
gather nauvoo plans drawn expedite
departure 323while many saints left spring
1843 few did remain however many those
remained disaffected members letter
80
joseph smith joseph coe dated january 1818r 1844 smith
relates bad attitude those remaining kirtland
terror your letter informationI1 received tells black storysituation apostates kirtland nowdwells dishonesty fraud 35envy lyingoppression every evil work 33
brigham young preached kirtland temple ninthjune 1844 found kirtland saints dead
34cold things god
december 17 1844 reuben mcbride became
presiding elder kirtland 35 however change
church leaders did little strengthen faithfulnesschurch members david pettegrew while enroute
mission new york stopped kirtland held
several meetings temple wrote amanynmanymany
dissenters came hear stranger while
spirit strong house lord many rejoice
death joseph 36 new years eve 1844
hollister wrote twelve situationkirtland
place kindsteachings martin harris firm believer
shakerism testimony greaterbook mormon luman heath
running them continually hiramkellog presiding officer Rigdonrigdoniterigdonifceite
sidney man god called leadpeople brother joseph cut offtransgression twelve carrying
princprincdjy es follow shallcut off 7
81
phineas young letter twelve apostlessummarized environment remaining kirtlandsaints lived
here called josephites nauvooapostates first glory latter
willing bear til our brethren shallproven us faithful seeing our faith
good works time40 50 good brethren placeconstitutes majority church here 383
final recorded church conference kirtland april1845 reported order unanimity feelings
characterized conference saints place
appear united time
past general determination keep39commandments gather unto body church
evidence small branch church
still operating late 1840s early 1850s
elder james bay 1851 summarizes conditions
kirtland
kinds false prophetshere kirtland I1 found fewbegin feel west place
authority brother isaac bullockI1 succeeded getting organization here
buinbeginau4u calculate gather westvalley
kirtland seemed attract share false prophets
mormon schismatic groups besides martin harrissapparent defection shakerism following
former mormon chieftain sidney rigdon group
82
ex mormonscormons formed group known church
christ group grew 100 members prior
dissolution 41 breweritesBrewe rites another mormon
schism attempted establish kirtlandheadquarters however quickly dissolved 42
1882 richard W young mormon elder visitedremains mormon citadel former residence
brigham young razed temple
viewed outside since elders43reorganized church left town key
outside temple young writes poor
repair much interior woodwork taken away
firewood sashes contain broken
unbroken panes glass paint seenn44generation least
far utah mormonscormons concerned
kirtlandsKirt lands magnificence lay past
future perhaps richard young best summarizes thesesentiments wrote temple
chief glory course pastlatter day saint brightness glory
sufficient cause i even now shineretaining splendor 5
kirtlandsKirt lands decline growth
story kirtland mormon exodus
1838 population decline according
historian mormon exodus major factor leading
decreasing growth rate 460 however mormonscormons alone
83
cannot blamed since similarilysimilaritysimila rily sized townships both
lake geaugageaugh counties experienced like declinechart 3.23232 shows decline kirtland township
fits overall pattern lake geaugageaugh counties
well entire western reserve
rebecca shepherd recent work migration
ohio shows various ohio countries suffered
marked declines population many landless heads
households pushed westward 477 similarly check
1850 federal census shows 64 percent those leaving
kirtland young landless 480 thus citemormon hegira precipitating factor lack
population growth misleading
conclusions
decade 1840s hope
aspirations mormonscormons kirtland church leadersnauvoo however found difficult proceed
major plans nauvoo without aid those residing
kirtland 1843 decided church
two gathering places did
undermine credibility prophet
confusing new members well consequently
expense place designated movements prophet
kirtland remain viable alternativemove utah kirtland memory
besides quantifying post migration patterns
kirtland saints study shed light
00 4
zhecounty
1900
ammakl 18301900
p 189011900
klom
1830
neselakenemm
reserve
countytownishtownsh
zmed
exo
compared
eckamkmck
countycensus 1880190
century
western geaughgeauga
rt mamelakelmkefederal
eckcounty
K 187080 neteenth
323.232 dndN
Krt
SOURCE186070
m
chart year ng
geaughgeauga dur
mezeratemese 1850160
glowthgrowth
omeonaoza
growth
reserve
1840150
except
ts
ake 1830140
western
mcdmcm
eboevemso
measurement
Cth
901
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 090ro 80 70h 60 io 40 30w 20cm 10T 10T- CM20 30
queojadU D CL 0 1L uj eleycc smojoqmojoL C
85
183718381837 1838 apostasy found vastmajority mormonscormons remained faithful church
during stay kirtland furthermore declining
population kirtland mormon exodus followed
pattern entire western reserve consequently
alternatives westward expansion
panic 1837 must examined intensely priorattributing mormon exodus precipitating factor
Kirtkirtlandskirfclandslands declining population
appendices
APPENDIX I1
use lines longitude determine distance
professor robert C kenzer graduate studentmark R grandstaff brigham young university developed
technique measuring length migrationassigning numerical coordinates lineslongitude each line longitude divided 30minute coordinates very northeastern partmaine through western reserve example seemap below far eastern border mainewestern border spans eight coordinates 1 I1 coordinateequals 25 miles 200 miles table 1.21212 clearlydemonstrates pre mormon expansion thirtyyear period each five year segment decreasesfamilies move closer western border new Yyorkyonkrkbordey OT n Thence closer ohio I1
87
APPENDIX II11
social mobility non mormonscormonsMor mons 1827 1834 1839
see subsequent pages
88
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Ufaf0 eiE i
APPENDIX III111ili
kirtland township elections 183018381830 1838
PLDS pre latter day saintLDS latter day saint
ALDS apostate latter day saintSOURCE kirtland township minute book 181718371817 1837
april 1829 electiontown clerk
NL rupelltrustees
jeremiah amesisaac morseroswell D cottrill
overseer poorgideon riggs PLDSlory holmes
fence viewersselah griffinjohn parks
constablesorrin thompsonJ ames
treasurernewell K whitney PLDS
supervisors highways
districts1 charles slayton 10 alvah brown2 orrin thompson 11 william stannardcannardSf3 jeremiah ames 12 argus holbrook4 gideon riggs PLDS 13 seth makepeace5 erastus crary 14 J willard6 william blake 15 ebenesarebenezarEbenesar doty7 abiel piersons 16 john wills8 isaac skinner 17 john hoffman9 john F morse
92
93
april 1830 electiontown clerk
josiah jones
trusteesjohn F morsedexter otisottisgeorge smith
overseer poorasa ayers jrjothan maynard
fence viewersjohn parksnewell K whitneywhittney PLDS
constablesarial hansonbenjamin markell
treasurerenoch morse
justice peaceAE russell
supervisors highways
districts1 jotham maynard2 samuel F whitney PLDS3 sherman fairchild4 elijah smith PLDS5 able ames6 reynolds cahoon PLDS7 john goodell jr8 nathan weathering9 enoch morse
10 levi metcalf11 william D stannard12 elam sperry13 ebenezar doty14 lyman pitcher15 david lafter16 wm foster17 nathan P goodell
94
april 1831 electiontown clerk
roswell D cottrilltrustees
john F morsewm fosterjohn wells
overseer poorandrew beardsleesamuel F whitney PLDS
fence viewersoliver harmon jr PLDSdavid harrington
constablesnathan P goodellchaney morse
treasurerenoch morse
supervisors highways
able amesisaac chatfieldhardin cleavelandnathan wheelerjosiah kinneryjonathan harringtonwalter stannardbarzella millardharvey H morseabel amesluke wilsonjeremiah amesstephen laphamjames farmerjohn wellsisaac luckchester bushnell
95
apriladril 1832 electiontown clerk
roswell D cottrilltrustees
john F morsehardin cleavelandjotham maynard
overseer poorlory holmesasa ayers jr
fence viewersoliver harmon jr PLDSsamuel F whitney PLDSjohn parks
constablesisaac dotyCG crary
treasurerenoch morse
supervisors highwaysjohn parksmoses chairtunis rochafellowrockafellowRocha fellowisaac alfredarial hansonebenezar dotywinwmwib thompsonenoch morsenathan hobartjohn hoffmanthomas knight LDSjohn baldwinrobert frenchtimothy D martindalejonathan harringtoncharles holmesjeremiah amesarial corning
96
april 1833 electiontown clerk
OA crary
trusteesjedethandethanjeduthanJe laddezra holmesspencer phelps
overseer poorroswell D cottrill
fence viewersdavid holbrookjohn wells
constablesWG crarystephen whiman
treasurerenoch morse
justice peaceAE russelljosiah jones
supervisors highwayshercules carreljames dulmagelevi francisezra holmeschas holmesEW craryCG crarymorgan parksjoseph robinsonAC rupelljohn C whiteJN kinneydexter otisazariah lymansam metcalfjacob kinneyGS pitcherwm foster 2ndEL goodmanins H swist
97
april 1834 electiontown clerk
JB seeley
trusteesjohn johnson jr LDShardin cleavelandjotham maynard
overseer poorarial hansonsolomon webster
fence viewersNK whitney LDSjeremiah ames
constablesluke johnson LDSwm K branch
treasurerEL goodman
justice peacearial hansonjosiah jones
supervisors highways
districts1 soloman webster 13 levi sperry2 william foster 14 john furnance3 reynolds cahoon LDS 15 jason lance4 benjamin austin 16 samuel gore5 jacob sherman 17 moses crary6 eli G bunnell 18 enoch morse7 tunis rockafellow 19 james gillet8 luther snow LDS 20 charles holmes9 jedethandethanjeduthanJe ladd 21 richey carrol
10 benjamin markell 22 john C white11 erastus crary 23 hawkins hendricks12 alvah brown 24 jasmionjasminn smith
98
1835 electiontown clerk
AC rupelltrustees
enoch morsehardin cleavelandcaleb E cummings
overseer poorTD martindaleaustin loud
fence viewersjames lakejoel mcwithey
