the impact of distributed generation and …...network and system predictability and scalability...
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The Impact of Distributed Generation and MicroGrids on the Distribution Network
March 27, 2105 Ron Chebra Solution Architect
There are significant “drivers” today that are impacting the future of the electric grid
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Customers
Infrastructure
Utility of the
Future
Regulation
Prosumers /Self Reliant Entities (MicroGrid) Mobile Loads
Energy Conservation
Renewable Portfolio Standards State PUC’s (e.g. NY REV)
NERC CIP FERC 745
Grid Modernization Grid Resiliency/Hardening
Distributed Energy Resources Asset Optimization
Revenue Erosion KPI’s (CAIDI)
Aging Workforce Source: Schneider Electric
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There are many drivers that are at the root of this ground swell, including: > Aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) > Rapid Growth of Solar Generation Capacity > Lower Cost of Installed PV Systems > Combined Heat and Power System Prices are becoming more Competitive > Demand for Greater Resiliency and Higher Reliability > Incentives for MicroGrid Deployments
The “Hot” topics today are in areas of Distributed Energy Resources and MicroGrids
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There are many drivers that are at the root of this ground swell, including: > Aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) > Rapid Growth of Solar Generation Capacity > Lower Cost of Installed PV Systems > Combined Heat and Power System Prices are becoming more Competitive > Demand for Greater Resiliency and Higher Reliability > Incentives for MicroGrid Deployments
The “Hot” topics today are in areas of Distributed Energy Resources and MicroGrids
RPS Map
5 Source: www.dsireusa.org
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There are many drivers that are at the root of this ground swell, including: > Aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) > Rapid Growth of Solar Generation Capacity > Lower Cost of Installed PV Systems > Combined Heat and Power System Prices are becoming more Competitive > Demand for Greater Resiliency and Higher Reliability > Incentives for MicroGrid Deployments
The “Hot” topics today are in areas of Distributed Energy Resources and MicroGrids
Solar Growth
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There are many drivers that are at the root of this ground swell, including: > Aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) > Rapid Growth of Solar Generation Capacity > Lower Cost of Installed PV Systems > Combined Heat and Power System Prices are becoming more Competitive > Demand for Greater Resiliency and Higher Reliability > Incentives for MicroGrid Deployments
The “Hot” topics today are in areas of Distributed Energy Resources and MicroGrids
PV Trends
9 Source: DOE/NREL Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends 2014 Edition
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There are many drivers that are at the root of this ground swell, including: > Aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) > Rapid Growth of Solar Generation Capacity > Lower Cost of Installed PV Systems > Combined Heat and Power System Prices are becoming more Competitive > Demand for Greater Resiliency and Higher Reliability > Incentives for MicroGrid Deployments
The “Hot” topics today are in areas of Distributed Energy Resources and MicroGrids
CHP Data
11 Source: http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/economics.html
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There are many drivers that are at the root of this ground swell, including: > Aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) > Rapid Growth of Solar Generation Capacity > Lower Cost of Installed PV Systems > Combined Heat and Power System Prices are becoming more Competitive > Demand for Greater Resiliency and Higher Reliability > Incentives for MicroGrid Deployments
The “Hot” topics today are in areas of Distributed Energy Resources and MicroGrids
Resiliency and Reliability
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Source: NOAA
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There are many drivers that are at the root of this ground swell, including: > Aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) > Rapid Growth of Solar Generation Capacity > Lower Cost of Installed PV Systems > Combined Heat and Power System Prices are becoming more Competitive > Demand for Greater Resiliency and Higher Reliability > Incentives for MicroGrid Deployments
The “Hot” topics today are in areas of Distributed Energy Resources and MicroGrids
Some State Incentive Programs include:
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NYSERDA – NY Prize
Connecticut – DEEP MicroGrid Grant/Loan
$18M awarded in 2013; $30M over
the next two years $40M competition to help communities create MicroGrid
Source: http://www.ct.gov/deep/
Source: http://www.nyserda.ny.gov/
Situation: As the number of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) and MicroGrid systems
grow, these customer-sided assets will impact the stability, reliability, and efficiency of power grid operations.
1. Generally, these are customer assets, as such, generally they would be located for
the convenience of the owner, not the utility. From the perspective of grid operator, these may located in less‐than‐optimal places or potentially on circuits that are challenged or at risk.
2. These systems will be of widely varying sizes, supply make-up (PV; Battery, BAS, etc.) and driven by customer needs such as resiliency, back-up, supply offset or peak load reduction. Operation of these may not be coincident with the needs of the distribution utility.
3. Without coordination with the distribution equipment on the grid, these systems could actually cause voltage oscillations, create reverse power flows on circuits not designed for two‐way flows, and cause other power system impacts that could actually increase the frequency and durations of outages.
Currently the standards address isolation (islanding) and safety, not grid augmentation and support
• IEEE’s 1547 interconnection standard requires that systems interconnected to the distribution grid automatically shut‐off in the event of even a brief power system anomaly.
– Effectively this would limit the ability of a MicroGrid or DER system from providing any type grid assistance during an “event.”
• Revised IEEE 1547a would permit such a system to actively regulate voltage at the point of common coupling under certain conditions.
