the illusion of choice - evictions and profit in north...

Author: Principal Investigator, Dr. Brittany Lewis, Senior Research AssociateContributing Authors: Molly Calhoun, Cynthia Matthias, Kya Conception, Thalya Reyes,

Carolyn Szczepanski, Gabriela Norton, Eleanor Noble, and Giselle Tisdale Artist-in-Residence: Nikki McComb, Art Is My Weapon

THE ILLUSION OF CHOICE: Evictions and Profit in North Minneapolis

“I’ve heard bad things. He’s known as a slumlord...But against my better judgment, to not wanting to be out a place and home-less and between moving, I took the first thing. It was like a desper-ate situation.”

– Biracial, female, 45 years old

“There is a fear premium attached to North Min-neapolis. Because what’s the stereotypical image people have of North Minneapolis? I could tell you. Bang, bang. People are afraid of it. If you tell people, I bought a property in North Minneapolis. What they say is, ‘Why would you do that?’” – White, male, 58 year old, property manager and owner

“I think that it definitely has to be made a law that a UD should not go on a person’s name until after you have been found guilty in court. It is horrific that you would sit up here and have a UD on my name that prevents me from moving...You would rather a person be home-less than to give them a day in court to be heard first...You shouldn’t have to be home-less to be heard.”

– Biracial, female, 36 years old

For more visit z.umn.edu/evictions

An eviction, also known as an unlawful detainer (UD), often elicits the vision of a sheriff knocking on a family’s door with a writ of eviction and a group of workers removing and placing a family’s belongings on the curb. In its narrowest form, an evic-tion can be described as the forced removal from someone’s home. In reality, evictions in the United States are much more complex. The threat of an eviction filing or repeated eviction filings have become tools in the landlord-tenant power dy-namic, even when they do not result in a tenant vacating the home (Immergluck et al., 2019). In fact only 22% (15) of ten-ants interviewed had a writ of removal issued (i.e., the sheriff coming to forcibly remove the tenant from the home). A more holistic definition of an eviction filing includes “any involuntary move that is a consequence of a landlord-generated change or threat of change in the conditions of occupancy of a housing unit” (Hartman and Robinson, 2003, p. 466).

Purpose

PURPOSE, SELECT LITERATURE REVIEW, RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Evictions Glossary

• Eviction Action: A court action in which a landlord asks to recover possession of the apartment or rental home from a tenant.

• Unlawful Detainer (UD): Eviction actions were formerly known as unlawful detainers; often these terms are used synonymously.

• Writ of Recovery & Order to Vacate: A legal notice as a result of a ruling in favor of a landlord, in which tenants are ordered to vacate the property. A writ is served by the sheriff.

• Expungement: The sealing of a tenant’s eviction action re-cord by court order.

• “Cash for Keys”: A strategy employed by landlords where they offer tenants small amounts of cash to vacate the prop-erty in an effort to avoid a formal eviction filing (Hiller 2013).

• Distressed Property Investment: The investment in proper-ties that have been foreclosed upon or short-saled in lieu of foreclosure for the purpose of rental housing (Mallach 2014).

• Limited Liability Corporation (LLC): A type of legal business entity developed to provide business or property owners with a lower level of legal liability.

Single Black mothers face the highest risk of eviction in the United States. Matthew Desmond’s 2016 book Evicted: Pov-erty and Profit in the American City brought this national crisis from the margins to the center of public discourse. From 2013-2015, approximately 50% of renter households in North Minneapolis experienced at least one eviction filing, a rate that is almost 25% higher than the 55402 zip code, which ex-perienced the next highest rate of eviction filings in the city of Minneapolis. This disparity is particularly relevant given that these two zip codes contain just 8% of all rental units in the city.* North Minneapolis is a community manufactured to con-tain undesirable populations through housing discrimination, decades of urban disinvestment, unfair lending practices, and disproportionate evictions; the situation has become further exacerbated by the rise in distressed-property investment.

Single Black women with children living below the poverty line lead more than 60% of the Black households in North Minne-apolis. As a result, 67% of residents are on some kind of county and federal government assistance, living one financial crisis away from losing their homes (Hartman and Robinson, 2003).

*The language on the percentage of evictions in the two North Minneapolis zip codes of the study was updated to provide additional context and clarity.

8% of all rental

units

22% of all

landlords

35% of all eviction

filings

The focus zipcodes 55411 and 55412 contain a dramatically disproportionate share of the city’s eviction filings.

Source: Rental license data and Hennepin County Eviction Dashboard 2018

Nearly HALF of renter households in the focus zipcodes of 55411 and 55412 experienced an eviction from 2013 to 2015,

nearly DOUBLE the rate in the next highest zipcode.

50% 25% 55411 | 55412 55402

Source: Minneapolis Innovation Team, 2016

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | THE ILLUSION OF CHOICE

“Lutie braced her body against the wind’s attack determined to finish thinking about the apartment before she went in to look at it. Reasonable—now that could mean almost anything. On Eighth Avenue it meant tenements—ghastly places not fit for humans. On St. Nicholas Avenue it meant high rents for small apartments; and on Seventh Avenue it meant great big apart-ments where you had to take in roomers in order to pay the rent. On this street it could mean almost anything.”

The Street by Ann Petry (1946) Black women, like Ann Petry, the first Black female novel-ist to sell a million copies of The Street in 1946, have been producing knowledge about the exploitative realities of ur-ban America for decades. Yet, it was not until Dr. Matthew Desmond wrote the book Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City, in 2016, that policymakers across the nation began to pay attention to the issue. Evicted follows the lives of two landlords and eight families experiencing evictions in Mil-waukee, WI, providing a nuanced ethnographic analysis of the intersections of race, gender, and poverty.

Outside of Desmond’s work, little attention has been paid to those who are impacted the most by the phenomenon of evictions. What is quite evident is that evictions severely and disproportionately impact low-income women of color, with a significant overrepresentation of Black mothers with children (Desmond, 2016; Hartman and Robinson, 2003). Hennepin County exit interviews with those making their first housing court appearance found that 67% of people surveyed iden-tified as Black or African American and 61% were women (Citation). CURA’s The Illusion of Choice: Evictions and Profit in North Minneapolis project interviewed 68 tenants, 62% of whom were Black women. The impacts of being evicted are not just about housing instability and economic well-being but also social and psychological well-being (Hartman and Robinson, 2003). Additionally, Desmond suggests that evictions create a cycle that leaves low-income women and their children without access to quality housing in the future, forcing many families into periods of homelessness without quality physical and mental health resources.

Landlords are in a unique position to aid or disrupt the unequal power dynamics within a society that differentially values the voices of owners versus renters in academic literature and public policy discourse (Hartman and Robinson, 2003). Yet, the imbalance of power between landlords and tenants in the rental market is a fairly understudied component of housing instability literature (Rosen, 2014). While tenants are seek-ing a home for themselves and/or their families, these homes also represent investment properties for landlords (Madden and Marcuse, 2016). Although not all landlords enter into the market for the same reason, renting properties is a business proposition based on risk and reward within the housing mar-ket. In the distressed property market, landlords buy low-value

property but charge market-value rent (Desmond and Wilmers, 2019). Additionally, landlords are left balancing their motiva-tions for entering the housing market with the risks that they associate with certain tenants and the regulation pressure of the state.

Actions taken at the federal, state, and local municipal level in-tersect in the landlord and tenant dynamic. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) One Strike, You’re Out policy for publicly subsidized residents, led and reinforced by both the Reagan and Clinton administrations and upheld by the Supreme Court (Department of Housing and Urban De-velopment v. Rucker, 535 U.S. 125, 2002) requires that tenants and/or their guests who engage in criminal activity are subject to a termination of housing benefits regardless of conviction (Johnson, 2001; Lethabo King, 2010). Across the United States, including in Minneapolis, many local municipalities have used the one-strike policy to build crime-free housing ordinances for all rental properties (Ramsey, 2018). Rental housing regu-lation changes such as these have created increased pressure on landlords to respond to nuisance calls as well as the miscon-duct of children, guests, and tenants (Swan, 2014) and, in turn, put pressure on landlords to evict tenants or their guests who have been accused of participating in criminal activity, even if the tenant had no knowledge of the activity (Ramsey, 2018).

Finally, housing courts across the nation provide little in the way of tenant protections and due process (Bezdek, 1991). Tenants face court with an overwhelming lack of representation, even though data clearly show that legal representation matters in this context. In a 2018 report entitled Legal Representation in Evictions, which examined the Fourth Judicial District Housing Court of Hennepin County, Grundman and Kruger (2018) found that fully represented tenants won or settled their cases in 96% of these cases, while those without any legal services won or settled only 62% of these cases. Moreover, in cases where ten-ants agreed to move, fully represented tenants received twice as much time to do so and were drastically less likely to have an eviction record after this agreement.

Select Literature Review: Integrating the National and LocalN

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2THE ILLUSION OF CHOICE | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In July of 2016, the Minneapolis Innovation Team published a report on Evictions in Minneapolis, which was inspired by Des-mond’s work, with the hopes of producing data that would assist the city in the process of improving rental housing stability, qual-ity, and access. However, the heavily quantitatively-based report was not comprehensive enough to inform concrete policy inter-ventions, which led many of CURA’s community-based partners, impacted low-income residents, and tenant rights advocates to question whether the city and state were simply sensationalizing the problem without any real intention of creating tangible policy and programmatic change.

Driven by community feedback, The Illusion of Choice: Evictions and Profit in North Minneapolis project aims to answer the ques-tions of why and how the eviction trends that were highlighted in the Innovation Team’s report were taking place from the per-spectives of tenants and landlords themselves. CURA conducted a community-based mixed methodological research project

drawing on one-to-one meetings, in-depth interviews, and crit-ical ethnographic observations, as well as Hennepin County housing court records and city of Minneapolis rental license re-cords. In preparing for the project, the first step was to connect with over 30 local housing practitioners and those most affected by housing instability in North Minneapolis. The second step was to convene an Advisory Council comprising of tenants, landlords, community organizers, community-based staff members, and staff members from the city of Minneapolis as well as Hennepin County. These engagements helped frame the project.

For the project itself, a total of 100 residents (68 tenants and 32 landlords) participated. In-depth interviews were conducted with each participant who had either experienced (tenants) or filed an eviction action (landlords) in the two zip codes within the last 3 years. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded using constant comparison and theoretical framing from the literature.

LAND

LORD

S Of 32 landlords interviewed:69% (22) are non-Hispanic white63% (20) are male59% (19) have a college degree

84% (27) live outside 55411 or 55412

56% (18) landlord as primary income source

Prac�ces reported by interviewed landlords:91% (29) accept Sec�on 8

78% (25) manage their own proper�es

63% (20) do their own repairs

59% (19) support expungements

50% (16) have a�orney for evic�ons34% (11) have budget for evic�onsTE

NANT

S Of 68 tenants interviewed:61% (54) are Black womenAverage age: 4443% (30) completed some college

97% (66) had a wri�en lease10% (7) nego�a�ed their lease50% (34) par�cipated in underground economics

At the �me of evic�on:average monthly rent: $932average monthly income: $1,56072% (49) were not in Sec�on 8 or MPHA Housingaverage length in home: 2.7 years2 adults and 2 children in home, on average

59% (40) had past experience with evic�on94% (64) appeared in housing court56% (38) did not have an a�orney for housing court

Research Design and Methods

Tenant and Landlord Profiles

Source: The Illusion of Choice interviews and intake data, CURA 2018

Findings demonstrate distinct tenant and landlord experienc-es, yet similarities exist when these groups discuss the roles that social services and city/county/state policy play in their ability to be successful landlords or tenants. Landlords’ self-motivations and tactics for mitigating risk, and the ways in which they exercise power (retaliation, discipline, and punitive measures), illustrate an imbalance in power, whereas tenants are trapped in a system where they are living one crisis away from eviction. Tenants are subject to the economic impera-tives set forth by distressed property investors, many of whom

are not compelled to provide safe, affordable, quality housing. However, despite the obvious tension in their relationship, they agree on the inequitable and time-consuming nature of social service processes that leave tenants feeling dehumanized and both parties frustrated with the length of time it takes to re-ceive payments. This is further exacerbated by city/county/state policies that are either components of statutes that are never enforced or discriminatory practices with little oversight and protections.

Key Findings and Conclusions


LANDLORDS

Motivations for Becoming a Landlord

– 100% of the landlords interviewed identified cheap acqui-sition costs as one of the primary reasons they invested in North Minneapolis.

– Nearly half of those interviewed have become landlords in the past 10 years and one-third became landlords during the housing crisis from 2007 to 2012.

– The most common reasons cited for becoming a property manager or landlord were that they “fell into the work” be-cause of a lack of professional experience or for investment or retirement purposes.

– Nearly two-thirds of interviewed landlords owned fewer than 50 units.

– The least common reasons cited for becoming a property manager or landlord were their careers in real estate led to rental property ownership or their entire careers involved the buying, selling, and rehabbing of properties typically with a construction or trades background.

Strategies for Mitigating Loss

– The most common approaches used to mitigate loss by the landlords interviewed were cash for keys and mutual termi-nation of lease by nonrenewal.

– The least common approaches used to mitigate loss by the landlords interviewed were double deposits and lack of cleanliness. Of the 68 tenants interviewed, only 16% (11) paid a double deposit, thus supporting this statement.

1978 1988 1998 2008 2018

Nearly half of those interviewed have

been landlords for 10 or fewer years

2/3 of landlords interviewed manage or

own fewer than 50 units in 55411 and 55412

50

100

150

200

250

# of units in 55411 & 55412

Year became a landlord

1968

Tenure as a landlord and number of unitsBased on analysis of rental license data and landlords self reporting, among the 32 interviewed landlords, nearly half have been landlords for fewer than 10 years and many of those with the most significant number of units in the focus zip codes have became landlords during the period of the most recent

foreclosure crisis from 2006 to 2012 (highlighted in red).

Source: The Illusion of Choice interviews and intake data, CURA 2018 and City of Minneapolis data on active rental licenses


– Nearly twice as many properties in North Minneapolis were owned by large-scale LLCs (31%) compared to the rest of the city (16%). The LLC ownership structure allows landlords to shield their personal assets and makes identifying ownership and legal respon-sibility difficult.

Perceptions of Tenants

– Landlords typically described their tenants using deficit-based language that often included references to high rates of unemploy-ment, domestic violence, driving while Black, getting pregnant at a young age, grandmothers raising grandchildren, no boyfriends on the leases, tenants being majority single mothers, drugs, and in-timate partner violence. These perceptions then ensure that any transactional breakdown in the relationship is understood to emi-nent from these presumed deficits.

– Only 5 of the 32 interviewed landlords list an address on their rental license or pay taxes on a home in the two focus zip codes. In the two focus zip codes overall, only 9% of units are owner occupied com-pared to 21% of units being owner occupied in the rest of the city.

– The least common way that tenants were described by landlords was through a strictly transactional lens. These rare landlords were not concerned with how tenants made money, nor did they want to get involved in their personal lives or probe into their general well-being, but simply wanted to maintain a consistent financial relationship.

Ownership of properties in 55411 & 55412

Ownership of properties in rest of MPLS

Type of ownership There are various types of ownership models for landlords to hold their properties. In interviews, some landlords acknowledged that creating and holding properties in different Limited Liability Corporations (LLCs) can better manage their risk. (“If we had a tenant get hurt and sue us, we could sell out the assets of that LLC, but still be able to continue operating.”) According to city data, the two target zip codes had significantly more properties in LLC ownership (36%) than the rest of the city (22%). Within that, the two target zip codes also have nearly twice as many properties in large entity LLCs (31%) than the rest of the city (16%).

Individual LLC Other

Other: public housing, real estate trust, nonprofit, educational institution

Source: The Illusion of Choice interviews and intake data, CURA 2018 and City of Minneapolis data on active rental licenses

Of the 32 landlords interviewed, only five list an address on their rental license or pay taxes on a home

in the two focus zip codes.

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Relationship with the City and the State

– Almost all landlords expressed vocal disdain for the “crime-free addendum” that the city of Minneapolis was forcing landlords to use to evict tenants who made too many 911 calls.

– Almost all landlords interviewed ex-pressed a need for the Hennepin County emergency assistance process to be-come more efficient both in the length of time it takes to receive notification and in its ability to work directly with social workers and share information, and many noted a general lack of pro-fessionalism on the part of frontline personnel.

– Almost all landlords described city in-spections as a biased system, stating that code enforcement differed based on the inspector assigned. Landlords described feeling like they were be-ing treated as “slumlords” while others

complained about the city charging them for tenants’ actions, impacting their tier classification.

– In the two focus zip codes, 21% of units are Tier 2 or Tier 3—of lower quality—compared to just 8% of units in the rest of the city.

Almost all landlords felt that Housing Court and the on-site attorneys were tenant cen-tered to the point that some landlords would do anything in their power to avoid court altogether by simply not renewing a lease or paying cash for keys.

TENANTS

21% of units are Tier 2 or 3

8% of units are Tier 2 or 3

Rental units are classified by Tiers, with Tier 1 being the best and Tier 2 and 3 deemed lesser quality and requiring more frequent inspection.

Compared to the rest of the city, the two focus zip codes have a much higher percentage of Tier 2 and 3 rental units.

Source: City of Minneapolis data on active rental licenses

The Illusion of Choice

When tenants were interviewed they expressed having to con-stantly make decisions under extreme distress. The “choices” that they had available to them were constrained by the con-text under which they were forced to move into the property they were evicted from and the economics of maintaining a household with limited resources.

– Only 4 out of 68 tenants selected the home they were evict-ed from because they actually desired to live in the property and were not forced to choose the location because of homelessness or desperation.

In particular:– Of the 68 tenants interviewed, 29 said that the property

from which they were evicted was their first choice of hous-ing, and 39 declaratively stated that it was not their first choice of housing.

– Of the 29 that stated that the property they were evicted from was their first choice of housing, 25 explained that in actuality it was the only choice available, because they were

homeless, they selected the property out of desperation, or they choose the property because no one else would take their Section 8 voucher.

– 68% (46) stated that they often had to decide between pay-ing rent or fulfilling some other financial obligation, which most commonly included paying light and water bills or car note or buying food and items for children such as clothes, shoes, and school supplies.

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– At the time of the interview, 71% (48) were no longer living where they were evicted from, while 29% (20) were still liv-ing in the place where they experienced the eviction filing.

– Of the 71% of tenants who were no longer living where they were evicted from, 58% (28) were homeless.

– Of those 28 tenants who became homeless after eviction, 31% (15) were in the shelter, 15% (7) were couch surfing with family or friends, and 12% (6) were staying in their car or a motel or living on the street.

Multiple Filings: Living in the place you were evicted from

From the perspective of tenants nonpayment of rent was con-nected to the illusion of choices that they had living under economic duress, but only identifiable in the fact that 29% (20) of the 68 tenants interviewed were living in the place they were evicted from with about a third of those tenants experiencing multiple eviction filings from the same landlord, which was 10% (7) of all tenants interviewed.

– Regardless of the outcome, 29% (20) of the 68 tenants inter-viewed received multiple eviction actions (more than one eviction action) from the same landlord.

– 25% (5) out of those who experienced multiple eviction fil-ings, lived in properties managed or owned by frequent filers identified by the Minneapolis Innovation Team’s (2016) report.

– 28% (19) of the 68 tenants interviewed reported receiving some type of housing subsidy including 17% (12) Section 8 voucher holders and 10% (7) public housing residents; In a tight rental market, voucher holders face barriers to housing choice.

– Based on data provided by the Minneapolis Public Hous-ing Authority (MPHA) 71% of eviction action filings filed between 2015-2017 resulted in paid rent with the tenant re-maining in place. In alignment with this rate, 5 out of the 7 (71%) MPHA public housing residents who were interviewed remained in the same home after experiencing the filing.

Interviewed tenants said the home they were evicted from was:

57% NOT first choice of housing 37% ONLY choice of housing

68% VS

Of the tenants who had moved out:At the time of their interview:

were still in place

of families were no longer living

where they were evicted from

were homeless

found a new place responded other

= 2 interviewees

71%

58%

40% 2% 29%

said they often had to decide betweeen paying the rent and another financial obligation



– Of the 7 public housing residents we interviewed, all were older adults (55+) who live(d) in high rise buildings that ac-commodate seniors and those with disabilities. All seven stated that their financial circumstances makes it so that MPHA is their only option despite the fact that most report-ed that their buildings are severely mismanaged.

Barriers to Attaining Safe and Affordable Quality Housing

– 62% (42) of tenants said that they faced barriers to secur-ing safe and affordable quality housing due their identity or family structure.

– Of those 62% (42) interviewed, the top two reasons tenants named for those barriers were their race or nationality 36% (15) and their criminal background history or that of a family member 31% (13).

– 40% (27 tenants) of the 68 tenants interviewed were ei-ther receiving mental health support services or sought out mental health services as a result of their eviction.

– Of the 59% that stated they were not receiving any mental health services and did not seek them out, 10% (7) said that they should have sought out mental health services.

– Despite the deficit-based narrative presented by landlords, 57% (29) of tenants reported their primary income as work, with 21% (14) also receiving assistance (cash assistance, SSI/SSDI, or a combination).

62%tenants said they

faced barriers due to identity and/or family

Race or Nationality(36%)

Top Two Identity & Family Barriers these tenants named:

Criminal History - Theirs or Family Member’s (31%)

10%said they should have

sought outmental health support

Identity & Family Barriers

Mental Health40%

tenants reported they were

receiving support for mental health conditions


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THE COURTS

What’s Behind Nonpayment of Rent?

In the Minneapolis Innovation Team’s Evictions in Minneapo-lis report it states that nearly 93% of the city’s eviction filings were for nonpayment of rent. Similarly, of the 68 tenants who were interviewed, 81% (55) of their evictions were filed for nonpayment of rent. However, CURA’s research findings high-lighted a need to demystify what nonpayment of rent really means from the perspective of those most impacted. From the perspective of landlords (both nonprofit and for-profit), most stated that because they cannot get the support from local law

enforcement to appear in Housing Court, particularly for lease violations, filing nonpayment of rent becomes the easiest way to get rid of “problem tenants.” What is not captured in this analysis and the existing literature, however, are the ways that nonpayment of rent is being used by many to disportionately evade tenants’ rights to be free from retaliation. Two Minne-sota laws protect tenants from retaliation by landlords. One applies when a landlord seeks to terminate a tenancy as a pen-alty for a tenant’s attempt to enforce rights. The other bans retaliatory evictions under the Tenant Remedies Act (TRA).

Court documents related to each interviewee’s unlawful de-tainer (UD) filing were reviewed for key data (when available).

– Of the 68 tenants interviewed, 50 had court filings records available for analysis related to the address discussed in their interviews..

– Of the 50 court filings, fewer than 1/3 (16) ended with an ex-ecuted writ, which means the sheriff had to come to remove the tenant from the property.

– Of the 50 court filings, 6 resulted in a judgement for the landlord in the initial hearing and in 7 the tenant agreed to vacate the premises, but the vast majority (32) resulted in a

payment plan. Of those cases, 41 were for nonpayment of rent and 4 were for breaches of lease or property damage Of the remaining cases, 3 were filed by the tenants, in 1 the ten-ant abandoned the property and 1 resulted in mediation.

– The average amount owed by the tenant in these courts fil-ings was $2,160.

– The average amount of court fee(s) passed on to the tenant was $361.

– For those 32 tenants who agreed to a payment plan, they were given an average of 32 days to pay an average amount of $2,889 in back rent.

cases had court filings for analysis50

41 cases were filed by landlords for nonpayment of rent

Average amount of rent owed:

$2,160

of those cases resulted in a payment plan32

Average payment plan amount:

$2,890

Sheriff removed the tenants 16 writ was

executed

Outcomes of Court Cases

Source: Analysis of Hennepin County Housing Court cases pertaining to evictions discussed in qualitative interviews


On August 3, 2018, Dorsey & Whitney, LLP, submitted an am-icus curiae (Latin for Friend of the Court; a legal brief submitted on behalf of a party outside of a case that has expertise which may inform the case). On behalf of InquilinXs UnidXs por Justicia (“United Renters”) in support of Aaron Olson to the Minne-sota Supreme Court in an appeal. The court case focused on the anti-retaliation provision of the TRA, which states that “a residential tenant may not be evicted, have their obligations increased, or have their services decreased, if it ‘is intended as a penalty for the residential tenant’s or housing related neigh-borhood organization’s complaint of a violation.’” A “complaint of a violation” refers to a complaint on behalf of a tenant re-garding landlord housing code violations or unaddressed issues with the property. However, the Court of Appeals constructed a limited and exclusionary definition of what legally constitutes a “complaint of a violation”: it would constitute solely com-plaints filed in court with the intention of civil actions to be taken against the landlord.

Dr. Brittany Lewis was sought out for her research findings and proceeded to analyze the 38 tenant interviews that had been completed at the time and wrote an official declaration for the amicus curiae. Of the 38 tenants that she interviewed as a com-ponent of this study, 11 of them had “experienced what the tenant perceived to be a form of retaliation by their landlord in response to the tenant complaining about an issue with their housing arrangement,” and 5 of these individuals reported spe-cifically that their landlord filed an eviction action shortly after they reported a problem with their housing (through the city’s Inspections Department). In addition, due to deplorable living conditions, landlords often make informal verbal arrangements for late rental payments. However, these verbal agreements would be immediately broken with an eviction action being filed by the landlord if and when the tenant called the Inspec-tions Department. Under the Court of Appeals’ interpretation, the tenant would only be protected under section 504B.441, if the tenant filed a lawsuit. Dr. Lewis notes that under the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of what entails a “complaint of violation,” Minnesota’s retaliation would only get worse—“unscrupulous landlords would be emboldened to retaliate against complaining tenants, landlords would be incentivized to take retaliatory actions at the first sign of a complaint (to head off a possible retaliation defense), and a chilling effect would result in more tenants choosing to live in unhealthy conditions instead of exercising their rights to live in safe conditions free from discrimination.”

18% landlord disputes or mismanagement

22% job loss, decreased income, or lack of resources

7% conduct on premise most often damage or nuisance caused by guests or roommate

13% domestic violence and/or trauma, health crisis, or deaths of close family and friends

7% simply not paying rent

1% housing program failing to pay the rent on their behalf

Tenant-stated reasons for nonpayment of rent


Causes of Eviction ActionsOf the remaining 47 interviews, a majority of whose cases were filed for nonpayment of rent, tenants stated that in fact their eviction filing was spurred by other factors, challenging our common-sense notions of why tenants are finding themselves one crisis away from becoming evicted.

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When tenants were interviewed, it was quite common for them to describe their experience of applying for Hennepin County emergency assistance as “dehumanizing” and show emotional anguish or often cry. Interviewee(s) would go further and state that when they were in the process of applying and seeking support, they felt they were given the “runaround.” In short, the “runaround” was quite literally the process of collecting the forms, paperwork and permissions at different places, within a frame of limited information. For example, tenants were often told after the fact, that they needed a formal eviction filing to be eligible for services, forcing them to “run around” between social services, housing court and property managers to gather the paperwork needed to even apply for support services.

– 72% (49 tenants) of the 68 tenants we interviewed applied for Hennepin County emergency assistance.

– Of the tenants who applied for emergency assistance, 61% (30) reported receiving aid, while 35% (17) reported being denied. At the time of the interview, two tenants reported that their emergency assistance decision was pending.

Landlord Retaliation

After completing analysis of all 68 interviews, considering the anti-retaliation provision of the TRA and looking closely at those cases that fell outside its provision, we found that there is much more behind nonpayment of rent that no current data has yet to uncover.

– Of the 68 tenants interviewed, 21% (14) reported cases that could fall under the anti-retaliation provision and 10% (7) fall outside of the limiting framework of the provision but provide insight into potential gaps in the current provision. Those 7 cases were inclusive of tenants who reported re-taliation, because they refused sexual advances by their landlords, landlords refused to accept payments after an agreement was made, and landlords prematurely anticipat-

ed tenants not paying due to their plans to move. Although the landlords’ conduct violates the law, since they filed the evictions as nonpayment of rent cases instead of seeking to formally end the tenancies, Minnesota’s anti-retaliation statutes—in their current form—do not apply.

– Even when the anti-retaliation statutes do apply, existing eviction procedures make them nearly impossible for many tenants to access. Courts have not created an accessible way for tenants to assert the defense of retaliation outside an eviction action itself. Many tenants are unwilling to take the risk of losing an eviction case in hopes they might con-vince the judge that the retaliation defense applies. And those who do face a confusing, extremely fast eviction pro-cess to make their cases. And there are not enough lawyers to represent them all.

What is the Social Service Runaround?

72% of tenants had applied for Emergency Assistance

61% had received aid 35% 4% were denied

of applications were pending

At the time of their interview:

Of tenants who applied:


The Politics of Dehumanization

To understand the social services landscape from the perspec-tives of people providing and connecting residents to housing support, the CURA Evictions Research team collaborated with the Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) team at Jux-taposition Arts, an arts education and youth empowerment organization located in North Minneapolis. The youth-led team interviewed partners from community-based nonprofits, hous-ing and social service organizations, religious and faith-based organizations, and Hennepin County departments. The in-terview data was collected and used to create an interactive simulation, The Social Service Runaround, aimed at cultivating a better understanding of the inefficiencies and difficulties in-herent in the county’s current social service systems.

The game is structured such that participants are random-ly assigned to certain realities, such as “unemployed, seeking housing,” and given a checklist of tasks they must complete, such as “seek unemployment,” before the end of the game. Participants engage in the “runaround” by traveling to and from different social service offices, such as the county and human services office, while waiting in long lines to receive documen-


tation like emergency assistance denial letters needed to obtain other services. Throughout the process, “blessing” and “curse” cards are given randomly to par-ticipants to demonstrate the illusion of choice that people often face when seek-ing services.

Recurring themes from interviews with social services navigators interviewed were:

– The intense dehumanization and de-spair clients feel when attempting to access (successfully or not) various parts of the social services network in Hennepin County and the short- and long-term mental health implications of UD stigma and homelessness.

– Several interviewees saw how those seeking housing with UDs on their re-cords would have their applications denied and actively worked against this trend, interacting with applicants in good faith and not using UDs as automatic disqualifiers for housing. They named UD reform via expungement options as one route to destigmatize a pressing problem affecting tenants of color in Minneapolis.

– The education of clients about the social services system and their rights as tenants as a vehicle for personal and com-munity empowerment.

– The need for humane and culturally appropriate services and interactions between tenants and their families with landlords, property managers, and county social services employees.

– Many interviewed named retaliatory landlords and land-lords with eviction rates higher than 50% as a particular concern because of the trauma involved in repeated neg-ative interactions and turnover of affordable housing to investment firms that do not retain affordable units.

– A moral reorientation of social services is a necessary first step to ensure housing stability for Minneapolis residents.

– Numerous interviewees discussed how their social services organizations placed relationship-building with tenants as a major component of their work to ensure tenants’ stability and comfort, with much success in regard to keeping evic-tions and tenant turnover low.

Informal Evictions

An Understudied Phenomena

– Similar to other eviction research projects (Desmond, 2012), quantifying formal eviction actions may obscure the reali-ty of lease terminations between landlords and tenants in North Minneapolis. As one of the landlords noted, “I try to do the mutual agreement first, again, to avoid the cost of the eviction and knowing the impact on the family. Also, if the family has a Section 8 voucher, an eviction can impact their voucher. Not always, but sometimes.” Both tenants and landlords gave us an insight into the reality of informal evictions in North Minneapolis:

– 6% (4) of the 68 tenants interviewed described informal evic-tions, meaning that they did not receive a formal eviction filing and did not appear before a Housing Court judge but were re-quired to vacate the property without due process. (Rate may be significantly skewed toward formal eviction actions due to the sampling framework of this project.)

– 81% (26) of the 32 landlords interviewed noted the use of mutual termination in an effort to evict tenants without in-volving an eviction filing. Across the group, some landlords noted the rare use of mutual terminations, one landlord about 50% of the time, and a number of landlords pursue a mutual termination almost every time.

The Social Service Runaround game was designed by the Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) team at Juxtaposition Arts in collaboration with the CURA evictions research team

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Policy Recommendation #2: A Human-Centered Timely Approach to Emergency Assistance

We recommend a revisioning of the social services model utilized in the emergency assis-tance (EA) and emergency general assistance (EGA) programs. It is imperative that the revi-sion center on culturally relevant service as well as a reduction of time spent processing EA/EGA requests aligned with the Housing Court eviction process. Ensuring that the EA/EGA system is redesigned using a culturally rel-evant approach that centers the needs of each individual and/or family while reducing the re-quirements placed on tenants to determine qualification. Additionally, due to the rapid na-ture of the eviction action process, the timeline of EA/EGA application and appeal response needs to be shortened. We recommend the redesign process have an open and transpar-ent community engaged process for collecting feedback from those most impacted by the EA/EGA program and includes diverse partner or-ganizations and advocates.

“I wish that the system was more humane for people to have some kind of dignity, somewhere along

the way. It’d be okay with asking for help, and not having so many doors shut in your face. And all the hoops you have to jump through, with the county, trying to get assistance. And then find out that you don’t get it. Why the hell does that take so long?” (Black, female, 50 years old)

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

A final step in elevating the expertise and power of our project participants, who we see as co-producers of knowledge, was to ensure that the perspectives of those individuals and families who are directly impacted by eviction actions are centered in the report’s policy recommendations to local government, housing practitioners, developers, and tenant advocacy organizations. To do this, the CURA Evictions Research team reviewed eviction policy literature while working with project participants, community activists, local community leaders, and current policymakers to gather the relevant insight and information necessary to make in-formed recommendations. A three-part process guided the creation of the CURA evictions policy recommendations: (1) a review of all interviews to analyze policy recommendations that arose from stories shared by tenants, property managers, and landlords; (2) an analysis of current policy proposals in Minnesota regarding evictions at the city, county, and state levels; and (3) an assessment of tenant and landlord perspectives on current policy proposals. The CURA Evictions Research team choose what they deemed the most pressing and winnable policy and programmatic issues to highlight. As such, this is not a comprehensive documentation of all the reforms that must and should take place to mitigate the disportionate reality of evictions in Hennepin County.

Policy Recommendation #3: Ending Self-Pay at County Shelters

We recommend ending the coun-ty’s policy on self-pay at shelters to enable shelters to develop and implement asset-building and em-powerment programs for shelter guests. The relevant statutes re-quire shelter guests to exhaust all available resources to address their emergency. However, many tenants interviewed discussed the paradox of being evicted because they did not have enough mon-ey to pay rent only to enter into a shelter system that required them to pay-per-bed. Ending self-pay will allow shelters to play a positive and empowering role for distressed shelter guests through asset-building and financial edu-cation programs.

“They were pay-ing two, three thousand dollars a

month for the shelter, but was taking more money than that from me. If they woulda just let us save that money for one month, we woulda been outta there the first month.” (Black, male, 28 years old)

Policy Recommendation #1: Lengthening of Evictions Process

We recommend extending the length of the eviction process. Minnesota has one of the fastest court eviction processes in the country. Under current law, a land-lord can file an eviction the first day rent is overdue. An initial hearing is held be-tween 7 and 14 days after the landlord files the case (Minn. Stat. § 504B.321). If the case is not resolved at that hear-ing, the tenant faces a full trial, which the court schedules for a maximum of 6 days out (Minn. Stat. § 504B.341).According to the Minneapolis Innovation Team’s report, on average, eviction filings are closed in 14 days, with over 90% closed within 30 days. The rapid nature of the process leaves minimal time for tenants, Legal Aid, and emergency assistance to garner the resources necessary to re-solve or mitigate the consequences of an eviction action.