constableswilliam branchlucius parsons
treasurerEL goodman
supervisors highways
districts1 edmond durfee LDS2 warren smith LDS3 salmon gee LDS4 robert french5 john hoffman6 RD cottrill7 bigelow barber8 william barker9 jedethandethanjeduthanJe ladd
10 samuel billings11 andrew bartlettBartletbartletttbartietfc12 stephen rupell13 samuel heath14 oliver higbee LDS15 josiah cotton16 james lake LDS17 jacob kinney18 edward gillett19 lorin babbitt LDS20 TD martindale21 giles cook LDS22 william manby23 william foster24 samuel T booth
99
april 1836 electiontown clerk
thomas W donavaonDonavatrustees
squire egglestonjohn johnson LDSlory holmes
overseer poorturner sheppardoliver harmonharmony jr LDS
fence viewersoliver harmon jr LDSlory holmesnathan hobart
constablesjerome bump LDShenry green
treasurerlyman pitcher
justice peaceFG williams LDS
supervisors highwaysedmond durfee LDSwarren smith LDSoliver cowdery LDSbenjamin austin
turnerheman hyde LDSbenjamin rupellEH craryjohn parks jrGS pitcherOD calljohn swiftHO stannardebenezar dotysamuel tomlinsonoliver harmon jr LDS
100loo
april 1837 electiontown clerk
vinson knight LDS
trusteesreynolds cahoon LDSsimeon wrightcaleb E cummings
overseer poorjohn martonedmund bosley LDS
school examinersthomas burdick LDSwarren cowdery LDSelias smith LDS
fence viewersezra holmesira bond LDSjared carter LDS
constablesjames markellburtonburtton phelps LDS
treasurerNK whitney LDS
justice peaceFG williams LDSoliver cowdery LDS
supervisors highwaysisaac bishop LDSfranklin redfieldstephen laphamgideon carter LDSoliver harmonharmony jr LDSwilliam durrinchauncey turner LDSdavid whitealden burdick LDSezekial rider LDSGS pitcherTD martindalesamuel billingsjames randall LDSE fairfieldJ huntingtonL thompson LDSbenjamin seeley
101iolloiadrilapril 1838 election
town clerkalpheus russell
trusteesezra holmesjohn morsejohn shirts
overseer poorsethsetch thompsonlyman pitcher
fence viewerseliphalet boynton ALDSjohn johnson jr ALDS
constablesfrank
luke johnson ALDS
treasurertimothy D martindale
justice peacewarren cowdery ALDSthomas burdick LDS
supervisors highwaysdistricts
1 solomon webster 14 gurdon pitcher2 william foster 15 john D call3 john johnson jr ALDS 16 john sweet4 erastus barber 17 heman hyde ALDS5 robert french 18 jacob kinney6 nathan hobart 19 jacob bump ALDS7 turner sheppard 20 james whaley8 PPFP day 21 george frank9 jedethandethanjeduthanJe ladd 22 ira sperry
10 samuel miller 23 william manley11 erastus crary 24 ashbel wright12 harvey rockafellow 25 samuel F booth13 samuel heath
APPENDIX IV
warningsarningsawningsarn ings kirtland mormonscormons
SOURCE kirtland township minute book 1817 1837
13 jan 18311 barnett cole family2 david stratton family3 daniel willard family4 harvey whitlockwhifclock family5 betsey covert family6 johnson7 thomas cahoon family8 elsey clisbee9 simeon chase family
10 sidney rigdon family11 HD howe family12 john whitmer13 heman Bassetbassettfc14 doctor williams family15 newton16 chapins family17 ciscooverseers poor
1 jotham maynard2 asa ayers jr
21 oct 18331 william barker family2 lewis robbins3 hiram stratton4 lucinda bigelow family5 sylvester smith family6 john smith family7 lyman shermon family8 almon shermon family9 william B holley
10 joseph smith family11 joseph smith jr family12 sydney rigdon family13 hyrum smith family14 zebedee coltrin15 john murdock16 joseph wood family17 samuel H smith family18 david patten family19 alexander badlam family20 lattersbatters seeley family21 harnel howe22 alexander whitesideoverseers poor
102
103
1 RD cottrell2 john parks
those residing township writ served1 lewis robbins2 zebedee coltrin3 john murdock4 joseph wood family5 hiram stratton6 david patten family
october 18331 gideon carter family2 jared carter family3 luman carter family4 edson fuller family5 john bird family6 william cowdery family7 leonard rich family8 john johnson family9 joel johnson
10 UL davis family11 reed family12 lyman johnson family13 luke johnson family14 levi hancock family15 joseph hancock family16 thomas hancock17 moses martin18 jedediah grant19 john gander20 samuel alger family21 jacob bump22 mary angel23 gladden bishop family24 dowell david patten family25 martin harris26 isaac G bishop27 giles cook28 ira amesoverseers poor
1 RD cottrell2 john parks writ served 20 dec 1833
APPENDIX V
tables
TABLE 1.111llliNUMBER MOVES FAMILY WITHIN NEW
ENGLAND NEW YORK AREAS 1798 18391
number moves number percent
0 97 511 55 292 28 153 110 5
totals 190 100
SOURCE family group sheets collect-ed genealogical department
church jesus christlatter day saints
ibasedimbasedased upon birthplacefamilysfamilys first childchild either born kirtlandchild born prior fanilys moving
TABLE 1.21212
MIGRATION NEW YORK KIRTLAND
years mean median mediansettlement number coordinates coordinates miles
1810 1824 12 9.39393 8.58585 246182518291825 1829 19 8.48484 8.08080 2391830 1834 44 5.85858 5.05050 171
SOURCE see table 1.111ilii
104
105
TABLE 11.31313 3
AGE BAPTISM
age cohort number percent
151915 19 13 15.015020202424 22 25.6256256252925 29 12 14.014030303434 14 16.316316335353939 9 10.5105105
40 iaMi6 18.6186186
totals 86 100.01000SOURCE diaries journalsautobiographies familygroup sheets
TABLE 1.41414
EDUCATION
level number percent
littlelowerLittl eLower 15 22.7227commonelementaryCommon Elementary 48 72.7727secondary 2 3.03030
college 1 1.515graduate 0 0.00000oo
totals 66 100.01000SOURCE see table 1.31313
106log
TABLE 11.51515 5
WEALTH convertsiconverts1CONVERTSCONVERTSi1
wealth level1levelllevela number percent
poor 21 50.0500500moderate 12 28.6286286affluent 8 21.4214214
totals 42 100.01000SOURCE see table 1.31313
idueique lackactual dollar estimatespre mormon wealth measure-ment subjectiveconvert indicated diary
early life impo-verished categorized
poor likewiseindicated family
wealthy categorizedaffluent those
indicated neither extremewealth nor poverty classi-fied moderate
CD
0 0 0 0 0 0 835583.55U 414 1
ro rh 01
disciplesHU 010
churchu
01QH 3
0 Ulonconloa 0 0 0 0 0 400240.02 0 U
0 zeelew 0414 1
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i 202220.22d 158015.80 375337.53 182218.22N 0
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c 1 1 m 1 0 nan3 u1 1 CQ 0 6
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0meth
6321263.21204 christian10 3 rlr l
0 0 0 0 0 0 H 1 C
CONVERTS
RELIGIOUS nL
n 1l D
0 0oo00 ro ro i i 01 131.3
aqrqlowmoroenH otiomi
pmapi H henleninclude
0 10 9119.11rh 0 reformed
0 Uunchurched 800880.08 158315.83 375037.50 400240.02
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i
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u
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en
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faf0 U Umanufacturer
fo U U U M rh Hfathers0 Business
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clericalH
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0oi0
109
TABLE 11.8188
CONVERTS FATHERSRELIGIOUS affiliation
fathers convertsaffiliation number percent number percent
unchurched 10 15.2152 21 26.9269269
methodist 20 30.3303 15 19.2192presbyterian 11 16.7167 8 10.3103baptist 10 15.2152 10 12.8128reformed baptist 0 11 14.1141reformed methodist 1 1.515 4 5.151campbellite 0 2 2.62626
universalist 3 4.54545 2 2.62626dutch reformed 2 3.03030 2 2.62626congregationalist 5 7.67676 2 2.62626otherl 6.06060go 11 13total 66 100.01000 78 100.11001looilogiSOURCE see table 1.212
iotherlother included episcopal lutheran churchengland
110llolio
TABLE 11.919iglg 9
REASONS conversion WRITTEN DIARYautobiography CONVERT
reason number percent
authority1authorityiAuthorityi1 27 46.6466466
book mormon 17 29.3293293
spiritual manifestations 8 13.7137plainessainessplainestPl doctrine11doctrineiiDoctrine 11ii 1 1.717primitive simplicity 2 3.53535
impressed missionaries 3 5.25252
totals 58 100.01000SOURCE see table 1.313
ithoseithonethose indicated writingsjoined church
divine authorityhlndividualsindividuals recorded
convinced churchechurchs authoritydoctrine easily understood
illlillii
TABLE 1.10110iloiioRATIO SEEKERS CONVERTS
PLACE conversion
conversion seeker memberlocation number percent number percent ratio
vermont 5 9.69696gg 9 11311.311 3.3 56.5656new york 23 44.2442442 31 38838.838838 8.8 74.7474massachusetts 4 7.77777 6 7.575757 5.5 67.6767new hampshire 1 1.919iglg 1 1.3131 3.3 1.00100looohio 17 32.7327 25 31331.331 3.3 68.6868
2 3.93939 8 10.0100100loo 25.2525
totals 52 100.01000 80 100.11001
SOURCE see table 1.31313
TABLE 1.11111SEEKERS RELIGIOUS affiliation
affiliation number percent
unchurched 16 30.2302302
methodist 6 11.3113113presbyterian 4 7.57575baptist 7 13.2132132
reformed baptist 11 20.8208208reformed methodist 3 5.75757campbellite 2 3.83838otherl 4 7.5752- 575
totals 53 100.01000SOURCE see table 1.31313
lotheriother includedludedeluded episcopaluniversalist church england
112
TABLE 2.12121
KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP population 183018401830 1840
year total population non mormon mormon
1830 1018 census 963 551831 1120 1050 701832 1170 1070 1001833 1350 1200 1501834 1540 1140 4001835 2040 1140 9001836 2550 1250 13001837 3030 1230 18001838 3230 1230 20001839 1600 1500 1001840 1778 census 1653 125
SOURCE milton V backman heavens resoundhistory latter day saints ohio r
1830 1838 salt lake city deseret book1983 p 140
age100domocioomocioootowrolooio100 10092 71boiotokolokoioio69 56 96 100
il ili l i rh
poor
U0
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17r 17rrocsr17 20 22 17 11r 1010 24 26 1001100.1 c loantown
i ar1r innianni lr r onnonsCNN U 4411ilhighway 0U 1 cla014caa
4 leeleoJS 414 1 Htrustees
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u M 3 ca 0U U 0
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Q
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183900 supervisors r 4 oke 0i 1 0 L 44.