– Permits the high and low limits of voltage and frequency to be extended for specific time periods so that voltage and frequency ride‐through by DER systems can occur
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Proposed Rule 21 Requirements for DER Frequency, Voltage Ride Through and Dynamic Volt/VAR
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Frequency Ride Through
Consume Reactive Power In response to increasing voltage and produce reactive power in response to decreasing voltage
Voltage Ride Through
Volt/VAR Response
Methods for detecting electrical islands should be
coordinated with voltage ride-through settings so
anti-islanding requirements are not
compromised
Source: SWIG Report 1/2014
Source: SWIG Report 1/2014
Source: Schneider Electric
Further, ARPA-E is looking to fund innovations to help mitigate high level penetrations of DER
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Seamless interconnection of information
More robust and pervasive networks
Greater levels of security
Device and subsystem interoperability
Network and system predictability and scalability
Over-the-air configuration and management
Network Operations Centers (NOC)
To deal with this the utility of the future will require:
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Utilities are adopting solutions that leverage the connectedness of “things” (IoT, or Grid of Things GoT)
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Smart Field Controllers Advanced Distribution Management Systems
PQ meters
Remote Terminal Units
Faulted Circuit Indicators Relclosers
Making greater use of intelligent end
devices (IED)
Leveraging more and greater field intelligence
Deploying communication networks that link devices to devices and to control systems
Integrating self-healing distribution networks
Providing layers of information interchange at the control room and in the field
Intelligence, Communication and Control are essential elements of the solution to provide the service required
Let’s explore the issues of Microgrid Integration
Challenges
Focus Areas
Integrated Solutions
Devices and Tools 22 Source: Schneider Electric
One Approach is A Hierarchical “Systems of Systems”
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Battery Equipment
PV Equipment
Diesel Generator
EV Equipment
Meter and PCC
Circuit Breaker
Facility Loads
Battery Charge
Controller
PV Controller
Diesel Controller
EV DER Controller
Load Controller
Facility DER Management
System
Facility Load Management
System
Transmission Bus Load Model
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Meter Data Management System MDMS
DER Management
System (DERMS)DER “SCADA”
Advanced Distribution
Management System ADMS)
Demand Response
System (DRMS)
Level 4 Distribution Utility
Level 5 REP or DER Aggregator
Level 3Utility and REP
ICT
Level 2 Facilities DER EMS
Level 1 DER System
Demand Response SystemDRMS
DER and Load Management System
Energy Management System (EMS)
ISO/RTO Balancing Authority
Transmission Market
Clearinghouse
Distribution Market Clearinghouse
Retail Energy Market Clearinghouse
Facility DER and Load Management System
ESB
Control Bus BAS Bus
Source: Adapted from CPUC Smart Inverter Working Group (SWIG)
DNP 3 Modbus PLC
BacNet Metasys LonWorks
OpenADR SEP 2
IEC 61850 DNP 3 SEP 2
Ent
erpr
ise
Bus
Fiel
d C
omm
unic
atio
ns
Net
wor
k
Source: Schneider Electric
Which places stringent latency requirements on the Field Communications Network
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Data Congestion Visualization
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However, there is an emerging trend in the IoT space for Peer-to-Peer interaction (publish/subscribe)
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Source: RTI presentation on DDS
Conceptual Outline of DDS
27 Source: http://www.omgwiki.org/dds/sites/default/files/DDS_Architectural_Overview.pdf
This approach could enable greater levels of autonomy and faster reaction/response times
Ent
erpr
ise
Bus
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Ope
n Fi
eld
Mes
sage
B
us (O
FMB
)
Source: Schneider Electric
This is the concept that Duke Energy is exploring in their Coalition of the Willing Phase II (COW II)
29 Source: Duke Energy
OPEN APIMESSAGE BUS
Use-Case App(s)
OT System or Device
Analytics
Messaging
Translation
IT
Publi
sh
Subs
cribe
Publi
sh
DNP Modbus
SmartMeter
CapBank
Intelligent Switch
FCI lineSensor
Subs
cribe
OT
Compression
Security
Publi
sh
Subs
cribe
Other
Publi
sh
Subs
cribe
Transformer TelcoRouter
Battery/PVInverters
DMS PiSandbox
Head-End
Publi
sh
Subs
cribe DDS, MQTT
CIM 61850
Duke COW II Participants
30 Source: Duke Energy Presentation Distributech 2015
Duke MicroGrid Overview
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PMU
AMI Smart Meters
Protection & Control Distributed Energy Resources
IP Router Virtual
Software
Corporate Private Network
MDM
SCADA
Head end
Higher Tier Central Office
(Utility Datacenter)
Application OS Core OS Legend
Middle Tier Nodes
(e.g. substation)
Lower Tier Nodes
(e.g. grid)
End Points Devices
IP Router
Virtual Software
IP Router
Virtual Software
Field Area Network
(FAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network
(LAN)
Local Area Network
(LAN) Physical Transport Virtual Telemetry
Tier 5 DIP Node
Firewall
Virtual Firewall
DMS
>15 min
~1min
<5 min
<50 ms
No model
No model
No model
model
model
model
model
Polling
model
IoT Reference Architecture: Hybrid Multi-level Hierarchy
Copyright © 2015 Duke Energy All rights reserved. 3/27/2015 page 33
Duke Energy Test MicroGrid Lab: Mount Holly, NC
PV Installations
Islanding Switch, Transformer, and Battery
Behind the meter and low voltage power electronic equipment Grid Equipment
Copyright © 2015 Duke Energy All rights reserved. page 34