“If the notice is for evic-tion, and the landlord does not have a ‘just

cause’ for the eviction, the land-lord should give the tenant a 30-day notice from the date the rent is paid on, to move. Nothing less.” (Black, female, 55 years old)


There is power in defining research ques-tions and in controlling the production of knowledge. When research is done in communities of color and low-wealth communities, a power imbalance often exists between researchers and commu-nity-based organizations that must be disrupted. Community-engaged action research values community knowledge and people’s lived experiences. It reflects meaningful collaboration between aca-demics, advocates, policymakers, service providers, and impacted communities. It leads to more robust and holistic data,

more effective policy solutions, and stron-ger community action. When we use a community-based action research model, community members are not the subjects of research—they are the co-producers of knowledge. Dr. Brittany Lewis employs an actionable research model that uses a mixed methodological research approach to: (1) build community power, (2) as-sist local grassroots campaigns and local power brokers in reframing the dominant narrative, and (3) produce community-centered public policy solutions that are winnable. This model relies heavily on the

development of reciprocal relationships across sectors that embrace an open pro-cess where the collective develops shared understandings for the purpose of creat-ing social transformation. This actionable research model embraces a racial equity framework that asserts that we must: (1) look for solutions that address systemic inequities, (2) work collaboratively with affected communities, and (3) add solu-tions that are commensurate with the cause of inequity.

Understanding Dr. Brittany Lewis’s Actionable Research Model

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R E P A R A T I V E

COMMUNITY CENTEREDPOL ICY ADVOCACY

O RGANIZI N

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ACTIONABLERESEARCH

CURA’s Research Model and Racial Equity Framework

CommunityCollaborator

GrantMaking

TechnicalAssistanceCommunity

CollaboratorCommunityCollaborator

DATAQUESTIONS METHODS

ANALYSISMEANING

HYPOTHESIS

Organizing Researcher

Shared Expertise: Live-in Model of Research


JUXTAPOSITION ARTS, YOUTH PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (YPAR)Adrienne Doyle, Lead Facilitator

JUXTAPOSITION ARTS YPAR YOUTH APPRENTICESElijah Buchanan, youthTaisia Cleveland, youthBird Coulter, youthDara Crawford, youthTatiyana Gross, youthJustice Jones, youthKy’Mari Love, youthSage Mack, youthMakeda Parrish, youth

EVICTIONS RESEARCH PROJECT ADVISORY COUNCILJennifer Arnold, InquilinXs UnidXs por JusticiaBob Bono, Alliance Housing, Inc.Christopher Ervin Brown, tenantLucretia BrownElizabeth Glidden, Minnesota Housing PartnershipLuke Grundman, Mid-Minnesota Legal AidEric Hauge, HOME LineJewelean Jackson, tenantShanika Henderson, tenantJulianne Leerssen, City of Minneapolis Lael Robertson, State of MinnesotaRosalind Sullivan, AttorneyCarolyn Szczepanski, The AllianceZoe Thiel, City of MinneapolisLisa Thornquist, Hennepin CountyJonathan Williams-Kinsel, City of Minneapolis

ARTIST-IN-RESIDENCENikki McComb, Art Is My Weapon

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Funders

JON

ATH

AN

MILLER

EARLY ENGAGEMENT PARTNERSInquilinXs UnidXs por JusticiaHOMELineMid-Minnesota Legal AidMinneapolis Promise ZoneHennepin County CourtsMinnesota Multi Housing AssociationUrban HomeworksProject for Pride in LivingAEONNorthside Achievement ZoneMinneapolis Public Housing AuthorityNeighborhood HubNorthpointPeople Serving PeopleCommunity Action PartnershipCity of Minneapolis, Regulatory ServicesStairstep Foundation1 Family, 1 CommunityMinneapolis Public SchoolsFaith leaders across 55411 & 55412St. Stephens Human ServicesBlack Women’s Wealth Alliance

CURA STAFFJonathan MillerKristen MurrayKatie Hare


TheIllusionofChoiceEvictionsandPro�tinNorthMinneapolis

"TheIllusionofChoice:EvictionsandProfitinNorthMinneapolis"fullreport

IntroductiontoProject

ThereisafearpremiumattachedtoNorthMinneapolis.Becausewhat’sthestereotypicalimagepeoplehaveofNorthMinneapolis?Icouldtellyou.Bang,bang.Peopleareafraidofit.Ifyoutellpeople,IboughtapropertyinNorthMinneapolis.Whattheysayis,“Whywouldyoudothat?”(Whitemale,58yearsold,propertymanagerandowner)

I'veheardbadthings.He'sknownasaslumlord...Butagainstmybetterjudgment,tonotwantingtobeoutaplaceandhomelessandbetweenmoving,Itookthefirstthing.Itwaslikeadesperatesituation.(Biracialfemale,45yearsold)

IthinkthatitdefinitelyhastobemadealawthataUDshouldnotgoonaperson'snameuntilafteryouhavebeenfoundguiltyincourt.ItishorrificthatyouwouldsituphereandhaveaUDonmynamethatpreventsmefrommoving...Youwouldratherapersonbehomelessthantogivethemadayincourttobeheardfirst...Youshouldn'thavetobehomelesstobeheard.(Biracialfemale,36yearsold)

photoby NikkiMcComb

Whatmustweunderstandabouttheintersectionofaffordablehousing,economics,andBlackwomeninNorthMinneapolis?

NorthMinneapolisisexperiencingthesocialcrisisofevictions.Theneighborhoodis designatedasaraciallyconcentratedareaofpoverty.Itwascreatedafterdecadesofdisinvestmentandneglectfromradicalde-industrialization,White�ight,raciallysegregatedpublichousing,redlining,andblockbustingbyunscrupulousrealestateagentssupportedbyFederalHousingAdministration(FHA)mortgagepoliciesandpractices.Today,NorthMinneapolisisdescribedasaplaceto“escapefrom”becauseofitspopulardepictionasadilapidatedinner-citycommunityriddledbyBlackpoverty,highunemployment,poor-performingschools,oppressivepolicing,andsegregatedhousing,whichhaveenduredovertime.BothstrategiccityandstatepoliciesandracialprejudicehavecreatedahighlysegregatedportionofthecitywithoneoftheworstachievementandunemploymentgapsbetweenBlacksandWhitesinthenation.

BlackwomeninMinnesota,andNorthMinneapolismorespeci�cally,arefacedwithaneconomiccrisisthathasgoneunaddressedforfartoolong.AstudycompletedbyAlgernonAustinoftheEconomicPolicyInstitutecalledUnevenPain—UnemploymentbyMetropolitanAreaandRacefound

thatin2009,duringtheheightoftherecession,theBlackunemploymentrateinMinneapolisandDetroitwasover20%.InthecaseofMinneapolis,theBlackunemploymentratewasthreetimestheWhiterate.InMarchof2011,RandyFurstwiththeMinneapolisStarTribunecon�rmedthesestatisticsbyreportingthattheBlackjoblessrateintheTwinCitieswasat22%,3.4timestheWhiterateof6.4%. However,thedisaggregationofthedatabysexshowsthatattheheightoftheeconomicrecession,Blackwomen'sunemploymentinthestateofMinnesotawasslightlyhigherthanthatofBlackmen.Additionally,singleBlackwomenwithchildrenlivingbelowthepovertylineleadmorethan60%oftheBlackhouseholdsinNorthMinneapolis.Asaresult,67%ofresidentsareonsomekindofcountyandfederalgovernmentassistance,livingone�nancialcrisisawayfromlosingtheirhomes(Lewis,2015).

Housingisatthecenteroffamilystability.Currently,thecityofMinneapolisisexperiencingahousingcrisiswitha4%vacancyrate,causingfamiliestoconfrontachallenginghousingmarketwhererenthasincreased28%acrosstheTwinCitiessince2007,disproportionatelyimpactingBlackwomenandtheirfamilies.

WhydoesCURAdothiswork,andwhyisitimportanttocenterthevoices?

AtCURAwebelievethatfairhousingisaboutchoice.Webelievethatallpeopleshouldhavefullandequalaccesstothehousingmarket,withtheoptiontoliveinthecommunitiestheydesire.InthecaseofNorthMinneapolis,webelievethatdespitethepopularfairhousingrhetoric,communitiesofcolorseevalueintheirneighborhoodandresistthestigmatizationthatclaimstheircommunitiesareonlyplacestoescapefrom.Rather,NorthMinneapolisresidentsareproudoftheircommunities.Thechallengesthatexistarearesultofhousingdiscrimination,decadesofurbandisinvestment,unfairlendingpractices,disproportionateevictions,theracismbehinddi�erentialsocialservices,andtherealitiesofpovertyandunemployment.Theseexploitativesystemicrealitiesarewhysomefromthecommunitymightdecidetodisengage,eveniftheycontinuetoseethevalueintheirneighborhood.Assuch,itiscriticalthatwecenterthevoicesofthosemostimpactedbyourdiscriminatoryhousingpractices,becausetheyaretheexpertsonhousinginjusticeinthiscountry.

Whatistheproblem?

InJulyof2016theMinneapolisInnovationTeam’sEvictionsinMinneapolisreportfoundthatfrom2013-2015,approximately50%ofrenterhouseholdsinNorthMinneapolisexperiencedatleastoneeviction�ling,aratethatisalmost25%higherthanthe55402zipcode,whichexperiencedthenexthighestrateofeviction�lingsintheCityofMinneapolis.Thisdisparityisparticularlyrelevantgiventhatthesetwozipcodescontainjust8%ofallrentalunitsinthecity,thatanevictionactionstaysonatenant’srecordforanaverageof7years,andthatatenantisfour

timeslesslikelytousehomelesssheltersiftheyhadlegalrepresentation(MinneapolisInnovationTeam,2016).Anexitsurveyconductedinthesummerof2017byHennepinCountysta�fromtheO�ceofHousingInstabilityatHousingCourtfoundthatBlackwomenaredisproportionatelya�ectedbyevictions(55%),whichfurthersupportsDr.MatthewDesmond'sclaimthatifincarcerationhascometode�nethelivesofmenfromimpoverishedBlackneighborhoods,evictionisshapingthelivesofBlackwomen(Desmond,2012;2016).Anevictionaction,commonlyknownasanunlawfuldetainer(UD),isnowakintohavingacriminalbackground,preventingBlackwomenfromattainingsafeanda�ordablehousingforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.

Source:RentallicensedataandHennepinCountyEvictionDashboard2018

Source:MinneapolisInnovationTeam,2016

Thesetrends,disproportionatelyrepresentedincertainzipcodes,requireustoconsiderdi�erentapproachesandaskdi�erentquestionstoanalyzetherealitiesofrenters.Yetrentersareoftenoverlookedinquantitativedataanalysis,inpartbecauseofthelackofindividualizeddataavailablethroughtoolssuchasUSCensusdata.Toisolaterenters,wecross-analyzednationalEvictionsLabandEquifaxCreditdata,wherewemadeadistinctionbetweennonmortgageholdersandmortgageholders.Thisdataillustratedacleardisparitybetweeneviction�lingsbyzipcodesandsharesofcreditriskscores,alludingtodisproportionate�lingpracticesacrosslow-wealthneighborhoodscomparedtonearbya�uentneighborhoods.

Thebluelineinthe�gureiswhatyouwouldexpecttoseefortheaveragerateofeviction�lingsbasedoncreditriskscoresacrosstheMinneapolis,St.Paul,andBloomingtonareas.Thezipcode55408,amorea�uentareawithahigherrentalpopulation(notedbyalargercircle)extendingfromUptowntoPowderhornParkinMinneapolis,representswhatonewouldexpecttoseeforeviction�lingsversuscreditriskscore.Twooftheotherzipcodeshighlighted,55106and55119ontheEastsideofSt.Paul,representareaswithhigherriskyetfallclosetotheexpectedeviction�ling.However,the�lingratesforNorthMinneapolis,speci�cally55411and55412,whichhavelowerrenterpopulationscomparedtothe55408zipcode,deviatesigni�cantlyfromwhatwouldbeexpected.Beyondthescopeofthisreport,55429inBrooklynCenterwasidenti�edasan

extremeoutlier.Thisillustratesthepotentialforoutlier�lingbehaviorinthetwoNorthMinneapoliszipcodes.

Source:FRBNYConsumerCreditPanel/Equifax.DataanalyzedbyMichaelWilliams,FederalReserveBankofMinneapolis

Aneviction,alsoknownasanunlawfuldetainer(UD),oftenelicitsthevisionofasheri�knockingonafamily’sdoorwithawritofevictionandagroupofworkersremovingandplacingafamily’sbelongingsonthecurb.Initsnarrowestform,anevictioncanbedescribedastheforcedremovalfromsomeone’shome.Inreality,evictionsintheUnitedStatesaremuchmorecomplex.Thethreatofaneviction�lingorrepeatedeviction�lingshavebecometoolsinthelandlord-tenantpowerdynamic,evenwhentheydonotresultinatenantvacatingthehome(Immerglucketal.,2019).Infactonly22%(15)oftenantsinterviewedhadawritofremovalissued(i.e.,thesheri�comingtoforciblyremovethetenantfromthehome).Amoreholisticde�nitionofaneviction�lingincludes“anyinvoluntarymovethatisaconsequenceofalandlord-generatedchangeorthreatofchangeintheconditionsofoccupancyofahousingunit”(HartmanandRobinson,2003,p.466).

EvictionsGlossary

• EvictionAction:Acourtactioninwhichalandlordaskstorecoverpossessionoftheapartmentorrentalhomefromatenant.

• UnlawfulDetainer(UD):Evictionactionswereformerlyknownasunlawfuldetainers;oftenthesetermsareusedsynonymously.

• WritofRecovery&OrdertoVacate:Alegalnoticeasaresultofarulinginfavorofalandlord,inwhichtenantsareorderedtovacatetheproperty.Awritisservedbythesheri�.

• Expungement:Thesealingofatenant’sevictionactionrecordbycourtorder.

• “CashforKeys”:Astrategyemployedbylandlordswheretheyo�ertenantssmallamountsofcashtovacatethepropertyinane�orttoavoidaformaleviction�ling(Hiller2013).

• DistressedPropertyInvestment:Theinvestmentinpropertiesthathavebeenforecloseduponorshort-saledinlieuofforeclosureforthepurposeofrentalhousing(Mallach2014).

• LimitedLiabilityCorporation(LLC):Atypeoflegalbusinessentitydevelopedtoprovidebusinessorpropertyownerswithalowerleveloflegalliability.

Forlow-incomepeopleandpeopleofcoloracrossthecountryandinMinneapolis,evictionsposeasigni�cantbarriertoaccessingandmaintainingquality,stablehousing.Notonlyisaforcedmovedestabilizingforhouseholdsbuthavinganeviction(i.e.,UD)onyourrentalrecordisalsoamajorbarriertoaccessingfuturehousing,especiallywhentheavailableNaturallyOccurringA�ordableHousing(NOAH)isoftenoflowerquality.SingleBlackmothersfacethehighestriskofevictionintheUnitedStates(Desmond,2012;HartmanandRobinson,2003).Housinginstabilityanddisplacementputsthesewomenandtheirfamiliesatriskforamyriadofsocial,political,andeconomichardships.Motherswhoexperienceevictionandhousingdisplacementaremuchmorelikelythantheirhousing-stablecounterpartstoexperiencenegativehealthoutcomes,notonlyforthemselvesbuttheirchildren.(DesmondandKimbro,2015).

WhyanactionableresearchstudyonevictionsinNorthMinneapolis?

CURAanditscommunitypartnersvaluethequantitativeresearchstudybytheMinneapolisInnovationTeamin2016,butwecollectivelyfoundthatitdidnotanswerthecriticalquestionsofwhyandhowthesetrendsweretakingplacefromtheperspectivesoftenantsandlandlordsthemselves.SeniorResearchAssociateDr.BrittanyLewis’sactionableresearchmodelstayscommittedtotheideathattheonlywaytosuccessfullydeveloppublicpolicysolutionsandinnovativeprogrammaticinterventionsistocenterthevoicesofthosetenantsthataremost

negativelyimpactedbyevictionsandthelandlordsinvestingintheselocalcommunities,becausetheyareourmostvaluablesourcesofknowledgeinthestudyofevictions.

Researcherscommittedtocommunity-engagedactionresearchmustfundamentallybelievethatthecommunitiesweworkwitharetheexpertsontheirownrealities.Thisisparticularlyimportantforlow-incomeBlackwomen,whoseknowledgeofthesocial,political,andeconomicworldhasbeendeemedunimportantandirrelevant(Stabile,2006).Popularmediaandelectedo�cialsregularlyshameandblamelow-incomeBlackmothersfortheirexperiencesofpoverty.Thisisevidencedinderogatorypopularimagessuchasthe“welfarequeen”andinscribedinpolicy“reforms”thataimtodisciplinethepoor(Alexander-Floyd,2007;Hancock,2004;Jordan-Zachery,2009).Community-engagedactionresearchvaluescommunityknowledgeandpeople’slivedexperiences.Themodelre�ectsmeaningfulcollaborationbetweenacademics,advocates,policymakers,serviceproviders,andimpactedcommunities.Additionally,itleadstomorerobustandholisticdata,moree�ectivepolicysolutions,andstrongercommunityaction.Whenweuseacommunity-basedactionresearchmodel,communitymembersarenotthesubjectsofresearch,theyaretheco-producersofknowledge.

SharedExpertise:Live-inModelofResearch

In2017,undertheleadershipofDr.Lewis,CURAlaunchedanin-depthqualitativeresearchstudyofevictionsinNorthMinneapoliswiththelocalcommunityasco-collaborators.Thepurposeoftheprojectwastwofold:(1) togainaclearerunderstandingofhousingcompositionandstabilityovertime,aswellasvariousincomestreamsoftenantswhohaveexperiencedaneviction�ling,tohelpbetterinformthedevelopmentoftargetedinterventions,needs,andpolicyprescriptionsand(2)togatherdatatobetterinformthewaysthatthecityandstatecanworkwithlandlordsaspartnersincommunitybuilding.Dr.Lewisandherteamutilizedacommunity-engagedactionableresearchmodelthataimstouseresearchto:

LiteratureReview

• buildcommunitypower;

• assistlocalgrassrootscampaignsandlocalpowerbrokersinreframingthedominantnarrative;

• producecommunity-centeredpublicpolicysolutionsthatarewinnable.

Thismodelreliesheavilyonbuildingreciprocalrelationshipsacrosssectorsthatembraceanopenprocesswherethecollectivedevelopssharedunderstandingsforthepurposeofcreatingsocialtransformation.Thisactionableresearchmodelembracesaracialequityframeworkthatassertsthatwemust:

• lookforsolutionsthataddresssystemicinequities;

• workcollaborativelywitha�ectedcommunities;

• addsolutionsthatarecommensuratewiththecauseofinequity.

ForTheIllusionofChoiceproject,CURAanditscommunitypartnersco-developedanin-depthqualitativeresearchprojectthatincluded100tenantandlandlordinterviewsinthe55411and55412zipcodesinNorthMinneapolis.Inconjunctionwithanumberofsupportive,actionableresearchstrategiesandtools,theprojectnotonlycreatedprimarysourcedataonevictionsbutalsousedthatdataasatoolofactiontoinform,in�uence,andtransformpublicpolicydiscussionsandactionacrossthestateofMinnesota.

Lutiebracedherbodyagainstthewind’sattackdeterminedtofinishthinkingabouttheapartmentbeforeshewentintolookatit.Reasonable—nowthatcouldmeanalmostanything.OnEighthAvenueitmeanttenements—ghastlyplacesnotfitforhumans.OnSt.NicholasAvenueitmeanthighrentsforsmallapartments;andonSeventhAvenueitmeantgreatbigapartmentswhereyouhadtotakeinroomersinordertopaytherent.Onthisstreetitcouldmeanalmostanything.

–TheStreetbyAnnPetry(1946)

WhoweretheoriginatorsofintersectionalknowledgeonhousinginstabilityandpovertyinurbanAmerica,andhowistheirworkbeingsustainedtoday?

AnnPetrybecamethe�rstBlackfemalenovelisttosellmorethanamillioncopiesofabookwhenshepublishedthenovelTheStreet,in1946.PetrysawthewaysthattheaccountsofBlack

women’sliveswereeitherdemonizedorcompletelyunexaminedbynotonlyBlackthinkersbutalsoanationofWhiteonlookerspushingpolicychangesthataimedtonametheBlackwomanasthescapegoatforurbanAmerica’ssocialandeconomicproblems.ItisnocoincidencethatPetrynamedherbookTheStreet,becauseitservedasametaphorforthemultipleformsofoppressionandexploitationthatBlackwomenfacedeverydayastheytriedtonavigatethestreets:unscrupulouslandlords,uninhabitablelivingconditions,streethustlers,tumultuousintimatepartnerrelationships,discriminatorysocialserviceagencies,andfull-timedomesticworkwhiletryingtoraisetheirownchildren.

In“TheOwnershipSociety,or,BourgeoisPublicityRevisited,”RobertAsen(2010)arguesthatweliveinasocietythatvaluesengagedparticipationfrom

homeownersviapropertyownership,privilegingtheirexperiencesinsocialandpoliticalreforms.Anownershipsocietythenresistsmeaningfulparticipationfromnonowners(i.e.,renters),whobring“newexperiences,raiseddi�erentconcernsandaskedalternativequestions.”Forlandlords,theyaretheninauniquepositiontoaidordisrupttheunequalpowerdynamicswithinasocietythatdi�erentiallyvalueswhoselivedexperiencesframeourunderstandingofwhatasafe,digni�ed,stable,andhealthycommunitylooksandfeelslike,therebyguidingpolicyimperatives.Whereaslandlordsareoftenshunnedbyhomeownersiftheyaredeterminedtobeapartoftheproblem,otherhousingproviderswithamission-basedethicarepresumablyhelpingtobuildandsustainunderservedcommunitiesthatcannotparticipateintheprivatemarket.

Valuingmultipleformsofknowledgemust�rstrecognizethatthosemostimpactedbytheexploitativerealitiesofurbanAmericahavealwaysbeenBlackwomenandtheirfamilies.Forfartoolongtheyhavebeenlockedoutoftraditionalmeansofproducingknowledgeaboutevictions,whichdoesnotmeantheyhavenotbeenproducingknowledge.Ratheritjustmeansweoftendonotrecognizethosemostimpactedastheexpertsontheirownrealities.Thissituationisfurtherexacerbatedintheacademicliterature.Therealitiesofevictiondidnotbecomeapartofthenation’spopulardiscoursewhenAnnPetrywroteTheStreetin1946,whichwasaftertheGreatMigrationturnedamostlyruralBlackpopulationintohighlyexploitedurbandwellers.ItwaswhenMatthewDesmondwrotethebookEvictedin2016thatpolicymakersacrossthenationbegantoinvestinanintentionaldialogueaboutthewaysinner-cityBlack

womenandtheirfamilieswerebeingpushedoutoftheirhousingastheintersectingrealitiesofgentri�cationandevictionsbecametoostarktoignore.

Webeginthisliteraturereviewwiththeacknowledgmentthattherearemultipleformsofknowledgeproductionthathavenotalwaysbeenhighlyregardedinpublicdiscourseorpublicpolicydiscussions.Manyoftheseformshavecomebeforethosescholarsmostrecognizedfortheirscholarlyworkonevictions.

DesmondBookandEvictionLab

MatthewDesmond’sEvictedoutlinedanethnographicaccountofthestoriesofeightfamiliesandtheirexperienceswithhousinginstabilityandevictioninMilwaukee,WI.Althoughevictionshadbeenrelativelyabsentfromacademicliterature(HartmanandRobinson,2003),Desmond(2016)almostimmediatelypopularizedtheissuethroughthepopularpressandhisbooktours,callingreaderstounderstandevictionsasacauseofpovertyratherthanaconsequence.Evictedwonthe2017PulitzerPrizeforGeneralNon�ctionandmadetheNewYorkTimesbest-sellerlist(BadgerandBui,2018).ThisnotorietyopenedthedoorsforDesmond’sEvictionLabatPrincetonUniversity,oneofthe�rstattemptsatcompilingacomprehensivenationaldatabaseonevictions.Desmond’sworkhasbeenmetwithaccolades,anditsimpactisnottobeundervaluedorunderestimated.HehasbeenabletotakeanissuethathasbeenhistoricallyinvisibletoanationofWhiteonlookersanddisengagedpowerbrokersandhighlight

howevictionsdisproportionatelyimpactlow-incomeBlackmothers.

Simultaneously,Desmond’sworkhasbeenmetwithsomeskepticismoveralackoftransparentengagementwithhousingactivistsandcommunity-basedorganizationsinregardtohowhisEvictionLabdataarecollectedacrossthecountry(Aielloetal.,2018).Additionally,Desmond’sposition,withtheEvictionLab,allowshisvoicetobeheardastheexpert,whichhehasusedtosharethestoriesandnarrativesoftenantsandlandlordsinMilwaukee.However,muchofthenationalattentionhasfocusedonDesmondhimselfasthescholar,withoutelevatingthemillionsoflow-incomewomenofcolorwhoexperienceevictionsonadailybasis.

Powerisre�ectedinwhogetstotellthestory,aframethatthisprojectseekstochange.ThetruthaboutevictionresearchisthatoutsideofDesmond’swork,therehasbeenlittleattention

paidtothosewhoareimpactedthemostbythephenomenon.Perhapsthisisbecauseinthehousingliterature,asHartmanandRobinson(2003)propose,homeownersareprivilegedoverrenters,asuggestionthatillustratestheweightofpositionandvoicewithintheacademyandinourpopularhousingpolicydiscourse.Anotheranalysiswouldincludethefactthattheevictionprocessiscomplex,oftenitisdi�culttopinpoint,anddatacollectionhasbeenanythingbutuniform.AlthoughtheEvictionLabhasmadesomeprogressinthisarea,thereisnocomprehensiveorreliabledatasourceforunderstandingthescopeofevictions,theunderlyingcauses,andtheinevitableoutcomesofaphenomenonthatiswreakinghavocinurbancentersacrossthecountry.Finally,wewouldberemissnottoacknowledgetheracialized,gendered,andincome-basedrealitiesofevictions,whichunlessexaminedthroughalensthatiswillingtoproblematizethewelfarestatearerarelyseenandheard.TheIllusionofChoice:EvictionsandProfitinNorthMinneapolisprojectseekstoilluminatehowandwhyevictionsoccurfromtheperspectivesoflandlordsandtenantsthemselves.Indoingso,weaimtoaddresstheinequityinwhosevoicesarecenteredinthedevelopmentofevictionsresearchquestionsandpublicpolicysolutionmaking.

EvictionsandHousingInstabilityintheUrbanCenterTheCauseofEvictions

Housinginsecurity,displacement,anddispossessionhavecycledthroughoutthehistoryoftheUnitedStates(Brattetal.,2006;MaddenandMarcuse,2016;Wacquant,2008),andintheurbancentertheyareonceagainontherise.Tighthousingmarkets,combinedwithissuesoflowwages,astrangledanddiminishingwelfarestate,racialdiscrimination,andgentri�cationpressureinpreviouslydisinvestedareas,arecausingahistoricriseinhousinginstabilityandevictions(Desmond,2012;Elliott-Cooperetal.,2019;MaddenandMarcuse,2016;Purser,2016).InCURA’sTheDiversityofGentrificationreport,historicresidentsacrosstheTwinCitiesnotedafearofdisplacement,includingculturalandpoliticaldisplacement,highlightingaheightenedprecariousrealityduetoincreasedcostsoflivinginoncea�ordableneighborhoods.Yetagain,historicallylow-incomecommunitiesofcolorhavealwaysfacedhousinginstabilityduetoapoliticaleconomythatisnotgroundedintheprovisionofa�ordable,accessible,andqualityhousingtoallresidentsbutrathertoacapitalist,pro�t-drivenmarketforinvestment(Brattetal.,2006;MaddenandMarcuse,2016).

MultipleFormsofEviction

Anevictionoftenelicitsthevisionofasheri�knockingonafamily’sdoorwithawritofevictionandagroupofworkersplacingafamily’sbelongingsonthecurb.Initsnarrowestform,anevictioncanbedescribedastheforcedremovalfromsomeone’shome.Inreality,evictionsintheUnitedStatesaremuchmorecomplex.Theyarenotonlyaneventbutaprocess.Theuseofaneviction�lingdoesnotnecessarilyresultinatenantleavingthehome.Forexample,“serial

evictions,”whichinvolvethe�lingofmultipleevictionsonthesamehousehold,canbeusedasacontinuousthreatandpunishmentfortenants(Immerglucketal.,2019;MaddenandMarcuse,2016).Evictionsarealsousedasastrategyforpolicymakersandlawenforcementtocontrolcrime(Ramsey,2018).Additionally,whentenantsdovacatetheirhomesasaresultofaneviction,itisnotalwaystheresultofaformalwrit.InastudyonforeclosuresandevictionsinChicago,Hiller(2013)citesastrategyknownas“cashforkeys,”whichbecameapopularmutualterminationtacticforlandlordsduringtheforeclosurecrisis.Whenlandlordsutilizecashforkeys,tenantsareo�eredsmallamountsofcashtovacatethepropertyinane�orttoavoidaformaleviction�ling.Thisstrategycontinuestobeonoptionformutualterminationofarentalagreementratherthanformalevictionactions(Hare,2018).

Asigni�cantchallengeforresearchonevictionsisthatitisdi�culttoquantifyevictionsthatdonotoccurasaresultofawritofevictionorformalevictionaction.Inadditiontothemillionsofindividualsandfamilieswhoexperienceformalevictionactionsannually(DesmondandKimbro,2015),theactualnumberofindividualsandfamilieswhovacatetheirspacevoluntarilyorthroughmutualagreementwithalandlordisunknown.Amoreholisticde�nitionofaneviction�lingincludes“anyinvoluntarymovethatisaconsequenceofalandlord-generatedchangeorthreatofchangeintheconditionsofoccupancyofahousingunit”(HartmanandRobinson,2003,p. 466).

TenantsDisproportionateImpact

WhatisquiteevidentfrombothhousingliteratureandthedailyrealityillustratedbyHousingCourttenantsandcommunity-basednarrativescollectedbytheCURAresearchteamisthatevictionsseverelyanddisproportionatelyimpactlow-incomewomenofcolorwithasigni�cantoverrepresentationofBlackmotherswithchildren(Desmond,2012;HartmanandRobinson,2003).Ina2017nationalsurveyofrenters,Blackhouseholdswerefoundtoexperiencethehighestrateofeviction,withhighriskfortenantswithoutacollegeeducation,householdswithchildren,andhouseholdsledbysingleparents(Salviati,2017).Additionally,basedonanationalsample,DesmondandWilmers(2019)foundthattenantswhorentinlow-incomeneighborhoods,particularlythosewithahighpercentageofBlackresidents,aremorelikelytoexperienceexploitation,meaningtheypayhigherrentsinrelationtopropertyvalues.

Theprocessofaforcedevictionfromahomeislargerthanjustphysicaldisplacement.Particularlyingentri�cationliterature,thede�nitionofdisplacementhasgarneredsigni�cantdebate(Elliott-Cooperetal.,2019;Goetzetal.,2019).Elliott-Cooperandcolleaguesrefertotheforcedremovalfromone’shomeastheprocessof“un-homing,”whereasthedisplacementimpactismorethanjusttenantsvacatingaphysicalplacebutalsotheirconnectionstoneighborsandoftenthecommunityasawhole.Additionally,thereisaneconomic,social,and

psychologicalimpactofevictiondisplacement(Elliott-Cooperetal.,2019;HartmanandRobinson,2003).Forthosewhoexperienceevictions,researchhasshownhighermobilityrates,includingtoneighborhoodswithhigherpovertyandcrimerates(Desmond,2012;DesmondandShollenberger,2015),jobloss(HartmanandRobinson,2003),increaseddepressionandmentalhealthhardships(DesmondandKimbro,2015),riskforsuicidality(Fowleretal.,2015),andbrokenneighborhoodrelationships(Sampsonetal.,1999).Additionally,thereisasigni�cantlinkbetweenevictionsandhomelessness.Inanationalstudyonhomelessness,lackofrentresources,jobloss,andforceddisplacementwerecitedamongthetopreasonsforbecominghomeless(Burt,2001).AsDesmond(2012)hastheorized,theimpactofanevictionhelpstoreplicateacycleofpovertyforfuturegenerations.

Thedisproportionateimpactonlow-incomeBlackresidentsisaboutmorethantheeconomicandsocialimplicationsofpoverty.Bothindividualsandsystemshelptoreinforcethisreality.AsDesmondandWilmers(2019,p.1092)note,“Inequalityisnotbenign;someonepro�tsfromit.Thus,arelationalperspectiveseesexploitationasthefoundationalmechanismofinequality.”Landlordsareinauniquepositiontoaidordisrupttheunequalpowerdynamicswithinasocietythatdi�erentiallyvaluesthevoicesofownersversusrenters,whichiswhatmakestheinclusionoflandlordvoicesinastudyofevictionsapowerfulcomponenttounderstandinghowandwhyevictiontrendstakeplace.

Landlords

Theimbalanceofpowerbetweenlandlordsandtenantsintherentalmarketisafairlyunderstudiedcomponentofhousinginstabilityliterature(Rosen,2014).Whiletenantsareseekingahomeforthemselvesand/ortheirfamilies,thesehomesalsorepresentinvestmentpropertiesforlandlords.Althoughnotalllandlordsenterintothemarketforthesamereason,rentingpropertiesisabusinesspropositionbasedonriskandrewardwithinthehousingmarket.Landlordsareleftbalancingtheirmotivationsforenteringthehousingmarketwiththerisksthattheyassociatewithcertaintenantsandtheregulationpressureofthestate.

Withinatighthousingmarket,Rosen(2014)pointsoutthatrentalhousingselectionhasbecomea“reverseselection”processoflandlordsselectingtenants,ratherthantenantshavingachoiceonwheretolive.Muchofthisisduetoatenant’slackofresources,knowledgeofopportunities,andurgencyofhousingneed.UsingSection8voucherholdersinBaltimoreasacasestudy,Rosendescribesaprocesswherelandlordsseekouttenantswhohavetheabilitytopay,matchthemwithunitsthatarehardertorent,andoftenlookfortenantswhohavefewerresourcesthatwouldallowthemtomove.Conversely,Immergluck(2013)foundthatalthoughhousingvoucherholdersinAtlantaprovidedmorehousingstabilityandlowturnover,somepropertymanagerswereincentivizedtobringinnewtenants,potentiallyspurringhighturnover.Inthis

context,tenantsareoftenleftwithlessofachoicethananurgencyto�ndapropertythatwillacceptthem.

Beitbasedonperceivedrisk,propertymaintenance,housingstock,orotherfactors,landlordsinhigh-povertyneighborhoodsalsocontributetohigherrentalratesversuspropertymarketvalue(DesmondandWilmers,2019).Oftenlandlordsraiserentalratesinane�orttomitigatelossbasedonissuessuchaspreviousexperienceswithbadtenantsand/ortheperceived“risk”ofrentingtotenantsinlow-incomeneighborhoods—oftenastigmathathasbeenperpetuatedratherthanexperienced.

Notallmotivationsforrentinghomesinlow-incomeneighborhoodsarepro�t-driven.Atthesametime,anationalstudyofmedianrentalratesinlow-,middle-,andhigh-incomeneighborhoodsfoundthatevenwhenadjustingforthecostofhousingstock,landlordsinlow-incomeneighborhoodsnethigherpro�tscomparedtothehigher-incomeneighborhoods.Additionally,whenadjustingforpropertyvalues,DesmondandWilmers(2019)suggestthatwhenlandlordspurchaserentalpropertiesinhigh-povertyneighborhoods,theydosowithashort-termpro�tinvestmentstrategybasedonlowpropertyvaluesandtaxes,butmarketvaluerentalincome.