222.2 18171839I1 Hconstables
4 U 02888
MORMON
100omooroooorooootcoocmcto100 100 aee100wee 77 82crocnocrocco64 29 92 100
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0 Mr 1 U U 10 0
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23 18 36 711 1 1 1 nr irqr I1 0 U oiO officesi 4
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u crl 05 242.4 1 070.7 181.8 363.6 151.5 464.6 151.5 060.6 101.0 060.6 121.2 0 ft 0 mcdmcmcwmwg 15mm 06 agwg 06 abmbTABLE 84bg 07 18mm 36mm 15am
CS 1 0 1 1 t flf l 1 nr lr 1 r ioe loi l 1 C ranked rlr l tat0 00 i C
complete
oi Upersonal
10 city414 1 0 E U 0distribution t 1 1 lil i 0 i U
communityr W 1 0 i rfnnrann 1 uau5 inoovoin i 1 I1 uu U taxpayersfb 04y 161.6 1 202.0 171.7 838.3 121.2 060.6 050.5 090.9 101.0 060.6 050.5 nti 0 4
amagr 1 1 80CS 1 abwii iacoiicoi83mm abwbl 1mmeg0 I1 oosooi05 09 10ae100ewmw 05 1 1 1 u i x c
mcmncmc zaselakezaka0o
i
0 wmswamtat0410 rirspeculators
30i
0 1 m ys I1 cs 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 00 1 10 en v U
3 I1 202.0 1 060.6 838.3 060.6 1 121.2 t 1 1 050.5 i 1 1 080.8 1 111 1 AJ U c en 01 1 20CS I1 06emooooOCOO83mm mmeg
1wnflf l 1 1 1 050 1 1 1 08em0 1 10 i H 0 03
memarealmoma
0salt0 1 ranking 414 1 414 1
0 M taxpayers0o c c 03 C&
percentage
aj UWEALTH 1 t 1 w cs 1 olneouneoino 1 i wio i 0 x u u poorest known0
cs2 080.8 070.7 060.6 121.2 060.6 151.5 101.0 060.6 050.5 101.0me ll11 0 lil i 0 C08em 07 06am mblb ewmw 15mm 10 06 05em0 1 0 1 0 1 rlr l 1 lr l 1 1 00 1 1 1 cosntyzobcy cryaryclyu 44.
nm ozioji
i couoxloxi3 KommCu th414
c1 ft D
enc
f i 00 1 r r ir 1 csrw 1 eoloooinealo i mv 1libr aj4j smoJ lwe
1111 1 080.8 1 070.7 919.1 171.7 121.2 272.7 060.6 101.0 090.9 050.5 050.5 060.6 040.4 131.38382 U 414 1 414 1 cloudingcluding008em0 1 OWH07 91md abmb1 hirmohirmemnr irmoirmebgng 06em
1 ftae 09em0 cac305em1 00005 06 04 I1 10 44 3
umaugaubatr tyi 0 4 nnoCHOnneng 10 r 1
3 U IM C ili l Utat0 0 0 flf l r X3 eoageaeom0 rtr r exH
status414 1NMSC W
NMettiaioecoswemewscoewNM NM NM NM NM NM NM u socieu aalliall shawishowi0 fl4 W
40 Z wmsLDSwamQ3 2qzqzq2qzqzq2q2qaamLDSwam masLDSmam
3.3LDS wmsLDS
1
zasLDSzam
1
zasLDSzam omsLDSomm
1
LDS
tat00
0Cta
0100
1
w 0 rM r 1 10 CU 0 tat0 C
wealthiefl4
assessed wealthie
U 0 N n w r 0 OS U 0 r 1
0 m r r fi fn aqrq rll ro m SOURCE
Ddwirl tat0mealyear 1830 1832 1833 1834 1835 wemm1836 1837 1838 1839u oo00 oo00 Q cn oc w
1 1 1 rlr l i 1 1 4 rlr l w 0 0 r
115
TABLE 2.42424
NONMORMONNON MORMON WEALTHWEALTM concentration 1827 1830183911830 183911839i
quintiles giniiigini12ginisiyear 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficient
1827 65.1651651 22.1221 8.88888 3.43434 1.515 30612 0.61406141830 57.0570 23.4234234 12.5125 4.84848 2.22222 33779 0.55305531832 60.9609609gog 22.3223223 10.5105105 4.54545 1.616lgig 42534 0.57305731833 61.3613 23.1231231 10.3103103 3.63636 1.919iglg 47736 0.60206021834 60.8608608 21.1211211 10.5105105 5.45454 2.22222 46642 05620.56295621835 55.6556 25.8258258 12.9129129 4.141 1.616iglg 52100 0.54305431836 56.4564564 25.7257257 12.2122 4.34343 1.515 55379 0.55005501837 56.4564564 25.2252 10.5105 6.06060go 1.91919lg 51471 0.54005401838 57.6576576 23.1231231 13.0130 4.84848 1.313 79158 0.55405541839 60.1601goigol 23.0230230 10.3103 5.15151 1.51515 51608 0.5720572SOURCE wealth concentration data turnover ratio data
geaugageaugh county real personal property ownerstax list 1832 1839 genealogical society librarysalt lake city utah
laillhlllaiiahll mormon non mormon taxpayerspaid real personal property tax rankedorder amount taxes assessed ranking
completed divided five equal divisionsquintiles total share taxes paid
each division calculatedgini coefficient concentration
precise means comparing relative inequality withincommunities coefficient G vairesbaires between 0.00000oo
landholders same amount land wealth1.010iolo landholder land
116
TABLE 2.52525
MORMON WEALTH concentration 1835183911835 18391percent
quintiles giniyear 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficient
1835 69.7697 16.0160igo 8.88888 4.44444 1.212 11338 0.63206321836 67.7677 16.6166 10.3103 4.54545 1.919lg19 13524 0.61506151837 65.5655655 14.9149149 10.9109109log 6.66666gg 1.91919lg 20785 0.58605861838 72.9729729 14.7147147 7.87878 3.23232 1.41414 17549 0.66706671839 84.5845845 8.88888 3.33333 2.02020 1.31313 9235 0.7530753SOURCE mormon wealth concentration data see table2.42424 source
las table 2.42424 wealth dividedquintiles
117
TABLE 2.62626
NON MORMON WEALTH concentration ACRESLAND 1827 1830183018391839
percent
quintilesQuintilt5s ginitinipiniC
year 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficientoefboef ficienfc
1827 69.8698698 22.5225225 5.85858 1.616lgig 0.00000oo 7200 06910.691oggi0 691.6911830 58.5585585 25.8258258 13.8138138 5.95959 0.70707 6944 05890.5890 589589.5891832 58.0580 29.2292292 11.0110iloiio 1.31313 0.101oloi 7630 05970.5970 597597.5971833 58.7587 29.4294294 10.9109log 0.60606og 0.50505 8720 06000.6000 goo600600.6001834 58.7587 29.1291 11.7117 0.90909og 0.50505 911191111gill 05880.5880 588588.5881835 57.9579579 26.7267267 14.4144144 0.87087 0.20202 9827 05870.5870 587587.5871836 57.6576 29.0290 12.4124124 0.909og09 0.50505 10000 05970.5970 597597.5971837 64.5645 25.6256 8.68686 0.90909og 0.50505 8716 06280.6280 628628.6281838 63.6636 27.9279279 5.95959 2.02020 0.70707 7743 06390.6390 639639.6391839 62.3623 31.6316 4.04040 1.313 0.80808 8878 06360.6360 636636.636
SOURCE wealth concentration data see table 2.42424source
table 2.42424 wealth dividedquintiles
118
TABLE 2.72727
MORMON WEALTH concentrationconcentrationby ACRESLAND 1835 18391
quintilesqilintilelentile land giniyear 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficient
1835 70.7707 17.8178 0.72072 0.60060ogo 0.101oloi 1141 0.76007601836 94.4944944 4.34343 0.15015 0.77077 0.30303 1299 0.80808081837 90.1901goi901 1.81818 6.60660 1.18118 0.40404 2405 0.85008501838 81.1811811 11.0110iioilo 6.60660 1.02102 1.010lo10 3329 0.72907291839 83.6836836 12.0120120 2.40240 0.89089 1.111li11 1768 0.7660766SOURCE see table 2.42424 source
las table 2.42424 wealth dividedquintiles
119ilg
xomamean
cre
14310143.10
oromrsiri iooxcrt
428742.87 436043.60 479547.95 517251.72 481748.17
birrlerriirr425242.52
ct377737.77 355135.51
rirln
i
LQ Q Q VQ rocsfnr r ioocmrin leeleo omooko i U usypin arqrq 1 4 4 G rir i
rh records0 U i C M rlr l
u en see3 iii i 0 0 families
i
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personal
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dividing lii141kli14 1 0 H U 040411
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M oolooimi8719758719.75
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1839
E0
moweacreU 6944yoiydradi
vorooycrocorcoydi7630 grilli fcooiroo9827
100208716 7r743 8878
property
414
0i
1
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average
curicu r i
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number0.06
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ili l 13 rlrdeterminationl 0 nan3 30 ar ig c 111 1 EO C18301839
ili l C familyH sii U 0 CleoathenleocC CL H e U seeseo C C 013
1830 13 0 W e04 ujju4j 4 cormonsmormonsgudetermined bothu
mormone u rir i i 414 1 U 0 H aj4jP stt H 0 0 13 51037103 0.0 0 0fo 0 rir i i icoooocomino c 4 i U c wamwmsro SEestimated
estimatede families
H 161 age178 800200600oocrioooin190 190 808208 805205 805205bem 850250personal0 u cru using 6
H I1 5 i rharrhcr r CNMCN M 13 n3ctoheeheo 0 CPC P4 C 3 1l averagemam& H ili l aoanoncon002 zonnonzoa0 fa 0 Q U 0 141tiieil14 1
KIRTLAND H Z wmswam0 axiicilxinumber1
3 3 E 212.1 13 13 U
282.868 13 03 3 218101 U C smolmojaj3
cadcaeC W U C C ropro PU tat3 U lmalmo U C Ucr0 Q Q
koclnm000ooinorocskOCLnm r lihcmo13 r
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jcl3U
done0 torlorielorlelorIQtableiedetermined
ili l CQ i
8628.62 8658.65 6057057.05gem 6966.96 5515.51mma 7617.61 9329.32 families heoehebsTABLE average
0moweacreu
ownedc 188618.86
cocooorvomr chrchi13120131.20
ilandCro
H62iualuytuyiu3
toetob iefo
4U
cormonsmormons
0eiaei30 r 1 13l 3 faf0 &0wmswam U H 0
FARM i B lal4 lr 13 1411314 113 0 ownedC212.181ba
group0 0CC ll11l l MO M 0
0 0 c70y U dasfo HH eu hodHOO
dewe1840wewe
ili l lolmor0 MSIZE ttt t 0 looinmr ohio
imormon
oriorl i lillriiiiii i th 3 414 1 ui 1 omi crcldoo 0 ajarojartable i
families
Hfigure
0110 acresntotalaj4j0
moweacreKU
13200132.00nocornooor1465146.525075250.75 50020500.20
1141251141.25loi1299251299.25 2r4o457
ayco2700yyco3329023329.02 1968001968.00
Efo
ietocffamily 6l3 l
t acresiiiU
i
IQU
U0
0 U rqmootoc i 13 34 i u acressiieiE i r li iollorhtn moimot 4 0414104 14 1 cac0 U 1
w C aj4j 0 13 0 tat0 03 rar0AVERAGE countyplipriili icsrqr l 3 0 U detdewUOT li 113 total4
0 estimatedeuiaeui4eulsomeomo rq4j iii i 0H U H uau4 foco
ampe1830amre
populationfopfooropro totalp records0 crpcr p
73 M aj4j ili l estimatedearemrhariohar lo U ta0 C U 0 CQ figuresneinhi 1 34 U average4 U
P 0 H en 1I ITOPITOtto P & 1 I D smesmo
0 6 r 1 7rr iyior ln 3 H CQO 0 U 4mormon families 17 29 71 15 geaughgeauga
estimatede n H i ntvdrqi164 mrm236 mam316loilor357ini 0 uau4 44 UCN1820
ezi XH 0 6 r icnmm Usl1 oheeithejs 11theeiE i taxoio i 01P 2 0 U eiE i C 13 C iii i OH das4 m c10 talltjll 0 0 U 0 OH H HH
001839.0000ro paeleaaelapaeaag
4 Hmormon
lolmor0iemortolamormola
1propertytaxP
idividing1H
hr 1 oe04 1 0population determined
U 18301839I1 i 1Property
U HU ocrqinvoroocri cdo 3 U I1 U I1 & 13faf0 fncnromrrororqro SOURCEdm app N C 0yearU
1830cocooococxcooococo1 lahrlrhr
1832 1833
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taxedX 004 0 ro0 1838
00i
