the impact of puberty on your child's cognitive, emotional, and social development presenters:...
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The Impact of Puberty on Your Child's Cognitive, Emotional, and Social
Development
Presenters:•Angelica Greiner•Baylis Scott
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Adolescence
•Covers the period from roughly ages 10 to 20 of a child’s development
•A time of growing up, of moving from the immaturity of childhood into maturity of adulthood
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Adolescence•There is no single event or boundary line
that denotes the end of childhood or the beginning of adolescence
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Adolescence• Instead…▫Experts think of the passage from childhood
into and through adolescence as composed of a set of transitions that unfold gradually and that touch upon many aspects of the individual’s behavior, development, and relationships
▫These transitions are biological (puberty), cognitive, social, and emotional
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Biological Transition •The most salient sign
that adolescence has begun
•Refers to the physical changes the occur in the growing girl/boy as the individual passes from childhood into adulthood
•The physical changes of puberty are triggered by hormones—chemical substances in the body that act on specific organs and tissues
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Biological Transition •Difficulties associated with adjusting to
puberty are minimized if adolescents know what changes to expect and have positive attitudes toward them
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Biological Transition •Although the
immediate impact of puberty on your child’s self-image and mood may be very modest, the timing of physical maturation does affect your child’s social and emotional development…
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Biological Transition •Early-maturing boys tend to have a more
positive self-concept and be more self-assured than their later-maturing peers
•Early-maturing girls may feel awkward and self-conscious
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Cognitive Transition•A second element of the passage through
adolescence is a cognitive transition
•Compared to children, adolescents think in way that are more advanced, more efficient, and generally more complex
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Cognitive Transition•The cognitive transition can be seen in 5
ways:
1. Better able to think about what is possible, instead of limiting their thoughts to what is real
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Cognitive Transition•The cognitive transition can be seen in 5
ways:
2. They are better able to think about abstract ideas
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Cognitive Transition•The cognitive transition can be seen in 5
ways:
3. They begin to think more often about the process of thinking itself (metacognition)
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Cognitive Transition•The cognitive transition can be seen in 5
ways:
4. Their thinking tends to become multidimensional, rather than limited to a single issue
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Cognitive Transition•The cognitive transition can be seen in 5
ways:
5. Adolescents are more likely than children to see things as relative, rather than absolute (black and white)
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Emotional Transition•During adolescence, important shifts
occur in the way individuals think about and characterize themselves—their self-concept
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Emotional Transition• As adolescents mature
intellectually and undergo cognitive transitions, they come to perceive themselves in more sophisticate and differentiated ways▫Children – describe
themselves in relatively simple, concrete terms
▫Adolescents – likely to employ complex, abstract, and psychological self-characterizations
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Emotional Transition•Conventional wisdom holds that adolescents
have low self-esteem—that they are more insecure and self-critical than children or adults
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Emotional Transition• However, most research
indicates otherwise…
▫Although adolescents’ feelings about themselves may fluctuate, their self-esteem remains fairly stable from about age 13 on
▫Researchers believes that self-esteem is multidimensional—young people evaluate themselves along several different dimensions
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Emotional Transition• Erik Erikson theorized that the establishment of
a coherent sense of identity is the chief psychosocial task of adolescence
▫Adolescent may experiment with different roles and identities
▫This experimentation involves trying on different personalities and ways of behaving
▫Sometimes parents describe their teenage children as going through “phases”—much of this behavior is actually experimentations with roles and personalities
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Emotional Transition• Establishing a sense of autonomy/independence
is an important part of the emotional transition out of childhood
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Emotional Transition• During adolescence, there is a movement away
from the dependence typical of childhood toward autonomy typical of adulthood
• This movement can be seen in several ways…
▫Adolescents don’t rush to their parents whenever they are upset, worried, or need assistance
▫They do not see their parents as all knowing or all-powerful
▫Adolescents have a great deal of emotional energy wrapped up in relationships outside the family—may be more attached to a boyfriend/girlfriend than to their parents
▫Older adolescents are able to see and interact with their parents as people—not just as their parents
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Emotional Transition• The process of individuation begins during
infancy and continues well into late adolescence
• Individuation involves a gradual sharpening of one’s sense of self as autonomous, as competent, and as separate from one’s parents
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Emotional Transition• The process of individuation does not necessarily
involve stress and internal turmoil
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Emotional Transition• Instead…
▫ Individuation entails relinquishing childish dependencies on parents in favor of more mature, more responsible, and less dependent relationships
▫ Adolescents who have been successful in establishing a sense of individuation can accept responsibility for their choices and actions instead of looking to their parents to do it for them
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Emotional Transition• Susceptibility to the influence of parents/peers
changes with development
▫Childhood—highly oriented toward parents/less oriented toward peers; peer pressure during the early elementary years is not especially strong
▫Adolescence – less oriented toward their parents and more oriented toward their peers; peer pressure begins to escalate
▫Early Adolescence– conformity to parents continues to decline and conformity to peers and peer pressure continues to rise
▫Middle Adolescence – genuine behavioral independence emerges when conformity to parents and peers declines
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Social Transition•One of the key social transitions into
adolescence is the increase in the amount of time individuals spend with their peers
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Social Transition•Specific developments…
▫Sharp increase in the amount of time adolescents spend with their peers and in the relative time they spend in the company of peers versus adults
▫Peer groups function much more often without adult supervision than they do during childhood
▫More contact with peers of the opposite-sex friends
▫Whereas children’s peer relationships are limited mainly to pairs of friends/relatively small groups, adolescence marks the emergence of larger groups of peers (i.e. band, athletics, drama, etc.)
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Social Transition• The importance of peers during early adolescence
coincides with changes in individuals’ needs for intimacy
• As children begin to share secrets with their friends, a new sense of loyalty and commitment grows—a belief that friends can trust each other
• During adolescence, the search for intimacy intensifies and self-disclosure between friends becomes important
• Teenagers spend hours discussing their innermost thoughts and feelings, trying to understand one another
• The discovery that they tend to think and feel the same as someone else becomes another important basis of friendship
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Social Transition•Early adolescence is a period of significant
change and reorganization in family relationships
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Social Transition•Changes in ways adolescents view family
rules and regulations may contribute to increased disagreements between them and their parents
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Wrap Up•Research indicates
that most young people are able to negotiate the biological, cognitive, emotional, and social transitions of adolescence successfully!
•Questions/Comments