ParticularlysincetheGreatRecession,theownershipofrentalpropertiesinlow-incomeneighborhoodshaschangedthelandscapeofevictionimpactaswell.Forexample,Raymondandcolleagues(2016)fromtheFederalReserveBankofAtlantafoundthatlargecorporateownerswere8%morelikelyto�leevictionactionsthansmalllandlordsforsingle-familyhomes,andthatevictionsasawholewerespatiallylocatedinprimarilyBlackneighborhoods.Inaseparatestudy,Travis(2019)outlinestherolethatthelimitedliabilitycompany(LLC)hashadonrentalownership.LLCownershipdecreasestheliabilityandpersonalriskforindividualinvestors.InastudyinMilwaukee,WI,LLCownershipwaspositivelyassociatedwithhousingdisinvestment.

Thelandlordandtenantrelationshipisnotanisolatedinteraction,rather,actionstakenatthefederal,state,andlocalmunicipallevelsintersectinthisdynamic.UnderstandingtheroleofthestateisacriticalfoundationtoilluminatinghowandwhyevictiontrendstakeplaceinNorthMinneapolis.

TheRoleoftheState:PublicHousingandtheUseofRegulationTheInfluenceof“OneStrike,You’reOut”onRentalHousingRegulation

PhotobyNikkiMcComb

TheUSDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD)provideshousingsubsidiesforlow-incomeindividualsandfamiliesthroughlocalpublichousingauthorities.In2016,over2.2millionhouseholdsintheUnitedStatesutilizedaHousingChoiceVoucher(HCV),withanadditional1.0millionpublichousinghouseholds(CenteronBudgetandPolicyPriorities,2017).Althoughtheimpactofevictionsinpubliclysubsidizedhousingisrelativelyuniversal,livinginsubsidizedhousingcana�ordaresidentgreaterprotectionaswellasgreatersurveillance.Forexample,accordingtoHUD’spublichousingoccupancyhandbook,publichousingresidentsmustbegivena14-daynoticepriorto�linganevictionactiononatenantfornonpaymentofrent,atimeframethatisnotcurrentlya�ordedtonon–publichousingresidents.However,HUD,inpartnershipwiththeUSgovernment,alsoreinforcestheprecariousnatureofpublichousingandsubsidizedhousingresidencythroughpoliciessuchas“onestrike,you’reout.”Inpartnership

withHUD,theReaganadministrationlaidthefoundationforthe“onestrike,you’reout”policyforsubsidizedhousingresidents,whereastenantsand/ortheirguestswhoengageincriminalactivityaresubjecttoaterminationofhousingbene�ts(Johnson,2001).ThispolicywasreinforcedbytheClintonadministrationin1996,thesameyearthatthePersonalResponsibilityandWorkOpportunityReconciliationAct(PRWORA),ormodernwelfarereform,asweknowit,wasenacted(Johnson,2001;LethaboKing,2010).“Onestrike,you’reout”infersthatifanyoneinHUD-subsidizedhousingisaccusedofcriminalactivity,includingdrugactivity,regardlessofthetenant’sknowledgeofthecrime,oraconviction,thatshouldresultinanimmediate�lingofanevictionaction(King,2010).Althoughhousingauthoritiesholdsomediscretionintheapplicationofthispolicy,thepolicyitselfhasbeenupheldbytheSupremeCourt(HUDv.Rucker,535US125,2002).

TheuseofthispolicyhasextendedbeyondHUD-subsidizedresidents.AcrosstheUnitedStates,includinginMinneapolis,manylocalmunicipalitieshaveimplementedregulationchangesincityordinancestoincreasepressureonlandlordstomonitorandsurveilnotonlytheirresidentsbutresidents’familyandfriends.Theseordinancesputpressureonlandlordstoevicttenantsortheirguestswhohavebeenaccusedofparticipatingincriminalactivity,evenifthetenanthadnoknowledgeoftheactivity(Ramsey,2018).Newpublicordinanceshaveincludedparentalliabilityordinances,which“threatenparentswith�nesandotherpenaltiesiftheydonotpreventtheirchildrenfrombullyingothers,oriftheirchildrenengageinothertargetedbehaviors”(Swan,2015,p.825);crime-freeordinances,basedontheone-strikepolicy(Ramsey,2018);andnuisancelaws,whichareasetthresholdforpolicecalls(Swan,2015).

ThroughanethnographicstudyinCleveland,OH,Greif(2018)foundthatcityordinances,particularlyonwateruseandnuisance,playedanintegralroleinlandlords’reportsofassessingtheirriskwithpotentialtenantsandmovingtowardeviction.Landlordsmitigatedtheirownriskbyincreasingscreeningcriteria,rentamounts,andfamilystructure.Thesestateoversightregulationspotentiallycreateamorevolatilerelationshipbetweentenantsandlandlords,withtenantsriskingaccesstoa�ordablehousingand/orpayingtheliteralpriceforincreasedstateoversight.

Althoughtherehasbeenadearthofliteratureoneviction,moreattentionhasbeenpaidbythelegalcommunitytotherepercussionsofaneviction�lingoncetheactionenterslegalproceedings(Purser,2016).In1991,BezdeckcritiquedtheprocessofrentcourtinBaltimore,wheretenantsarevirtuallysilencedthroughlackofrepresentation,dueprocess,andacomplexsetofrulesunknowntothetenant.Althoughafunctionofthestate,housingcourtsacrossthenationprovidelittleinthewayoftenantprotectionsanddueprocess(Bezdeck,1991).Additionally,whiletenantsfacecourtwithanoverwhelminglackofrepresentation,dataclearlyshowthatlegalrepresentationmattersinthiscontext(GrundmanandKruger,2018).

Purser(2016)alsopointsoutanotherareawhereevictiondataaregrowing—thetenantscreeningindustry.Thisindustryallowsdataonpotentialtenantstobeaccessedandboughtbylandlordstoassessriskbyexaminingcredit,criminalbackgrounds,andotherrelevanthousinghistories.Thislackofdueprocess,aswellasgrowingaccesstopersonaldata,reinforcesthenotionthatanevictionactioninthecontextofhousinghasbecomesynonymouswithacriminalrecord,limitingtheaccesstoquality,accessible,anda�ordablehousingforlow-incomewomenofcolor.

StateofEvictionsResearchintheTwinCities

Onalocallevel,severalagencieshaveexaminedtheprocessandoutcomesofevictionsacrosstheTwinCitiesmetropolitanareautilizingavailablequantitativedata.Theseprojectsarebrie�youtlinedhere.

CityofMinneapolisInnovativeTeamEvictionsReport

MotivatedbyDr.MatthewDesmond’sworkregardingevictionsinMilwaukee,WI,theMinneapolisInnovationTeam(2016)setouttoexaminetheprevalence,trends,andunderlyingissuesrelatedtoevictionsinMinneapolisinitsreportEvictionsinMinneapolis.Thereportmapsthegeographicdistributionbyzipcodeofeviction�lings,conductsacase�lereviewofarandomsamplingofevictioncasesin2015,andprovidesdetailedstatedataextractanalysisfrom2016.Thereporte�ectivelyidenti�esevictiontrendsinthecityofMinneapolisusingquantitativedataandmappingofasmallsamplingofevictioncourtcase�les.BesidesspurringgreaterconversationwithinthecityofMinneapolisandHennepinCountytofurtheranalyzeevictionsandaddresstheirserioussocialconsequencesandimplications,theInnovationTeam’sresearchconcludesthatofover3,000evictions�ledinthe4thDistrictHousingCourteachyear,45%to48%ofrenterhouseholdsexperiencingevictionsinthepast3yearsweretakingplaceintwoMinneapoliszipcodes,55411and55412.ThesetwozipcodesmakeupamajorityofNorthMinneapolis,in�uencingtheCURAEvictionsresearchteam’sdecisiontostudyevictionsinNorthMinneapolis.

HennepinCountyExitInterviews

Inthesummerof2017,theHennepinCountyO�cetoEndHomelessnesssta�conducteda7-weekvoluntaryandanonymoussurveyof67peopleexitingHennepinCountyFirstAppearanceHousingCourt.Thepurposewastodeciphertheintricaciesoftheevictionsprocessandthepeopleinvolvedanda�ectedbyevictionactions(HennepinCountyHealthandHumanServices,2017).TheoverallgoalwastoinformnewstrategiestostrengthenhousingstabilityforresidentsofHennepinCountythroughresearchthatproducedstartlingandinformativeresults.Notably,67%ofpeoplesurveyedidenti�edasBlackorAfricanAmericanand61%werewomen.Additionally,theaveragefamilyhouseholdsizewas4.6people,withanaveragerentof

Methodology

$1,006/month.Approximately63%ofthosesurveyedreportedneverapplyingforemergencyassistance.ThisinformationfurtherillustratesthatevictionsdisportionatelyimpactsingleBlackmotherswithchildren,mostofwhomarecostburdened.

HOMELineCityofBrooklynParkEvictionsReport

TofurtherexaminethestateofevictionsinBrooklynPark,thecityofMinneapolisInnovationTeampartneredwithHOMELine,aMinnesotanonpro�ttenantadvocacyorganization,foranAugust2018reporttitledEvictionsinBrooklynPark.In2016–17,HOMELinepartneredwithateamofUniversityofMinnesotaHumphreyInstitutePolicyFellowstoproduceareportforthecityofBrooklynPark.ThroughageographicdistributionalanalysisofzipcodesandaddressesofevictionsinBrooklynPark,randomlyselectedcase�lereviewsofevictioncases�ledbetween2015and2017,andadetailedstatedataextractanalysisofevictions�ledinthecity,theteamdeterminedthat,onaverage,evictionswere�ledafter16daysinnonpaymentcasesand53%ofalleviction�lingsresultedintenantdisplacement(HOMELine,2018a).Moreover,61%oftheevictions�ledbetween2015and2017were�ledbyfourfrequent�lers,whointotalownjust28%ofrentalunits.Finally,similartootherevictionsresearch,BlackandAfricanAmericanwomenfacedthehighestrateofevictionactionsinBrooklynParkyetweretheleastlikelytohaveaccesstoanattorney.

HOMELineCityofSaintPaulEvictionsReport

ThesamegroupofcollaboratorsalsoproducedaSeptember2018reporttitledEvictionsinSaintPaul,utilizingthesamemethodstoexamineevictionsintheSaintPaulhousingcontext(HOMELine,2018b).In2017,landlords�ledanestimated1,710residentialevictionactionsagainsttenantsinSaintPaul,whichaccountedfor3%ofresidentialrentalunitswithinthecity.Theteamfoundthat24%ofallevictions�ledbetween2015and2017occurredinthe55106zipcode,aneighborhoodofpredominantlyAsianAmericans,speci�callyHmongpeople.Furthermore,nonpaymentcasesaccountedfor94%ofeviction�lingsand62%ofcasesendedinatenantdisplacement.

ThesereportsaddsubstantiallytoourunderstandingaboutthestateofevictionsintheTwinCitiesmetropolitanareaandprovideastrongfoundationforTheIllusionofChoiceproject.Nevertheless,afullerpictureofhowandwhyeviction�lingsoccurfromboththeperspectivesoftenantsandlandlordsiscriticaltoourabilitytoassessthecausesandconsequencesofevictionactionsinNorthMinneapolis,whichnecessitatesamixedmethodsapproachthatequallyvaluesqualitativedata.

CURA’sCommunity-EngagedResearchModel

TheCenterforUrbanandRegionalA�airs(CURA)believesintheproductionofcommunity-engagedresearch,whichmeansthatwevaluethemeaningfulinvolvementofourcommunity-basedpartnersandtheirclientsthroughouttheresearchprocess,fromtheidenti�cationofresearchquestion(s)tothedisseminationofresults.CURA’scommunity-basedresearchmodelaimstoinvertthetraditionalacademicresearchmodelofenteringacommunityastheexpert,extractingdata,andreturningtotheacademy.Thereispowerinde�ningresearchquestionsandincontrollingtheproductionofknowledge.Whenresearchisconductedincommunitiesofcolorandlow-wealthcommunities,apowerimbalanceoftenexistsbetweenresearchersandcommunity-basedorganizations.CURA'scommunity-basedactionresearchmodelaimstoreorderthatpowerrelationship.

Webelievethatsuchengagementcanin�uenceresearchtobemorecommunitycentered,useful,andtrustworthy—andultimatelyleadtogreateruseanduptakeofresearchbypractitioners,clients,andpolicymakers.Inshort,weembraceacollaborativemodelofengagedresearchinwhichitiscriticaltoconsultourpartnersonthedevelopmentoftheresearchdesign/questionsandcollaboratewithourpartnersandrelevantstakeholdersasweconducttheresearchanddisseminateresearch�ndings.Wewanttoensurethatwecantroubleshootanyunforeseenchallenges/barrierstogetherandencourageourpartnerstoutilizeCURA’sresearchandrecommendationstostrengthentheirimpactonlow-incomecommunitiesandtheirinvestors.Whenweuseacommunity-basedresearchmodel,communitymembersarenotthesubjectsofresearch—theyaretheco-producersofknowledge.

EarlyEngagementPartnerships

The�rststepinelevatingtheexpertiseandpowerinourcommunitieswastoconnectwithcommunitypartnerswhoarecurrentlyworkingintheareaofevictions.Inthefallof2017,Dr.BrittanyLewissetouttolistentoandengagewithcommunitypartnerstoensurethat:

• theprojectwasusefulandimportanttoourcommunity-basedhousingpartnersandlocalgovernment;

• wede�nedthecharacteristicsofourstudyparticipantstohelpminimizeriskandanyunnecessarydisruptiontotheirlives;

• thosepeoplemostimpactedbyevictionsinNorthMinneapolisareatthecenterofthedatacollectionpool;

• meaningfulanddirectconnectionsweremadewithendusersofourresearch�ndings.

Tomeettheseobjectives,Dr.Lewisconductedone-on-oneinterviewswithlocalhousingpractitionersandthosemosta�ectedbyhousinginstabilityinNorthMinneapolis.These

partnershavecriticalinsightintotherealitiesofevictionsandhousingstabilitythathelpedtoinformCURAanditspartners’knowledgeofthework.Additionally,theseinsightshelpedtoinformthesemi-structuredinterviewtoolsusedforbothtenantandlandlordinterviews.

EarlyEngagementPartnersIncluded:

InquilinXsUnidXsporJusticia NeighborhoodHub

HOMELine Northpoint

Mid-MinnesotaLegalAid PeopleServingPeople

MinneapolisPromiseZone CommunityActionPartnership

HennepinCountyCourts CityofMinneapolis,RegulatoryServices

MinnesotaMultiHousingAssociation StairstepFoundation

UrbanHomeworks 1Family,1Community

ProjectforPrideinLiving MinneapolisPublicSchools

AEON Faithleadersacross55411&55412

NorthsideAchievementZone St.StephensHumanServices

MinneapolisPublicHousingAuthority

CURAEvictionsResearchProjectAdvisoryCouncil

ThesecondstepinengagingthecommunityintheprojectwastoconveneanAdvisoryCouncilcomprisedoftenants,landlords,communityorganizers,community-basedsta�members,andsta�membersfromthecityofMinneapolisaswellasHennepinCounty(seeacknowledgementsandcopyrightinformation).TheAdvisoryCouncilhashadfourprimaryrolesandhasaimedtocollaboratively:

1. developinterviewquestionsandparticipantengagementprotocols;2. helpdesignrecruitmentstrategiesandactivelyrecruitstudyparticipants;3. reviewde-identi�edinterviewtranscripts,majorthemes,andcommonnarrativeframes

foundinqualitativedata;4. disseminateresearch�ndingstoappropriatestakeholdersalongwithCURA’sindependently

developedpolicyrecommendationsbasedonwell-informedresearch,includingananalysisofbestpracticesinothercities.

Inthefallof2017andearly2018,theCURAEvictionsResearchteamworkedwiththeAdvisoryCouncilto�nalizetherecruitmentstrategyfortheprojectaswellastheinterviewprotocolforbothlandlordsandtenants.Inthespringof2018,Dr.Lewisandtheresearchteambeganoutreach,recruitment,anddatacollection.

ResearchDesign

Theresearchdesignforthisprojectisaconvergentparallelmixedmethodsdesign.ThegoalistocollectqualitativeandquantitativedatatoprovideastrongerandmorecomprehensivepictureoftheissueofevictionsinNorthMinneapolis(Creswell,2014).Thisprojectdrawsonbothin-depthinterviewsandcriticalethnographicobservations,aswellasHennepinCountyHousingCourtrecordsandrentallicenserecords.Qualitativeandquantitativedatawerecollectedforbothlandlordsandtenants,withallfourcategoriesbeinganalyzedseparately.Theanalyseswerethenintegratedandexplicatedintheproject’s�ndings.

Researchonevictionscanbechallengingduetoalackofrecordkeeping,thevastarrayofexperiencesofbothtenantsandlandlords,andthelackofimportanceplacedonlow-incomemothersofcolor(HartmanandRobinson,2003).Thestrengthofamixedmethodsapproachisthateachmethodcanprovidedi�erenttypesofinformationandcanminimizethelimitationsoftheothermethod(Creswell,2014),whichiscriticalinthestudyofanelusiveandcomplexprocesssuchasevictions.

SettingandParticipants

TheMinneapolisInnovationTeam’sEvictionsinMinneapolisreportfoundthatoftheover3,000evictions�ledeachyear(2015/2016),45%to48%ofrenterhouseholdsthatexperienced

evictionstookplaceintwozipcodes:55411and55412.Asnotedpreviously,NorthMinneapolisresidentshaveexperiencedhistoricdisinvestmentandintentionallystructuredracialsegregationanddiscrimination.Additionally,thesetwozipcodeshostahighpercentageoflow-incomeBlackmothersaswellasahighrateofindividualswhoreceivecountyandgovernmentassistance.ForthepurposeofCURA’sresearchandcapacity,westrategicallyfocusedonthesetwozipcodeswhenidentifyingbothtenantandlandlordinterviewparticipants.Intotal,68tenantsand32landlordswereinterviewed.Speci�cdemographicsofparticipantsareoutlinedinthefollowingrelevantsections.

LandlordsLandlordOverview

Inthe2018CURAevictionsstudy,weconductedinterviewswithlandlordswhohave�ledevictionactionsontenantsinthe55411and55412zipcodesinthelast3years.Thelandlordinterviewswereconductedtolearnmoreabout:

• whatpoliciesandprocedurestheyhaveinplacetodeterminethat�linganevictionisthebestcourseofactionfordealingwithatenant;

• howtheydecidewhentoevictatenantandthendetermineboththecostbene�tofevictionandowningrentalpropertyinthetwozipcodes;

• whatpracticesortacticstheyemployoncethedecisionismadetoevict.

LandlordSamplingStrategy

LandlordswerechosenforinterviewsbasedonacontrolledrandomsamplingusingthecontactinformationfoundfromtheActiveRentalLicensedataset,whichisregulatedbythecityofMinneapolisandsharedthroughtheMinneapolisOpenDataportal.DatawaspulledonJanuary24,2018.

Recordswereseparatedintotwolistsbasedonzipcode(55411or55412)andthenfurthersortedbytierclassi�cation(Tier1,Tier2,Tier3)withineachzipcode,resultinginsixseparatelistingsofproperties.Foreachtier,alistofuniquepropertyownernameswasgenerated.Somepropertyownernamesappearedmorethanonceintheselistsiftheyusedmultiplespellingsornameformatstoapplyforlicenses(di�erentspellings,useoromissionofamiddleinitial,etc.).UsingtheExcelrandomnumberfunction,arandomnumberwasgeneratedandassignedtoeachnameineachunique-namelist.Thenamesineachlistwerethenorderedfromsmallestrandomnumbervaluetolargestrandomnumbervalue.Thetop10propertyownernameswereselectedfromeachlistineachtier,resultinginasampleof60uniquenames.

Secondandthirdsampleswerepulledusingthesameprocedureasthe�rstsample.Thesecondsamplewaspulledfromthecompletelistofpropertyownernames—namesfromthe�rst

samplewerenotremoved.Consequently,someofthesamenamesappearinboththe�rstandsecondsamples.

Responserateoflandlordrecruitmentstrategy:

Sample1:60names

Intakescompleted 12

Interviewscompleted 12

Unabletocontact 10

Sample2:60names

Intakescompleted 10


Unabletocontact 12

Sample3:60names

Intakescompleted 20


Unabletocontact 5

Participants

LandlordProfile

Source:TheIllusionofChoiceinterviewsandintakedata,CURA2018

Atotalof32landlordswereinterviewedincluding72%(23)malesand28%(9)females.Thesampleprimarilyself-identi�edasWhitemale53%(17),19%(6)identi�edasWhitefemale,with13%(4)identifyingasBlackorAfricanAmericanfemale,6%(2)asEastAsianmale,and3%(1)asSouthAsianfemale,Latinomale,andNativeAmericanfemale,respectively.Ofthelandlordsinterviewed,19%(6)eitherworkedfororganizationsorwerepersonallylistedonthe

MinneapolisInnovationTeam’sreportasfrequent�lers.Finally,16%(5)ofthelandlordsinterviewedresidein55411/55412,with84%(27)residingelsewhere.

Source:MinneapolisInnovationTeam,2016andcityrentallicensedata

Procedures[1]

Dataforthelandlordqualitativeportionofthisprojectwerecollectedthroughsemi-structured

interviewsataplaceofconvenienceforthelandlord.[2]Aninitialintroductoryemailwassentto

allownerswhohadenteredanemailaddressontherentallicenseapplication.Eachownerinthesamplethenreceivedaminimumoftwofollow-upcallsfromgraduateresearchassistantswhoexplainedtheprojectandinvitedparticipation.Additionally,anylandlordwhoappearedinthesampleandwasalsonotedbytheMinneapolisInnovationTeam’sreportasafrequent�lerwaspersonallycontactedbyDr.Lewistoensurerepresentationfromtheseindividualsinthesample.

Allinterestedlandlordswereaskedtocompleteanintakeformtoself-identifydemographicinformationaswellaseasilyquanti�abledatasuchasthenumberofpropertiesownedand/ormanagedin55411/55412andrentaltermlengthsofproperties.Uponrecruitmentintothestudy,landlordswerewalkedthroughaconsentformthatdescribedtheproject,thevoluntarynatureofparticipation,andcontactinformationforbothDr.LewisandtheUniversityofMinnesota.

Tobegintheinterview,landlordswereaskedtoidentifythemselvesanddescribehowlongandwhytheychosethistypeofwork.Participantswereaskedthesamestructuredinterviewquestions,andanswerswereprobedwhenappropriate.Interviewslastedapproximately45to

60minutes,andeachparticipantwasgivena$50Visagiftcardinappreciationfortheirtimeandexpertise.

QuantitativeDataAnalysis

Ouranalysisexaminesownershiptrendsanddynamicswithinfourscales:(1)thespeci�cpropertiesofthe32interviewedlandlords,(2)thepropertiesandlandlordsinthestudyareaof55411and55412,(3)thecityofMinneapoliswiththestudyareaof55411and55412excluded,(4)andtheentirecityofMinneapolis.Thefourscaleswerechosentoilluminatenotonlyhowtheinterviewedlandlordsampledi�eredfromtrendsandpracticesinrentalpropertyquality,ownership,andmanagementcitywidebutalsohowthestudyareadi�eredfromthecityasawhole.

Inadditiontotheself-reporteddatafromtheintakeformsandqualitativeinterviewswiththe32selectedlandlords,weutilized:

• Minneapolisactiverentallicensingdata,extractedfromthecity’sopendataportalinJanuary2018,toidentifythenumberoflandlordsandunitsatourspeci�edgeographicscales,thetypeorstructureofownershipofthoseunits,thequalityortierofthoseunits,andtocomparethenatureofthisdata,where�eldsareself-reportedbypropertyowners,todatacollectedinathird-partynaturebythecounty(seenext).

• HennepinCountyparceldata,downloadedinJanuary2018,toidentifyhomesteadingstatus,taxpayerinformation,andpropertytypeforthe32interviewedlandlords.

TenantsTenantOverview

In2018,weconductedinterviewswith68tenantswhohadexperiencedaneviction�lingineitherofthezipcodes(55411or55412)since2015.Thetenantinterviewswereconductedto:

• identifytheconditionsthatoftenleadtohousinginstabilityandeviction;

• gainaclearerunderstandingofthesetenants’housingcompositionandstabilityovertime;

• understandthevariousincomestreamsandthenetworksofsupportthattenantsrelyonforsurvival.

TenantSamplingStrategy

Inthespringof2018,theEvictionsResearchteambeganrecruitmentforparticipationinthisproject.Apurposeful,homogeneoussamplingstrategywasutilizedtoengageparticipantswithsimilarpersonalexperiencesofaneviction�linginthesametwozipcodes,whileeachparticipantprovidesauniquevoiceandinsightforadeepunderstandingoftheevictionsexperience(Patton,2015).ParticipantswererecruitedthroughoutreachwithHennepinCounty

HousingCourt,community-basedpartnershipsandevents,andwordofmouth.Intotal,34%(23)wererecruitedfromHousingCourt,19%fromapartnershipwithHOMELine,16%(11)fromacommunity-basedorganization,13%(9)fromLegalAid,10%(7)fromapersonalreferralor�yer,and7%(5)fromapartnershipwithPeopleServingPeople.TenantswererecruitedforparticipationintheprojectuntilAugust31,2018.Theywereeligiblefortheprojectiftheyhadreceivedaneviction�lingwithinthelast3yearsineitherthe55411or55412zipcodes.Eviction

actionswerecon�rmedbytheresearchteamthroughHennepinCountycaserecords.[3]

Referralsourcefortenantinterviews


Participants

Intotal,68individualsparticipatedinthetenantinterviews.Themajorityoftenantparticipantsidenti�edasfemale,78%(53),with22%(15)identifyingasmale.Thelargestpercentageofparticipantsself-identi�edasBlackorAfricanAmericanfemalesat62%(42),with18%(12)identifyingasBlackorAfricanAmericanmales,6%(4)asbiracialormultiracialfemales,6%(4)NativeAmericanfemales,3%(2)Whitefemales,and1%(1)EastAsianfemale,EastAsianmale,NativeAmericanmale,andWhitemale,respectively.Theaverageageofrespondentswas44.2

yearsold,witharangeof22to70yearsold.Intotal,13%(9)reportedthattheydidnotcompletehighschool,37%(25)reportedahighschooldiplomaorGED,44%(30)reportedsomecollege,4%(3)hadabachelor’sdegree,and1%(1)reportedadoctorate.Finally,28%(19)reportedreceivingeitherapublichousingorSection8subsidy.

TenantProfile


Procedures

Dataforthetenantqualitativeportionofthisprojectwerecollectedthroughsemi-structuredinterviewsataplaceofconvenienceforthetenant.Throughcommunity-basedpartnershipsandattendanceatHennepinCountyHousingCourt,theCURAEvictionsteamadvertisedtheopportunitytoparticipateintheprojectandinterestedtenantsoptedintotheprogram.Eligibletenants,thosewhohadexperiencedanevictioninthe55411/55412zipcodeswithinthelast3

yearswereenrolledinthestudythroughanintakeprocessthatincludedquestionsregardingrelevantdemographic,income,andevictionexperienceinformation.

Uponrecruitmentintothestudy,participantswereinvitedforaone-to-oneinterviewatatimeandplaceoftheirconvenience.Attimes,theseinterviewswereconductedatHousingCourt,immediatelyafteranevictionhearing,andotherswerescheduledwithinthefollowingweek.Atthebeginningoftheinterview,Dr.Lewisreviewedaconsentformthatdescribedtheproject,thevoluntaryandcon�dentialnatureofparticipation,andcontactinformationforbothDr.LewisandtheUniversityofMinnesota.

Tobegintheinterview,tenantswereaskedtostatetheirnames,howtheylocatedthepropertyinquestion,andwhetherornotitwastheir�rstchoice.Alltenantswereaskedquestionsfromaninterviewprotocol,andanswerswereprobedwhenappropriate.Additionally,aswithsemi-structuredinterviews,participantshadtheopportunitytoelaborateonresponseswhenappropriate.Eachinterviewlastedapproximately45to60minutes,andeachparticipantwasgivena$50Visagiftcardinappreciationfortheirtimeandexpertise.

QuantitativeDataAnalysis

Thequantitativedataanalysisfortenantdataconsistedofexaminingcourtdocumentsrelatedtoeachparticipant’sunlawfuldetainer(UD)�lings(whenavailable).Recordswereaccessedusingpublicworkstationsmadeavailableforthatpurposeinthe4thDistrictCourtRecordsCenterinthebasementoftheHennepinCountyGovernmentCenter.Courtrecordswereaccessedbyenteringthe�rstandlastnameoftheinterviewee.Recordsconsistedofscannedcourtdocuments,organizedbycasenumber.Eachdocumentwasreviewedforkeyinformationincluding:

• addressforUD�ling;

• dateof�ling(whenthelandlordsubmittedtheeviction�lingtothecourt);

• nameoflandlord;

• reasonstatedfor�lingaUD;

• whetherornottheplainti�/defendantappearedincourtandhadlegalrepresentation;

• nameofthereferee;

• dateandoutcomeofthehearing;

• sumsoractionsagreedtoinsettlementagreements;

• anyadditionalactionsresultingfromnoncompliancewiththesettlementagreement;

• notationofanyadditionaldocuments;

• notationofwhen/whetheraWritofRecoveryofPremiseswasissued/executed

• whetherornotanyrentescroworconciliation�lingsappearedtobeassociatedwiththeUD�ling.

Noteswerecompiledonanyattachments,andanyextensivehandwrittennotesthatappearedondocumentswerecopiedverbatimornotedinadetailedmanner.Datawerethenexaminedonacase-by-casebasisaswellasintheaggregatetoprovideamorecomprehensivepictureofthenatureofevictionaction�lingsamongthetenantparticipants.

QualitativeDataAnalysisProcess:LandlordsandTenants

Theprocessforanalyzingtheinterviewdatafromthelandlordandtenantinterviewsfollowsasimilar,multistepprocess,thougheachgroupwasanalyzedseparately.

Tobegin,eachinterviewwasaudio-recorded.Dr.Lewisalsotookextensivenotesandimmediatelyfollowingtheinterview,shenotedimportantaspectsandre�ections.Thisprocesswasdocumentedandcriticaltoeliminatingrecallbias.Additionally,eachaudiorecordingwastranscribedverbatimthroughRev.com.Amemberoftheresearchteamthenreviewedeachtranscriptiontoensureitsquality,aswellasclarifyanypointsintheinterviewthatwerenotedasinaudible.Asecondreviewofeachtranscriptionwascompletedatthattime,andthetranscriptionswerede-identi�edtoprotecttheidentityoftheparticipant.

Dataanalysisfortheinterviewsutilizedbothinductiveanddeductiveprocesses.First,inductivegroundedtheorytechniquesofopencodingandconstantcomparisonwereusedtoevaluateemergingthemesinthedata.Opencodingallowstheresearchteamtoinductivelylookforpatternsinthedata,whereasconstantcomparisonisaprocessofevaluatingwhereemergingthemesweresimilaranddi�erentacrossandbetweeninterviews(CorbinandStrauss,2015;Patton,2015).Throughoutdatacollectionandanalysis,theevictionsteamcollaboratedoncompilingemergentthemesandeventuallycreatedacodebookwithconceptsfromthedata.Additionally,previousresearchandcasestudiesprovidedadeductiveframeworkforwheretheemergentthemeswereorwerenotcongruent.Anydisagreementsonthemeswereresolvedthroughateamdiscussion.Finally,theinterviewer’snotesandre�ectionswereintegratedwiththeemergingconceptsandthemes,aswellastheactualstatementsfrominterviewees,tomakemeaningofthesimilaritiesanddi�erencesacrosseviction�lingexperiences.

EvictionsResearchProjectAdvisoryCouncil

PhotobyJonathanMiller

Themixedmethodsapproachisintentionallyemployedinthisprojecttominimizethelimitationsofeachmethod.However,toensuretherigorofqualitativedata,theresearchteamengagedinseveralstrategiestoensurequalityassessment.Twomeaning-makingsessionswereheldwiththeEvictionsResearchProjectAdvisoryCouncilacrosstheprojecttimeline,withalandlordsessioninthefallof2018andatenantsessioninthewinterof2019.Participantsweregivencopiesofde-identi�edtranscriptsandaskedtogeneratetheirownthemesandpro�lesoflandlordsandtenants,respectively.Thisformofdatatriangulationincreasesthecredibilityofdataduetotheuseofmultipleperspectivesinthe�ndings(LincolnandGuba,1985).Byengagingindataanalysisstrategiescollectivelywithindividualswhoaredeeplyingrainedinthework,aswellasotherswhocanapproachtheworkfromtheoutside,the�ndingsaremoretransferableandprovideastrongerillustrationoftheimpactofevictions,anunderanalyzedphenomenonyetasocialcrisis,particularlyforlow-incomecommunitiesofcolor.

[1]Allprocedures,aswellasconsentprotocolsandmeasurementtools,wereapprovedbythe

InstitutionalReviewBoard(IRB)oftheUniversityofMinnesota.

[2]Intherentallicenserecords,eachpropertyownernameisconnectedtoan“applicant”;in

somecasestheowneristheapplicant,andinothercases,theapplicantisanindividualorcompanyhiredtomanagetheproperty.Ownersforeachpropertywerecontacted.

Findings:Landlords

[3]Exceptionsincludedcasesthathadbeenexpungedfromatenant’srecordand/orthreecases

ofinformalevictions,whicharenotedinthereport.

TheSmall-ScaleRentalSector:AnUnderstudiedPopulationofMostlyIndividualOwners

Beforethemodernghettocollapsedinthepostindustrialeconomy,realestatebrokersdevelopedanewtechniqueofexploitation,onefocusedonsellingblackfamilieshouses“oncontract,”oftenfordoubleortripletheirassessedvalue.“Thereasonforthedeclineofsomanyblackneighborhoodsintoslums,”writesSatter(2009,p.5),“wasnottheabsenceofresourcesbutrathertherichesthatcouldbedrawnfromtheseeminglypoorveinofagedanddecrepithousing.” (DesmondandWilmers,2019)

ThecollapseofthehousingbubblewiththeGreatRecession,andtheensuingwavesofforeclosuresinthecityofMinneapolis,hitdistressedsingle-familyhousingmarketsonthenorthsidethehardestin2010.AccordingtotheCityofMinneapolisDepartmentofCommunityPlanningandEconomicDevelopment(2015,p.5)report HousingInvestmentAnalysis:2008–2014, “TheTwinCitieswasinthetop10highestratedmetropolitanareasforfraudulentmortgageactivityinthecountrywhichcontributedtotherecession.”Thiseconomictsunamiwasfurtherexacerbatedbythe2011tornadoinNorthMinneapolis,whichcreatedhundredsofvacantandboarded-uppropertiesinanareawhereover60%ofresidentswerealreadyreceivingcountyassistance(Wheeler,2012).