4 aqtq t r ro 18351838iU U 68vo mem106lem0 174r 0agr163o LO
QHQ H rtr t i 1 rlr l Mnumber
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families
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183500rh
0 ken P
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hemahexa
c0
haxtaxttatt3x
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0z 1 63263.2 75575.5 67267.2 48548.5
10 n 655 r wem
MORMON 0o r MK moesless
0 Q iii i
i 5ownersc
U
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00 19ot9
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13213.2
cac3767.666gm aeh10310.3wer
rn27627.6
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iKIRTLAND 1r 1 ro r- o 866r 414 1
eiE i n1838 ili l CM k 1
CK 00111 1 r 1 property
Q 1l&i4j18351838I1 city0 0 H199 HS r 1 ch vo 0 u u
2 gs1835 1019
1001 151.5
15amr 1
090.9090464.6gmwg 494.949wm
pap4U
i 1 i J
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01
TABLEg g 0personalzaz5 0 0 414 1g 49 00 CS 00 ili l i 10 Z 20491 444.4 282.8 929.2 989.8 0 maatsaltmall
0lil i COMMUNITYD 0 44wwr 2888cs 9298 98mm
20MDCQ 0 0
distribution mcmmcqCll11l l U 1
0 ili l
cic i 0 399rar1 ro vo r rir i library111 1
Q5099
500I1
10310.30r 1
767.666gmr353.535mmro
373.7mgpgro mocarealmoxa0U
jaj3ri
3
r
omzaLAND
QZ
CT 414 1
ipU
i
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rhr H iai1 r r 3 u100199
01 747.4gw64r
575.757mg 353.5
35mmro373.7mgpgro u0 0
pee100wee0rir i 0 r 1
geaughgeauga3cac7
0Ur
0
1
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000.0000
000.0000
171.7agwgi i
181.8aewmr 1
genealogical
r
00
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SOURCE
Dyear 1835 1836 1837 lehm1838mehm
0 00 00 00 0 CH rir i rh r 1 r 1 rir i
121
TABLE 2.10210GROWTH RATE NONMORMONNON MORMON MORMON
KIRTLAND 183018391830 1839percent
years non mormonsimormons1mormonti mormon
1830 1832 23623.6236 100.010001832 1833 5.95959 22.22222221833 1834 4.94949 2083208.320831834 1835 5.15151 83.88388381835 1836 3.53535 55.95595591836 1837 9.39393 64.26421837 1838 18318.3183 11.0110iloiio1838 1839 loo10.0100 36.2362362
SOURCE geaugageaugh county realpersonal property owners tax list1830 1840 genealogical societylibrary salt lake city utah
itheithe number non mormonfamilies used measurement
calculated subtracting thosedid persist during given
year total number fam-ilies taxed during year thus
1833 175 families taxedminus 29 taxed familiesdid persist equaled 144 famicamilies T e 144 families thenused calculating growthrate
122
TABLE 2112.112 11
KIRTLAND LAND PRICES CURRENT
dollars1830DOLLARS 1830 1839
year current dollars
1830 6546.546 54.54541831 5775.775 77.77771832 7247.247 24.24241833 111811.1811 .18181834 162116.2116 21.21211835 15.75157515 75.75751836 255925.5925 59.59591837 444844.4844 48.48481838 255925.5925 59.59591839 17.53175317 53.5353
SOURCE marvin hillC keith rooker larryT wimmer kirtlandeconomy revisitedmarket critiquesectarian economicsprovo brigham young
universtiy press 1977p 21
123
TABLE 2.12212NON MORMON persistence 182718391182718391827 183918391
percent
year number persistence nonpersistencepersistencenon
1827 13123 89.5895895 10.51051051830 18128 86.0860860 14.01401401832 14150 90.7907 9.393931833 29173 83.2832832 16.81681681834 30167 82.0820 18.01801835 25169 85.2852852 14.81481481836 56194 71.6716716 28.42842841837 73199 63.3633633 36.73671838 51200 74.5745 25.52552551839 42205 79.6796 20.4204204
SOURCE persistence data geaugageaugh countyreal personal property owners tax list183018401830 1840 genealogical society salt lakecity utah
ipersistencepersistence measure how manypeople left tax list during given year
example 1833 83.2832832 percent popula-tion remained kirtland while 16.8168168 percentememmigratedemmigrafcedmigratedimmigrated
124
TABLE 2.13213213
NONMORMONNON MORMON TURNOVER RATIO 1832 18391
year incomingoutgoingIncoming Outgoing ratio
1832 3914 2.792791833 3629 1.241241834 2530 0.830831835 2825 1.121121836 5156 0.91091ogi1837 5673 0.770771838 7251 1.411411839 8942 2.12212SOURCE turnover ratio datageaugageaugh county real personalproperty owners tax list183218391832 1839 genealogical societylibrary salt lake city utah
ithe turnover ratio demo-nstrates number people
entering area versus thoseleaving
125
TABLE 2.14214NON MORMON SOCIAL MOBILITY
1827 1834 18391percent
familiesyears upward downward stable tax list total
182718281827 1828 22722.722227 7.7 10010.0loo10 0.0 67367.367673 3.3 110 1000100.0100loo 0.0
183418351834 1835 26226.226226 2.2 11.811811811 8.8 62062.062062 0.0 137 1000100.0100loo 0.0
183518361835 1836 13813.813 8.8 4.848484 8.8 81.481481481 4.4 145 1000100.0100loo 0.0
1836 1837 24 1.1 10.6106log10 6.6 65365.365 3.3 141 1000100.0100loo 0.0
1837 1838 21821 8.8 10510.510510 5.5 67767.767 7.7 124 1000100.0100loo 0.0
1838 1839 17117.117117 1.1 10310.310310 3.3 72672.672672 6.6 146 1000100.0100loo 0.0
SOURCE see table 2.11211 source appendix B containstables above data based
lali non mormonscormons ranked orderpersonal real property assessment rank
ing completed divided five divisionscompared subsequent year individual
changed higher category consideredupwards mobile changed lower category
downwardly mobile changecategory year next considered
stable
126
TABLE 2.15215NONNONMORMONMORMON nontpersistersNON persisters WEALTH
distribution 1827 1835 1839
year 1 2 3 4 5 total number
1827 7.777777 7.7 30830.830830 8.8 15.415415415 4.4 7.777777 7.7 38738.738 7.7 131830 11111.1liilililliii11 1.1 5.656565 6.6 11111.1illili11 1.1 27827.827827 8.8 44444.444444 4.4 181832 14314.314 3.3 21.421421421 4.4 7.171717 1.1 57157.157 1.1 141833 3.535353 5.5 6.96969gg6 9.9 10310.310 3.3 31031.031 0.0 34534.534534 5.5 291834 10.0100loo10 0.0 6.767676 7.7 23323.323 3.3 20020.020020 0.0 43343.343 3.3 301835 8.080808 0.0 56056.056056 0.0 36036.036036 0.0 251836 8.989898 9.9 10710.710 7.7 16116.1igiigl16 1.1 26826.826826 8.8 37537.537537 5.5 561837 8.282882 2.2 8.282882 2.2 21921.921219 9.9 31531.531 5.5 30130.130 1.1 731838 8.989898 9.9 5.959595 9.9 17617.617617 6.6 35335.335 3.3 37337.337337 3.3 511839 7.171717 1.1 7.1717 1.1 26226.226226 2.2 33333.333333 3.3 26226.226 2.2 42
SOURCE wealth distribution data geaugageaughcounty real personal property owners taxlist 182718391827 1839 genealogical society librarysalt lake city utah
laillaii11ll non mormonscormons left kirtlandduring year specified ranked order
personal real tax assessed rank-ing completed divided fivedivisions showing percentage wealtheach category 1 being highest 5 beinglowest
127
TABLE 2.16216NONMORMONNON MORMON NEWCOMERS WEALTHWEALTM
distribution 1835 1838percent
year 1 2 3 4 5 total number
1835 3.73737 3.73737 7.47474 33.3333333 41.8418418 271836 8.18181 2.02020 10.2102102 26.6266266 53.1531531 491837 3.33333 6.76767 13.4134134 43.4434434 33.4334334 601838 6.36363 898.989 18.9189189 30.4304304 35.4354354 79
SOURCE wealth distribution data geaugageaughcounty real personal property owners taxlist 1835 1838 genealogical society librarysalt lake city utah
laillaiiailali non mormonscormons movedkirtland during year specified ranked
order personal real tax assessedranking completed divided
five divisions showing percentagewealth each category 1 being highest5 being lowest
128
TABLE 33.131POST MIGRATION PATTERNS KIRTLAND
SAINTS 183718381837 1838
locations probable1probablelProbableProbablel1 Possipossible11possiblellPossibleblell11
where kirtland kirtland totaillltotal iiiillmormonscormons lived saints saints saintssain ts
1838 Totaltotal329tofcal329329 total127Total 127 total456tohaltotal 456
apostates 50 15.2152 33 2.424242 4.4 53 11.6116116ilg1 church 14 4.34343
leaders2 36 10.9109log
members
missouri 227 69.0690 97 76076.076076 0.0 327 71
nauvoo 250 76.0760 65 51.051051051 0.0 315 69.0690vicinitymissouri 273 83.0830830 ill111iiiliilil 87.0870 384 84.0840nauvoovicinity
both
Kirtkirtlandladdlaud 13 4.040404 0.0 1 1.010loio1 0.0 14 3.030303 0.0
1840lv18401v1840 lv
utah 148 45045.045045 0.0 28 22022.022 0.0 176 39039.039039 0.0plainsvplainse
total indi 290 88088.088 0.0 109 86086.086086 0.0 399 87587.587587 5.5
vidualsvisualsabove listsSOURCE journals diariesdiarle autobiographies familygroup sheets
iprobableimprobableprobable saints those actually iidentifieddenti fiedfledlivinlivinginlivinyinvinginli binyin kirtikirtland
possible saints members re eithertravelinavelingravelintrtravelingthroughtraveling through livilivingng near kirtland
breadshreadsheads 0 f househouseholdsholdsvkirtlandkirtland census 1840
vthosehose either died enroute salsaisaltsaitt lake citynebrasknebraska ioiowalowawa during mormon trek west
NOTES
introduction
levaievaeva L pancoast mormonscormonsMor mons kirtland MAthesis department history western reserve university1929 milton V backman jr heavens resoundhistory latter day saints ohio 1830 1838 saltlake city deseret book 1983
2anyoneanyone knowledgeable field mormonhistory observe my thinking stimulatedmarvin hill C keith rooker larry wimmers work
kirtland economy revisited provo utah brighamyoung university press 1977
130
CHAPTER I1
social origins kirtland mormonscormons
lhistohistoryry geaugageaugh lake counties ohioevansville indiana unigraphicsgraphicsUni 1973 p 248
2forifornextensive discussion rise
mormonism new york setting see larry C porterstudy origins church jesus christlatter day saints states new york
pennsylvania 1816 1831 phd dissertation collegereligious instruction brigham young university
1971 two interpretive articles new yorkperiod see leonard J arrington mormonismnmormonismnew york beginnings new york history 41 october 1980ppap 387410387 410 larry C porter church new york
pennsylvania 181618311816 1831 F mark mckeirnan etal ed restoration movement essays mormonhistory independence missouri herald publishing house1979 ppap 276127 61
3seeaseesee mark leone roots modern mormonismcambridge massachusetts harvard university press
1979 ppap 10 16 klaus hansen quest empirepolitical kingdom god council fifty
mormon history lincoln university nebraska press1967 p viii klaus hansen mormonism americanexperience chicago university chicago press 1981ppap 458345 83 mario de pillis ntheanthe social sourcesmormonism church history 37 may 1968 55 57 gordon
wood evangelical america early mormonism n newyork history 41 october 1980 359 386 marvin hill
shaping mormon mind new england newyork BYU studies 9 spring 1969 354 marvin hill
ntheanthe role christian primitivism origindevelopment mormon kingdom 1830 1844 phddissertation department history university chicago1968 ppap 454 5 william mulder mormonscormonsamerican history utah historical quarterly 27 january1959 59 77
4whitneyhifcney R cross burned districtsocial intellectual history enthusiastic religion
western new york 1800 1850 new york harper row1950 ppap 88 109 mario de pillis social sourcesp 79 both argued rural backgroundsdistinctive trait mormon convert study finds
approximately two thirds conversion locationsrural areas fifty percent converts
being farmers however eighty percent americanwork force engaged agriculture during 1830s
131
132
what does really tell us mormonscormonsMormonsmormon converts rural areas those
denominations religious historians long maintainedagrarian areas breeding grounds
sectarianism revivalism hence catalystmormonism yet works paul johnson shopkeepersShopkeeperlsmilleniummillennium society revivals rochester new york181518371815 1837 new york hill wang 1978 ppap 15 61
paul faler cultural aspects industrialrevolution lynn massachusettss shoemakersindustrial morality 1826 1860 n labor history 15 summer1974 367399367 399 point revivalism little do
rural maturation agrarianism both see revivalismtool employed urban ruling elite maintain
supervision insure orderly efficient workingclass alternatives rural thesis seemary P ryan cradle middle class familyoneida county new york 179018651790 1865 london cambridgeuniversity press 1981 ppap 60 104 glen C altshuler
jan M saltzgaber revivalism social consciencecommunity burned district trial
rhoda bement ithaca cornell university press 1983ppap 15 77 143169143 169
5 hansen american experience ppap 636863 68 hillhlllchristian primitivism ppap 37 79 wood evangelical
america ppap 375384375 384
6lawerencelawerence foster religion sexuality threethreamerican communal experiments nineteenth centurynewnewnex york oxford university press 1981 ppap 10 14123180.12318012 180318 i foster between heaven ehrearth9 th sunstone 7julyjuly august 1982 7 13
7crossacrossross burned district ppap 31093 109 138 150
8deadee pillis social sources ppap 61 72works attempt tie birth mormonismfrontier thesis see dean C mcbrien influence
frontier joseph smith phd dissertationdepartment history george washington university1929 milton R hunter mormonscormons americanfrontier salt lake city LDS department education1940 alexander evanhoff turner thesis mormonbeginnings new york utah n utah historicalquarterly 33 spring 1965 157 173
9deadeQde pillis expands concept religious
authority work quest religious authorityrise mormonism dialogue fall 1966 688868 88
lomarvinlo marvin hill rise mormonismburned district another view new york history41 october 1980 426
133
illawrenceallawrenceil lawrence yorgason demographic aspectshundred early mormon converts 183018371830 18371837r
thesis department history brigham young university1974 attempted analysis admittedlyinformation limited questionable representative
8000 converts located ah0hohioio n missouriss ourouni ifollowing table demonstrated large amount
kirtland saints born new york new englandseventy eight percent total provided
impetus using area examining pre conversionmigration however should noted thatthechurchchurchmemmembebembe rsrsatarsat jcijrtlandi andmayanamaymaynay nott berebeneberepresentarepresentativepresentazivetiyediyeentire church membbembmembershipership during time
birthplaces OP KIRTLAND SAINTS
C atyatefty mj percentpelpeircenfcstate mamalemaieae1e female combined total
new york 264 156 108 31.8318318
massachusetts 126 82 44 15.1151vermont 102 64 44 12.3123 78new hampshire 66 37 29 8.08080connecticut 66 37 29 8.08080 newmaine 24 13 11 2.92929 england
canada 42 23 19 5.05050 newohio 33 18 15 4.04040 yorkpennsylvania 33 15 18 4.04040england 19 6 13 2.32323
others 55 36 22idlidi 6.66666gg
totals 830 487 343 100.01000SOURCE biographies autobiographies family groupsheets
12the majority biographical dataavailable genealogical library churchhistorical department church jesus christlatter day saints family group sheet kept
church contains data each family memberbirth marriage death records contained
various diaries journals family histories
134
migration study four hundred twenty L thesegroup sheets found kirtland membership
group hundred ninety 22 percent836 members reconstituted based
nativity data first childs beingeither new york new england area
13walter131 0 walterwaiter nugent structures american socialhistory bloomington indiana university press 1981p 70 writing land rush vermont drawsconclusion
1810 thirty years firstmass waves settlers sons daughters
much same position emigrantsmassachusetts generation before
choices stay family farmprobably subdividing where resources
easily extend same levelthemselves third generation findnew land new frontier again newland 50 100 miles away newyork easily reachable timbered well wateredless remote usually fertilevermont land prices rose vermontouttoutmigrationmigration began even migrationstill going
14dwDW meinig geography expansion178518551785 1855 geography new york state john henrythompson ed new york syracuse university press1977 p 145
15meinig15meinig expansion p 144
161bidibid17andrew17 andrew W young history chautauguachautauquaChautaugua county
new york first settlement present timenew york matthews warner 1875 ppap 446 535
18joeljoeijoel hills johnson journal sketchlife joel hills johnson TS special
collections harold B lee library brigham younguniversity hereafter cited special collections ppap1 3 land records pomfret township note ezekialjoel original purchasers 1824 1825 respectively
191bidibid p 3
20meinig20 meinig p 144 kirtland membership recordsshow sixty percent converts sharedcommon surname further work kinship ties relating
migration conversion position within mormon
135
church hierarchy see D michael quinn organizationalsocial origins mormon hierarchy 183219321832 1932
prosopographical study MA thesis departmenthistory university utah 1973
2lluman21luman andros shurtliff journal lumanshurtliff TS special collections ppap 1 12
22de pillis social sources n p 78
iftitticcifc possible historians often drawconclusion since joseph smith transient
bulk mormonscormonsMor mons however smithfather made significant amount moves smith
7 14 father24yorgason24yorgason hundred converts ppap 282928 29
argued since parents these convertsmigrated often children parentalmigration should taken account partconverts migratory experience thus demonstrated
average two moves per convert 190reconstituted families 59 31 percent themtrace parental migrations using pearson correlationcoefficient association between parental moves
convert children negligible 077.07707705.0505 level significance neither does seer1seerseera
correlation between number moveschanges religious affiliation seventy eight percent
converts eighty percent parentsmoved did change religions converts parents
did change religions seventeen percent sonsdid likewise based upon these measurements
difficult label children transients25the child step ladder method introduced
barnes lathrop study migration east texasaustin texas state historical association 1949
study persistence measured based upon lengthtime pre mormon convert stayed within geographical
area county mothers birth intervalchild born kirtland
26newfe newnev york census records 1800 revealed100000 inhabitants west old colonial regionbesides 10000 champlain area 1810 thesetotals increased 300000 50000 1820
700000 regionsrevolution 1820 just matter filling
overall pattern already established27hillhill burned district p 420 while
ultimate causes conversion supernaturalexperiences beyond scope social history
136
understanding social processes conversion doessay supernatural ideological
influences involved certainly those believeomnipotent god must believe work throughsocial processes environmental influencesappear natural detached social scientisthistorian see david 0 moberg church socialinstitution englewood cliffs NJ prentice hall1962 ppap 421444421 444
28ibidibid29woodwood evangelical america ppap 361 365
foster between heaven earth p 7 ryan cradleppap 7177 17 johnson milleniummillennium ppap 9511595 115
30ryanryan cradle ppap 545954 59 102
3libidibid ppap 565956 59 72 trend seenlarge numbers 32 percent momormonrmon conconvertst
worked different occupation fathersnotice twenty three percent fewer sons
employed farms excellent workdeals effect ofofthe industrial revolution
occupational social mobility see franklin Fmendels social mobility phasesindustrialization journal interdisciplinary history7 autumn 1976 193216193 216
137
CONVERTS FATHERS occupations
father convertoccupationoccupoccueatlon number percentperc ent number percentperc ent