Accordingtothereport UnevenRecovery:ALookBackatMinnesota’sHousingCrisis, publishedbytheMinnesotaHousingPartnershipandMinnesota2020,NorthMinneapolisandnearbyneighborhoodsinthewestmetrohavestruggledthemosttorecoverfromtherecessionbecauseof“enormouslossofhomewealth,expensiveandhard-to-�ndrentalhousing,andlaggingincomes”(EgerstromandRosenberg,2014).Acrossthemetropolitanarea,aneconomictransformationistakingplace,whereasinmanyneighborhoodsadistressedhousingstockhasbeenconvertedintomostlyrentaloccupancyduetocheapacquisitioncostsforinvestors.Thisisespeciallytrueinhigh-foreclosureareaslikeNorthMinneapolis.Althoughthisprocessofindividualinvestorstargetinglow-wealthcommunitieshasbeentakingplaceforyears,recentlyithasbecomewidelyrecognizedthatanewinstitutionalassetclassoflargerealestateinvestmentgroupshaveenteredthelandscapeandrapidlyexpeditedtheprocessofdestabilizationinNorthMinneapolis,aswellassimilarlysituatedinner-cityurbancommunitiesallacrossthecountry.

Littleresearchhasbeendoneonthesmall-scalerentalsectormadeupofmostlysingle-familyhomes,whichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdoftheAmericanrentalhousingstock(Mallach,2014).

IntheTwinCities,agreatdealoforganizingledbyInquilinxsUnidxsPorJusticiahassurroundedthefraudulentmismanagementoflargemultifamilyhousingbuildingsinareasadjacenttodowntowninSouthMinneapolis.However,itwasnotuntilformerNorthMinneapolislandlordMahmoodKhan’srentallicenseswererevokedin2017thatadiscussionaboutthecity’smostdistressedhousingstockwentfromthemarginstothecenterofpublicpolicydiscussions.ThemajorityofKhan’s43propertieswereduplexesandsingle-familyhomes.TheexploitativenatureofrentalhousinginNorthMinneapolis,andthefactthatcloseto300familiesfacedhomelessnessduetotherevocationofKhan’srentallicenses,shinedalightonanissuethatthecityofMinneapolisisstilltryingtonavigate.TheMinneapolis StarTribune (2016) reportedthatbetween2008and2015,Khan’spropertiesrackedupmorethan3,550housingviolations.

AmorerecentinvestigationbyFox9News(2018)onaGeorgia-basedcompanynamedHavenBrookHomeshighlightedtheabilityoflargeinvestorstobuysingle-familyhomesasinvestmentpropertiesinareassuchasNorthMinneapolis,prohibitinglocalresidentsfrompurchasingtheirownhomes.HavenBrookHomespurchased400homesintheTwinCities,halfofwhicharelocatedinNorthMinneapolis.Thisinvestmentstrategyonlyrea�rmsthatthecommunityhasbeenandcontinuestobeaplacefromwhichtoextractwealth,therebycontinuingthelifecyclecreatedbyhistoryof redlining,racialcovenants,disinvestment,predatorylending,gentri�cation,anddisplacement.

ThereisafearpremiumattachedtoNorthMinneapolis.Becausewhat'sthestereotypicalimagepeoplehaveofNorthMinneapolis?Icouldtellyou.Bang,bang.Peopleareafraidofit.Ifyoutellpeople,IboughtapropertyinNorthMinneapolis,whattheysayis,"Whywouldyoudothat?"Isay,"Becauseit'slikeprettymuchanywhereelse."Yougotabout90%ofthepeoplewhoarefine.Thenyougot5%ofpeoplewhoaresketchy.Yougotabout5%whoareactuallyallyourtroublepeople.Thatprettymuchcarriesthroughanywhere.Wehadadrughouseonourblock.Youdon'tthinkit'sgoingtohappeninsuburbiaonaculdesac.Ithappens.Thatfearpremiumisthatvaluestherewouldbepressed,notonlybythemortgagecrisis,butbythefactthatpeopledon'twanttoownpropertythereifthey'reafraid. (Whitemale,58yearsold,propertymanagerandowner)

TheIllusionofChoicereportmovesbeyondthelimitingcon�nesofquantitativeanalysistotheunderstudiedrealitiesofmostlysmall-scaleindividuallandlordstounderstandfromtheirperspectivehowandwhycloseto50%ofrenterhouseholdsinNorthMinneapolisexperiencedatleastoneeviction�ling(MinneapolisInnovationTeam,2016).Thein-depthinterviewsthatCURA’sresearchteamconductedwith32landlordshelpedtodetermine:

• whatpoliciesandprocedureslandlordshaveinplacetodeterminethatevictionisthebestcourseofactionfordealingwithatenant;

• howlandlordsdeterminethecost-bene�tanalysisofevictingatenantandmoregenerallyowningrentalproperty;

• whatpracticeslandlordsemployoncethedecisiontoevictismade,includingwhetherandwhythosepracticesareemployedforcertainrentalpopulations.

These�ndingsaimtohelpbetterinformhowthecityandstatecanworkwithlandlordsaspartnersincommunitybuilding.

LandlordProfile


Thisreport’slandlord�ndingsarearrangedtoexaminethreemajorthemes:

1. motivationsforbecomingalandlord,2. assessingriskandmitigatingloss,and

3. theroleofnonpro�tsorgovernment-supportedhousingagencies.(Notethatlandlordnameshavebeenchangedtoprotecttheanonymityoftheinterviewee.)

Thethreethemesareexaminedinseparatesections,eachbeginningwithashortcasestudyandfollowedbytheemergingconceptsasevidencedbyactualstatementsmadebylandlordsintheirinterviews.Finally,weendwithasummationofhowthethemesexaminedincontextrelatebacktohowandwhyevictiontrendsaretakingplaceinNorthMinneapolisfromtheperspectiveoflandlords.

Motivations:Small-ScaleLandlordsinNorthMinneapolis

JackisaWhitemalelandlordwhohasownedandmanagedpropertiesintheTwinCitiessince1977.Hecurrentlyowns30propertiesinNorthMinneapolis.Jackwasinrealestate,naturallygravitatedintorealestateinvestment,andbecamealandlordwhopursuedNorthMinneapolisbecausetheacquisitioncostswerecheap.Inatightrentalmarket,Jackismoreselective,butatothertimeshewouldtakeanyonewhocould“fogamirror”tofillavacancy.“Ithink,ifyouhaveveryregimentedrequirements,andverystrictguidelines,Ithinkyou'dbebetteronceyougetthetenant.However,thatcomeswithaprice.Ifyou'regonnareallyhopepeoplewillcome,andonlytakethetop-notchapplicant,you'regonnahavevacancies,'causeyou'renotgonnafillplaces."Jackadmitsthatinthebeginningofhiscareer,hewaskindofsloppyinhisscreeningprocess,butithasbecomemoreformalthroughtheyears.

Jackhasanewpropertymanager,Deana,whosephilosophyhedoesnot100%support,assheiswillingtoworkwithpeoplewithachallengingpastandmakenontraditionalarrangements.Deana,whomJackcallsa“DenMother,”isapropertymanagerwithaself-describedbrokenpast.Shehasacriminalbackgroundbuthasbeenoutofthelifeof“drugsandprostitution”for15years.Deanaiscalledtothehomeless,becauseshecanidentifywiththeirneeds.SheismostinterestedinworkingwiththosepeoplelivinginJack'spropertieswithadifficultbackground,whichissomewhatdifferentfromhowJackhasmanagedhistorically.Deanaisinterestedinhelpingtogivepeopleasecondchance.

Jackisadamantlyagainstsomeonewithviolentfelonies.Ifatenanthasapriorunlawfuldetainer,Jacktalkswiththeformerlandlordtoensurealldebtsaresettled.Hewillalsocollectalargerdeposit,asheseesthoseapplicantsasmajorriskstohisinvestment.UnlikeJack,Deanawillarrangeuniqueweeklypaymentplansinsteadofonce-a-monthpaymentswithtenants.ShebelievesthatmostpeoplewhohaveexperiencedhousinginstabilityintheNorthMinneapolisareamustbetaughthowtomanagetheirmoneywhentheirincomesareofteninconsistent.

Totestherapproach,JackrecentlygaveDeanaapropertywiththreepeoplewhoshedetermineddidnothaveenoughmoneytomovein.Deanastatedthatittookamonthtoironoutthe“bumps”ofherworkingrelationshipwiththesetenantsandclarifywhattheyneededtodo.Unlikesomelandlordsin

NorthMinneapolis,Deanatellspeopleupfrontthatthereisanapplicationfeeandwillonlycollectthefeeiftheyaregettingintotheproperty.Sheaskspeopletobehonestabouttheirbackgrounds,sothatthey(JackandDeana)candecidewhetherornottheycanworkwiththem.

JackhasgivenDeanaabout10%to15%ofhispropertiestoseehowitgoeswithherapproach,althoughheisskeptical.Hedoesnotbelieveitissustainablebutiswillingtoallowhertotryitout.JackreiteratesthatDeanaisthenresponsibleforthetenantsshetakesin.“Ikeeptellingher,she'slookingatlifethroughrosecoloredglasses,andIkeepsayingtoher,Ihopethesepeopleworkout.”

DeanarecallswhenshewenttocollecttherentfromoneofJack'stenantsandlearnedthatthetenanthadrelapsed2to4monthsago.Thetenantlatercameupwithsomeofthemoney,butheneededhelp.DeanadoesnotagreewithJackthatifatenantpaysadeposit(ordoubledepositforthosewithtroubledbackgrounds)andfirstmonth’srentoutoftheirpocket,thattheyareusuallybettertenants.Shearguesthesefolksareborrowingtopaythosedepositsandthat'swhatthecountyisfor,tohelpthosepeople.BothJackandDeanavaluethecountyemergencyassistanceprogrambutbelievethattheprocessmustbequicker."Intheolddays,itusedtobequick.Ifsomebodywenttoemergencyassistance,andyougetacallinafewdays,andthenthecheckwouldbenextweek.Okay.Nowsometimesit's30or30+daysandthatputsahardshiponthelandlord,becausenowhe'snotgettinghismoney,andyou'vegototherpaymentstomake,andotherbillstopay,andyou'vegottowait.”DeanaiscurrentlytryingtoconvinceJacktobegintorentroomsinsteadofentirehomesorunitstoonefamily,asshebelievesthatwillbemorefinanciallysustainableforthepeoplesheistryingtoserve.

Jack’s40+yearsofexperiencehasledhimtoresentthecityformakingtenants’issuesthelandlords’responsibility,suchasinoperablevehiclesorunlicensedtabsontheproperty.HefeelsthecourtscheatlandlordsanddoesnotagreewithargumentspresentedbyLegalAidthatcomparethehomeownerforeclosureprocesstothetenantevictionprocess.Jackdoesnotseethecitypoliceasanally,particularlytheforceduseofthecrime-freeaddendum,whichmadethetenantresponsibleforalldrug-andcrime-relatedactivity.Jackwasforcedtoevictsomeoneduetoanarrestwithoutaconviction.HelaterappearedonthepopularTVshow HotBenchwithhisformertenant,atenanthehadpreferredtokeep.TheCaliforniajudgestatedonlivetelevisionthatthecrime-freeaddendumwasunconstitutional,asthetenanthadnotbeenchargedwithacrime.

AlthoughDeanasupportsunlawfuldetainerexpungements,Jackdoesnot.Henoted:

“VeryseldomdoIfeelthatatenantdeserves,orshouldhavehisorherrecordexpunged,becausemyexperienceis,whensomeone'sbeenevicted,they'vehadplentyofopportunitiesnottohaveitontheirrecord.AndIfeelliketheyhavegotthisformthere,thecommentsare‘maythepublicbebenefitedbythisbeingremovedfromtheirrecord?’AndIfeel,asalandlord,Idon'twantatenanttocomeinandapplyforaproperty,andtheyjusthadtheirrecordexpunged,andit'snotthere.Iwannaknowwhat'sontheirrecord.”

Deanadescribedattendinganexpungementhearing:“She[thetenantseekingexpungement]neededtogetherrecordclearedup,soshecanmoveonwithherlife.YouknowwhatImean?...Expungementisanotheropportunityforpeopleinthe1-1[55411]andthe1-2[55412zipcodes],particularly,togetasecondchanceatlife."

JackandDeanaareexemplaryexamplesofthetensionsthatmanylandlordsandpropertymanagersface.Over90%oftheprivatelandlordsinterviewedalignedwiththeopinionsJackexpressed,withfewcomingtotheworkofpropertymanagementwiththesameethicsasDeana.JackandDeana’sinterviewillustratesahostofchallengesthatallofthelandlordsweinterviewedmustconfronttosomedegree,astheymakedecisionsaroundtheirmotivationstobecomelandlordsorpropertymanagers—whichinturndirectlyimpactshowtheyunderstandtheuseandpurposeofevictions.Inthiscase,Jackisamiddle-agedWhitemale,notfromthecommunity,whohashadalongcareerinrealestateandpropertyinvestment.SimilartoJack,allofthelandlordsweinterviewedstatedthattheypurchasedinNorthMinneapolisbecauseacquisitioncostswerelow,withaboutone-thirdofthepropertyownerspurchasingbetween2007and2012,attheheightofthehousingcrisis.Deana,ontheotherhand,oneofonlyfourofthoseweinterviewed,becameapropertymanagernottogenerateandbuildwealthbuttoearnalivablewagedoingworkthatdirectlyimpactsthesustainabilityoflow-incomeBlackfamiliesinNorthMinneapolis.

JackandDeanaillustratethespectrumonwhichlandlordsdiscussedtheirmotivationsforowningrentalpropertyorbecomingapropertymanagerinNorthMinneapolis.Acommontopicthatlandlordsdiscussediswhatin�uencethemarketandeconomicforceshavehadonboththeirperceptionofNorthMinneapolisandtheirdecisiontoeitherpurchaseormanageinNorthMinneapolis.Landlordscited:(1)historyofpredatorypractices,(2)theincreasedpresenceoflargerealestateinvestmentgroups,and(3)cheapacquisitioncosts.PredatorypracticeswerecitedbymanylandlordsasasignthatNorthMinneapolisisalwaysbeingmanipulatedbyunscrupulousbusinessmen/womenwhoaimtoexploitacommunitythatdoesnotalwayshavetherightinformationoreducationtoassessthenatureoftheproductsbeingsold.Yetmanylandlordsnotedthestatisticalrealitiesofpovertyandcrimeandusedthemascommonsenseunderstandingstoexplainwhothetenantswerethattheyserve.Asmallminoritycitedthefearoflargerealestateinvestmentgroupsthatwereseenasinvestorssimply�oodingthemarketwhentheysold.However,allofthelandlordswhoweinterviewed,mostofwhomweresmall-scalerentalowners,statedthatcheapacquisitioncostswastheprimaryreasonthattheypurchasedinNorthMinneapolis,ortheownerswhotheymanagedforchosetoinvestinNorthMinneapolis.

MotivationsforBecomingaLandlord

Onehundredpercentofthelandlordsinterviewedidenti�edcheapacquisitioncostsasoneoftheprimaryreasonstheyinvestedinNorthMinneapolis.Nearlyhalfofthoseinterviewedbecamelandlordsinthepast10years,andone-thirdbecamelandlordsduringthehousingcrisis,from2007to2012.

Source:TheIllusionofChoiceinterviewsandintakedata,CURA2018andCityofMinneapolisdataonactiverentallicenses

Ididthemajorityofmyinvestinginthatareaaround2010through2012andthemainreasonwasbecauseofhowgoodpriceswereinthearea.Yeah,andItookalotofpropertiesthatwerecompletelyuninhabitableandrenovatedthemandmadethemnice.Ididfullrehabsofthecitytobringthemuptomoderndaycode.Iputalotofworkintothem...Probably[spent]between$30,000and$50,000andthenitwouldusuallyrequireaboutthatmuchinrenovations. (Whitefemale,35yearsold,individualpropertyownerandmanager)

Ilookedatitandsaidokay,fromapurelyrational,financialstandpoint,ifIwastobuyapropertylikeifIboughtaduplexinBurnsvillewhereIcouldget...Atthattime,thefirsttimeIboughtitwas$885a

monthbothsides.IfIwasgoingtogetthatmuchrentinaduplexinBurnsville,itprobablywould'vecostmeabout$180K.TheduplexIboughtinnorthMinneapoliswas$89K. (Whitemale,58yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Mostlybecauseit'sahighrentalopportunity,andwelookthroughouttheentireTwinCities.Weworkwithsomerealtorsandtrytofindhousesthatwecanbuyforcheap.Idon'tthinkwe'vepaidmorethan$40,000forahouse.Wecan'tgetthatkindofpurchasepriceanywhereelse. (Whitefemale,36yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Ichoseitnumberone,fortheprice.Thecashflowisreallygood.Itisbecauseunfortunately,it'snotasdesirableforthelocation.Ithinkthere'sinvestorsthatwon'tevenlookupnorth,theywouldn'tevenconsiderit. (Blackfemale,44yearsold,propertymanagerfornonpro�tagency)

Duringtherealestatecrash,Iboughtacoupleofpropertiesthatwereadjacentforacoupleofreasons.Likethatthosepropertiesaffectmeanywayandthattheyhadcrashed.Theyweremaybe15centsonthedollarfrombeforethecrash.Notofrealvaluebutofinflatedpricesthathadbeenpaidbefore. (Whitemale,62yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

ButIlikeit.I'mwaitingforthenextcrash[laughter],andI'mbuyinginNorthMinneapolisbecauseIfeelNorthMinneapolisisgoingtochange.There'salotofhousesjustburningdownandthennewdevelopmentspopup.Sothat'sgonnaincreasetherentandthat'sgonnaincreasethevalue,ithasto.Imean,downtowncan'tgrowpasttheriver.Itcan'tmovetoUptown.Uptownthere'salotofbeautiful,beautifulhousesinLakeCalhounthatthey'renotgonnateardown.SoIthinkNorthMinneapolisistheeasiest,cheapestwaytogo.Imean,Iknowthatthedistrict,theSection8officeis,wherethewarehouseusedtobe,allthathaschangedalotanditkeepschanging.ButI'mseeingalotofchangeNorthMinneapolis,soI'mkeepthatinmind.Iknowit'schanging.Iknow…BrooklynCenterreallyisgettingscrewedbecauseeverybody'smovingthatway. (Latinomale,34yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Themostcommonreasonscitedforbecomingapropertymanagerorlandlordwerethatthey“fellintothework”becauseofalackofprofessionalexperienceorforinvestmentorretirementpurposes.Nearlytwo-thirdsoflandlordsownedfewerthan50units.

WhenIgotdivorced,Imovedintoabuilding.TheowneraskedifIwoulddocaretakingforhim,Isaidabsolutely,thiswouldbegreatforme.Severalmonthsafter,thebuildingsoldtoadeveloper,andIwashiredonbythatdeveloper.Whathewoulddowasbuydistressedproperties,rehabthem,wewouldre-rentthem,ifitwasacashcow,hewouldkeepit.Otherwisehewouldsellit.Itjustkindofsnowballedsincethen,20yearslaterI'mstilldoingit. (Whitemale,44yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�torganization)

Ithink,asmostpropertymanagers,Ikindoffellintoitalittlebit.WhenIwaslivinginSanDiego,itwasanopportunitytohavehousing,andthatwasapart-timegigwhereIwasgettingafreeapartment

sincehousingisveryexpensiveinSanDiego.MywifeandIwereinatransition,soitwaslike,oh,Icandothisalittlebit. (Whitemale,32yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�torganization)

I'vebeenwith[for-profitorganization]for,Ithinkit'sabout,13yearsnow.And,IguessIgotintoitbychance.Ididnotintendtogethere.Istartedoutworkingwiththemaintenancesideofthepropertymanagementcompany. (Whitefemale,39yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�torganization)

DespitetheacquisitioncostsofNorthMinneapolis,manylandlordsnotedthataccordingtopopularperception,investinginNorthMinneapoliswasquite undesirable.Acrossthelandlordsample,asmallgroupwereseasonedinvestors—11outofthe32landlords(34%)—manyofwhomwerelicensedcontractors,yetamajorityofthelandlordsdidnothavelongcareersinpropertymanagementorinvestment—21outof32landlords(67%).Whendescribingtheirtenantscreeningprocesses,severallandlordsopenlyadmittedadevastatinglearningcurve.Manystatedthattheywerequite“sloppy”intheirinitialscreeningprocess,statingthatwhenthemarketwastoughtheywouldtakeanyone,whichwouldendupcostingthemtimeandmoney.Inexperiencedlandlordsdescribedthattheyinitiallyfailedtopayattentiontothingssuchasincomeandbackgroundchecks.

WellIdidn'tdoany,andthenIgotscreweddoingthat,andsoIstarteddoingbackgroundchecksandthenrealizedI'mjustpayingabunchofmoney.Eventhoughtheyweresubsidizingthecostoftheapplications,Ididn'treallyknowwhattodo...Becausethetenantsweren'treallyuptothestandardsofwhoI'dwanttorentto.Soyoujustkindofgowithyourgutofwhoeveryouthinkwantstoturnanewleaf. (Whitemale,32yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Landlordsstatedthatitwasnearlyimpossibleto�ndatenantwhodidnothavebadcredit,tothepointwheretheynolongerusedcredithistoryasadeterminingfactorforresidency.This�ndingframesthewaysinwhichlandlordscreateatypologyofwhatthetypicalNorthMinneapolistenantislike,priortotakinganapplicationormeetingthemfacetoface.

Yeah,andIreallydon'tgolookingatcreditbecauseIknowthatmanypeoplewhoapplyforpropertiesinNorthMinneapolis,theydon'thavegoodcredit. (SouthAsianfemale,52yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

InitiallyIdidn'tdobackgroundchecks.AndthenIdidacouple,IthinkIdidfiveforone.Andtheyallbasicallycamebackthesame,bankruptcies,unlawfuldetainers,verypoorcreditscores,arrests,thingsofthatnature.TheywereallprettysimilarsoIkindofdothinkwhywouldIevendoabackgroundcheckifthat'sjustprettymuchthenorm? (Whitemale,32yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Theleastcommonreasonscitedforbecomingapropertymanagerorlandlordweretheircareersinrealestateledtorentalpropertyownershiportheirentirecareersinvolvedthe

buying,selling,andrehabbingofpropertiestypicallywithaconstructionortradesbackground.

I'vebeenalandlordsince1984,since34years.Itstartedoutjustowningoneortwopropertiesandgraduallygrewto,Igotupto39properties.I'mdownto37properties...I[also]haveataxpractice. (Whitemale,60yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

ThereasonIgotintothebusinessisthatIworkedconstructioninhighschool,soIknewhowtobuild.Itwasallnewconstructionofcourse,butbeingaroundthetradesitinterestedmeasfarasdoingplumbingandwiring,roofing,framing,allthattypeofthing,andsowhenIturned22Igotmyrealestatelicense. (Whitemale,68yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

I'vebeenalandlordfor10years,andI'veprobablybeeninpropertymanagementfor35.I'malicensedcontractor...Ihadanopportunitytobuysomeproperties,acoupleofduplexes,10yearsago,contractfordeed,thatwereindesperateneedofrepair.AndsoIkindofgotintoitthatway.Beforethat,IwasaHUD[USDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment]supervisor.Iwasinchargeof2,500homesforinspecting.AlsowasinchargeofthewholeWestBank[UniversityofMinnesota]asfarasmaintenance. (Whitemale,62yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Theselandlordstypicallystatedthattheywerebeginningtosello�theirpropertiesandagingoutofthework.Theeraofthecareerlandlordhascertainlybeguntodecline,especiallyasmanyofthosewithasizablerentalportfolio,whichtheyaccumulatedoverthelast10to20years,havebeguntocashinontheirinvestmentsandlarger�rmsarebuyingmoreproperties.

AtthepresenttimeI'mattheendofmycareerprettymuch.I'mslowlysellingoffproperties.AtonetimeIhadover100individualproperties,andI'mdownto57atthecurrenttime. (Whitemale,68yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

It's37[propertiesthatIown],that'llprobablybedowntoabout35bytheendoftheyear.I'mstartingtosellanddonatesomeproperties. (Whitemale,60yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

TheImpactofLandlords’MotivationsonEvictionFilingsinNorthMinneapolis

AlanMallach(2014),inhisarticle“LessonsFromLasVegas:HousingMarkets,Neighborhoods,andDistressedSingle-FamilyPropertyInvestors,”usesacasestudymodeltoexploredistressedpropertyinvestorstrategiesinhigh-foreclosureareasacrossthecountry.InthecaseofLasVegas,NV,realestateinvestmentduringthehousingmarketbubblewasdominatedby“market-edge�ippers”whoboughtpropertiesinfairorgoodconditiontosellbackintothemarketforamodestpro�twhenthemarketrebounded.WhereasinDetroit,MI,asMallachexplored,therealitiesoflowpurchasingpriceswithhighpropertytaxesinvitedthe“milker”strategy.Thisstrategyallowedforinvestorstorentoutasingle-familyhome,notpaypropertytaxes,provide

limitedmaintenanceandrepairs,recovertheinvestmentin2years,andthenexceedtheirinitialinvestmentbymorethan50%inthethirdyear.Theinvestorwouldthenallowthepropertytogointotaxforfeiturewithnointentionofowningitthereafter.Inthesetwocases,themarketdrivesinvestmentbehavior.

InthecaseofNorthMinneapolis,itiscriticalthatweunderstandhowthemarketalsodrivesinvestorbehavior.AccordingtoMallach’s(2014)typology,NorthMinneapolishasseenthreemajortypesofdistressedpropertyinvestorstrategiessincethehousingcrisis.First,the“Flipper,predatory”model,wheresomeonebuyspropertiesinpoorconditionand�ipstobuyers“as-is,”oftenusingunethicalpracticesforimmediateappreciation.Second,the“Rehabber”buyspropertiesinpoorcondition,rehabs,andsellsthepropertiesingoodorbetterconditionforimmediateappreciation.Third,the“Holder,medium-longterm,”wheresomeonebuyspropertiestorentoutforanextendedperiodoftimeforcash�owandpotentialresaleinthenearfuture.

2012,Igotmyfirstrentalproperty.Why?Just,mystrategyistobuyandhold.Itriedthestockmarket,butit'stooliquidforme.IfI'mintrouble,IcanalwaysmakeacouplemovesonlineandI'llhavethatmoneywithinaweek.Imean,Itry,Igetanicechunkofchangeandthensomethinghappens.It’srealestate.Realestateisnotgoingtosaveyou.Ittakesmonthstogetthemoneyout,andthat'sallowedmetokeepgrowingmyportfolio.Iseeitasmyretirement.Imean,Iprobably…I’vegotagoodportfolio.I'mplanningonbuyingmore.Rightnowthatmarketisreally,reallyhot.SoI'mbuying,fixing,I'mflipping.Buythem,fixthem,sellthem.OncethemarketgoesdownagainI'llbuyagain,fixthem,andrentthem. (Latinomale,34yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

OneofthemIgotin2015,theotherIthinkin'14.Ijustgotthembecausethatwasatimewhenthepriceswerereallydown,andIjustgotitbecauseIdon'thaveanyplansofkeepingthemlong-term.Aftermaybe1or2moreyears,I'lljustsellthem. (SouthAsianfemale,52yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

I'mplanningonbuyingmore,likeIsaid.Iboughtallmypropertiesintherecession,thelasthousethatIboughttoholdwasin2015andsincethenI'vebeenjustflippingthem.Buying,fixing,becausethey'reveryexpensive.They'revery,veryexpensive.Youneedtobuyfreeandcleartobeabletomakeadollar,otherwisethere'snotthatmuchprofittobemade. (Latinomale,34yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Mostlandlordsdiscussedtheirinvestmentinrentalpropertyusingfreemarketthinking,however,thisdoesnotcontrolforsocial,economic,andpoliticalrealitiesandthepowerimbalancebetweenlandlordsandtenants.Simply,thelandlordsetstherentandlegallyownsthepropertyinquestion.Tothecontrary,freemarketideologyandrationalchoicetheorysuggestthatallcitizenscanequallyparticipateinthemarket,whichensuresthateveryonewillbeabletoa�ordaplacetoliveinthecommunitythattheydesiretolivein.However,thatis

simplynottrue.NorthMinneapolishasbeen,andcontinuestobe,aplacefromwhichtoextractwealth,continuingthelifecyclecreatedbyahistoryof redlining,racialcovenants,disinvestment,predatorylending,gentri�cation,anddisplacement.

Freemarketjusti�cation,particularlyinaplacelikeNorthMinneapolis,onlyworkstoreproducepredatorypracticesinapartofthecitythathasbeenmanufacturedtocontainsociallyconstructed,undesirablepopulationsandextractitsresources.Asmallminorityoflandlordsdivestedfromthismodelofthinking,oneofwhomcalledhimself“altruistic”andproceededtoexplainthathistenantssu�erfromaseverelackofincomeandbecomeself-destructiveandsometimeschemicallydependentasaresult.Heworkeddiligentlywiththemastheysoughtresourcesandsupport.“Iunderstandhowthisiscreated,becauseasacountry,wecreatetheseproblems.” Whenlandlordsmakedecisionsthataredrivenbythemarkets,thesocialimpactfortenantsbecomessecondary,atbest.This,inturn,provideszeroincentiveforlandlordstoavoideviction�lings.Rather,inmanyways,apro�t-drivenmotivationincentivizeseviction�lings.

AssessingRiskandMitigatingLoss:Small-ScaleLandlordsinNorthMinneapolis

photoby NikkiMcComb

Davidisafull-timerealtorandbecameapropertyowner/managerin2013.HeboughthisfirstthreeduplexesfromanacquaintancewhowasbuyingforeclosedpropertiesinNorthMinneapolisafterthe2008housingmarketcrash.Thisownerhadbeenremodelingpropertiesjusttokeepfromlayingoffhiscrew.Davidboughtoneofthesepropertiesanddescribedhimselfasarisktakerwhosawagoodinvestment.HeexplainedthathewasnotafraidofthestereotypesthatstoppedotherinvestorsfrombuyinginNorthMinneapolis.Contrarily,Davidsawagreatinvestmentandprofit-makingopportunitythatherealizedwouldnotbepossibleinhisownsuburbancommunity.

WhatshockedDavidthemostabouttenantsisthatwhenhesitsdownwiththemwiththeintentionofreadingthroughthelease,theyjustwanttoknow“wheretosign.”Theydon’twanttogothroughit.ToDavid,thistellshimthattheydon'tfeelliketheyhaveasay,becauseiftheydidtheywouldnegotiate.

Davidinheritedsixunitswithtenantswhenhepurchasedhisfirstproperty.TwoofhisSection8tenantsweregrandmotherswhocouldnotaffordthedamagedeposit,soheallowedthemtopayalittleadditionalmoneyeachmonthuntiltheyreachedtheirfulldamagedepositamount.Davidemphasizedhiswillingnesstoworkwithpeopleaslongastheycommunicateanddon’tdisappear.AccordingtoDavid,themostcommonchallengehistenantsfaceistheirsocialdynamics,whichleadtofinancialhardships.“Agirlgetspregnant,hasachild,dropsoutofschool,‘babydaddy’isn’tlivingthereandisnothelping,andshewindsuplivingwithherparentsoronsomesortofassistance.Shecan’tfinishhereducationandthingscontinuetosnowball.”Davidfurtherstates:

I'veonlyhadtwoinstanceswhereamanhasbeenontheleasewithawoman.It'salwayswomenwhoareonthelease,andthenifthere'sababydaddy,he'sthecouchsurfer.IfIgetpolicecalls,it'sprettymuchalwaysbecauseoftheguy.It'snotthewomenwhocausetheproblem.Whenitisthewomenwhocausetheproblem,andhere'sanotherrealareaofinteresttome,alotofithastodowithmentalhealthproblems.There'sasurprisingnumberofissuesthere.Itneverwould'vedawnedonme,untilIgotintoit.

Davidgoesfurthertosaythatentirehouseholdsareraisedthisway,andhesometimesmeetsgrandmotherswhoareyoungerthanheisasaresultofthiscycle.“They'repermanentlyinabind,andtome,it'slikeaslowmotiontrainwreck.”

Hehasonlyevictedonetenant.Inthiscase,Davidwasworkingwithhistenant’sboyfriendtoreceivetherent.However,althoughthetenantwasgivingherrentmoneytotheboyfriend,Davidwasnotreceivingit.TheboyfriendtoldDavidnumerousstoriesaboutwhytheyweren’tpayingrent,includingthathismomhadpassedaway.Later,Davidlearnedfromthepreviousownerthattheboyfriendclaimedthathismomdiedtheyearbefore.Inrealityhismomwasstillliving.Davidmetherayearlater.

BythetimeDavidfiledtheeviction,thetenantandherboyfriendowed$3,000to$4,000inbackrent.Sincehehadonlycorrespondedwiththeboyfriend,Davidfinallysentalettertothetenant’sjobto

connectwithher.ShecalledDavidthenextdayandexplainedthatshehadnoideaherboyfriendwasn’tpaying.Shetookouta401(k)loantopaythebackrentandhandedDavidanenvelopewith$4,800incash.

Aroundthesametime,thetenant’sboyfriendrobbedabankandasaresult,thepoliceraidedDavid'spropertyandfoundone-tenthofanounceofmarijuana.

Theproblemthepolicehadwithme,wasnotthathewasabankrobber.Theproblemtheyhadwithmewasthattheyfoundatenthofanounceofpotinthehouse.Potisaschedule1federaldrug.Ilearnedalotinthisexperience.It'sclassifiedasanarcotic.IgotaletterfromMinneapolispolicesaying,“Thisisaproblemproperty,andyou'reatfault.”

Davidrefusedtoevictthetenant,andwhenhelaterreceivedacallfromLutherKrueger(aformercrimepreventionanalystinMinneapolis),Kruegertriedtoconvincehimotherwise.Intheend,Davidwasforcedtofileamanagementplanbythecity,becauseherefusedtoevicthistenant.Hebelievedtheboyfriendwastakingadvantageofhistenantandthatshehadnocluewhatwasgoingon.

Throughher401(k)loan,David’stenantgotcaughtup.

Thenshe'sgood,good,good.Thenshe'snotgood.Thenthingsfalloff,shestopstalkingtome.Allshehadtodowastellmewhatwasgoingon.Thestatewasgarnishingherpaybecauseofsomepastduetaxissue.Eventhoughtheyweren'tmarried,theyweretiedtogether.Shewounduphavingmoneygarnished.Thisisoneofthose,I'vetoldherliterally100times,youjusthavetotalktome.Shestillgetsscared,andshestoppedtalkingtome.ThenIhadtheevictionactionfiled,becauseIhadn'theardfromherinmonths.GottothepointwhereIwasdrivingby,tryingtofigureoutissheeventhere.

Thetenantdidnotshowupforanyofthecourtdatesandonlycalledwhenthesheriffpostedavacatenotice.Davidaskedherifshewasgoingtopayandstayornot.Theyagreedthatshewouldstay.

Davidnowpickshistenantupeachweekandcollectsasmuchasshecanpayuntilherdebtispaid.“Rightnowsheowesme,Ithinkshe's$2,800behind,butshe'smakingprogress.Isthatsmartoristhatstupid?Idon'tknowyet.Comeaskmein6months.”Davidadmits,helikesherandhebelievesinher.“Shecouldpotentiallygetfurtherandfurtherbehind,andmaybeI'lllose$5,000or$6,000,andthenI'mgoingtofeellike,‘Wow,Iwasthebiggestsuckeroutthere.’”Headded:

Idon'tthinkit'sgoingtohappen.IthinkwhatIseeis,sheisgoingtomakegood.It'sgoingtotakealongtime.Idon'treallycareaboutthat.Ijustwanttoknowthatshe'sgoingtomakegood.Shehastwokids,Ilikethekids.Ilikeher,Ijustwanthertounderstand,yougottotalktomethroughthickandthin.Yougottotalk.