farmerr 38 80980.980809 9.9 43 58millemiller r 5 10610.6log10610 6.6 6 8 1.1shoemaker 2 4.343434 3.3 1 1.212121 2.2
sailor 1 2.1212 1.1 0 0.00000oo0 0.0
i JL1 2.12121 24 32.5325totals 47 1000100.0100loo 0.0 74 1000100.0100loo 0.0
SOURCE see table 3
ithesethese occupations include teacher hattertanner carpenter lawyer clerk thomsonian doctordoctor merchant minister
32see3 see george rogers taylor transportationrevolution new york rinehart 1951 ppap207228207 228
33ryanryan cradle ppap 565756 57 64
34william34william mcloughlin revivals awakeningsAwaken ingsreform chicago university chicago press 1978ppap 1 23 foster between heaven earth ppap 898 9hansen american experienceexperienceyExperiencexperiencedey ppap 464746 47
35mcloughlin35mcloughlin revivals p 10
36anthony36 anthony FC wallace revitalizationmovements american anthropologist 58 1956 266 267
37wallacewailace37 wallace revitalization movements p 267mcloughlin revivals ppap 122012 20
38wallacewailace38wallace revitalizationnrevitalization movements n p 269
39mcloughlin39mcloughlin revivals p 12
40wallacewailace40 wallace nrevitalizationrevitalizafcion movements ppap269270269 270
41woodwood evangelical america ppap 363367363 367
138
421bibidid ppap 361364361 364
43mcloughlin43 mcloughlin revivals p 21 donald G
matthews second great awakening organizingprocess 178018301780 1830 hypothesis american quartellquarterlQuarquarterlyterlteri21 spring 1969 p 27 argues second greatawakening revivalism little do religiousissues rather organizing processhelped give meaning direction people suffering
various degrees social strains nationmove new political economic geographical
areas two recent works using thesis johnsonsshopkeepers milleniummillennium expeciallyespecially chapter fiveryans cradle middle class p 1951 95 seefaler cultural aspects industrial revolutionp 370
44wallace44wallacewailace revitalization movements ppap267267268268 mcloughlin revivals p 14
45wallacewailace45wallace revitalization movements ppap270275270 275
46mcloughlin46 mcloughlin revivals ppap 16 23
47hansen47 hansen american experiencerexperience ppap 141 4 donnahill joseph smith first mormon new york doubleday
1977 ppap 155015 50 hill christian primitivismppap 37 51
48nkirtlandkirtland letter book church historiansoffice hereafter cited CHO 1835 1839 ppap 1 3
491bid491ibidbid ppap 232 3
50joseph50 joseph smith history church jesuschrist latter day saints ed BH roberts 7volumes salt lake city deseret book 1978 1111211 12
5libidibid ppap 111311 13
52klauskiausklaus hansen quest ppap xii xv 3233 23 hillchristain primitivism especially chapter 2 hillshaping mormon mind ppap 351372351 372 hansenamerican experience ppap 51 52 warren jennings
city garden social conflict jackson countymissouri F mark mckiernan et al restorationmovement essays mormon history independencemissouri herald publishing house 1979 ppap 99 119
530f fifty eight conversion accountsfound nineteen thirty two percent recorded
various tension forming criscriseses cohsiderlfigconsider ing hd many
139
accountaccounts written years conversionexperience significant these crisesrecorded
54mcloughlin54 mcloughlin revivals p 12
55joeljoeijoel hills johnson journal p 1
561bidibid p 2
571bid571ibidbid ppap 2 3
58ibidibid59ibid591bid p 3
601bidibid611bid61ibid p 4
621bidibid p 5
631bid63ibid
64ibid641bid
651bidibid66ibid661bid ppap 5 7
67according67 according chautauguachautauquaChautaugua county census1840 commerce manufaturingmanufacturing made fifty threepercent labor force pomfret areafurthermore apporximately seventy five percent lesshomespun cloth produced 1845 1825 see
taylor transportation revolution ppap 211220211 220
68newnew york state census 1825
140
69see table below
SOCIAL MOBILITY POMFRET AREA 1825 1835
mobility number percent
upward 38 70.4704704downward 8 14.8148
change 8 14.8148totals 54 100.01000SOURCE new york statecensus chautauguachautauquaChautaugua county1825 1835
70joeljoeijoel hills johnson journal ppap 2 3
WEALTH distribution POMFRET 1825acres land
wealthdistribution number percent
0 93 17.21721721 9 155 28.5285285101910 19 103 19.0190igo204920 49 147 27.1271509950 99 35 6.56565100199100 199 9 1.616lgig200 0 0.00000oo
totals 542 99.9999999
SOURCE new york state censuschautauguachautauquaChaut augua county 1825
141
7lbenjaminbenjamin F johnson my lifes reviewindependence missouri zions printing publishing
ppap 8 10 joel hills johnson journal p 2
72benjamin72 benjamin johnson life review p 8
731bid731tat3 ibidbid p 12 benjamin recalls previousmormon missionaries arrival pomfret ezekial
working village fredonia northeast sectionpomfret carpenter undoubtedly leaving julia
children handle fifty five acre farm
741bid741ibidbid ppap 14 15
751biibidd ppap 13 15 prior ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls leavingagaiagalagainstns t wisheswi ashesshes julia older
chilchiichildrengrenveredrenveredrenvere baptized mormon church
761bidibid p 20 benjamin writes motherleft hearing ezekial undoubtedlyappeared deserted eventually ezekialmoved kirtland lived separate family
continued unbelief oppositiontruth intemperencetemperenceintemperance
771bidibid p 8 disharmony homebenjamin sadly writes
yet fiend unhappiness enteredour home break bonds union betweenour parents destroy happiness
children looking back mychildhood almost seemed I1 bornchild sorrow my love bothmy parents troublesunhappiness my heart almost seem burst
sorrow grief feeling alwaysseemed me wish I1 died my
birth I1 never born
78benjamin78 benjamin brown testimonies truthTS special collections ppap 2 4
791bid791ibidbid p 7
8oibidibid ppap 787 8
8libidibid p 8
821bidibid p 8 9
831bid831ibidbid p 9 13
142
84josephpa84 joseph bates noble journal joseph batesnoble TS church archives ppap 343 4
851bidibid p 1
861bidibid ppap 131 3
871bidibid ppap 3 4
88mormonspomormonscormons post millenialistsmillenialists believedimminent return jesus christ concept
mormon kingdom building thoroughly discussed klaushansens quest empire lincoln nebraskauniversity nebraska press 1967
89sylvester89 sylvester J matthews antiquarian auburnnew york tabloid dated january 18 1902
90henryQAhenry hall history auburn auburn new
york 1869 ppap 12022120 22 richard F palmer karl D
butler brighamBricf ham young new york years midvale utahsignature books ppap 11 40
9lbrighambrigham young history brigham youngpresented serially latter day saints millenialmillennialMil lenial star132 volumes manchester liverpool latter day saintbook depot 1840 1870 25 423
921bidibid931bidibid 25 424
94lumanlunanluman shurtliff journal p 8
951bidibid ppap 7 12
961bidibid p 11
971bidibid981bidibid p 12
991bidibid100loo100ibidibid p 13
loliollolibidibid ppap 131413 14
1021bid1021 bid ppap 172517 25
1030ff surnames 418 691 60460.4604 percentshared two heads households
143
104seven10 seventyicylcy percent converts movedless times similarly seventy eight percent didchange religious affiliation prior conversion
mormonism
105forF contrasting work mormonscormonsMor mons reasonsconversion see malcolm R thorp religious
backgrounds mormon converts britain 183718521837 1852 u
journal mormon history 4 1977 596559 65
106log106thesethese fifty eight journals mormon headshousehold represent fourteen percent
mormon heads household 58 415
107forq11oeJ recent study effects statusinconsistency religious commitment demonstrates
high correlation between sect likereligiosity lower social status person seesasaki status inconsistency religious commitment
robert wuthenow ed religious dimension newdirections quantitative research new york academics1979 ppap 152154152 154 wayne meeks recent socialhistory early christians argues statusinconsistent person perhaps likely join
early christian sects see wayne meeks firsturban christians social world apostle paul
new haven yale university press 1983 p 55 NJdemerath 111IIIlii work social class americanprotestantism chicago rand mcnally 1965 p 137sect like religiosity makes distinction between those
join established churches religious sectschurch type religious experience valuable
reinforcement secular values sect typereligion important alternative orientation
CHAPTER II11
impact mormon emmigrationmigrationimmigrationEm
kirtland ohio 183018391830 1839
lunitedlunstedunited states bureau census 5th5fchath censusunited states 1830 population washington DC
duff greene 1832 ppap 118 143 kirtland township1018 citizens compared clevelandsclevelandsrClevelands 1074
2foriforfoc detailed analysis mormonscormonsMormonsimpact kirtland see marvin hill C keith rooker
larry T wimmer kirtland economy revisitedmarket Cricrlcritiquetiquetigue sectarian economics provo utahbrigham young university press 1977
united states bureau census ath6th censusunited states 1840 population washington DC
blair rives 1841 ppap 289 344 kirtlandsKirt lands 1830spopulation 1018 compared 1840 population1778
41f mormonscormons stayed kirtlandexperienced least 317 percent growth population
5painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph 7 february 1834
6forifor good general history westernreserve see harlan hatcherscatchersHatchers western reservestory new connecticut ohio cleveland worldpublishing 1967
71bidbid p 14
8charlesacharlescharlescharies whittlesey early history clevelandohio cleveland fairbanks benedict 1867 p213
9virginiaavirginiaQvirginia billings kirtland nd exhibitbillings collection MSS lake county historical
societyloibidibidlichristopherlichristopher gore crary quoted william
brothers history lake geaugageauqageaugh counties ohiophiladelphia JB lippencott 1878 p 246
121bidibid additional work settlementkirtland see ann prushasprushalsgrushasPrus halshars history kirtland
144
145
ohio MA thesis department history kent stateuniversity 1971 ppap 1641 64
13richard13 richard henrie morley lifecontributions isaac morley MA thesis college
religious instruction brigham young university 1965ppap 161 6
14united14united states bureau census 4thath censusunited states 1820 populationpodulationmodulation washington
DC duff greene 1822 ppap 120 161
151bidibid16kirtland16 kirtland township record 181718381817 1838 1117clarence17 clarenceciarence H danhoff change agriculture
northern united states 182018701820 1870 cambridgemassachusetts harvard university press 1969 p 3
18percvpercy W bidwell john I1 falconer historyaqricultureaoricultureaquiculture northern united states 1601670167.0igo 186018150
washington DC carnegie institution washington1925 ppap 37 115 recent work sizesohio farms see lee soltow inequality amidst abundanceland ownership early nineteenth century ohio ohiohistory 82 spring 1979 133133151151
19geaugageaughgeauga county ohio land records 1826genealogical society library salt lake city utah
20danhoff20 danhoff p 114 danhoff provides good sketchwhat small farm looked like northern united
states during early nineteenth century
2lforalfor excellent description crops plantedkirtland see robert L layton kirtland
perspective time place BYU studies 11 summer1971 432 434
geaughgeauga county ohio personal property taxrecords 1826 genealogical society library salt lakecity utah
23francis239 francis P weisenburger passingfrontier vol 3 history ohio carl wittke ed
columbus ohio ohio state archeologicalarchaeologicalArche ological historicalsociety 1941 p 71
24danhoff24 danhoff agriculture p 31
25brothers25 brothers history p 247
26danhoff26n Cdanhoff agriculture ppap 293029 30
146
27tbidibid7 ft28newelnewel K whitney account book mssass
reorganized church jesus christ latter day saintsarchives independence missouri
29mslx29max H parkin kirtlandnkirtland strongholdkingdom n restoration movement essays mormonhistoryhisioryhistory F mark mckiernan ed independence missouriherald house 1979 p 66
30prusha30 prusha history kirtland ppap 485048 50
31 christopher G crary kirtland pioneerpersonal reminiscences marshalltownMarshall town iowa Marshallmarshalltownmarshallfcowntownprinting col 1893 p 20 additional workfocusing congregational church kirtland seemary B sims oidoldnoldnoid south congregational church n lakecounty historical society quarterly 2 summer 1960131 3
323max parkin nature causes internal
external conflict mormonscormons ohio between 18301838 n MA thesis college religious instruction
brigham young university 1966 dloplo 101310 13
331bidibid ppap 131413 14
34a hayden early history discipleswestern reserve ohio cincinnati 1876 ppap
445344 53
35 kirtland phase mormonismsubject several secondary works early study
period given eva L pancoast mormonscormonsMormonskirtland thesis department Histhistoryorv westernreserve university 1929 growth mormonchurch kirtland ohio phd dissertation department
history indiana university 1957 robert kentfielding provides major study economic situation
kirtland during mormon occupationexcellent critique fieldings approach well
findings see marvin hill footnote 2 max H parkinwork nature cause internal
external conflict mormonscormons ohio between 18301838 MA thesis college religious
instruction brigham young university 1966 discussesseveral reasons why mormonscormons persecuted geaugageaughcounty parkin written important interpretiveessay kirtland stronghold kingdomF mark mckiernan alma R blair paul edwards eds
restoration movement essays mormon historylawrence kansas coronado press 1973 ppap 639863 98 D
michael quinn written excellent re synthesis
147
kirtland experience article echoesfore shadowings distinctiveness mormoncommunity sunstone 3 march april 1978 121712 17
361oseph361josephoseph smith jr doctrine covenantschurch jesus christ latter day saints salt
lake city church jesus christ latter daysaints 1981 288 305 3213321 3 henceforth cited
dacd&c richard lloyd anderson impact firstpreaching ohio BYU studies 11 summer 1971 476496476 496
37doctrinal37 doctrinal history church 11201251120 125 dacd&csections 35 36
381bidibid p 128 see dacd&c sections 3536
dac39d&cd&c 382240for brief description mormon imgrationgrationim
ohio new yorkayorkfyork see larry porters churchnew york pennsylvania ppap 50 54
41 religion sexuality lawrence fosterdiscusses compares both social religious views
oneida perfection shakers mormonscormonsMormons
42for excellent article exexploresDloresdiores smithsincreasing authority well reaction bothmembers non members see marvin hillcultural crisis mormon kingdom reconsideration
kirtland dissent church history 49 september1980 286 297
43njournaljournal newell knight 24 november 1835historical department church salt lake city
day joseph smith performed wedding knightrecorded joseph said performed marriagemarriaqemarriane
authority holy priesthood gentilelaw power call me account marriagerecords geaugageaugh county recorded smiths name least18 marriage licenses during stay kirtlandkirfcland
44nletterletter benjamin F johnson georgegibbs 1903 n special collections BYU see danelW bachman new light old hypothesis ohioorigin revelation eternaieternal marriage journal
mormon historbistorhistoryy 5 1978 19 32
45parkin45 parkin kirtlandkirfcland stronghold tcheKingkingdomdomn p 89
461n46in kirtland dissentDissentn ppap 296 297 hillconcludes infallible authority smiths
148
led t0 o disillusionment both churchmembers kirtland community
47maxmax H parkin mormon political involvementohio BYU studies 9 summer 1969 485487485 487
48kirtland48kirtland township record 112949painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph 20 february 1835
50painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph 24 november 1836 19november 1840 results elections
geaugageaughkirtland county ohio
1836van buren 396 1487 96948harrison 116 3274 106405
1840 lake countyvan buren 103 653 124870harrison 191 1887 148141
5lpainesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines villevilie telegraph 17 april 1835disgruntled kirtland citizen recorded opinionkirtlandsKirt lands political battles mormonscormonsMormons
now people townshipgoverned pretended revelations joesmith think comprehend designs
these religious imimpostersimposfcersimpostorsposters objectacquire political power fast
without regard means madeuse ready harnessparties willing degrade themselves
asking assistance now carrynearly majority township everyman votes directed prophetelders previous recent townshipelections here generally understoondunder stoond
mormonscormons jacksoniansJackson ians agreedshare spoilsSpoilspolisSn equally consequence
citizens thought uselessattend polls brought entire
mormon ticket calculated smuggleindependent democrats under
149
orders prophet causedcitizens rally make effort
small majority saved townshipbeing governed revelation year
come
52thesethese sentiments appear widespreadcitizen jackson county missouri recorded
requires gift prophecy tellday far distant civil
government courts handssheriff justices court
judges mormonscormonsMormons
statement robert johnson chairmanmob committee see doctrinal history church 1397
C 353mormonscormonsmormonsMormonsnons gained important town offices duringelection including office trustee town
clerk treasurer school examiner fence viewersee appendix 111IIIili names those held officesduring time period
54kirtland54 kirtland township record 176 seeappendix IV list latter day saintswarned
55dainesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph 7 february 1834
56mormon56Cmormon poverty while condoned
reasonably explained previously noted mormonscormonsmigrated ohio expected endowment power
deity june 1 1833 revelation given josephsmith told church members endowment
received temple builtkirtland almost next three years mormonscormons
come kirtland spent much timemonetary resources building unlike manynon mormon settlers upon arriving kirtlandset build comfortable home start planting
managing farms works mormon templekirtland see clarence field history kirtland
temple MA thesis college religious instructionbrigham young university 1963 lauritz G peterson
kirtland temple BYU studies 12 summer 1978400 409
57caroline57caroline barnes crosby caroline barnescrosbysCrosbys autobiography church archives salt lakecity
c p58the latter day saints messenger advocatejuly 1836
15015 0
59 ohioohl40 observer 11 august 1836
60messenger600 messenger advocate december 1836
6lwilliswillis thornton gentile saintkirtland n ohio state Archearcheoloqicalarcheologicalarchaeologicalological historicalOuartquarterlyeriverly 63 january 1954 10 see milton V
backman quest restoration birthmormonism ohio n BYU studies 12 summer 1972 356 364
62painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines villevilie telegraph 18 january 1831
63thornton63thorntThorntonThornftoncon gentile saint p 10 davisbitton kirtland center missionary activity183018381830 1838 BYU studies 11 summer 1971 497497516516
64messenger64 messenger advocate july 1836
65by6 1836 mormonscormons seven mercantile firmscompared two non mormon firms kirtland
light industindestindustryrv kirtland mormon owned includingtannery brick kiln ashery these light industries
busily engaged producing necessary materialsbuilding temple heavy industry
sawmill grist mill carding factory ownednon mormonscormonsMor mons description kirtland industrysee marvin hills kirtland economy revisited p 13
66as previously discussed table 2.92929 demonstratesfew mormonscormons adequate farm land made them