Themanagementplanenforcedbythecityaimedtoensurethatsimilarproblemswithfuturetenantswouldnothappenagain.NowallofDavid’spotentialtenantsmustapplythroughRentalHistoryReports,athird-partysitevettedbythecity,andDavidis“completelydetachedfromit.”Noonehasyettoapplywithanyunlawfuldetainers,butheprobablywouldnotrenttothem.Toprotecthimself(unlessthepersonisonSection8),hewillonlysignamonthtomonthtoensuretheywillpayconsistentlybeforesigningalengthylease.

Davidmadeitclearthatheemploysthesestrategiesbecauseheis“notgoingtobeMaryJoCopeland.I'mnotgoingtohousepeopleforfree,becausethenIamcostingmyself.Thatmightbeselfish,butIboughttheseasaninvestment.Aninvestmenthastoperform.Youcanstilldoitwithheart.Yougottobalanceoff.Rightandwrong,goodandbad.”

Forlargermultiplexes,apropertymanagementcompanycantypicallymaintainitscash�owevenwhenafewunitsgovacantasaresultofeviction.However,it’smorecommonforlandlordswhomanagesingle-familyhomes,duplexes,orsmallmultiplexestohaveamore�uidsetofpoliciesorpracticeswhenitcomestothetenantevictionprocess.Inaddition,theselandlordstypicallytakeonahigherriskofnotbeingabletomaintainconsistentcash�owbetweenperiodsoftenantturnover.

Davidismiddle-agedwhitemalelandlordwhostatedthathehadafairlyraciallyhomogenousupbringingwhilegrowingupinBloomington.Yet,heisarepresentativelandlordwhoinvestedinNorthMinneapolisbecauseheknewhecouldnotmakethepro�tmarginselsewhere.Hequicklyenteredaculturalcontextwherehecouldnotunderstandwhyhismostlylow-incomeBlacktenantsdidnottrytonegotiatetheirleases,andhewasenamoredbythefactthatthegrandmothersappearedtobeyoungerthanhewas.Davidusedphrasessuchas“cultureofpoverty”and“babydaddy,”whichhavebecomepopularlinguistictoolsusedtojustifywhyweshouldblamelow-incomepeoplefortheircircumstancesratherthanunderstandingtheexploitativecontextunderwhichthesesocialdynamicswerecreated.Davidusedhisnewinsightstodeterminethathistenants’socialdynamicsledto�nancialhardships.Whenitmatteredthemosttohim,hewasabletosupportatenantwhomanyotherlandlordswouldcertainlyhaveevicted.However,headmittedlystruggledwithhisownbusinessinterestsandtheneedsofthepeopleheclaimedtowanttoserve.

PerceptionofTenants:AFrameforAssessingRisk

Landlordstypicallydescribedtheirtenantsusingde�cit-basedlanguagethatoftenincludedreferencestohighratesofunemployment,domesticviolenceandintimatepartnerviolence,drivingwhileBlack,gettingpregnantatayoungage,grandmothersraisinggrandchildren,noboyfriendsontheleases,themajorityoftenantsbeingsinglemothers,anddrugs.Theseperceptionsensurethatanytransactionalbreakdownintherelationshipisunderstoodtoemanatefromthesepresumedde�cits.

Idefinitelythinkthatthere'senoughmoneybeingthrownatthisproblem.Ijustthinkthatit'sbeingusedpoorlybecausewehavemajorgovernment-fundedprogramsandthennonprofitssurroundingthat,plusalotofothertypesofaidforfurniture,food,cashassistance,medicalbenefits.There'splentyofwaysforpeopletogettheassistancethattheyneed.Ithinkthatpeopleneedtoappreciateitandtheyneedtoactuallyhave...Itneedstobestructuredinawaywhereit'snotsoeasyforthemthattheywanttojustkeepdoingthatanditneedstobestructuredinawaywheretherearerealconsequencesforthem,ifthey'renotbeingagoodcitizen,really. (Whitefemale,38yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Well,asI'veseenitplayoutthroughafewgenerationsnow,there'saterribleepidemicoffatherlessnessinoursociety,andIthinkitplaysahugeroleinthis,ahugerole.IfIwastoputmyfingerononesourceoftheproblem,Iwouldsaythatisaverylargecontributor. (Whitemale,57yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Themoralconstructionofpovertylocatesitscausesintheperceivedpoorcharacteroftheindividualandignorestheracializedsocial,economic,andpoliticalstructuresunderwhichthoseindividualsexist.Afailureinvaluesormoralsisthenusedtoexplainanindividual'simpoverishedcircumstancesinversely,meaningthatthosewhoarenotpoorhaveahighermoralcompass.Thislogicisinformedbyde�cit-basedlanguagethatthennecessitatesapaternalisticapproach,whichaimstoregulatethelivesofmostlypoormothers.

TosomepointbecausethebiggestproblemwehaveinNorthMinneapolisisyoudohaveanapplicantcominginandapplyingforit,andthenit'sunauthorizedoccupantsbecausethepersonwhowillbemovinginwillbereally,reallyclean,butoncetheymovein,they'llstartgettingthetrouble.Actually,especiallywithsinglemoms,that'sabadturnI'mreallyseeing. (Whitefemale,38yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Thislandlord,likemanyothers,madenoteoftherolethatguestsoftenplayincausingdiscordintherentalrelationship.However,intheseinstancesthesinglemotherisdeterminedtobetheonewithoutsoundjudgment,ratherthantheindividualguest.Thisdisplacesblameandfurtherstigmatizessinglemotherhood.

Allofthelandlordsemployedsomeformofvalue-basedjudgmentswhendecidingwhetherornottheywouldrenttoaparticulartenant.Value-basedjudgmentsoftenmeanthatthelandlordmadeaseriesofassessmentsaboutthetenant,theiridentity,andtheirvaluesbasedonracialorethnicmakeup,theirfamilystructure,paidworkorlackthereof,andpurchasinghabitstodetermineifatenantisresponsibleandsubsequentlywouldbeagoodtenant.Thisthenexplicitlyfactoredintothelandlord’swillingnesstosignalease,renewthelease,orpursueevictionwhenthetimecomes.

Iwillnotrenttoanyonewithoutajob.Itdoesn'tmatteriftheyareonSection8.Mymoneyisgettingpaid.Evenifmyfullmoneyisgettingpaid,Iwillunlesstheyhaverealdisability.IdohavetwotenantswhoareonSection8whohavebeenmytenantsfor3years.Bothofthemdon’thavejobs,butIknowthattheyaredisabled,andIdon'thaveanyproblemswiththem.It'sgood.IfIhavethemonSection8,mymoneyisbeingpaid,butI'veseenpeopleplaythesystemandsoiftheydon'thaveajob,nope.Idon'thaveaplace. (Whitefemale,38yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Iprobablyspendmoretimethanmostlandlordsinscreening.Iactuallygotothefamily'shome.Iactuallyknockontheirdoorandsay,"I'dliketoseehowyoukeepyourpresentplace."Sothat'salwayshelpful.Infact,manyofmygoodfamilies,actuallyrequestmeto...They'llsay,"Ikeepaperfecthome,atidyhome.CometomyhouseandI'llshowyou."That'smusictotheearsofalandlord. (Whitemale,60yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

I'mgettingmoreandmoresensitivetoit[UDs].AUD,onaverage,costsme$2,000,andthatdoesn'tincludeanythingformytime,anditdoesn'tincludeanylostrentthat'shappeningwhilewe'regettingtheplacefixedbackup.WhatI'vefoundovertheyearsisthatUDs,oncethey'vehadone,theyjustkeephavingthem.Veryfewpeopleactuallychange. (Whitemale,60yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

AlotoflandlordsarelikeohI'mnotgoingtorenttoSection8anymore.Well,youcan'tdothathere.Orthegoofballthatboughtthethreeplexnexttome,I'mnotgoingtorenttoBlackpeople.Ilookedathimlike“What?Youcan'tdothat.”“Wellit'smyplace.”I'mlike“Idon'tcare,youcan'tsayI'mnotrentingtoBlackpeople.” (Whitemale,62yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Thelastimpactoflandlords’perceptionsoftheirtenantsisenforcingdisciplinaryactions.Theselandlordsmakeassessmentsofthelifestylesoftheirtenantsandwillevictiftheirtenants’behaviormakesthemfeelundervaluedasalandlord.Theselandlordsseetheirtenants’lackofself-disciplineorconsistencyasanopportunitytodisciplinethemforthepurposeofensuringtheyaremorecivicallyresponsible.Onesuchlandlorddescribedgoingtoatenant’shousetocollectbackrent.Whileattheunit,henoticedabrand-new�atscreenTV.Hedecidedtoaskaboutit,andthetenantstatedthatitwasBlackFriday.Thetenantdidnothavethebackduerentamountthatshepromised,whichthelandlordtookasalackofresponsibility.Hemovedtodissolvetherelationship.

Manylandlordsweinterviewedhadclearlybecomejaded.OnelandlordstatedthatheadvisedapotentialnewinvestortoavoidbuyingrentalpropertyinthecityofMinneapolisalltogetherandanotherlandlordhadbeenburnedtoomanytimesfromtenantswithevictionsontheirrecordsandnowrefusestorenttothem.

I'llanswerthatquestionbutactuallyjustrecentlyaguycontactedme,coldcalledme,askingtobuythislastremainingpropertyIhaveinNorthMinneapolis.Afterspeakingwithhim,Ideterminedthat

heynomatterwhatyouofferme,I'mnotsellingyouthispropertybecausehe'sgotpropertyinBrooklynParkandothersuburbanareas,andthiswouldbehisfirstNorthMinneapolisproperty.AndIjusttoldhim,youdon'tknowthegame.You'regonnagetscrewedandyou'rejustbetteroffstayingoutsideofMinneapolis.Andafterspeakingwithhimmore,he'sthankful.Hehasnointerestanymore,goingtoNorthMinneapolis,orMinneapolisingeneral. (Whitemale,32yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Yes[atenantwillbesuccessful],aslongasIdon'tmakeanexceptionforpeoplewithevictions.I'vedonethatwaytoomanytimes.I'mwaytooniceanditalwaysbitesmeinthebutt.Nogooddeedgoesunpunished. (Whitefemale,35yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Section8RiskandReward

Foreverytwojadedlandlords,thereisonewhoisconsciouslyawareofhowthemoralconstructionofpovertylocatesthecausesofpovertyintheperceivedpoorcharacterofindividualsandignoresthesocialstructuresunderwhichthoseindividualsexist,especiallywhenitcomestoacceptingSection8voucherholdersastenants.In2017,theMinneapolisCityCouncilapprovedaSection8anti-discriminationordinance,whichprohibitedlandlordsfromrefusingtorenttoSection8voucherholders.Ifatenantfeltthatalandlordrefusedthembecauseoftheirvoucherstatus,theycouldseekdamagesthroughthecity’sDepartmentofCivilRights.However,afterlocallandlordschallengedtheordinance,aHennepinCountyjudgestruckitdownin2018.

Idon'tdoanySection8.Myrentalpropertiesaren'talllikethis,butthey'reverynice.Ichargeprobablytheupperendofthemarketforproperties,A,becauseIcanandB,youjustgetpeoplewhodon'ttrashtheplace.SoIdon'thavealotofUDpeopleoranythingelseofthatnature. (Whitemale,41yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

AlotoflandlordsembracedtheSection8voucherprogramandareastutelyawareofthechallengesthatmanytenantsfacetryingto�ndsomeonetotaketheirvouchers.

Iwouldsaytheotherchallengeisthedifficultyoffindingaplace,soitwillhaveanimpactontheirrentalhistory.ThelastfourleasesI'vesigned,Ibelievethreeinvolvedfamiliesthatwereontheirlastdayoftheirlastextensionoftheirvoucher.Onewasonehourawayfromlosinghervoucher.ShehadtosigntheleaseandracetoSection8withthatlease. (Whitemale,60yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

ThedebateamonglandlordsaboutthepoliticsofacceptingSection8vouchersisacomplexdiscussiongroundedinvaluesandourperceptionsofpoverty.ForthelandlordswillingtoacceptSection8vouchers,theprogramwillguaranteeincomeeachmonthdespitethefederalSection8housingcodeguidelines,whichcanbecumbersomebycreatingadditionalchecksandbalancesforthelandlordandthetenant.OtherlandlordsoutrightrefusetoacceptSection8voucher

holdersbecausetheyhavepredeterminedthatthosewhoqualifyforthisprogramwillonlydamagetheirproperties.Lastly,otherlandlordsexpressvocaldisdainfortheSection8voucherprogramnotbecauseofthetenantsbutbecauseofotherlandlords.TheyassertthatabsenteelandlordsquicklyacceptSection8voucherholders,notcaringaboutthelivabilityissuesitcreatesforneighborsandotherlandlords.Thislogicrea�rmstheprevalentnotionthatlow-incomefamiliesareofillmoralcharacterbynatureofbeingpoor.

Theyhavetherighttodouble-checkandcheckandstuff.They'llworkwithyou,it'sagoodthinginawaythatittrainsinexperienced,absenteelandlordsthatliveoutinMinnetonka,nottomentionany...butjust,that'sthereality.You'vegotalotofinvestors,“Oh,let'sinvestinNorthandputSection8oranybodythattheyfindonthestreet,itdoesn'tmatterbecauseit'sNorth,”theydon'tlivehere,theydon'tcareaboutthelivabilityissues.They'llbringinanybody,andthatkindofcreateslivabilityissues. (Whitemale,51yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

IreallylikeSection8.Ithinkitgivesyoumoreleveragebecauseifyou'renotdoingwhatyou'resupposedtobedoing,Icanthrowyouout,orIcangetaholdofyourcaseworkerand,youknow,theyhavethepotentialoflosingtheirSection8whichgivesyoualittlemoreleverageon,youknow,themdoingtheirduediligenceaswellasme,youknow. (Whitemale,62yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Girl,itgoesbackandforth.IhavesomeSection8tenantsthatreallytakecareoftheirpropertywhoIhaveabsolutelynoproblemwith.Idon'tcallthem,theydon'tcallme.IgoovertotheirhousewheneverIwantto,it'sanopendoor,“HeyMissSmith,howyoudoing?Youwanttocomein,havedinner?Youbusy?”Butthenyouhavesomewhocan'tevenpay$75,andthentheygetmadatyoubecause,“Youalreadygetthemajorityofmyrent.Whydoyoucareaboutthatother$75?Youalreadyrich.”Isyouserious?...Butthenyoutellthem,“Okay,wellI'mgonnanotifySection8,andletthemknowthatyouain'tgonnapay.”“Okay,[landlord]I'mgonnagetitdowntheretoyouassoonaspossible.” (Blackfemale,[noagegiven],propertymanagerforafor-pro�tagency)

AlthoughamajorityofthelandlordsinterviewedsaidthattheywerewillingtoworkwithpeoplewhohadunlawfuldetainersorwouldacceptSection8vouchers,themannerinwhichtheyperceivedtenantsin�uencedtheamountofrisktheywouldtakeonfuturetenants.Anumberoflandlordswouldnotrenttoanyonewithanunlawfuldetainer.OneinparticulartalkedaboutknowinglandlordswhohaveexplicitlystatedthattheywouldnotrenttoBlackpeople,orrenttoanyonewithanunlawfuldetainer.Anotherstatedhetakesintoaccounttheconditionoftheinteriorofhispotentialtenants’carsasare�ectionontheirpotentialtenancy.

Thismoralconstructionistframeworkhasbeenwrittenintoourpublicpolicyframework.AprominentanddeeplyembeddedexamplecamefromtheMoynihanReportof1965,o�ciallytitled“TheNegroFamily:TheCaseforNationalAction,”publishedbytheO�ceofPolicyPlanningandResearchthroughtheUSDepartmentofLabor.FormerSenatorDavidPatrickMoynihan

arguedthatalthoughthehistoryofslaveryhadgravee�ectsontheBlackfamilystructure,itwasinfactthelackofaBlackmalepatriarchandthelargenumberofBlack,female,single-headedhouseholdsthatwasthesourceofeconomicdeprivationintheBlackfamily.This“blamethevictim”approachtoalackof“proper”nuclearfamilystructurepresumedalackofvaluesandthewillfulperpetuationofpoverty.Theperceptionofpovertyandafewbadexperienceswithtenantscanstructurehowlandlordsdevelopandimplementstrategiesformitigatinglossthatareofteninformedbyfactorssuchasatenant’sraceorjobstatus,inturndeterminingatenant’slevelofresponsibilityorworthinessanddecreasingtheirwillingnesstoworkwithothertenantsinthefuture.

StrategiesforMitigatingLoss

Themostcommonapproachesusedtomitigatelossbythelandlordsinterviewedwerecashforkeys,mutualterminationofleasebynonrenewal,andsigningonlymonth-to-monthleases.

CashforKeys

Cashforkeyswasasomewhatcontentioustopicforthelandlordsinterviewed.Onelandlordstatedexplicitlythatshewascompletelyagainsto�eringtenantscashforkeys,becauseshewantspeople’schoicestohaveconsequences.Whereasothersdidnotusethepracticehadnoestablishedopinionaboutthetactic,hadneverevenheardofit,orhadnevergottentothepointwheretheythoughtitwasatacticworthusing.

Forthosewhohaveusedandarestillactivelyutilizingthetactic,theydeterminedthattheywouldspendlessmoneyo�eringtenantscashforkeysthantheentirecostoftheevictionprocess.Theselandlordswerealsoattemptingtopreventthelossofincome,becauseofthetimeandresourcesassociatedwiththeunpredictableHousingCourtprocess.Onepropertymanagerexplainedthato�eringtenantscashforkeysmightverywell“kill”thepropertyowner,whomustcomeupwith$500outofpockettogetsomeoneout,butthecostof�linganevictionistoohigh.

Theprocessoftenincludeshiringalawyer,onlytobeencouragedto“workitout”atcourt,whichcouldresultinanagreementthatthetenantdoesnotful�ll.Thentheownerwouldhaveto�leawrittophysicallyremovethetenants,allofwhichtheydeterminedcouldcostover$2,000andalotofwastedtime,despitethefactthatveryfewevictionsoftenendinawritbeing�led.

It'sanythingyoucanthinkof,ofwhattheywouldsayback.Like,you'dsay,“Youknowwhat?Whatifwecometherewith,$200.Today,yousignthepaperwork,andwhenweconfirmyou'vemovedout,here'sanother$200.”Or,whateverdollaramountyoucanputinthere.Ithinkprobably,inthatscenario,wewouldn'ttalkaboutthesecuritydeposit,becauseyou'djustassumeit'slost.You'renotgettingitback.They'vealreadymadethatassumption. (Whitefemale,39yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�thousingorganization)

IalmostalwaysactuallydoacashforkeysoptionbeforeIdotheeviction.Isay,“Ifyou'reoutbyXdate,thenIwillgiveyou$500cash,”justendofstory. (Whitefemale,35yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

MutualTerminationofLease

Mutualterminationofleaseisusedmostcommonlyfortworeasons:eitherasaresultofdomesticviolenceandleaseviolations,orlandlordswillsimplynotrenewtheleaseattheendoftheterm.Otherlandlordsreportedneverneedingtouseit,becausetenants,asonelandlordstated,will“upandleave”withoutnotice,preemptinganevictionduetoalackofrespect,orcommunicationhastakenplacecausingastrainontherelationship.

Wealwaysofferit[mutualtermination].Theevictionprocessissoexpensiveandcumbersome,andit'ssuchabigdealtodoaneviction,thatItrytoavoiditatallcosts...That'susuallywhenI'mabouttogetreadytofileforaneviction,Isay,“Ihavetofileforaneviction,unlessyouareoutonthisdateatthistime,forthisamountofmoney.”AndItypicallyalsoofferitthroughouttheevictionprocess.It'susuallya60-day,sometimeswe'lljustservea60-daynoticethatwe'renotrenewingthelease,becauseourleasesareall12months,andthenmonth-to-monththereafter,witha60-daynotice. (Whitefemale,35yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Okay,sofirststageofitistryingtonegotiateamutualtermterminationleaseormutualleasetermination.Minelookslike,“Okay,youarenotpayingrentanymore,pickadate,handinthekeys.Wedon'twantthatdatetobemorethan3weeksout,”wewon'tgothatfar.About3weeksIwanttoseethekeysbackandkindofdone...Alotofthetime.Iwouldsayatleast90%oftime,wecandoit.(Blackfemale,44yearsold,propertymanagerforanonpro�torganization)

TheMonth-to-MonthLandlord:AnUnderanalyzedPredatoryPractice

Themonth-to-monthstrategyformitigatinglossisanunderanalyzedyetpowerfultoolforlandlordsinmanagingrisk.Landlordscanmitigatetheirriskbyo�eringashorttimelinethatallowsforanonrenewalofleasequicklyiftenantsdonotadheretotheirleaseexpectations.Additionally,landlordscanprotecttheirabilitytopro�tfromahothousingmarketbyhavingtheoptiontoevicttenantsthroughnonrenewalquickly.AlthoughtheSection8programrequiresayearlease,tenantswhorentintheprivatemarketwithoutagovernmentsubsidyaresubjecttoalandlord’sleaseparameters,whichmayincreasehousingprecarity.

Ofthe32landlordsinterviewed,50%(16)notedo�eringmonth-to-monthleases,with2notingthattheyonlyo�ermonth-to-monthleasesunlessdealingwithSection8voucherholders.

Nowhere'showIdefendmyself.Unlessyou'reSection8,Ionlyuseamonth-to-monthlease.BecauseifImisjudge,andIget3or4monthsin,andyou'rejustnotpaying,thenIcansay,“Iamnotrenewing

yourleaseasof,”whateverdate.Ihavetogivethemminimumamonth,andaday.That'sasafeguardforme. (Whitemale,58yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Tellthem[rentersoutsidehisnetwork]we'regonnadoa6-monthcontract.Afterthattheyallbecomemonthtomonth...I'llgivethem2months'noticeandthenyou'reoutjustincaseIneeditforsomebodyelseorwhatever,ifIneedtosellthepropertyorsomething.I'vebeentemptedbytherealestatepricestosellsomeofthem.OutofallthepeoplethatIhaverightnow,they'reallmonthtomonth. (Latinomale,34yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Inadditiontothesethreecommonstrategiesformitigatingloss,thelandlordsweinterviewedusedotherless-commonmethodsaswell.Theleastcommonapproachesweredoubledepositsandlackofcleanliness.Ofthe68tenantsinterviewed,only16%(11)reportedpayingadoubledeposit,thussupportingthisstatement.Forthefewlandlordswhoutilizedoubledepositsfortenantstheydeemtobe“risky,”theybelievethatatenantismorelikelytobea“good”tenantiftheywanttoreceivetheirdoubledepositback.However,onelandlordstatedthatinthepastherequireddoubledepositsandtenantsfailedtomeetthepaymentplantheyhadarranged.Thisinstancerefutedforhimthatadoubledepositisanyincentivetoensurethattenantswillful�lltheirleaseagreements.Additionally,onelandlordstatedthatwhentenantscomewithahousingvoucheranddonothavetopaythedepositthemselves,theyhaveno“skininthegame.”Thislandlordthenautomaticallyexpectsthatthetenantwillnotbesuccessful.

Whenatenantactuallycomesupwiththatmoney(doubledeposit)themselvesratherthananagency...thoseareusuallyyourbettertenants,'causetheyknowtheirmoneycangobacktothemiftheydotherightthing. (Whitemale,63yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Mycurrentpropertymanagerismakingsurehe'saverystrong-willedindividual,whojustmakesabsolutelysurethattheyunderstandthatgarbageissupposedtobetakencareof,thestreetsareswept.Ifyourhouseisnotinorder,wewillaskyoutoleave.We'vecomeacross,veryoften,wherepeoplejustdon'thaveanycleanlinessintheirlives,andwewillnottoleratethat.Cleanlinessandorder. (Whitemale,64yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

TheRiseoftheLLC


NearlytwiceasmanypropertiesinNorthMinneapoliswereownedbylarge-scalelimitedliabilitycompanies(LLCs)(31%)comparedtotherestofthecity(16%).TheLLCownershipstructureallowslandlordstoshieldtheirpersonalassetsandmakesidentifyingownershipandlegalresponsibilitydi�cult.

AllofourhomesareownedbyLLCs.There'susuallytwoorthreehousesperLLC,sousuallythatprofithasextracapitalfromtheotherpropertieswithinit...That'spartiallyforsomeofouronlineability,ifwehadatenantgethurtandsueus,wecouldsellouttheassetsofthatLLCbutstillbeabletocontinueoperating.(Whitefemale,35yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Only5ofthe32interviewedlandlordslistanaddressontheirrentallicenseorpaytaxesonahomeinthetwofocuszipcodes.Inthetwofocuszipcodesoverall,only9%ofunitsareowneroccupied,comparedto21%intherestofthecity.

InresearchonlandlordinvestmentstrategiesandthelinktopropertydisinvestmentinMilwaukee,WI,AdamTravis(2019)arguesthatacrossthelasttwodecades,investorsaremovingtowardtheLLCmodelofownershiptolimitindividualliability.HefoundacorrelationbetweentheLLCownershiptrendandpropertiesthatarenotuptocode,atrendseenmostoftenincities’poorestdistressedneighborhoods.Travisstatesthatthistrendhastakenplacebecauseofadvancesinthelegalenvironmentsincethe1990swiththecreationofLLCs,which“promisestoensurethatpersonalassetswillbeprotectedfrombusiness-relatedliabilities”(p.143).

Theevictionsresearchteamspentasigni�cantamountoftimetryingtodistinguishindividualownershipfromLLCownershipstructuresinNorthMinneapolistounderstandwherelandlordsresideinrelationtotheirproperties.ThisworkjustscratchedthesurfaceoftherelationshipbetweenindividualsandLLCsinNorthMinneapolis.AcloserexaminationofdatainthecityofMinneapolismusttakeplacetodeterminethecorrelationbetweenincreasinglydistressedpropertiesandtheircodeviolationsandtheownershipstructures,whichmayprovideprotectionfortheselandlords.

Wheredolandlordsreallyreside?


TheIntersectionofNonprofits,SubsidizedHousingPrograms,andtheState:Small-ScaleLandlordsinNorthMinneapolis

Denisehasbeenalandlordfor19yearsandforthelast11yearshasmanagedforanonprofitorganization.Likeamajorityofnonprofithousinglandlordsinthisproject,Denisestatedthatshefellintothislineofworkstartingofffirstasaleasingagentinmarket-rateproperties.Sheleftthemarketrateindustrybecauseitwastoocorporate.Shefelttheindustrywasonlyinitforthemoney,andasaresult,manytenantswouldenduphomelessorhavingtomovewithoutanyonecaring.Instead,inthe

nonprofitsector,“Wetendtochoosetohousepopulationswiththelargestbarriers.Wechoosecommunitieswherewecanmakeadifferenceorwherechangeisneeded.”

Denisemanagesover200unitsofhousinginNorthMinneapolis.Thenonprofithousingproviderconductscriminalbackground,credit,andrentalhistorychecksandrequiresnounlawfuldetainersinthelast2years.Theorganizationworkswithseveralhomelessprograms,sotheyexpecttoseesomeUDsandtheyprovideaprogramfortenantswithUDstobecomeeligibleforhousing.Additionally,althoughtheycannotworkwitharsonistsandsexoffenders,theydoworkwithfelonsaspartofasupportinghousingprograminNorthMinneapolis.Finally,theorganizationhasprocessesthatveerfromitscriteriaandmaygranttenancytopeoplewhowereinitiallydenied.Mostofthetenantsgrantedresidencyafterdenialareworkingwithasupportiveagencyandwiththeorganizationtocreatestability.

Denisedoesnotbelievethereisagoodwaytopredictthesuccessofatenant.Sheseesscreeningcriteriaashowlandlordstrytopredictandmitigatetheirrisk.However,atenantcanlookstellaronpaperbutbeahorribletenantorlookhorribleonpaperandbeareallygoodtenant.Denisestatedthatscreeningcriteriaarejustusedasamechanismtoensureaccesstofairhousing,butitisnotthebestwaytodetermineanapplicant’ssuccess.

Denise’sorganizationhasastructuredprocessregardingevictions.Theorganizationrequiresfirstmonth’srentandasecuritydepositpriortomovinginbutwillacceptaguaranteeletterfromasupportagencyinlieuofmoneyinhand.Theorganizationmodestlyincreasesrentsannually,between$10and$15.Everytenantgetsanoticeofrentdueonthefirstofthemonth,andthenbetweenthesixthandthetenth,theresidentwillgeta10-daylaterentletter.Tenantswhoarelatehavetheoptiontoeithersignamutualterminationtomoveoutorarrangeapaymentplan.Iftheydonothearbackfromatenantafterthisletter,theorganizationmustdecideifitwillpursueeviction.

Ifthetenantishavingconductissues,notnonpaymentissues,theorganizationalmostalwayspursuesmutualtermination,becauseitbelievesthatjustbecausethetenantisnotsuccessfulwiththemdoesn’tmeantheywon’tbesuccessfulelsewhere.Theorganizationdoesn’twanttocreateanotherbarrierwithanunlawfuldetainer.Additionally,itgivesaneutralrentalreference.Deniseknowsthatthisangersotherprivatelandlords.

InDenise’sopinion,thechallengethatmostofthetenantsfaceisaffordability.Shenotesthat90%ofthosetheypresentwithmutualterminationacceptit,becauseitwilllookunfavorabletoanotherlandlordtoreceiveanunlawfuldetainerfromamission-basedorganizationlikehers.Whentenantsloseanincomeandarewithoutanymeanstopay,theywillsimplygetfartherandfartherbehind,therefore,mutualterminationispursuedfirstifnoresourcesareavailabletoassistthem.Thisorganizationbudgetsforevictions,andDenisesupportsunlawfuldetainerexpungementsandwillnotappearincourttofightitifatenantfilesforone.

ForDenise’sorganization,thecourtscanbechallenging,especiallywhenfilingforaleaseviolationbecausetheburdenofproofisonthelandlord,andparticularlywhenthecityisforcingtheorganizationtoevictsomeoneanditasksforatrial.Theprocessbecomeslonganddrawnoutbecausecircumstancesarehardtoprove.It'squitedifficulttogettenantsremoved,andtheorganizationhasfoughtcasesformonths,draininglimitedinstitutionalresources.

BecauseDenise’sorganizationprovidesaffordablehousingandhastaxcredits,it’simpossibletosimplynotrenewaleaselikeprivatelandlords.Theremustbeacausefornotrenewingalease.Theburdenofproofisontheorganization.Inthoseinstanceswheretheorganizationknowsthatitcouldfileaneviction,butwantstomakeanotherlast-ditchefforttoworkwiththetenant,itdevelopsanindividualizedevictionpreventionplanforthetenantwithmanagementandwithinthetermsofthelease.Theplanoutlineswhatactionsthetenantwillagreeto,toensurethebehaviorwillnotcontinuetohappen.Ifthisagreementisviolated,thetenantwillbeaskedtoleave.

Denise,likemanyothernonpro�thousingmanagers,believesdeeplythattheworkassistingthosefamilieswiththelargestbarrierstoobtaininghousingiscriticallyimportant.Theseagencies’missionsrequirethattheysetupmechanismstosupporttenantsduringhardtimesandprovidethemaccesstoservices.

Theowners...Outofthesethreeentitiesinthezipcodes,oneoftheentitiesisanonprofit.So,itmakesthingsalotmore...Itmakesthingsaloteasier.Wheretheothertwoarenotnonprofits,buttheyarenotlookingtotakeincomefromthebuildingtopaytheirmortgage.Buttheyarelookingtotakeincomeout...Incomefromthebuildings...So,Ithinkthereceivables.Right,soifyoulookattheendofthemonthreceivables,thatthey'rerateoftwopeoplehaven'tpaidrentforthemonth,they're[nonprofits]morewillingtobeunderstanding. (Whitemale,50yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�tcompany)

They're[nonprofits]alittlemorealtruisticintheirendeavorthanaprivatelandlord.They'relookingatproperties...Ontheirside,too,they'relookingtorehabpropertiesusingtheSection42program.Theygetdeveloperfeesoutofthat.Theyalso,they'respecificallytargetingaffordablehousingandlookingatthoseareaswherethere'spropertiesindistress,whichisgoingtobemoredifficult. (Whitemale,32yearsold,propertymanagerforfor-pro�tcompany)

Theunitsthathaveserviceprovidersaremymostsuccessfulhouseholds.Whenthey'renotandthere'sanissue,theserviceproviderstepsinandeithergetsthetenantorthetenantnolongerreceivesservices. (Whitemale,50yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�tcompany)

NonprofitOrganizationsandSubsidizedHousing

Undoubtedly,nonpro�torganizationsandsubsidizedhousingopportunitiesplayacriticalroleinprovidinghousing,economic,andsocialsupporttoresidentsofNorthMinneapolis.Additionally,nonpro�thousingagenciesareseenasthealtruistica�ordablehousingconduitforthoselow-

incomefamiliesandseniorswhocannota�ordthetraditionalmarket-ratehousingoptions.Concurrently,theseresidents’backgroundsoftenpreventthemfromappearingasidealcandidates.Yet,theoverrepresentationofnonpro�tsandhousingsubsidiesinthesetwozipcodescreateatensionbetweenthehighneedforsafe,a�ordable,andqualityhousingunitsandthepotentialpaternalisticdependencyona�ordablehousingtomaintainhousingstability.

AccordingtotheCityPlanningandEconomicDevelopment(CPED)o�ceinMinneapolis, nonpro�tshavefueledamajorityofthenewconstructionandsomerehabilitationinNorthMinneapolis,basedonCPEDfundingandpublic-ownedlandsales.Overthelast7years,atleastninedi�erentnonpro�thousingorganizationshavebeeninvolvedinnewdevelopmentprojectsinNorthMinneapolis. Theneighborhoodhasreceivedlittlelarge-scale,newprivatehousingdevelopmentthathasnotbeenbuiltbyanonpro�thousingagency,andasaresultthere'slittleresearchthatprovesthatmarket-raterentswouldbesuccessful.Inmanyways,thisre�ectsthedisproportionaterateoflow-incomeresidentsofcolorinNorthMinneapolis.Nonpro�thousingdevelopersaswellassubsidizedhousingopportunitiesmatchtheresidenttype,inthattheseresourcesareclearlydesignedtoprovidesupportforhousing-insecureresidents.

Ours[criteria]isalreadyprettylow.Ithinkthoughbecausewe'remission-based,thefinancialcostofbusiness...beingmission-basedisprettysteep.Becausewe'rechoosingtocreatehousingstabilityorhelpfolkscreatehousingstability,wegoaboveandbeyond.Wedon'tfileaUDunlessit'sabsolutelynecessary.Weputthingsinplace,likeanevictionpreventionplanandtrytoworkwithyoutogetyoutocurbyourbehaviorthat'scausingtheproblem. (Blackfemale,44yearsold,propertymanagerforanonpro�torganization)

Yet,landlordsquestionedwhetherornotthesetypesofsupportarejustreiteratingacycleofhousinginstability—ashallowandtemporarysolutionthatprovidessubsidiestolandlordsbutdoesnotgettotherootofthebarrierstohelpingtenantsreachhousingstability.