extremely vulnerable both fluctuating market pricesstarvation measures employed
antogonistsantogonisfcsantagonists information average sizedfarm united states well ohio see footnote18
67wilford67 wilford woodruff wilford woodruff journal6 april 1837 church archives salt lake city deanC jessee kirtland diary wilford woodruff BYU
studies 12 summer 1972 365399365 399 further exhibitedoptimism kirtlandsKirt lands future wrote
joseph presented us degree plotcity kirtland strongholddaughter zion given him
vision great marvelousglorious city extended east westnorth south steam boats come puffing
city our goods conveyed uponrailroads kirtland many placesprobably zion houses worshipreared unto high beautiful streets
sic made saints walkkings earth come behold
151
glory thereof many glorious thingsnow named bestowed upon saints
68marvin68 marvin hill kirtland economy revisitedppap 414841 48 scott H partridge failurekirtland safety society BYU studies 12 summer 1972414377 454
69hills69hills work kirtland economy showedrising land prices linearly related increasingmormon population fact 1837 land values seetables 2.12121 2.42424 five times amount 1832
double 1836 price level see hill kirtlandeconomy revisited ppap 172417 24
70rather70 rather contend mormonscormonsresponsible increasing non mormon exoduskirtland factors westward expansion
panic 1837 should cited possiblefactors decreasing persistence
7lanalan exception group wealthycongregationalists moved boonesvilleboonesvillerBoones villevillervilie indiana
perceived mormonscormons breakingsociety kirtland information groupsee mary B sims old south congregational church n p21
72yearsyears 1834 1838 years whereland prices dropped wealthiest 40 percent remainedrelatively unaffected see table 215r2152.15 while pooresttwo quintiles began sell land leaveinstance years 183418351834 1835 saw increasepersistence see table 2.12212 upward mobility see table2.14214 decrease land prices while persistenceincreased overall see table 2.12212 those didpersist 92 percent lowest two quintilessee table 2.15215
731n 1840 part geaugageaugh county partcuyahogaCuya hoga county merged form new lake countygrowth rate combined counties 116 percent
152
74see74 see table below
populationtown 1830 1840 growth rate
kirtland 1018 1778 74774.7747painesvillegainesvillePainesville 1499 2580 72072.0720madison 1898 2800 47547.5475perry 1148 1339 16.6166SOURCE see footnotes 1 3
CHAPTER III111liimormon exodus kirtland aftermath
ifor extensive work conflictarising kirtland see max parkin studynature external internal conflict mormonscormons
ohio between 1830 1838
2seeaseesee milton V backman heavens resoundhistory latter davday saints ohio 1830 1838
salt lake city deseret book 1983 327327329329 parkinsconflict kirtland ppap 279 328
3forifori events leading aposapostasytaSyn seebackman heavens resound ppap 327341327 341 parkinsnkirtlandkirfcland stronghold kingdom ppap 809380 93
parkins conflict kirtland devoted fcotcotto extensivediscussion tche specific reasons resulting dissensionwithin tche mormon ranks see marvin hills culturalcultCulfturalcuralturaicrisis tche mormon kingdom ppap 286 297 work
tche apprehension mormonscormons smithsincreasing ecclesiastical political power
4johnajohnjohn whitmer history john whitmer saltsaitlake citycitty modern microfilm nd p 21 charleswoodward first half century mormonism new yorkpublic library p 195
5geaugageaughgeaugaGeauga county ohio land records 1837genealogical department saltsait lake citycitty utah smithsmitchsmitth
accused taking advantage incoming mormonscormonscharging exorbitant prices real estatealternative explanations smiths land speculationssee hill rooker wimmer kirtland economyrevisited ppap 16 24
parkins conflict aftatt kirtland n p 312
7hebergheberheber C kimball tche journal discourses4108
harkinsparkins conflict attaft kirtland ppap 313 318
9ibid91bidbibid
loibidibid p 325 william E berrett restoredchurch 14th14fch ed saltsait lake city deseretDeserefc book 1969132 asserted tchan fifty percentpercenfc tche mormonmembership became dissdissaffecteddissaffecfcedaffected
lillmessenqerlimessengerMessenger advocate 3 july 1837 537 538
153
154
12hillhlllhill cultural crisis ppap 296297296 297
13manuscript13 manuscript history great lakesmission ohio january 17 1838 church archivesautobiography caroline barnes crosby 1838 churcharchives
14painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph may 31 1838 autobiogra-phy zera pulsipher brigham young university ppap 9109 10
15autobiography15autobiography luman andros shurtliff brighamyoung university ppap 303130 31 hezibahhezikah richards friendsmarch 23 1838 richards family papers church archives
16williamwliilam16william F cahoon cited stella cahoonshurtliff brent farrington cahoon reynolds cahoon
stalwart sons city publisher given 1960p 18 george smith mormon apostle estimatedloss million dollars journal discourses13 107
1717seesee chapter two table 2.12121
18joseph18 joseph smith doctrinal history church3 334545
191bidibid 439201bidibid times seasons vol 12921journal21 journal history church march 9 1840
compilation scrapbook form found churcharchives church jesus christ latter daysaints salt lake city utah
221bidibid april 27 1840
23almonalmonaimon whiting babbitt born berkshirecounty massachusetts october 12 1812 immediately
baptism called serve mision newyork served another mission new york well
indiana pennsylvania canada workchurch leader often caused contention called
before high council breaking word wisdomtraducing character joseph smith teachingfalse doctrine later two occasions kainesvillegainesvilleKaines villeiowa disfellowshippeddisfellowshipped once disagreeing
apostles another time giving liquorpeople finally excommunicated 1854
utah served territorial legislaturebabbitt killed 1856 defending federalgovernment supply train indian attackadditional work babbitts role kirtlandaftermath see davis bitton waning mormon
155
kirtland BYU studies 12 summer 1972 455464455 464 seejay D ridd almon whiting babbitt mormon emissary
thesis department history university utah1953
24njournal history july 22 1840
251bidibid26forafi9fi similar argument see robert bruce
flanders nauvoo kingdom mississippi urbanauniversity illinois press 1965 p 251
27joseph27 joseph smith doctrinal history church5 302 303
281bidibid 4 443443444444 see artel rickshyrumshyrams prophecy improvement era 57 may 1956 3057305 7
340 42
291bidibid 4 476
30journal30njournal30 Journal history october 30 1842
31timestimes seasons 16263162 63
321bidibid f 12822861282 286
33njournaljournal history january 18 1844
34manuscript34 manuscript history brigham young editedEJ watson salt lake city 1968 169
35njournal history december 17 1844
361bidibid december 21 1844
371bidibid december 31 1844
381bidibid december 3 184418440
39timestimes seasons 68716871872872
40 letter dated august 7 1851 deseretnews december 13 1852
4lbittonalbittonbifcton waning ppap 459460459 460
42njournaljournal Histhistoryoryn april 5 1846
43richard43 richard W young wake church n
contributor 4 december 1882 105 108thorough discussion events leadingreorganized church obtaining deed kirtland temple
156
see paul E reimann reorganized church civilcourts salt lake city utah printing company 196149 100.100loo clarence L fields history kirtlandtemple ppap 89 107
441bidibid451bidibid p 108
46prusha46 prusha history kirtland ppap 137 138
47rebecca47 rebecca shepherd restless americansgeographic mobility farm laborers old middle
west 185018701850 1870 ohio history 89 winter 1980 25 45additional works decline population
kirtland area see harry F lupold rise fallforgotten lake port richmond ohio lake county
historical society quarterly 25 october 1983 fairportharbor bicentennial committee history fairportharbor ohio fairport harbor ohio lake photo engraving
1976 ppap 467948united48 united states bureau census 7th7fchath census
united states 1850 population washington DCrobert armstrong 1853 opportunitynopportunityinopportunity persistence
pacific northwest quantitative study earlyrosenburg oregon pacific historical review 39 august1970 296 william robbins finds lengthresidence directly proportional economic standingboth stephen Threthrestromthresfcromstrom poverty progress socialmobility nineteenth century city cambridgemassachusetts harvard university press 1964 merlecurti making american community case study
democracy frontier community stanfordcalifornia stanford university press 1959 73 76 foundsimilar results
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IMPACT MORMON MIGRATION COMMUNITY
KIRTLAND OHIO 1830183018391839
mark R grandstaff
department historyMA degree april 1984
ABSTRACT
early decades nineteenth centuryera cultural change disorientation many turnedrevivals displace insecure emotionalism
insure themselves place emerging societyothers mormonscormons sought encompassingplan dispel confusion restore order
decadent society search led mormonscormonsfollow prophet kirtland ohio once kirtlandvarious sociological conflicts developed affectedhow citizens kirtland perceive mormonneighbors tantamount these conflicts rapidlyincreasing mormon population triggeredcorresponding rise land costs thus affectedkirtlandsKirt lands social structure study found
during apostasy 1837 fewleadership disaffiliated finally shownkirtlandsKirt lands lack population growth 1840similar declines experienced areas
western reserve
e- i C lyyjlCOMMITTEE APPROVAL ftrobert C kenzercommittee hairmanchairman
keith W perkinscommittee member
lanier R britschgraduate coordinator