I'mgonnabehonestwithyou.Idon'tknow,becauseIgotsomepeopletheygetouttheshelters,andthey'vebeenwithmefor5,6years.They'renotonanyrentalassistance,theypaytheirrent,doyouknowwhatI'msaying?Iguessalotofthem,theycomefromtheshelter,aftertheirassistanceisovertheyfeelliketheirlifeisover,andthey'rerightbackintheshelter. (Blackfemale,[noagegiven],propertymanagerforafor-pro�torganization)

Ithinkthebestwayis,obviously,whenpeoplearewilling,theygetbackontheirfeet.Because,peoplemovingaround,isn'thelpinganybody.Gettingthembackontheirfeetwouldbethebestway,butdoingthatisobviouslynotour...Wedon'tknowhowtodothat.Imean,wetry. (Whitefemale,39yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�torganization)

Landlordsbene�tfromthesubsidiesprovidedtoNorthMinneapolisresidents.AnexampleofthiscameinaninterviewwithoneofthelandlordswhowasnotedbytheMinneapolisInnovationTeam’s(2016)reportasafrequent�ler.AlthoughheprovideshousingtoSection8voucherholders,thislandlordopenlyspokeabouthisuseofeviction�lings.Hebene�tsfromstate-sponsoredhousingsubsidies,yethistenantspaythepricewithmultipleeviction�lings.

Ibelievetherewassomethingthatwasonpublicradio;theytalkedtothereporteraboutamonthago.WhenheranthestoryIpulleditup.IthinkIhad67thatwerefiled(formalevictions)inthelast,Ithinkitwas3years.Tobehonestwithyou,Ithinkit'salittlemorethanthat.Iwouldhavetosayit'smorelikeabout40ayear.Andgranted,itdoesn'tmeantheyactuallyendupmoving,butit'sjustthatmanyarefiled. (Whitemale,68yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

TheMinneapolisPublicHousingAuthority(MPHA)isastrongexampleofthetensionbetweenprovidingmuchneededshelterandreinforcingacycleofpaternalisticdependency.Historically,publichousingdevelopmentswerebuiltinthecentralcity,particularlyinlow-incomecommunitiesofcolor.NorthMinneapolisisnoexception.TheMPHA,aquasi-governmentalagency,providesalmost6,000unitsofpublichousingacrossthecityofMinneapolis,withapproximately19%(1,163)oftheseunitsinthe55411and55412zipcodes,speci�cally.Yet,accordingtotheMPHA,thereareapproximately7,000individualsandfamiliesonthewaitlistforhigh-risebuildings,mostlytheelderlyanddisabled,andcloseto1,000familiesarewaitingforotherhousingoptions.ThelackofhousingavailabletoresidentsoutsideoftheMPHAandothernonpro�thousingproviderscreatesadependency,leavingresidentslittlechoicebuttoabidebyMPHArulesorrisklosingtheironlyoptionforstablehousing.

Ithinksomeofthepeoplewhomightbelesssuccessfularethepeoplewhoarehomeless,‘causetheycomeintooursituationandnowthey're...Wehaverules,aboutyourbehaviorandpayingrentandallthatstuffandsoIthinkthatitseemstousthatthepeoplearehomeless,likethegoalistogetthemhousedbutthentheirserviceskindadropoff.NowwedohavesocialworkersthroughtheVolunteersofAmericainthebuildings,andsowereallyareworkingtowardhelpingpeoplebesuccessfultenantsandso,anytimewesendoutanonpaymentletter,thecopyofthespreadsheetgoestotheVolunteersofAmericasocialworkersandallofourstaff,we'retryingtoknockondoors,getpeopletopaytheirrent,sothat'sinthefirstmonth. (MPHAsta�member)

Whennonpro�tandlow-incomehousingsubsidiesbecomethelastresorttostablehousing,theimpactofevictionsbecomesthatmuchmorerelevant.AlthoughtheyplayacriticalroleinNorthMinneapolis,themissionofhousingstabilityisthreatenedbyacyclethatreinforcesdependencyandlackstheresourcestohelpresidentsmovetofullindependence.

TheRoleofHousingSupportAgencies

Privatelandlordsdidnotexpressanyexplicitopinionsaboutnonpro�thousingotherthantosendthemessagethattheywerenot“goingtobeMaryJoCopeland,”whichaimedtoensurethatpeopleunderstoodthattheygotintorealestateinvestmenttomakemoney.However,asmallnumberofprivatelandlordscalledoutthecontradictionsembeddedintheshort-termhousingsubsidiesprogramsthatmanyparticipatein,andasaresultmanynowseriouslyquestionthesocialservicessystem.

TheprogramthatI'vedonethemostworkwithisSt.Stephensandtheshort-termprogramdoesn'tworkatall.Assoonasthey'reontheirown,theystartfallingbehind.Everysingleoneofthosepeoplehavehadtobeevicted.Doesn'tworkandthelong-termprogramdoesn'treallyworkeitherbecausethey'reputtingpeoplein...It'slikethey'resneakingpeopleinthattheyknowaredrugaddicts,whoaregonnaturnyourhouseintoaflophouse,soyeahtherent’spaid,butthey'redoingdamages,they'recausingproblemswiththeneighbors,alotofproblems.Initially,Iwasreallyexcitedabouttheprogrambecausetheysaythattheycheckineveryweekwiththetenants,butthere'snorealconsequenceswiththetenant,sotheycancheckin,butthetenantsstartdoingwhatthey'redoing. (Whitefemale,35yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Theyreachedouttome.IputanadonCraigslistandtheyreachedouttome.Theysaidthattheywouldpaytherentinfull,forayear,forthisparticularperson.Andobviouslythatsoundsgreat,soIdidthat.Idon'tknowhowthisislegaleitherbecausetheysignedaleasesayingthattheywoulddothat.IknowIsignedaslewofotherpaperworkbutthenastheincomechangedtheirpaymentstomechangedaswell...Itactuallyincentivizedthetenantnottoworkinalotofcases.AndthenSimpsonHousingtheirfundingeventuallyrunsout.Andthelandlordsarestuckwiththetenants.Andthey'rebroke.Andtheyleavealltheirstuffbehindagain. (Whitemale,32yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Notalllandlordsreportedbadexperienceswiththesehousingsubsidyprograms.Yet,clearlymanydidnotunderstandwhatitmeanttosupportaprogramthataimstohousefamilieswithsigni�cantbarriers.Additionally,most,ifnotall,ofthelandlordswhohaveparticipatedintheseprogramsstatedthatshort-termhousingsubsidiesareonlytemporarybandaidsthatfreeupbedsatthecountyshelter.Thisdrawsattentiontohowourcountysystemisinfactnotdoingtheworkofhelpingtostabilizefamiliesbutratherfocusingonthecostperbed,forcingfamiliesbackintoastateofconstantcrisisdecisionmaking,whichleadsthembacktotheshelter.

LandlordPerspectivesontheCity,theCounty,andtheCourts

Therearegoodlandlordsandbadlandlords.Andtherearegoodtenantsandbadtenants.Mostevictionanalysesisolatetheimbalanceofpowerinthelandlordandtenantrelationship.Yet,thereisaclearintersectionwiththeroleofthestate,includingthewaysinwhichthecity,thecounty,andthecourtsin�uencethesuccessofthelandlord-tenantrelationship.Ourresearchindicatesthatinadditiontomostlandlords’naturalinclinationtolocatethecausesofpovertyin

theperceivedpoorcharacteroftheindividual,ratherthanthesocialstructures,landlordsarealsoextremelycriticalandfeelconstrainedbythewaysthatthecity,thecounty,andthecourtsimpacttheirabilitytobesuccessful.


Almostalllandlordsexpressedvocaldisdainforthe“crime-freeaddendum”andthatthecityofMinneapoliswasforcinglandlordstoevicttenantswhohadbeenaccusedofacrime,regardlessofconvictionorwhomadetoomany911calls.

TheCity:CaseinPoint.IstheCrime-FreeAddendumConstitutional?

So,Ihaveatenantthatrentedfrommeataplace,andalwayspaidmehisrentontime,incash,andwife,andabunchofkids.Theymovedoutofaplace,wantedadifferentplace,tookanotheroneofmyplaces,didabunchofworkonit,andwe'refine.Wegotalonggreat...Igetacallfromthewifeonemorning,hysterical.Thecopscametothehousebustedhimfordealingdrugs.Ididn'tknowthat,Ikindofwonderedwhyhewasalwayspayingmeincash,butyouknow.

She'supset,copscame,arrestedhim.Then,IgetacallfromLuther,alltheseguys,“We'vegotaproblemwiththisguy.You'vegottagetridofhim.Okay.Violationofthat.Doyouhaveacrime...?”“Yep.”“Violation.”“Okay.”So,Icalltheguy,nowhe'soutofjail,soIcallhim.Igo…"Hey.Yougottago.”“Whatdoyoumean?Myrent'spaid.”“Yeah,butyoudidthis.”“Yeah,butIhaven'tbeenconvictedofanything.”“Iknow,butI'mjusttellingyou.It’snotmy…I'mhappywithyou,Ihavenoproblemwithyou,butyouviolatedthis,andnowyou'vegottago.”“I'mnotgonnagoanywhere.”

Here'sme,“Look.Ifyoudon'tmove,thenI'mgonnahavetoevictyou.Youdon'twantthatonyourrecord.Here'swhatIsuggest…”RentwasjustcomingupinMarch,“Paymenow,you'llgetyournotice,andthenyou'llmoveoutattheendofthemonth,andthenyoucangoanywhere,andmaybethatwill

work.Butthenwe'reincompliance,I'mincompliance,you'reincompliance,we'refine.”“No.”“Okay.”Comeaweeklater,hedidn'tpay.Ievictedhim…Outofnowhere,Igetaletterfromoneofthecourtshows.

Haveyouheardof HotBench?It'saJudgeJudyproductionwiththreejudgesthatlooksnarky.They'reoutofCalifornia.

Ihappentoseethisguy,'causehe'ssupposedtobegettingoutandallthat,andIgo,“Hey,Igotaletterfromthe…”Hesaid,“Igotthatlettertoo.”Isaid,“Yeah.”Hesaid,“I'lldothat.”Isaid,“Youwill?Alright.”...Iwassuinghimforabout-3,000somethinginsomedamages,andsomerent,andthentherentthathedidn'tpayontheattentionfees.Hecountersuedmeforthe$5,000maxoncompletelynothing.Heknewthat,mightaswell.Alltheycansayisno.

Thelongstoryshortis,wegotocourt,andIpresent.I'mtellingyou,I’mabigshot.I'monTV.I'mbeingfunny.Myargumentis,I'mexplainingtothecourtswhatheowes,andthecrime-freeleaseaddendumwasviolated.We'rearguing.Sothen,whenyou'reincourt,you'renotprivytowhat'sbeingsaidinthebackground,likeonTV,youwatchthejudgesdiscussit,right?Well,theyhaveaproblemwiththecrime-freeleaseaddendum.Theydon'tthinkit'sconstitutional,becausehewasn'tconvicted,hewasonlycharged.Whenwegetbacktocourt,thejudgessaid,“Informant1,”theysaid...Itcuteverythingoffinthevideo.“Wedon'tfeel…”Thiswomansaid.Icanneverforgetthis.Thiswomansaid,“Informant1,Idon'tknowwhatcountryyou'refrom,but,hereinAmerica,webelievethatsomeone'sinnocentuntilprovenguilty.”Isaid,“Thisisnotmyform.ThisisthecityofMinneapolis.”

Inthetimeframeof TheIllusionofChoice project,theMinneapolisPoliceDepartment(MPD)madesigni�cantchangestotheuseoftheCrime-FreeAddendum.Adocumentthatwasoncepartofthetrainingprovidedforlandlordsinthecityhasnowbeenpulledfromtheconductonpremisepolicies(Belz,2018).Aspartofthesechanges,thecityofMinneapolishaspledgedtooverhaultheconductonpremiseordinancerelatedtohousing.YetfeedbackfromMid-MinnesotaLegalAid,CURA,andHOMELinequestionedwhetherornotproposedchangesactuallybegintobalancepowerandensuretheupholdingofthebasicrightsoftenants.Inthemeantime,aspolicychangesarepending,amajorityofthelandlordsinterviewedstatedthatalthoughcalling911isnotillegalinandofitself,toomanycallsgivesunwantedattentiontotheirproperties.LandlordsthenreportedpressurefromboththecityandlocalcrimepreventionspecialiststhatworkedfortheMPD.

Andasfaras,youwanttotalkaboutthepolice,thepoliceareabsolutelyworthlesstome.Idon'tevencallthem.Allmyhousesareonthepoliceblotter,soifsomebodyfartsinpublicandlistsmyaddressashomebase,Igetanemail. (Whitemale,60yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

TheCounty:HennepinCountyEmergencyAssistance

AlmostalllandlordsinterviewedexpressedaneedfortheHennepinCountyemergencyassistanceprocesstobecomemoree�cientbothinthelengthoftimeittakestoreceivenoti�cationandinitsabilitytoworkdirectlywithsocialworkersandshareinformation.Manylandlordsnotedagenerallackofprofessionalismonthepartoffrontlinepersonnel.Forthefewwhodidnothaveissueswiththeprocess,theyexpressedhavingdevelopedspeci�crelationshipswithcountyemployees,ensuringthetimelyandspeedyexchangeofinformation.

Soagain,justmakingitmoreresources,lesspaperworkofcourse,likewhatelsecanwedotomaketheprocesssmoother,faster,easier?Ifaresidentisworkingajobwheretheycanonlycallduringbreaks,becausenoteverybodyhasadeskjobandcanuseaphone,thatreallylimitsthetimeofwhen...And,youdon'tgetsomeoneifyou'recallingthecounty.It'sjustafact;youdon't.Anotheritemweheard.Idon'thavethiscompletelyvalidated,butI'mhearingitalot.Isthatemergencyassistancedidnotusealltheirmoneyin2017,andwecannotfigurethatout.We'resendingpeopletherethat,iftheyloseajob...Forexample,ifsomeonelosesajob...Again,Idon'tknowthepolicy,soIcan'tspeaktothecountypolicy.Icanonlyspeaktoourexperience.Ourexperienceiswesometimesseepeoplegetdeniedandwe'relike,“Youknow,ifyoujustwouldhavehelpedthem,likemaybewith2months'rent,theycouldhavegottenbackontheirfeet.” (Whitefemale,46yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�torganization)

So,wewillhavepeoplecometousrequestingthepayorquitletterinanticipationthattheyneedtogotoemergencyassistance.Emergencyassistancewon'texpeditetheircaseunlessthey'reactuallyunderthreatofbeingevicted. (Whitemale,32yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�torganization)

Evenasamanagerofproperties,beingonthephonewithsomebodyfrom...emergencyassistance,Ihavetoliterallystandmygroundbecausetheyaresomeofthemostinhumanepeople.IgetoffthephonesometimesandI'mlike,“Thisismoneyatwork.Iwork,Ipaytaxes.You'reactuallyusingmytaxdollars,andyou'reactingasifit'scomingoutofyourownpocket.Howdareyou.Ipaytaxes.Thisismymoneyworking...Ifwehaveafamilyinneed,andthereisobviouslyaneed,youneedtodowhatyouhavetodoinordertohelpthatfamilynotbehomeless.Andalsoasapropertymanager,it'smyresponsibilitytogetthosefunds.Ninetimesoutof10they'reaskingmetomakeenormousamountsofconcessions,writingofflotsofmoneyjusttogetasmallamountofmoney. (Whitemale,44yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�torganization)

Almostalllandlordsdescribedcityinspectionsasabiasedsystem,statingthatcodeenforcementdi�eredbasedontheinspectorassigned.Onelandlordexplainedthathehasprobablywonthemostcasesagainstthecityincourtforwhatheargueswasaviolationofhisownrights.Healsostatedthataformercitycouncilmembermadeittheirgoaltoshuthimdownandinsteadhesuedandwon.Landlordsdescribefeelingliketheywerebeingtreatedas“slumlords,”whileotherscomplainedaboutthecitychargingthemfortenants’actions,impactingtheirtierclassi�cation.

Inthe55411and55412zipcodes,21%oftheunitsareTier2orTier3—oflowerquality—comparedtojust8%ofunitsintherestofthecity.

Source:CityofMinneapolisdataonactiverentallicenses

ButwhatIdohaveaproblemwiththecity,andI'vearguedwiththemaboutthis,iswhentheycomeupwithworkordersregardingcars,orunlicensedtabs,orinoperablevehicles.Idon'treallyfeellikethatshouldbemyresponsibilityasthelandlord,tosaytosomebody,“Igotaletterfromthecity,yourcarneedstobetowed.”I'vegottenstuckwithgettingfinedfromthecity,becauseatenantdidn'tcomplywithputtingthetabson,orgettingridofacar.I'vearguedwiththecityaboutthat,‘tilI'mblueintheface.Idon'tthinkIshouldberesponsibleforatenant'spossessions.Thenextthingis,ifaTVdoesn'tworkforthetenant,doIhavetofixthat,too?Imean,it'sridiculous.That'smybiggestbeefwiththem,iswhenit'spersonalproperty,notrealestate. (Whitemale,44yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

That'smoreofabarrierthananythingbecauseit'smoretimethatIhavetospenddoingthingsthataren't...Ihavetopasseveryinspectionforbuildingqualitystuff.Igetthis,rentalissometimesalittledifferentthanbuildinginspections,butthere'ssomanyinspections.And,Ihavetogivethetenantsnoticethatwe'reenteringyourhouse,gothrougheverything.Sometimestheyhavetheirrecordswrong,sometimesourrecordsarewrong.Youhavetogettestingdone,getrepairsneededthataredumb...Theownerofthecompany,mydad,onetimemetwithR.T.Rybakbecausewehadathree-ringbinderaboutfourandahalfinchesthickofallthedifferentlittleviolations,justlittlecitystuff.Wehad

onesituationwheretheinspectorsaid,“Electricalissueinthebasement,”andthat'sallhesaid.And,wewentthroughandchangedoutalloftheoutlets,fixtures,dideverythingwepossiblycouldandtherewasonejunctionboxwheretherewasascrewthatwasthewrongsize,andhedidn'tspecifythat.And,sowehadourrentevaded,ourrentallicensewasputonhold,itcostusalotofmoney. (Whitefemale,35yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

TheCourt:HousingCourtandtheEvictionProcess

AlmostalllandlordsfeltthatHousingCourtandtheon-siteattorneyswerebiaslytenant-centeredtothepointthatasmallminorityoflandlordswoulddoanythingintheirpowertoavoidcourtaltogetherbysimplynotrenewingaleaseorpayingcashforkeys.

WherewerunintoproblemswiththecourtsystemisoncewedogettoapointwhereweneedtofiletheUD,it'sbecausewe'veexhaustedeverythingelse.Butit'sstillverychallenging,especiallyaroundleaseviolationsbecausetheburdenofproofbecomesthelandlord'sresponsibility.IfIcan'tprovedrugdealingorifIcan'tprove,itbecomesachallenge...Whenitcomesdowntothat,it'sstillvery,verydifficultforustogetfolksremoved.Imean,we'vefoughtcasesformonthsandit'sjust...Sothat'skindofwhereitbecomesachallengeforus. (Blackfemale,44yearsold,propertymanagerforanonpro�torganization)

Notvery,surprisingly,becausethewinneristheHousingCourt.Theloseristhetenantandthelandlord,we'rebothlosingout.We'rebreakingabridge,we'relosingbothofusfinancially,potentiallyforthetenant,long-termpainanddiscomfortasfarasfindinghouses.Inparticular,the[inaudible]market,ifyougainanunlawfuldetainerinyourrecord. (Whitemale,57yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

Asfarasthecourts,Imean,thecourtsarethecourts'causethelawisthelaw.They'rejustdoingtheirjobnowthatwe'vegotridoftheonebiasreferee. (Whitemale,68yearsold,individualpropertymanagerandowner)

ConclusionsandImplications

photoby NikkiMcComb

Whenassessing how and why evictionstakeplacefromtheperspectiveoflandlords,wefoundthefollowingmajorthemesweretruebasedontheinterviews:

• Acrossthemetropolitanarea,aneconomictransformationistakingplace,whereasadistressedhousingstockhasconvertedmanyneighborhoodsintomostlyrentaloccupancyduetocheapacquisitioncosts,whichwastheprimaryreasonthat100%ofthelandlordsandpropertyinvestorsweinterviewedsoughtpropertyinNorthMinneapolis.

• Landlordstypicallydescribedtheirtenantsusingde�cit-basedlanguagethatoftenincludedreferencestohighratesofunemployment,domesticviolenceandintimatepartnerviolence,drivingwhileBlack,gettingpregnantatayoungage,grandmothersraisinggrandchildren,noboyfriendsontheleases,tenantsbeingmajoritysinglemothers,anddrugs.Theseperceptionsensurethatanytransactionalbreakdownintherelationshipisunderstoodtoemanatefromthesepresumedde�cits.

• Value-basedjudgmentsoftenmeantthatthelandlordmadeaseriesofassessmentsaboutthetenant,theiridentity,andtheirvaluesbasedonracialorethnicmakeup,familystructure,paidworkorlackthereof,andpurchasinghabitstodeterminewhetherornotatenantisresponsibleandsubsequentlywouldbeagoodtenant.Thisthenexplicitlyfactoredintothelandlord’swillingnesstosignalease,renewthelease,orpursueevictionwhenthetimecomes.

• Themostcommonapproachesusedtomitigatelossbythelandlordsinterviewedwerecashforkeys,mutualterminationofleasebynonrenewal,andonlysigningmonth-to-monthleases.

• Mostlandlordsvaluetherolethatnonpro�thousingdevelopersandthevoucher-basedcountyandfederalprogramsplay,andallbut�velandlordsensuredweunderstoodthattheygotintotheworkforinvestmentandpro�tpurposes.Yet,landlordsquestionedwhetherornotthesetypesofsupportarejustreiteratingacycleofhousinginstability—ashallowandtemporarysolutionthatinsomecasesprovidessubsidiestolandlordsbutdoesnotgettotherootofthebarrierstohelpingtenantsreachhousingstability.

• Themajorityoflandlordswhohaveparticipatedinsubsidyorhousingsupportprogramsstatedthattheseshort-termhousingsubsidiesareonlytemporarybandaidsthatfreeupbedsatthecountyshelter.Thisdrawsattentiontohowthecountysystemisinfactnotdoingtheworkofhelpingtostabilizefamiliesbutfocusingonthecostperbed,forcingfamiliesbackintoastateofconstantcrisisdecisionmaking,whichleadsthembacktotheshelter.

• AlmostalllandlordsinterviewedexpressedaneedfortheHennepinCountyemergencyassistanceprocesstobecomemoree�cientbothinthelengthoftimeittakestoreceivenoti�cationandinitsabilitytoworkdirectlywithsocialworkersandshareinformation.Manynotedagenerallackofprofessionalismonthepartoffrontlinepersonnel.

• AlmostalllandlordsfeltthatHousingCourtandtheon-siteattorneyswerebiasedandtenant-centeredtothepointthatasmallminorityoflandlordswoulddoanythingintheirpowertoavoidcourtaltogetherbypursuinginformalevictionstrategiesofamutualterminationoflease,simplynotrenewingalease,orpayingcashforkeys.

TheIllusionofChoice:EvictionsandProfitinNorthMinneapolis reportcomesasNorthMinneapoliscontinuestorecoverfromtheGreatRecession.Thehousingcrisisopenedthedoorforindividualsandinstitutionswithsigni�cantcapitaltoinvestinNorthMinneapolisandchangetheownershipstructureofthesmall-scalerentalmarket.AlthoughlandlordsenteredthehousingmarketinNorthMinneapolisforavarietyofreasons,themajorityinterviewedcitedthepotentialforinvestmentandpro�tastheirprimarymotivations.Inourcurrentpoliticaleconomy,thesemotivationsarenotsurprising.Atthesametime,whenlandlordsmakedecisionsthataredrivenbypro�t,thesocialimpact,includingbuildinghousingstabilityfortenants,becomessecondary.Thisinturnprovideszeroincentiveforlandlordstoavoideviction�lings.

Landlordsareinauniquepositiontoaidordisrupttheunequalpowerdynamicswithinasocietythatdi�erentiallyvaluesthevoicesofownersoverrenters.However,NorthMinneapolis,asacommunity,andtheresidentsthemselveshavebeenplaguedbyamisguidedtheoryofthecultureofpovertyandtheinnatede�cienciesofthefamilysystemthatcontinuetobereinforcedforlandlordswhoexperiencechallengeswithtenants.Theseexperiences,informedbyhistorical

Findings:Tenants

de�cit-basedrhetoric,framelandlords’assessmentofriskbasedontheirperceptionsoftenantsandguidetheirstrategiesformitigatingthepotentialforpro�tloss.Additionally,theoverabundanceofnonpro�tandhousingsupportstrategiesforNorthMinneapolistenantsprovidesome�nancialbu�erforlandlords,althoughtheyarefullyawarethatthebu�erisashort-termsolutiontoadeeplyrooted,long-termissue.Theseaspectscombinedbegthequestionofwhetherornotlandlordsarealsostuckinanunstablehousingcyclethatperpetuatespovertyratherthanprovidesastablefoundationfromwhichpeoplecanbecomefullyindependent.

Althoughlandlordsplayamajorroleinthetenant-landlorddynamic,thecity,county,andstateprocessesalsocreatecriticalpainpointsinthetenant-landlordrelationshipwhereariseofinexperiencedlandlords,ine�ectiveanduntimelycountyprocesses,andfairlysubjectivecityinspectioncodeenforcementleavemanylandlordsnotevenwantingtoengageinbuildingopenlinesofcommunicationanda�rmingtrust.ThismustchangetoevenimaginestabilizingthehousingdynamicinNorthMinneapolis.SincethereleaseoftheMinneapolisInnovationTeam’s(2016)report,therehasbeenalotofdialoguearoundandanalysisoftheunscrupulouslandlordsinNorthMinneapolis.Yet,athoroughinterrogationofthestate’sroleinthehousingdynamicsintheneighborhoodiswarrantedtogainaclearandholisticunderstandingofthetenant-landlorddynamic.

PoorSingleMothersImpactedtheMostbyEvictions:AnUnderstudiedPopulationofVulnerableHouseholds

Housingisananchorforstability.AccordingtotheHomesforAllCampaign(2014)oftheRighttotheCityAlliance,post-foreclosurecrisis,homeownershiphasfallendrastically,withtheproportionofcost-burdenedrentersincreasingsubstantially.Overthelastthreedecades,once-neglectedurbancommunitieshavebeguntoberevived.Yet,thereturnofinvestmentcapitaltothecityispushingmanylow-incomefamiliesout(Goetzetal.,2019).

Wearelivinginatimewhenwagesarestagnant,thecostoflivingisrising,andthedisparitybetweentherichandthepoorisunprecedented.Asaresult,thedemandfora�ordablehousinghasskyrocketed,whilethenumberofa�ordableunitshasdeclined.Evenwhena�ordableunitsareavailable,low-incomecommunitiesofcolorare�ndingthatthemetricsfordetermininghousingassistanceeligibility,measuredbyHUD’sAreaMedianIncome(AMI),includeslargemetropolitanhigher-incomegeographiesthatdonotre�ectthea�ordabilityneedsofthelowest-incomehouseholds.Asaresult,morepeoplethaneverarepayingmorethan30%oftheirincomeinrent,riskinghigherdebtwhiletryingtosustaintheirfamiliesandknowinglyliving

onecrisisawayfromhomelessness.The“hiddenhousingproblem”leadingtohousinginstabilityhasbeenandcontinuestobeanincreasingnumberofevictionstakingplacethroughoutthecountrysilently,yetviolentlydisruptingthelivesofmillions(HartmanandRobinson,2003).

SingleBlackmothersfacethehighestriskofevictionintheUnitedStates.MatthewDesmond's2016bookEvicted:PovertyandProfitintheAmericanCitybroughtthisnationalcrisisfromthemarginstothecenterofpublicdiscourse.From2013-2015,approximately50%ofrenterhouseholdsinNorthMinneapolisexperiencedatleastoneeviction�ling,aratethatisalmost25%higherthanthe55402zipcodewhichexperiencedthenexthighestrateofeviction�lingsinthecityofMinneapolis(MinneapolisInnovationTeam,2016).Thisdisparityisparticularlyrelevantgiventhatthesetwozipcodescontainjust8%ofallrentalunitsinthecity. NorthMinneapolisisacommunitymanufacturedtocontainundesirablepopulationsthroughhousingdiscrimination,decadesofurbandisinvestment,unfairlendingpractices,anddisproportionateevictions;thesituationhasbecomefurtherexacerbatedbytheriseindistressedpropertyinvestment.SingleBlackwomenwithchildrenlivingbelowthepovertylineleadmorethan60%oftheBlackhouseholdsinNorthMinneapolis.Asaresult,67%ofresidentsareonsomekindofcountyandfederalgovernmentassistance,livingone�nancialcrisisawayfromlosingtheirhomes (Wheeler,2012).

Thisreportmovesbeyondthelimitingcon�nesofquantitativeanalysistotheunderstudiedrealitiesofmostlypoorsinglemotherstounderstandfromtheirperspectivehowandwhycloseto50%ofrenterhouseholdsinNorthMinneapolisexperiencedatleastoneeviction�ling(MinneapolisInnovationTeam,2016).Thein-depthinterviewsthatCURA’sresearchteamconductedwith68tenantswereusedto:

• identifytheconditionsthatoftenleadtohousinginstabilityandeviction;

• gainaclearerunderstandingofthesetenants’housingcompositionandstabilityovertime;

• understandtheirvariousincomestreamsandthenetworksofsupportthattenantsrelyonforsurvival.

These�ndingsaimtobetterinformthedevelopmentoftargetedinterventions,needs,andpolicyprescriptionsforthosemostnegativelyimpactedbyevictions.

TenantProfile


Thetenant�ndingsarearrangedtoexamine�vemajorthemes:(1)livingunderastateofconstantcrisisdecisionmaking;(2)barrierstogainingaccesstosafe,digni�ed,qualitya�ordablehousing;(3)thecostofthecourts;(4)interrogatingnonpaymentofrent:thepoliticsoflandlordsretaliation;and(5)informalevictions.The�vethemesareexaminedinseparatesections,eachbeginningwithashortcasestudyfollowedbytheemergingconcepts,asevidencedbytheactualstatementsmadebytenantsintheirinterviews(throughout,namesofintervieweeshavebeenchangedtoprotecttheiridentities).Finally,weendwithasummationofhowthethemesexaminedincontextrelatebacktohowandwhyevictiontrendsaretakingplaceinNorthMinneapolisfromtheperspectiveoftenants.

LivingUnderaStateofConstantCrisisDecisionMaking

Melanieisa33-year-oldBlackfemalewiththreechildren.WhenshereachedouttoMahmoodKhanforaplacetolive,sheknewthataslongastherenterhadthemoney,thislandlordwould

renttothemwithouttheneedforanexhaustivebackgroundcheck.Whilelivinginthisproperty,thelandlordfiledmultipleevictionsonMelanieandherfamily,yetMelanieremainedlivingintheproperty.Thepropertyhadbeenturnedovertoalocalfaith-basednonprofitthatassumedtherentallicensesafterthecityrevokedthemfromtheformerlandlord.LivinginaconstantstateofcrisismanagementresultsinlandlordslikethisbeingMelanie’sonlyreal“choice.”

Afterafightwithherfamilymembers,Melanieandherkidsfoundthemselveslivingonthestreets.ShereachedouttoKhan,whomshehadrentedfrombefore,tolocatearentalpropertyforher,herkids,hermom,andhermom’sboyfriend.Atthetime,Khansaidheonlyhadoneplacebigenough,butitwasnotmove-inready.Theplacewasactuallyboardedupandabandonedwhentheymovedin,withafamilyofferalcatslivinginit.

KhanofferedhertheabandonedhomeandverballycommittedtoreducingtherentifMelanieremovedthegarbageandpainted.Melanieandherfamilycleanedupthehome,buttheyneverreceivedarentcreditaspromised,whichwouldbecomeindicativeofthetypeofrelationshiptheywouldhaveduringMelanie’stimethere.AlthoughthiswasnotMelanie’sfirstchoiceofhousing,shewasgratefulsinceherfamilywouldhaveotherwisebeenhomeless.MelaniestatedthatshethoughtKhanwasagoodpersonforhelpingpeopletonotbehomeless,butsheacknowledgedthathewasalsothetypeofpersontotakeadvantageofsomeoneonthevergeofhomelessness.

Atthetimeofsigningthelease,Melanie’smainsourceofincomewascomingfromSSI,becauseshewasepilepticandsufferedfromseizures.Shealsobraidedhairforextracash.MelanieneverreceivedasignedleaseagreementfromKhanuntilsheneededittoapplyforHennepinCountyemergencyassistance.Afterreceivingthefirstlease,Melaniedidn’tsignanotheruntil2.5yearslater,whensheagainonlyneededonetoapplyforemergencyassistance.MelaniereportedthatKhanwouldlieoncountyformstoensurethathereceivedhisrentmoney,evenlyingabouthowmuchsheactuallyowedorpaideachmonthinrent.AccordingtoMelanie,HennepinCountyemergencyassistancewoulddenyapersonforthesmallestthings,requiredyearsofdocumentation,andwouldthensimplyreferindividualstoCommunityActiontopayforlightandgasbills.TogetaccesstoCommunityActionassistance,MelaniereportedneedingadenialletterfromHennepinCounty.

Priortotheevictions,Melaniesaidherrelationshipwithherlandlordstartedtogetroughwhenshebeganrequestingmultiplerepairs,suchasheating,plumbing,toilet,mold,andbathtub.ThereasonKhanfiledanevictiononherwasbecauseshecalledthecityofMinneapolisInspectionsDepartmentandbeganwithholdingrent.MelaniestatedthatwhenKhandidtrytofixthings,hewouldfindandpaypeopleoffthestreettoplayhandymanandrepairswereneverdonecorrectly.Theheatingandplumbingwerebadandthetoiletneverstoppedrunning.MelanieneededadoorandKhancameinandputinadoorthatwastooshort,sotheyapplied

plywoodtomakeitfit.Thetubalwayslookedrustedandmoldyandleakedintothekitchen.Thereweremultipledoorknobsmissing.Melaniesaideverythingwasgooduntilshestartedmakingtheserepairrequests.ShebelievesthatherwithholdingrentduetothehousingconditionsandhercalltoInspectionsspurredherevictions.

EvenafterKhanfiledtwoseparateevictionsfornonpaymentofrent,Melaniechosetostayintheproperty,becauseshedidn’thaveanywhereelsetogo.Sheknewsheneededalandlordwhowaswillingtoworkwithher,asshehadlimitedfinancialresources.Khanwouldn’tchargelatefeesifshecommunicatedwithhim,whichMelaniesaidwashelpfulforasinglemomwithherincome.

IncourtMelanieconsultedwithaLegalAidattorneyaboutastrategyforherhearing,butsherepresentedherself.Shewasoftenfrustratedafterhercourtappearances,becausetheywouldorderKhantomakenecessaryrepairsbeforecollectingrent,buthewouldneverfullycompletethem.Toavoidanotherfiling,Melaniestillhadtopayrent.

MelaniestatedthatshewascompletelyunawarethatKhanwasbeinginvestigatedbythecityandlaterthathislicensehadactuallybeentaken.DaysbeforeKhan’srentallicensewastaken,hecametoMelanie’shomewiththesherifftocollectthebackrentof$3,500thatshehadwithheld.MelaniehadnotreceivedanevictionnoticepriortothesheriffarrivingbutlaterunderstoodthatKhanwasattemptingtogethisrentbeforehisrentallicenseswereofficiallyrevokedandhecouldnolongercollectrentfromherdirectly.

MelaniewasstuckinthepropertywaitinganxiouslytoseehowthenewpropertymanagerswoulddealwiththeproblemsthatKhanleftbehind.Toher,itwasclearthatthenewpropertymanagerswerestruggling,becauseasshestated,theywere“intheredbecausethey'retryingtohelp,buttheydon'thavethefundstohelp,sothey'reactuallykindofinaMahmoodKhanstate,rightnow.Theywanttocollectrentsothattheycandostuff,butwe'restillhavingtoliveintheseconditionswhileyouguyscollecttherent.”

Thisstoryfollowedsomeunfortunatecommonnarrativeconventionsofothertenantsinterviewed.Melanieandherfamilyfoundthemselvesmovingunderastateofduress,livingonthestreets,andindireneedofshelter.Shereachedintohernetworkofpovertytoidentifyalandlordwhowouldrenttoherevenwithacheckeredpast.

SoIbeenknowingMahmoodKhanforgoingon10years,now,andImethimthroughmyex-fiance,sohehadrentedfromMahmoodforyears,andheknewthatMahmoodKhanwouldjustrentyouaplacewithoutanyquestions.(Blackfemale,33yearsold)

Melanie,likethemajorityofthetenantsinterviewed,islockedoutofthetraditionalhousingmarketandmustrelyonwhattenantscall“slumlords”toensurethatsheandherfamilyhavearoofovertheirheads.Shewaso�eredadilapidatedpropertyandoutofdesperationtookit.It

wasnotuntilMelaniebegantomakemultiplerequestsforrepairsthatherlandlordbecameasticklerforreceivingrentpaymentsontime.Whereaspriortoherrequests,Melanie’slandlordwouldworkwithher,hehadnow�ledmultipleevictions.Melanie’slandlordtookherrentmoneyforavacantandboarded-uppropertyinfestedwithrodents,butwhenshebegantodemandsafe,qualityhousing,asaformofdiscipline,hebeganto�leevictions.Asaresult,Melaniefeltforcedtostayinplace.Intheend,herlandlord,unlikemanyothers,hadhislicensesrevokedforhisinhumanepractices.However,Melaniepaidapriceaswell.Shewaslefttofearwhatshehadtriedtoavoidbymovingintotheproperty—homelessness.

Choicesforthetenantsfeaturedinthisreportaremediatedbytheoptionsavailabletothemwhenlivingatthebottomofthesocial,economic,andpoliticalstratumofsociety—acyclicaltrapfromwhichthosewithmaterialprivilegeoftenbene�t.Thesemostlyworking-classandpoorsingleBlackmothersareforcedtonavigatethenation’smostundesirableandneglectedhousingmarkets.Theyarejudgedfornotworkinghardenoughwhilebeingforcedtoworkinthelow-wagesectorandbetheprimarybreadwinnersfortheirfamilies.Choiceisanillusionwhenyoumustmakedecisionsunderastateofduress,mediatedbythosewithmorepoweroveryourmateriallifethanyouoftenhave.Survival,ratherthanpersonalandfamilialgrowthandadvancement,isatthecenterofyourthinking.

TheIllusionofChoice

Intheinterviewstenantsexpressedhavingtoconstantlymakedecisionsunderextremedistress.Their“choices”wereconstrainedbythecontextunderwhichtheywereforcedtomoveintothepropertytheywerenowevictedfromandtheeconomicsofmaintainingahouseholdwithlimitedresources.

Only4outof68tenantsselectedthehometheywereevictedfrombecausetheyactuallydesiredtoliveintheproperty;theywereforcedtochoosethelocationbecauseofhomelessnessordesperation.Inparticular,ofthe68tenantsinterviewed,29saidthatthepropertyfromwhichtheywereevictedwastheir�rstchoiceofhousing,and39declarativelystatedthatitwasnottheir�rstchoiceofhousing.Ofthe29thatstatedthatthepropertytheywereevictedfromwastheir�rstchoiceofhousing,25explainedthatinactualityitwastheonlychoiceavailable;becausetheywerehomeless,theyselectedthepropertyoutofdesperation,ortheychoosethepropertybecausenooneelsewouldtaketheirSection8voucher.


NotMyFirstChoiceofHousing,MyOnlyChoiceofHousing:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

Homelessness

• Couchhopping

• Livinginashelter

Itwasjustsomewheretogetoutoftheshelterhonestly.(Blackfemale,31yearsold)

IwashomelesslivingwithsomeoneandIaskedthemwhatwastheirtenant,whotheyrentfrom,cantheygivemetheinformation.Iactuallygotitfromafriend/roommateatthetime.(NativeAmericanfemale,42yearsold)

Wewerehomelessbeforethatthough.Livingfromplacetoplace.(Blackfemale,30yearsold)

Yes.Wellwewerehomelesspriortothat,2years.For2yearswewerebouncingaroundfromfamilymemberstofriends'house.Itwassomethinglike,he'lltakeus,let'stakeit,andweknewwecouldn'taffordit.(NativeAmericanfemale,35yearsold)

Yeah,Ihadtomovequickly,priortothisIwasstayingwithmymomandshegotintoasituationwhereshecouldn'tkeepherhouse.(Blackfemale,29yearsold)

Yeah,causenormallyyousupposetohaveacoupleofplacestopickfrom,butIdidn't.Ionlyhadthatplaceandprettymuchhadnootherchoice.IfIdidn'tgetthat,Iwouldhadtogotoashelteranyway.(Whitefemale,43yearsold)

No,stayingwithmyex-boyfriend'smombutwehadbeenevictedfromthatSaintLouisParkapartmentsowehadalreadybeenstayingwithhismomfor2weeksatthattime.(Whitefemale,28yearsold)

Well,whenyou'reasinglemom,thereisnobiggerstressthanbeinghomeless.Evenwhenyouchoosetoleave,it'sstillstressfultolookforhousingandit'ssoscarce.Itjust,it'sastressor.It'sareallybigstressorwhenyou'reasinglemomandaren'tsurewhereyourkidsaregoingtomoveto.(Blackfemale,48yearsold)

Iwashomelessforabout3months,beforeIfoundproperty.Itwassomewherewheretheywouldletmerent.AndactuallyIfoundthatthroughtheveteransVA.So,IgotanapartmentattheVA.Iwasthereforabout7monthsbeforeIfoundtheseniorhousing.AnexperienceIwouldliketosoonforget.(Blackmale,66yearsold)

Butitwasmoreofanurgentthing.Wehadtoleave,wewantedtoleavemybrother’shouseandgetourownstuff.Soitwasmoreofanurgentthing.Wedidn'tthinkaboutitatthemomentbecausewedidn'tknowthetrueconceptofeverything,untilweactuallygotintotheshelter.Thenoncewegotintotheshelter,theytookallthemoneyfromus.(Blackmale,28yearsold)

Becausewewereinashelterand...Wedidroofingjobsalloverandthatwasoneofhishouses.(NativeAmericanfemale,48yearsold)

SelectedoutofDesperation

• Lackofa�ordablehousingoptions

• Ownersoldproperty

• Formerpropertywascondemned

• Deathinthefamily

• Payingtoomuchtostayintheshelter

• Crime,violence,ordrugsintheneighborhoodorathomeforcedamove

• Fearedhomelessness

Yes,atthetimebecausemylandlordwhereIcurrentlywasresidingon[address],shesoldherhouse.(Blackfemale,30yearsold)

Ilive[d]atthisplacethatgotcondemnedandIhavenowheretogo.(Whitemale,53yearsold)

Itwasn'tmyfirstchoicebecauseofthelocation.ItwasNorthMinneapolis.Ididn'twannamovetoNorthMinneapolisbecausecrimerate.Andyeah,basicallythathaseverythingtodowithlocation.ThereasonwhyIdidmoveisbecauseIwaslivingoversouthandIwaspaying$2,000permonthforahouse.Andtherentwouldjustskyrocket.Itwasjustunaffordable.(Blackmale,29yearsold)

HowIgottheplacewasshe[motherofmychildren]committedsuicideinthere.Sheonlyhaditforlikeaweekandahalf.WhenIgotthere,shecommittedsuicidethatnight,someandmyoldestdaughterfoundher.ThenIdidn'twanttoleave,soIaskedthelandlordifIcouldswitchitovertomyname.Heagreedwiththat.(NativeAmericanmale,35yearsold)

Itwasn'tmyfirstchoice...itwasbecauseIhadanevictiononmybackgroundfromyearsagowherecertainareas,certainlandlordswasn'ttryingtomeetme.Then,oncetheyseeIhavea,youhaveaneviction,theyautomaticallyjudgeyouoffofthat.Butitwasn'tmyfirstchoicebecauseitwas,therentandstuff,theamountoftherentthatwasdue.Ifeltlikewecouldn'taffordit,andweprettymuchtookitoutofdesperationcausewewerepayingsomuchtostayinshelterthatwewerelike,wemightaswellgetthisplace.(Blackfemale,35yearsold)

Basically,IlivedinStPaul,withthesamelandlord.Thatplacewasworsethanthisplaceupnorth.Thecarpetwasstainedandallthat.Itwasbad.But,IgotshotatwhileIwaspregnant.Iwasinthecarwheremeandmykidswereat.Wedon'tknowanybodyatStPaul.WejustcamefromWhiteCastleandwewereeating.Iwastalkingonthephone,andIheardaboom.Anyway,luckilymylandlordwasthere.So,itwaslike,okay,youcan'tlivehere.It'snotsafe.But,therewasalotofdrugstuffgoingondownstairs.Itwasaduplex.Hewaslike,“IgotthisopeningonBernard.Ifyoucouldlivethere,justmoveyourstuffinthenext2days.”Iwenttogoseeitthenextday,andthenwemovedtonorthMinneapolis.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

Naw,itain’twhereIfirstonetolive.Itwasmoreofa...likeIsaidagain...gotmetohavearoofovermeandmychildren's'head.AndI'masingleAfricanmale,andIneverhadeverrentedonmyown.Andthismanwaswillingtorenttome.Meandmykidsneededaplacetolivebecauseyaknow,peopleplaydirtytricks.Sotheyfigureifyoubuttnaked,theycanabuseanduseyou.Soinsteadofhavingmeandmykidshomeless...Hedidn'thesitate.Hegavemetheapartment.(Blackmale,55yearsold)

IwentonHousingLink,searchedupforhomes...lookingforthebedroomsIneededinthepricerange.AndIdidcomeacross[FrequentFiler].Andwordofmouth,andthroughoutthecommunity,I'veheardbadthings.He'sknownasaslumlord.AndIdidknowsomeonepriorthatrentedfromhim,andwasabletoknowsomeofthethingstheywentthrough.Butagainstmybetterjudgment,tonotwantingtobeoutaplaceandhomelessandbetweenmoving,Itookthefirstthing.Itwaslikeadesperatesituation.Itwasdesperate,anditcamedowntowhoevergavehimthedepositfirstgottheplace.(Biracialfemale,45yearsold)

Well,becausewewascurrentlystayinginahotel[becauseshehadbeenevictedfromaformerpropertyinNorth]anditwasexpensive.Wewastherefor2months...$350aweek.(Blackfemale,29yearsold)

BecauseIwashavingahardtimefindingaffordablehousing.Meandmydaughtershavebeensearchingfor2months.Icouldn'tfind...itwasgettingscary.Itwasgettingreadytogetcoldout.SoIknewIhadtogetinsomewhere.So,thefirstthingthatcametomethatlookedpresentable,Iaccepted…Yougetputindesperatesituationswhereyouhavetotakeaplace,eventhoughyoudon'tknownothin'aboutit.(Blackfemale,45yearsold)

IwasonthebusonedayandIseenoneofmypartners,Iwasstayingintheroominghouse,youjustrentrooms,paying$500amonth,sharingahousewitheightotherpeople.Theywasusingdrugs,everythingandIwasn'tcomfortablethere.(Blackmale,60yearsold)

Becauseofcircumstance,andbecauseoffinances.Actually,movingintothatpropertywasmyfirstrentalexperienceasayoungadultinMinneapolis.IhadrentedfromseveraldifferentpropertiesinSt.Paul,andIprettymuchhadexhaustedallofmyresourcesinRamseyCountybecauseofalsobadrentalhistoryandthingsofthatnature.MylifejustbroughtmetoMinneapolisandIknewthatIwouldhaveabetterrentalopportunitybecauseoftheNorthSideandwhatIknewbasicallywouldsliderentalcriteriawise.(Blackfemale,31yearsold)

NoOneElseWouldTakeMySection8Voucher

• Voucherwouldnottransfer,becauseoffelony

• Lookingfora3-to4-bedroomwithSection8Voucherleftfewoptions

• Section8voucherwasgoingtoexpiresoIneededto“useitorloseit”

Itwasbecauseofmyfelony.Itwaslike,“Well,youneedtowaitthismanyyearsbeforeyoucancomeuphere[toMinneapolisfromDuluth]withyourSection8.”(Blackfemale,41yearsold)

Iwaskindofunhappy.IactuallystartedlookingatdifferentpropertiestoseeifIcouldmovesomewhereelse,butwithmehavingSection8andlookingfortheamountofroomsthatIneed,threetofourbedrooms,thereareno,there'sjustnopropertiesthatIfeelcomfortablewithmovinginto,shallIsay.Thereareprobablyproperties,butthey'reallreallyslumlords.(Blackfemale,37yearsold)

Iwasinarush,becauseIhadSection8atthetime,soIneededtoputitonsomething.Yeah.Yep.AsfastasIcouldgetit,ortheyweregonnatakethevoucher.(Blackfemale,38yearsold)

Sixty-eightpercent(46)oftenantsinterviewedstatedthattheyoftenhadtodecidebetweenpayingrentorful�llingsomeother�nancialobligation,whichmostcommonlyincludedpayinglightandwaterbillsoracarnote,orbuyingfoodanditemsforchildrensuchasclothes,shoes,andschoolsupplies.

MostofthemonthslivingthereforthewholedurationIwasthere.Itwasalways,howamIgoingtorobPetertopayPaul.Ihave$1,300and$1,000ofithastogotorent,sowhatamIgoingtodowiththeseother$350betweentransportation,food,clothingthatIneedforus,householdsupplies,personalcare,anythinglikethat.Itwasveryscarce.(Blackfemale,31yearsold)


Approximately94%ofthetenantsinterviewedstatedthattheymovedintothepropertytheywereevictedfromunderastateofduress,andsomeevenacknowledgedtakingonmonthlyrentamountsthatfarexceededtheircapacity,justtohavearoofovertheirheads.Anadditional68%statedthatwhilelivinginthepropertytheywereevictedfrom,theystruggledonaweekly,ifnotdaily,basistoprovidefamilynecessitiessuchasfoodandclothesandbarelykepttheirheadsabovewater.Whentenants’basicphysiologicalneedslikefood,shelter,water,andsleepareinaconstantstateof�ux,theyareneverabletoescapesurvivalmode.Theymovefromcrisisto

crisis,weighingtheconsequencesofeachdecision,mostofwhicharemadeonlytobuymoretime.Manytenantsendedupreceivingmultipleevictionsandchoosingtostayinplaceoutofsurvivalandalackofalternativeoptions,whereasothersweinterviewedwerenolongerinplaceandbecamehomeless,onceagainrestartingthatcyclicaltrap.

• Atthetimeoftheinterview,71%(48)werenolongerlivingwheretheywereevictedfrom,while29%(20)werestilllivingintheplacewheretheyexperiencedtheeviction�ling.

• Ofthe71%oftenantswhowerenolongerlivingwheretheywereevictedfrom,58%(28)werehomeless.

• Ofthose28tenantswhobecamehomelessaftereviction,31%(15)wereinashelter,15%(7)werecouchsur�ngwithfamilyorfriends,and12%(6)werestayingintheircaroramotelorlivingonthestreet.

• 28%(19)ofthe68tenantsinterviewedreportedreceivingsometypeofhousingsubsidy,including17%(12)Section8voucherholdersand10%(7)publichousingresidents;inatightrentalmarket,voucherholdersfacebarrierstohousingchoice.


MultipleFilings:LivinginthePlaceYouWereEvictedFrom

Multiple�lings,orserial�lings(Immerglucketal.,2019),areusedasapunishmenttactic,buttheydonotalwaysresultinatenantvacatingthehome.Oftenmultiple�lingsactuallybecomeabarriertomoving.Theykeeptenantsinplace,literallymakingitalmostimpossibleto�ndanothersuitableplacetolive.Intheend,ifgiventhechoice,mosttenantschoosetostayinplaceanddealwiththeinconsistentandoftenthreateningcontexttoensuretheirfamilyhasaroofovertheirheadsnomatterhowcompromisingthesituationhasbeen.Approximately29%(20)ofthe68tenantsinterviewedwerelivingintheplacetheywereevictedfrom,withaboutathird(7)

ofthosetenantsexperiencingmultipleeviction�lingsfromthesamelandlord.Intotal,over10%(7)ofalltenantsinterviewedwerestillinplaceaftermultipleevictions.

Regardlessoftheoutcome,29%(20)ofthe68tenantsinterviewedreceivedmultipleevictionactionsfromthesamelandlord;25%(5)outofthosetenantslivedinpropertiesmanagedorownedbyfrequent�lersidenti�edbytheMinneapolisInnovationTeam’s(2016)report.

He'sthetypeofrenterwherehehasamonth-to-monthlease.So,ifsomethingweretogowrong,that'shisleverageofbeingabletogiveatenant30days’noticetoleaveandhecanjuststarttheprocessoveragainandifthereisdamages,he'skeepingthatdeposit.Andso,it'sreallyagoodthingforhim.(Blackfemale,31yearsold)

Thistenant,similartoothertenantswithmultiple�lingsfromonelandlord,reportedthatshehadreceivedmultiplethreatsofevictionbeforethelandlordeventually�led.Mostlandlordswhoutilizethemonth-to-monthstrategylookatitasatooltomitigatetheirownrisk.However,thedi�erentialpowerrelationshipandverbalthreatsofevictionthroughtheuseofamonth-to-monthleaseareusedtocontrolanddisciplinetenants,mostofwhomarestuckinconstantsurvivalmodemediatedbysomeonewiththepowerofpropertyownership.Twenty-twopercent(15)oftenantsinterviewedreportedaleaselengthofmonth-to-month,withalmosthalf(7)reportingmultiple�lings.Twotenantsreportedmultiplethreatsofevictionactions,howeverintheend,thelandlordonly�ledone.

ReceivingMultipleFilings:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

MultipleEvictionFilings

• Frequentthreatsfromlandlordsaboutlatepayments

• Onedaylatelandlord�lesaneviction

• Madeapaymentagreement,datehadnotyetarrived,andlandlordstill�ledaneviction

• IpaidwhatIowedincourtanddidnotknowIstillhadevictionsonmyrecordsoIamstuckinplace

• Lateonrent,noti�edthelandlord,andhewasnotwillingtoworkwithme

Maybeevery3to6months,Ihadatleastathreatoranofficialletterwrittenbyhimlettingmeknowthatanevictionprocessorsomethingofthatnaturewouldbebeginningoroccurring.ItwasveryfrequentlytothepointwhereIalwaysfeltlikeIwouldbeatthevergeofbeinghomelesslivingthereifIhadsaidordidsomethingtoprotectmyselforsomethingofthatnature.Or,if

Godforbid,lifehappenedandsomethingdidoccurandthatmoneywasnotgoingtobeonthefirst,Iwaslike,thisisthemonththatwe'regettingkickedoutbecauserentisgettingpaidthe14thnotthefirst.(Blackfemale,31yearsold)

We’remonthtomonthnow.Andrentneedstobeinbytheeighth.Wellwesentintherent,andtherentwasinbytheninth.Theyhad,theyreceivedit,buttheynevercashedit,anditwasintheninthinsteadoftheeighth.Andthenthat'swhentheyfilledanotherevictionnotice.(EastAsianmale,34yearsold)

Well,Ionlyhadthreeatthemoment,butyouknow,withhim,hegotmetwoextra[evictions]more,andthenthethreethatIhadwaspast7yearsago,pastsomanyyearsago,andthenIgettwofreshnewonesinthesameyear.Ididn'tevenknowhecoulddothat.Likewhenyousettle,Ithoughtwe,theUDandeverything,andIgottastillkeepmegettingmeaUD,andIsettledwithyou,andIpaidoff.AndI'mstillstayinghere.(Blackfemale,27yearsold)

Yeah,theveryfirstoneIwouldsayhefiledaroundSeptemberandIjustgottherelateJune.I'donlybeenthereagood2months,JulyandAugustandhere'sSeptember.Iwaslatebecausewewerewaitingonmysignificantother’schecktoclear.He'djustdoneanewprojectanditwasgonnatakeawhileandIhadtoldhim[landlord]this.Hejustactlikehecouldnotwaitandhewentandfiledtheevictionandweendedupcomingtocourt.IthinkIbroughthalfthemoneythatdayandthenImadeapaymentarrangementwithhimfortherest,'causeI'mlike,“Youknowwhat,youalreadyfiledit,weain'tgoingnowhere.I'llgetitexpunged,I'mnotworriedaboutit.Youjustdidthattryingtoholdmehere,Iknowwhatyourgameis."(Biracialfemale,48yearsold)

HousingSubsidies:CrisisDecisionMakingUnderStateSupport

NorthMinneapolishostsalmost20%oftheMinneapolisPublicHousingAuthority’s(MPHA)publichousingunits,withapproximately8,000individualsand/orfamilieswaitingtosecurehousingwithMPHA.Additionally,asoneofthediminishingnumberofneighborhoodsinMinneapoliswitha�ordablehousing,thecommunityprovidesthepotentialforSection8voucherholdersaswellasGroupResidentialHousing(GRH)programuse.

• 28%(19)ofthe68tenantsinterviewedreportedreceivingsometypeofhousingsubsidy,including17%(12)Section8voucherholdersand10%(7)publichousingresidents;inatightrentalmarket,voucherholdersfacebarrierstohousingchoice.

• BasedondataprovidedbytheMPHA,71%ofevictionaction�lingsbetween2015and2017resultedinpaidrentwiththetenantremaininginplace.Inalignmentwiththisrate,�veoutoftheseven(71%)MPHApublichousingresidentswhowereinterviewedremainedinthesamehomeafterexperiencingthe�ling.

• Ofthesevenpublichousingresidentsweinterviewed,allwereolderadults(55+)wholive(d)inhigh-risebuildingsthataccommodateseniorsandthosewithdisabilities.Allsevenstatedthattheir�nancialcircumstancesmakeitsuchthattheMPHAwastheironlyoptiondespitethefactthattheirbuildingswereseverelymismanaged.

Despitetheprovisionofsubsidies,tenantslivinginMPHApublichousingunitslamentedtheroleofbuildingmanagers,whohadultimatecontrolovertheirabilitytoremaininplace.

TheMPHASeverelyMismanaged:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

SeverelyMismanaged

• Tenantsfeelinginfantilized

• Unsanitarylivingconditions

• Constantmanagementturnover

• Tenantsfeelingunsafe

• Tenantsmistreatedbymanagement

• Tenants’healthconditionsworsenedwhilelivinginproperty

ThenI'vejustturned63.I'vehadabirthdaythispastSunday,andthesepeopleheretreatyoulikeyou'rekids,andnobodylikesthathere.Noone.Thisisthewaytheytalktoyouallthetime.You'vegottodothis.You'vegottodothat.It'sreallyaggravating.(Blackmale,63yearsold)

Allright,nowIhadbedbugs.How'dyouliketowakeupinthemorningwithover300bedbugscrawlingonyou?Allright,thenIhadspiders.Iwasbitonmyhandbyaspiderandmyfingerswelleduplikethat.And,theyhadtodoadoublesurgeryonmyfinger.IfI'dhadbeenadiabeticthey'dhavehadtocutmyfingeroff.Allright,Ihadbedbugs,spiders,gnats,roaches,andmice.Okay?And,wasn'tnoneofthemhelpingmepayrent.Okay?(Blackmale,55yearsold)

AndthentherewasonetimeIwasdoingthelaundry.Andoneresidentaskedme,“Whydidyoumovehere?”Isaid,“Whynot?”Isaid,“It'sverycheapandIcanaffordit.”Theysaid,“Everybody

whomovesinheregetsverysick.”Isaid,“What?”Isaid,“Itdoesn'tmakeanysense.”“Believeme,you'llsee.”AndIgotvery,verysicksincethen.Maybeafteracoupleofmonths,startedwithmyheartattack.ThenIacquireddiabetes.AndthenIhaveosteoarthritis.Ialsoacquiredfibromyalgia,whichthedoctortoldmethere'snocureforit.(EastAsianfemale,66yearsold)

I'dhavetosay,its200unitsinthere.It'salotofdifferentpersonalitiesthatclashandstuff.Alotoflittledifferentthings.Andthenyou'vegotyourdopedealersrunninginandout.Theytrytodowhattheycanforthesecurity,butthepeoplelivingtherewaslettingthemin.Itwasalittlescarysituationforsomebodymyage,gettingonupthereinage.(Biracialfemale,58yearsold)

Ohman,itwaslikeIwasgettingscoldedlikeachild.Ithinkshe[formerpropertymanager]wassmiling.Icouldtellthatshewassmilingbecausewhatshedoesiswhenthepeoplegotoevictioncourt,shehasmoverscomeinandtakeallyourstuffoutandyoucomebacktonothingandalockeddoorandthat'swhatIwasfearing.That'swhyIwastryingtoboxupallmystuff.(NativeAmericanfemale,64yearsold)

Allofthetenantsweinterviewed,whetherornottheywereMPHAresidents,hadcometoaccepthousingthatisoftennotsafeandisoflesserquality,becausetheylacktheresourcesand/orhaveacheckeredpast.Asaresult,theyaresubjecttopredatoryhousingpracticesthatoftencomeintheformofmultipleeviction�lingsandmistreatmentbyhousingmanagers,whichthenseverelyimpactswhatavailablechoicestheyhavetoremedytheirsituation.Theillusionofchoiceframeworkpresentedinthisreporthighlightswhatitmeanswhenyourstateofbeingismediatedbyanindividualorinstitutionwithmorepowerthanyouhaveovertheoptionsavailabletoyou.Fromtheperspectiveoftenants,privatelandlordsandMPHAmismanagementhaveleftthemfarfromstable,rathertheyaresimplyabletostaya�oatastheymediatethenextcrisis.

BarrierstoGainingAccesstoSafe,Dignified,QualityAffordableHousing

photoby NikkiMcComb

Jasmineisa28-year-oldBlackmotherofthreewhoisthesolesourceofincomeforherfamily.Duringherthird pregnancyshehadtoreduceherhoursatwork,andshefounditincreasinglychallengingtopayherrentontime.Ultimately,thisledtoanevictionfiling.Jasmineworkedwiththepropertymanager’slawyertocomeupwithapaymentplanincourt,butatthetimethepaymentwasdue,shewas$100short.Thesheriffcametoremoveherfromtheproperty.Jasmineandherchildrenbouncedaroundinmotelsuntilsettlingintoashelter.

WhenJasminelocatedthepropertyinquestion,shewasinarushtofindaplace,becausesheandhertwochildrenatthetimehadbeenlivingwithafriendforabout2months.Atthetimeofsigningthelease,Jasmine’sprimarysourceofincomewasworkasavocabularyspecialistinalocalelementaryschool.

Jasmineencounteredanumberofbarriersinherattempttomaintainsafe,quality,andaffordablehousing.First,shehadalightbillthatcarriedoverfromherpreviousrentalpropertybecauseshehadnotcalledtoturnofftheservice.Shesoughtoutemergencyassistance.Applyingwashardandkindofdiscouraging,becausethewomanJasmineworkedwithwasrudeandchastisedherfornotknowingthatsheneededtocallandshutofftheserviceherself.Jasminesaidafter30days,shecalledemergencyassistance,becauseshestillhadnotreceived

anupdateaboutthestatusofherapplication.Theworkertoldheritwasdenied.Jasmineexplainedthatshewasnowlivingwithoutanylights,sotheworkerputarushonitandgotthelightsbackonwithin2weeks.

Second,Jasminestatedthatshefeltdiscriminatedagainstbecauseofherfamilystructureandrace.Whenmaintenancecameover,thetenorandtonewithwhichtheyaddressedherchildrenwashostile,particularlytowardherBlackson.Jasminegotpregnantwhilelivingatthepropertyandwasplacedonbedrestbyherdoctormultipletimes.Shehadtoreduceherhoursatwork,causinghertobeshort$200onherrent.Onceshewasbehind,themanagementcompanyharassedherviaphoneandemail.Overall,themanagementcompanywascoldanduncompromising,tellingJasminethatitwasherfaultthatshegotpregnant.Jasminestatedthatshefeltliketheyweretreatingherlikea“dumbBlackgirl.”Eventuallyshewentagainstherdoctor’sordersandwentbacktoworkoutoffearofbeingevicted.Asaresultofthestressherbabyhadtobedeliveredearly.

Jasminewasbehindonly1monthofrentwhenthepropertymanagementcompanyfiledanunlawfuldetainer.AtHousingCourt,sheagreedtopay$1,000bythefollowingweekbecauseshewouldbegettinghernextpaycheck.Instead,shegavethem$900,asherhourswerelessthanshethoughttheywouldbe.Thepropertymanagersaidthatitwasn’tgoodenough.SinceJasminehadviolatedthepaymentarrangementbybeing$100short,theycalledthesherifftohaveherremoved.Atthattime,Jasminewas7months’pregnantwithtwokids.Shesimplycompliedwiththesheriffbecauseshedidnotwanttogivebirthinjailorhaveherkidstakenaway.Jasmineendeduphomelessandwaspayingtoliveinhotelswhenthebabywasdeliveredearly,andtheyeventuallyendedupinashelter.

JasminemovedoutofthepropertyinJanuaryof2018.Sincethen,shehasreceivedabillfromthepropertymanagersstatingthatlegallytheyhavetherighttochargeherthe4monthsofrentremainingonheroriginallease.Theynowclaimsheowesthemcloseto$7,000eventhoughJasminehadbeenremovedfromthepropertyandtheirrelationshipwassevered.Sheonlylearnedthisinformationaftercallingthecompany,tryingtorecoupherdeposit.

Thisstoryprovidesanin-depth,nuancedanalysisofhowthemoralconstructionofpovertyframeshowthemajorityoflandlordsweinterviewedviewmanyoftheirtenants:theylocatethecausesofpovertyintheperceivedpoorcharacteroftheindividualandignoretheracializedsocial,economic,andpoliticalstructuresunderwhichthoseindividualsexistandhowourfree-marketthinkingreproducesthesecauses(see“LandlordFindings”).

Jasmine,likemanytenants,identi�edracialdiscriminationoftencouchedinthefearofyoungBlackboysandlandlordsfeelingemboldenedenoughtotreattenantslike“children”bydemonizingtenantdecisions.Somepropertyownersandmanagersfeelthisistheirright,andsomefeelentitledtoexpressandenforcedisciplinarytactics,becauseownershiphasalways

beendirectlyconnectedtotherighttode�neandpolicethemoralityofothers.Whenownersusethepoweroftheirassetstodisciplineatenant,theyhaveprede�nedatenants’worthandvalue.WhenJasminewastoldthatitwasherfaultforbecomingpregnant,thenlaterwasthreatenedwithaneviction,shewasforcedtoneglectherhealthandthehealthofherchildandreturntowork.Shewaslefttomediateonecrisisafteranother,becausetheownerdidnotrespectherorherfamilystructure.Jasmine,likeamajorityofthetenantsinterviewed,feelsthatalllandlordscareaboutismakingapro�t.Fewtenantsdescribedhavinganactualrelationshipwiththeirlandlordorpropertymanager,wheretheyevenfeltcomfortablebeinghonestaboutthechallengestheywerehavingnavigatingasystemthatprovidedthemwithfewchoices.

BarrierstoHousing:TheImpactofaTenant’sBackground

Sixty-twopercent(42)oftenantssaidthattheyfacedbarrierstosecuringsafeanda�ordablequalityhousingduetheiridentityorfamilystructure.Ofthose62%(42)interviewed,thetoptworeasonsnamedforthosebarrierswereraceornationality36%(15)andcriminalbackgroundhistoryofthemselvesorofafamilymember31%(13).


RaceandCriminalBackgroundasBarrierstoHousing:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

DiscriminatoryPractices

• Raceornationalityleadstounfairtreatmentorquestioning

• Criminalbackground:peopleautomaticallyjudgeyou

• BeingasingleBlackmother,weareseenasuneducated

• NoonewantsBlackkids,especiallyBlackboys,intheirproperty

• ForcedtoNorthMinneapolisanddeniedotherlocationsbytheshelters,becauseIwasBlack

BeinganAfricanAmerican/PuertoRicanwoman,I'mjustlookedatinsomepeople'seyesasthelowestofthelow.Youknow?Andheshowedmethat…Andhesentmeatextmessageonetime,andI'llneverforget.Goingthroughthiscourtsituation,andhesaid,“CanIaskyouaquestion?”AndI'mtexting,andI'mlikeyouknow,[landlord]I'matwork.“Isitanemergency?”Andhesaid,“IjustwannaknowwhytheseBlackpeoplediesoyoung.”AndsoIcalledhimandIwasalittleupset,andIwaslike,“Youknow,Idon'tquiteunderstandwhatthathastodowithourtenant/landlordrelationship.”(Blackfemale,36yearsold)

Ihadafelonyonmyrecord.Nowit'samisdemeanor.Soit'sforassaultonapoliceofficerfrom2014butit'sstillstopsmefromevengettingjobsatplaces.(Blackfemale,39yearsold)

JustbeingasingleBlackmotherandit'smydaughter.Ithinkwecomeoffasveryvulnerableanduneducatedinknowingourrights.Ithinkthatthenwiththelandlord,akaaslumlord,thatIwasdealingwithbecausetheywerefocusedonthedollaramountandthatIhadthefundsthattheydidn'tcare.So,itwasjustlike,“Greatmoveinhere.”(Blackfemale,30yearsold)

Therewas,becauseHousingHubharassedme.Theydidn'tcare.Theydidn'tcarethatIwasasinglemom.EventuallyIfeltlikeIwasbeingtreatedlikeadumbBlackgirl,becausethemanstarted,“Youshouldknowthis.Youshouldhaveawaytogetmoney.It'snotourfault.Youshouldn'tgotpregnant."(Blackfemale,28yearsold)

Yeah.He[landlord]cametothehouse,andIwasn'tthere.Mykidscalledmeandsaid,“Mom,hegotagunonthesideofhim."(Blackfemale,42yearsold)

NobodywantsBlackmales,Blackteenageboyslivingintheirproperty.Becausetheythinkthefirstthingtheygonnadoisbegangbanging,andattractmorekids.Onethingtheyarerighton,theydoattractotherkids,butyoudon'tnecessarilymeankidsisgonnabegangbanging.AndIliketosayI'maround,Iknowwheretheyatandwhatthey'redoing.(Blackfemale,60yearsold)

ItriedtohelpmydaughtergetaplacebecauseIhavegrandkids,andshewasactuallyattheHuntingtonsandIwasturneddownbecauseofanoldcriminalrecord.Becausethewaythelaw'ssetup,it'slikeinherently...ifBCA[BureauofCriminalApprehension]onlylooked...togetinthisapartment,theygoback10,15years.Sothat'showIwasabletoland,getaplacehere.Butintherealworld,whenIputinanapplication,it'sdeniedbasedon...thatwasin'79whenIgotmycriminalrecord.Andtheyturnedmedownlastyear.(Biracialfemale,58yearsold)

ButthemorechallengingthinghasbeenanAfricanAmericanmaleraisingtwodevelopedmentallychildren.Withmentalissues.Emotionalissues.Andthat'sthechallenge.IgettomeetpeoplethatcanopenuptheymindsandvisualizethestrugglethatIhaveasaparentandanAfricanAmericanmale,thedisadvantage.It'snotadisadvantagetome.Butit'sadisadvantagetotheonesthatcan'tvisualize,openuptheirmindsandsayheywhere'sthesupportsystemsforpeoplelikeus? (Blackmale,55yearsold)

BeingBlack.IfeelliketheykeepputtingusoverNorthandwedon'twannabehere...AbunchofplacesinoverSouth,abunchofplacesinUptown,abunchofplacesindifferentareasthatwe'vegotapproved,butthis[inNorthMinneapolis]istheonlyonetheypayforus.(Blackmale,28yearsold)

Yeah.Peopleseethatandtheyautomaticallylabelyou,judgeyou.Thereareautomaticdisqualifiersformostoftheseplaceswhenyoutellthem,I'mlookingforaplaceandtheysaywedoacriminalbackgroundcheckandthisandthisandthis.Andunlawfuldetainersandyou'reoffthelist.Period.They'renottryingtohearyourparticularsituationandifmovingforward,

becausenowIhaveaSection8voucher,soIcandefinitelyaffordrent,butnoonewantstoletmeinthedoorinthefirstplace.(Blackmale,51yearsold)

AndsowhenIwouldgomeetaprivateowner,likehimforinstance,they'dbeallgunghoandtheylikedthejobandtheylikethecreditandtheylikeeverythingandthenthey'dmeetandtheyrealizethat...becausehonestly,sometimeswhenI'dapplyforplacesI'dusemymiddlenamewhichisKendra,soIcouldgettothepointofgettinganinterviewbutthenofcoursetheyseewhattheyseeandthen...(Blackfemale,29yearsold)

Yes.MebeingBlackisalwaysabarrier.Idon'tcarewhatnobodysay,justbeinganethnicityofcolor.Idon'tcareifyou'rePuertoRican,Somalian,whatever,it'sgonnabringbarrierstoyoujustbecause...Likemyoldlandlord,hehas90properties.Allofthesepeopleknowheacrook.Section8knowheacrook.Whyy'allkeeplettinghimleasetopeople?Whyisthatokay?Ify'allseethesehorrorstoriesofpeople,whydoy'allkeepputtingpeopleinthesamepositiontobemessedoverlikethat?SoIfeellikeit'sthesystemworkingagainstBlackpeopleorpeopleofcolor.Becauseifit'snot,why...IknowI'mnottheonlypersonthatvoicemyopinionaboutthis.It'sotherpeople,ouropinionsjustgetshuffledunderthetableandthat'snotfair.Andthat'swhypeopledon'tliketospeakoutbecauseitdon'tdonothingforalottimesandifitdosomething,it'sjustforalittleminimaltime.It'snotgonnabenothingthatsticksforever.Andthat'swhatitis.(Blackfemale,33yearsold)

IwanttosaythatIbelieveournationalityhasalottodowithit,becauseweareNativeAmerican.(NativeAmericanfemale,35yearsold)

Yeah.Ididn'tlikethat.Itwasjustveryoffensivetome.AndIwaskindalike,justquitbeatingaroundthebushandjusttellmestraightupwhatyou'rethinking.Imeanwhatdoyouwanttosee,highschooldiplomas?Soonedayhepulledup,andmyson,myyoungersonwasgraduatinglastyear.Andwe'realloutinthebackyard.He'slike,“Hey,youguyshavingaparty?”Wesaid,“No,we'reactuallyhavingagraduationcelebrationformyyoungerson.”He'slike,“Oh.”Andthenhestartedhavingaconversationwithmyolderson,anddidn'tknowhowintellectualhisconversationwas.Itkindofbackedhimupalittlebit.(Blackfemale,47yearsold)

AnAutomaticRecord:TheImpactofaUD

Similartoacriminalconviction,aneviction�lingisinthepublicrecord.Whenalandlord�lesanevictionaction,thetenantwhois�leduponreceivesanevictionactionontheirrecord,regardlessoftheoutcomeofthecase.Repeatedly,theevictionsresearchteamoverheardtheclerksatHousingCourtinformallyadvisetenantswhohadjustwontheircasesthattheystillhadtomovetogetthecaseexpunged,addinganothercosttothetenant.Distinctfromacriminalrecord,thereisnosuchthingasinnocentuntilprovenguiltyinHousingCourtandforthetenants,thisisalose-losesituation.

WhenIwenttocheckout.Whenyouleavethecourt,youhavetogivethemapaper,andtheguy...Somethingjustmademeask,theguykindoflike,"I'mdone.IsthereanythingIhavetofollowupwith?"He'slike,"Youmaywanttolookintofilingtogetthisoffofyourrecord."So,theclerkmentionedittomeandIsaid,"Whatdoyoumean?Iactuallysettledout."Andhewaslike,"Itwillstillbeonyourrecord.Youhavetoactuallydoacourtfilingtogetitoffofyourrecord."So,yeah.And,atthetimeIjustwaslikethat'stoomuch'causeit'salreadyastruggle.(Blackfemale,30yearsold)

IthinkthatitdefinitelyhastobemadealawthataUDshouldnotgoonaperson'snameuntilafteryouhavebeenfoundguiltyincourt.ItishorrificthatyouwouldsituphereandhaveaUDonmynamethatpreventsmefrommovingandIhave2weeksto3togotocourtwithyouandIcouldbesomewhereelse.Youwouldratherapersonbehomelessthantogivethemadayincourttobeheardfirst.Ithinkthat'swrong.Ithinkit'sabsurd.Youshouldn'thavetobehomelesstobeheard.That'smymainproblemwithhousingcourts.(Biracialfemale,32yearsold)

Alackofeducationonthepartoftenantswasextremelyobviousastheydescribedthedistressingcontextunderwhichtheylocatedthepropertytheywereevictedfrom,thediscriminatorywaystheirfamilieswereoftentreatedbyownersorpropertymanagers,andthentheirday(s)incourt,evenwhentheybelievedtheprocesswas�nallyoverornearinganend.Yettheprocesswasnotover.Whethertenantsstayedinplaceornot,theirevictionrecordwouldfollowthemunlesstheyquicklywentintocrisismanagementmode,attainedthefundsto�leandseekexpungement,andhadanotherdayincourt.Ofthetenantsinterviewed60%(41)statedthathavingaUDcreatedabarriertoobtaininghousing.Only16%(11)ofthetenantsinterviewedhadtheirUDsexpunged.


TheImpactsofHavinganEvictiononYourRecord:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

HavinganEvictiononYourRecord

• NeverexperiencedanevictionuntilImovedtoMinneapolis

• Landlordknewemergencyassistancewascoming,but�ledanevictionanyway,andknewIwastryingtomove

• Alwaystheoneworking,butIgettheevictiononmyrecord

• It’shardto�ndaplacewithaneviction;ifIcouldmoveIwould

• Ipaido�mydebtandIamstuckwiththesamelandlord

IwishIwould'venevercamebacktoMinneapolisbecauseI'vegottwoUD'swithin6monthsapartfrombeingsickandnowthey'reonmyrecord.Ican'trentapropertynow.NoonewantstotakeachanceonmeeventhoughI'vebeenatoneofmyjobsfor17years,andI'vebeenattheotherjobfor6years.Noonewantstotakeachanceonnoonebutslumlords.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

Whenpeopleseemyrentalhistoryormycredit,they'relike,“Don'trenttoher.”They'relike,“Don'trenttoher.Shebasicallyisnotgoingtopay.”It'sneveranythingaboutdamage,it'salwaysbeenasituationwhereI'mtheonewho'salwaysgotthejob.EveninthepastwhenI'verentedwithmydaughter'sdadandhisbrothersandthingsofthatnature,theplacewasalwaysinmyname.Oncesomethinghappenedonthereandtheyweren'tabletochipin,thenthey'relike,“Ican'tpaythewholething.”AndnowI'mtheonewiththeUDeventhoughwewereallresiding.Now,I'mtheonehavingallofthesehurdlesandbarrierswhenItrytofindhousingwithtwochildrennow.So,it'schallenging.(Blackfemale,31yearsold)

Whenthatladycameandservedmethatpaper,Ibrokedowncrying.Iaskedher,Isaid,“Why?He[landlord]talkstome,heknowsemergencyassistance...Igavehimthis3-daynoticeandthisishowhe'sgonnadome?So,heknowIcan'tleavethisfreshUD.HeknowIcan'tdonothingbutgotocourt.”Andhewasjustlike,"I'msosorry,I'msosorry.”Getoffmyporch,getoffmypropertyrightnow.I'mlike“Thisisbogus,you'vegotallyourmoneycoming.Whyruinmyname?You'reattackingmyname.Yougotyourmoney.Y'allownproperties,Idon'thavenothingbutmyname,andthat'swhatyouwant?”Ittookeverythinginme,Iwashotmad.(Biracialfemale,42yearsold)

No.I'lljustsaythewholeexperiencejustsucks.It'sveryhurtfultothinkabout.Itjustmakesmeverysad,because,likeIsaid,theywasn'tlenientortheydidn'tcareaboutmebeingasinglemom.IdounderstanditismyfaultthatIdidgetpregnant.Buttheydidn'ttrytoworkwithmeatall.Youknow?Itwastheirwayandtherewasnowalkingaroundtheirway,anditwasjustdone.TherewasreallynothingIcoulddo.Sothewholesituationmakesmemad.Itmakesmesad.AndnowI'mstuckinthesituationthatIamnow,gettingupveryearlyeveryday,reachingouttootherhousingpeople.Butwiththisthinghangingoverme,ithurts.Ithurtsmegoingintootherplaces,'causeI'mautomaticallyturneddown.(Blackfemale,28yearsold)

Yeah,Iwouldn'tifIhadachoice,Iwouldn'tstayhere.Iwouldmovesomethingbiggerandbettercommunity.It'smybackgroundforcriminalandmyUDsthatIhadwithhim[formerlandlord]'causeIwenttocourtlastweektodotheexpungement.IhadsevenUDstotal.Theyexpungedfiveofthemandheendedupcomingtocourt.SohesaidthathewouldlikethemtostayonthereuntilIgetdonepayingthesettlement.SoIgetdonepayingthethousandfor2016,it'sokayforittobeoff.AndthenwhenIgetdonepayingthe$4,000,it'sokayforittobeoff.SothenIbasicallytechnicallyhavetwoUDsonmyrecord.(Blackfemale,29yearsold)

Nobody,IfeelinthestateofMinnesota,workswithanybodythathasafelonyoranybodythathasaUDandIhavebothsothat'sadoublenegativeforme.That'striplenegativeforme,Iwouldsay.AndI'veofferedtopaydoubledeposit,doublerent,nobody.Sothat'swhyweareintheshelter.IwastoldbythemtodaythatthehousingIgotselectedfor,nobodyevergetsit.Theladythattoldme,shewaslike,“Youcouldgetselectedbeforesomebody6monthsagocamehere.”Iguesstheypickpeople.Theypickrandompeoplewhenstuffcomesopentheypickarandomperson.Itcouldbesomebodythat'sbeentherefor10days.It'snotonawaitinglist,like“Oh,I'mattheverybottom”or“I'montheverytop.”Theypickrandompeople.(Whitefemale,28yearsold)

WellIwashurtbecausetheUDisonyourrecord.Soit'sjustonemorethingthatblockus,thecreditreport,nowtheUD.SoifIweretotrytogooutandtrytogetanotherplace,that'sdownattheHennepinCountywaiting,youknow.(Biracialfemale,58yearsold)

Well,Ionlyhadthreeatthemoment,butyouknow,withhim,hegotmetwoextramore,andthenthethreethatIhadwassopast7yearsago,pastsomanyyearsago,andthenIgettwofreshnewonesinthesameyear.Ididn'tevenknowhecoulddothat.Likewhenyousettle,Ithoughtwe,theUDandeverything,andIgottastillkeepmegettingmeaUD,andIsettledwithyou,andIpaidoff.AndI'mstillstayinghere.(Blackfemale,27yearsold)

Thateviction,thateviction.Somygoalistotryandgetitexpunged.Icheckedontheprocess,becausethat'ssomethingtheysaiditwillhindermeforalong,long,long,longtime.I'm66yearsold.Idon'tneedsomethingonmethatlong.(Blackfemale,66yearsold)

Thatevictionitselfbeingonyourrecord,becausetheysaidassoonastheylikeit,itshowsup.Itbarsyou.Ijusthadalltheseapplicationfeesthattheypayyouwhentheyspentyourwholedepositpayingapplicationfees.IjustwentthroughthiswiththelandlordwhereIwashopingtogetthehouse...BeingwhenIlookedatthereceipt,becauseIhadhimsendmeacopyofit,becausehewasn'teventryingtosendmethecopy,andItoldhimhecansend,what,Iaskedhimwhatwashisreasoningfordenial.Hesaidhewouldsendmealetter,heneversentmealetter.(Blackfemale,46yearsold)

'Causetheyrecent.Andtheyfeellike,wellifit'srecent,wecan'ttrustyouandthat'dbedumb.AndIunderstandthat,that'sjustsmartonthebusinesses.Iwouldn't,myself,renttoaperson

thathasafreshUDnotunderthecircumstances.I'mjustbeingfair.Butpeoplelikemewhodon'tdeserveit,westilldon'tgotnobodyfightingforusandeventhoughit'snotfair,onthecomputeritlookslikea[inaudible],butitalwaysgotastorybehindit.Ifyoudon'tgetthattothem...that'swhyI'msohappy.I'veneverhadaplace,myoldestUDisolderthanmyson.MyoldestUDis14yearsold,mysonis13yearsold.SoI'veneverhadtheopportunitytolivewell.Ihadtoalwaysliveinthehood.Ialwayshadtodealwithaslumlandlord.Ineverhadtheopportunitytobe...youknowwhatI'mgonnado?YouknowwhatI'mgonnado?OhmyGod.(Blackfemale,33yearsold)

Whenyouarelockedintoapredatoryhousinglandscape,yoursocialandemotionalhealthoftenbecomesecondarytoyourbasicsurvivalneeds.Thereisahighcorrelationbetweenhousinginstabilityandmentalhealth.Unfortunately,low-incomecommunitiesofcoloraretoooftenbusymanagingonecrisis-baseddecisionafteranotherthattheyareunabletorequest,receive,andembracethementalhealthsupportthattheyneedtohealfromthecyclicalpainandtraumathatcomesalongwithhousinginstability.

TheIntersectionofMentalHealth:CausesandConsequencesofHousingInstability

Fortypercent(27)ofthe68tenantsinterviewedwereeitherreceivingmentalhealthsupportservicesorsoughtoutmentalhealthservicesasaresultoftheireviction.Ofthe59%thatstatedtheywerenotreceivinganymentalhealthservicesanddidnotseekthemout,10%(7)saidthattheyshouldhavesoughtthemout.


TheImpactsofMentalHealthonHousing:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

MentalHealth

• Diagnosedwithamentalhealthillness

• Mentalhealthissuesasaresultofdomesticviolence

• Evictionledmetoseekmentalhealthsupportservices

• Evictionledmetomentalhealthissuesanddruguse

• Sacri�cingforthefamilywhileIwasnottakingcareofmyself

• Deathandlossinthefamily

I'vejustbeenrecentlydiagnosedwithPTSD,soIhavebeentryingtogothroughthistreatmentprogram.Thisisgoingtobemythirdtimetryingtogotocompleteit.Butwithsomanyotherthingsgoingon...Youknowit'shardtomakeittotreatmenteveryday.(Blackmale,51yearsold)

LikesometimesIwouldgotowork,youknow,butcertaindaysIjustshutdowncompletely.ThatwasbeforeIhadmymedication.Iwasn'tworkingwithamentalhealthworker.Ididn'thavethepropercareormedicationthatIneededtostopmefromshuttingdownorfromgettingtoooverwhelmedtofeellikeIjustwanttogiveup.Ican'ttakeitnomore.(Blackfemale,34yearsold)

…

Imean,it'sastruggleforeverybody.Thinkaboutit.Youhavebareminimumjobsforwomentoevensellin.Wegotthehardhatsforwomen,andthingslikethat.Butyougotthingsbyalotofpeoplethat'sinNorthMinneapolis,55411and55412,sufferingfromalotofmentalillness.(Blackfemale,34yearsold)

Iwasinvolvedinadomestic,soIgototherapy.(Blackfemale,38yearsold)

…

Iwasindomestic...Istillgotpost-traumaticstress.Iwasinarelationshipfor,like,8years.Thewhole8yearshasbeenmostdomestic.So,nowthatI'mstilllookin'overmybackand...Yeah,mymindwasn'twhereIwas.Billswasn'tmymainfocus.(Blackfemale,38yearsold)

Ithinktheevictionsweremakingastrain,theycausedabigstrainafterthefirstone.IthinkIsoughtthementalhealthservicesaroundOctoberorNovemberofthatfirstyear.(Biracialfemale,42yearsold)

Yeah,withmyprimarydoctor.Icrytomyprimarydoctor.ShetoldmeIneededtoseeapsychiatrist.WhenItoldhersometimesI'msodesperate,Iwantedtosmacksomebodyorthrowthings.Youknow?It'sjustanoutletofhowIfeel…Mysolutionwasjusttosayinsidemyapartmentandneverhangaroundyouknow?(EastAsianfemale,66yearsold).

Notatthattime.Nope.Atthattime,depressionsetit.YouknowwhatImean?AndIstartedtohavesomementalhealthissues.Istartedusingdrugsjusttokindofforget.Youknow.Somebodyintroducedittome.Ihadneverdoneitbefore.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

Itwasjustso...Iwasn'ttakingcareofmyself.Iwasn'tevenbrushingmyteeth,showeringanddoingmyhair.Ijustwas,ugh.Yeah.ItwasjusteversinceIhadthetwins.Itwasjust...Ineverwanttogobacktothatpersonorfeelthatwayagain,becauseitwasjusthorrible.Mykid'sdaddidnotunderstandwhyIcan'tbewithhim.(Blackfemale,28yearsold)

Ididnot.Actually,Iknowwebothweredepressed,becausewewerebothsnappingoverjustthelittlestthings.Wedidn'tevengetintoshelterrightaway,becausewemistookthedirectionstogetintoshelter.(NativeAmericanfemale,35yearsold)

Afterhepassed[uncle],andshepassed[aunt],backtoback,Ididn'tknowthatItotallyshutdown.Iliterallyshutdown.Shuteveryone,everythingoff.Iwenttowork,butIwasn'tatwork.IwasbarelytherewhenIwasthere.Ididn'tknowit'tilayearlater.Mygirlfriendsaid,“Yes,[informant],”shesaid,“youweresogone.Socheckedout.”(Blackfemale,50yearsold)

Ihadawholemeltdown.Whenyouwakeuponedayandyoufindoutthatyourlifeisnotreallythelifethatyouthoughtitwas,thateverythingaboutitwasalieandyoutrytosuckitupandyoureallycan't,Igottiredofcrying.Ididn'treallywanttotalkaboutittopeoplebecauseIdidn'treallywantsomebodytotellmewhattheythought.IneededtofindoutwhatIwasreallyfeelingandwhyIwasfeelingitthewayIwasfeelingit.[Thetherapist]workedwithmeandIhadalotofproblemswithmyhusband.Iwaswithmyhusbandfor35yearsandhewasacheater.Whenhedied,allhisfriendscametothehospital,andtheywerewomen.Theywereplanningthefuneral,theyweretryingtocollecthisbodywhenhedied.IrealizedthatthatisthewayofMinnesotawomen.I'mnotoriginallyfromMinnesota.Someofthethingsthattheydoisreally?(Blackfemale,56yearsold)

Thenotionthatonehasfailedinvaluesormoralsisoftenreadandexpressedinmultipleformsbutgenerallyusedtoexplainanindividual'simpoverishedcircumstancesinversely,meaningthatthosewhoarenotpoor,haveahighermoralcompass.Asthetenantsheredescribe,aseverementalhealthcrisisistakingplaceamongthosecommunitiesmostvulnerabletoexploitation.Thecrisisisbeingdealtwithprimarilythroughdisciplineandpunishment,notcompassionandunderstanding,whichapro�t-drivenmodeldoesnotsupport.Thecrisisistakingplaceasmothersworkwhilepregnantwhentheirdoctorshaveorderedbedrest,whenadeathinthefamilymusttakeabackseattothelightbill,andwhenthekidsneedfoodandschoolclothes.Despitethede�cit-basedlanguagethathasbeenusedtoblamemostlypoorsinglemothersfor

theircircumstances,themajorityoftenantswereworkingapaidjob,pushingasidetheirownmentalandemotionalneedsinane�orttosurvive.Fifty-sevenpercent(29)oftenantsreportedtheirprimaryincomeaswork,with21%(14)alsoreceivingassistance(cashassistance,SSI/SSDI,oracombination).

TheCostoftheCourts

photoby NikkiMcComb

Ellenisa55-year-oldBlackmotheroftwochildren.Shehasworkedatthesamejobfor17years,whileattimesbalancingasecondjob.Recently,shewasdiagnosedwithtwoseriousmedicalconditionsthathavelimitedherabilitytoworkandtightenedherfinances.Althoughshehasborrowedfromher401(k),shehashadsometroublemakingrentpaymentsandasaresulthashadtwoevictionfilings.WithhelpfromLegalAid,shetriedtonegotiatewiththepropertymanagementcompanybuthadnoluck.Elleneventuallywasforcedtomoveoutandatthetimeoftheinterview,livedinhersister’sbasement.

EllenlocatedthepropertyonCraigslist.Itwasherfirstchoiceofhousing,becauseitwasmoreaffordablethanthepropertywhereshelivedinSt.Paul,whereshewaspaying$1,400in

monthlyrent.Also,shewouldbeclosertofamily,andherdaughtercouldthengotoschoolwithhercousins.Therentforthepropertywas$1,125,butithadonelessbedroomthansheneeded.EllenstatedthatmovingfromSt.PaultoNorthMinneapoliswasahugemistake.SheexperiencedhousingdifficultiesthatsheneverhadpriortomovingtoNorthMinneapolis.Shereportedthateveryoneshe'sspokenwithinthe55411and55412zipcodeshaveunlawfuldetainersontheirrecords.Sheendedupwithtwo,andnoonebutslumlordswanttotakeachanceonsomeonewithunlawfuldetainers,eventhoughshehasworkedwiththesameemployerfor17yearsandcanproveincome.

Priortomovingintotheproperty,Ellenpaida$45applicationfee.Shesignedayearleaseandpaidherfirstmonth’srent,asecuritydeposit,andapetdeposit.Shemovedintothisnewpropertywithherdaughter,whowasaminor,andherson,whowasovertheageof18andgoingawaytocollege.HerprimarysourceofincomewaspaidemploymentatTargetandacompanycalledConferenceService.Ellenneverreceivedanyadditionalcountyornongovernmentalcashbenefits.Whenshefoundherselfinneedofadditionalcashorunabletopaymajorbills,sheborrowedagainsther401(k).

Whilelivingintheproperty,Ellenwasdiagnosedwithanautoimmunedisease,whicheventuallyledtoacancerdiagnosis.Duetohermedicalissues,shecouldnolongerwork.Althoughheremployeroffereddisability,shedidnotreceivethefundsrightaway.

Ellenstatedthatifshewasadaylateonrent,thepropertymanagementcompanythreatenedeviction.Shewasconstantlyfearfulfor5years.Whilelivingintheproperty,twounlawfuldetainerswerefiledagainstherandsheattendedHousingCourtbothtimes.ThefirsttimethatEllenwasevicted,shecametoHousingCourtandmediatedinthehallway.Thepropertymanagementcompanyaskedherifshewantedtostayinthepropertyandshestatedyes,becauseshehadnowhereelsetogo.Theythenagreedtoapaymentplan.Ellenhadtopay$900thedayofcourtandthendistributetherestontopofherfuturerentalpayments.Ifshebrokeanyoftheseagreed-uponpaymentbenchmarks,shewouldhaveonly24hourstovacatetheproperty.Sheborrowedagainsther401(k)tohavealumpsumtopayincourtbytakingageneralpurposeloan.

EllenfoundherselfbackinHousingCourtafewmonthslaterforthesamereason.Shefellbehindonrentwhilemanaginglessincomeandincreasingmedicalbills.Thepropertymanagementcompanypresentedthesamepaymentplanoptionsandsheincurredacourtfeeandlatefees.Thistime,shetookahardshiploanagainsther401(k).

EachtimesheappearedinHousingCourt,Ellenhadtopay$400-plusincourtfeesontopoftherentsheowed.Additionally,aftermediation,Ellenhadnoideashewouldstillhaveanunlawfuldetaineronherrecordoncetheissuewasresolved.Shewishesshewouldhavedonesomeresearch.

Ellenwassurprisedthatthepropertymanagementcompanyfiledaneviction,asshewasa50-year-oldwomanwhohadneverbeenevictedorreceivedanunlawfuldetainer.LegalAidrepresentedherineachofherevictioncasesandadvisedhertoeitherfindsomewhereelsetoliveorpay.Ifshechosetoleave,theydiscussedpersuadingthepropertymanagementcompanytosupportanexpungementoftheunlawfuldetainer.OneofthereasonsthatEllenreachedouttoLegalAidwasbecauseherpropertymanagementcompanywascontinuallythreateningtofileanunlawfuldetainer,eventhoughsheexplainedherhealthsituationandtheimpendingdisabilitypaymentscoming.DespitehelpfromLegalAid,thepropertymanagementcompanyrefusedtonegotiate.

Ellen,likethemajorityofthetenantsinterviewed,foundherselfinHousingCourtagreeingtoapaymentplantobuytime.Herlifehadchangedcompletelywhenshewasdiagnosedwithcancer.Nolongerabletowork,Ellenfellbehindonherrentandwasforcedtogoondisability,whichonlypaidherafractionofherregularsalary.Despitestayinginconstantcommunicationwithherlandlord,he�ledaneviction.Unfortunately,theslowbureaucraticprocessofgoingfromapaidemployeetoareceiptofdisabilityfromheremployerdidnotalignwithHennepinCounty’sfastevictionprocess.Ellenwasunabletoful�llherpaymentagreementandherlandlordproceededto�leanothereviction.Ellenwenttocourtasecondtime,butnowshehadtakenoutahardshiploanfromher401(k)topayherbackrentandcourtfees.

Mosttenantsinterviewedreportedborrowingfromeitherfriendsandfamily;resortingtotheundergroundeconomy,whichincludedjobslikeboasting,sellingdrugs,orbraidinghair;orseekingHennepinCountyemergencyassistance,whichalmostallstatedmadethemfeel“lessthanhuman”—alltoensuretheyhadaroofovertheirheads.Ellen,likemanytenants,endeduphomeless,nowlivinginhersister’sbasementasshedescribedthestressthatherhealthconditionwasputtingonherandherfamilywhileherlandlord’sconstantthreatsofevictionmadeherregretevermovingfromSt.PaultoMinneapolis.ShestatedthateveryoneshespoketoinNorthMinneapolishadevictionsontheirrecord.Ellenandalmostallofthetenantsinterviewedstatedthatevenafterpayingincourt,theystillhadnoideathattheevictionstayedontheirrecorduntiltheysoughtexpungement.

TheCourts

Courtdocumentsrelatedtoeachinterviewee’sunlawfuldetainer(UD)�lingwerereviewedforkeydata(whenavailable).Ofthe68tenantsinterviewed,74%(50)hadcourt�lingrecordsavailableforanalysisrelatedtotheaddressdiscussedintheirinterviews.Ofthe50court�lings,fewerthanathird(16)endedwithanexecutedwrit,meaningthesheri�hadtocometoremovethetenantfromtheproperty.

RemovedfromMyHomebytheSheriff:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

WritofRecovery

• Agreementmadeandful�lledwithlandlord,butwritstillexecuted

• Hadtoleaveimmediatelyandwentstraighttoshelter

• Illegallyremovedfrommyhome

Wegavethejudgetheagreement,andtheagreementwasthatIgaveherthe$200rightthen.Sorightthen,Itoldmysontogothecashmachineandgiveher$100.Iaskedherwhattimeshewasleavingtheoffice.Shetoldmewhattimeshewasleavingtheoffice.ItoldherI'mgoingtohavemykid'sdaddrivemeovertherewiththeother$100.Igotoverthere,shewasn'tthere.Ileftitinthebox.Soafterthat,“Wellyoudidn'tcome.”Isaid,“Icalledyouthreetimesandyouweren'tthere.Iknockedonthedoor,soIleftthemoneyinthebox.”Maybeacoupleofdayslater,that'swhenthesheriffsaid...youknow,Ihadthatpapersenttome,andthesheriffsaidthatIhadthe...(Blackfemale,42yearsold)

Sowhenthesheriffcame,knockonthedoortolduswehadtoleave,itwas7:30inthemorning,andthen,Itoldthem,Isaid,“Youknowwhat?IheardofMaryJo'splaceheresowhydon'tyoushootdownthereandgiveheroursituationandseewhathappens.”Herandmydaughter,theytookthebusdownhere,andMaryJogottheminhererightawaythefirstdayandthatwasablessingtoo.Andtheneversincethenwe'vebeenstayinghereyouknow.(EastAsianmale,34yearsold)

[Mylandlord]camewithsomeredpieceofpaper,“Thesheriffwashere.Youwasn'there.”Isaid,“Ihaven'tbeengoneanywhere,sohowdidthesheriffcome?”Isaid,“Andifyouguysarestillmovingstuff,thesheriffisnotsupposedtoleave,sothat'sillegal.”Hesaid,“I'llhavehimcomeback.”Hedidn'tcall.Icalledthepolice.Thepolicegetthere.Thesheriffpullsupatthesametime,soI'mlikedoyouhaveaconnectionwiththesheriffguy?Andhe'slike,“I'mgonnaneedyou.Don'tcomeonthisproperty.”Likethesheriffwasreallynastywithme.Yetandstill,Istilldidn'tgetaprintout,acopyofitemsthatwereleftthere.Theywerestoredinthegarage,whichIknowbylaw,ifit'sstoredonaproperty,hehastostoreitfor30dayswithnopayment.Idon'thavetopayhimanything.(Blackfemale,36yearsold)

Icontactedandcontacted[thelandlord].Hewouldn'tanswer.Thatsameday,Itookariskandhadmysisterdrivemebackovertherethroughthealley.Ihaveavideorecordingofmeandallmykids'stufffilledclose,throwninthetrashcans,thrownintherecyclebins,thrownalloverthealley.(Blackfemale,36yearsold)

Ofthe50court�lings,12%(6)resultedinajudgmentforthelandlordintheinitialhearingandin14%(7)thetenantagreedtovacatethepremises,butthevastmajority,64%(32),resultedinapaymentplan.Ofthosecases,41werefornonpaymentofrentand4wereforbreachesofleaseorpropertydamage(oftheremainingcases,3were�ledbythetenants,in1thetenantabandonedtheproperty,and1resultedinmediation).Theaverageamountowedbythetenantinthesecourt�lingswas$2,160.Theaverageamountofcourtfee(s)passedontothetenantwas$361.Forthose32tenantswhoagreedtoapaymentplan,theyweregivenanaverageof32daystopayanaverageof$2,889inbackrent.

Source:AnalysisofHennepinCountyHousingCourtcasespertainingtoevictionsdiscussedinqualitativeinterviews

BuyingTimeinCourt:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

PaymentPlan

• AgreedtoapaymentplanthatIknewIcouldnotkeep

• Borrowedagainstmy401(k)tosettlemydebtincourt

• Paidincourtandthoughtitwassettled,butIstillhaveanevictiononmyrecord

• Triedtoworkitoutwithlandlord,stillremovedfromhome

Ithinkitwas,let'ssay$1,100inaweek,orinafewdays,orsomethinglikethat.Andweknewwhenwesawitandsignedit,wewaslike,thisisjustgonnabuyussometime,weknewit.Itwasoutrageous.Theirlawyer,cause[landlords]didn'tcometothecourt,theirlawyerwasthere.Andhegaveusthisbigolenumberandhewaslike,thisiswhatyouhavetopay.Weonlyowedthem$2,100,onefullmonthandthenhalfamonth.No2months,itwas2monthsweendupowingthem.(Blackfemale,35yearsold)

BothtimesIwenttocourt,ImadesurethatIhadtheamountofmoneythat,whenIgotserved,thattheysaidIowed.So,IhadthewholeamountwhenIwenttocourt,becausebothtimeswhenIwenttocourt,Iborrowedagainstmy401(k)bothtimestogetthemoney.Itooka—whattheycallit—ageneralpurposeloan.Thatwasthefirsttime,andthenthesecondtime,Itookahardshiploan.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

They[propertymanagers]keptthreateningmethatwasgonnadoit[evictme]soIcontactedLegalAid.LegalAidsaid,“Well,bringdown…”LegalAidtoldmetobringdownmypaperwork,statingthatIwasoffworkandIwassick,andhowmuchIgetevery2weekstoseeifwecouldworkoutapaymentarrangementwiththem,buttheydidn'twanttodoit.Theywantedalltheirmoneyupfrontandbothtimestheytookmetocourt,Ihadtopaythecourtcosts,whichwas400andsomethingdollars.Itwasridiculous.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

Ididn'tevenknowthat,okay,whenIdidgotocourt—becauseIwenttocourtbothtimes—weresolvedthematterinthehallwaybeforewewentinbeforethejudge,andIstillgotaUDonmyrecord.Ithought,maybeIshould'vedidmyresearchbeforeIwent,butIdidn'tdoitbecauseIdidn'tknowaboutUDsthatifyouresolvethematterandIstillcontinuedtostaythere4or3yearslaterthatitwouldn'tbeonyourrecord,butitwas.Ididn'tknowthatthat'showitworked.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

But,IagreedtoitbecauseIdidn'twantmeandmykidstobehomeless,andIdidknowthat...Okay,2weeksI'llhavethis,2weeksI'llhavethat.But,Iwastryin'toprolongthesituationbecauseIdidn'twanttobehomeless.(Blackfemale,38yearsold)

I'mtryingtothink.He[thelandlord]justprettymuchsaidno,thathewouldn'tbecauseItoldhimthatmysituationwasn'tgoingtochange[reducedworkhours]untilAugustwhenschoolstartedback.Hewentinandtalkedtothejudge.ThefindingwasthatitwouldbebestthatIjustmove.Hestillpaidthelandlord.Hestillgothismoney,buttheygaveme11daysbecauseIhadthekids.(Blackfemale,48yearsold)

Ijustdon'tthinkthecourtshearthetenantsenough.Idon'tfeellikethelandlordshaveasmanyconsequencesasthetenantsdoes.Ifatenantdoesn'tpayrent,theyautomaticallyhavetomoveorpaythatrentandplusthathugefilingfeethattheypaid,andeverybody'snotabletodothat,nomatterwhattypeofmoneyyoumaybemaking,nobodyknowsyourcircumstances.

Ithinkthecourtsshouldgivethetenantsanoptiontotelltheirstory.Alotofpeoplegetinthosesituations,youdon'tknowhowtheygotthere.Idon'tthinkpeoplearejustsittingaroundnotpayingrentjusttonotbepayingrent,youknow?(Blackfemale,46yearsold)

InterrogatingNonpaymentofRent:ThePoliticsofLandlordRetaliationWhat’sBehindNonpaymentofRent?

IntheMinneapolisInnovationTeam’sEvictionsinMinneapolisreportitstatesthatnearly93%ofthecity’seviction�lingswerefornonpaymentofrent.Similarly,ofthe68tenantswhowereinterviewed,81%(55)oftheirevictionswere�ledfornonpaymentofrent.However,CURA’sresearch�ndingshighlightedaneedtodemystifywhatnonpaymentofrentreallymeansfromtheperspectiveofthosemostimpacted.Fromtheperspectiveoflandlords(bothnonpro�tandfor-pro�t),moststatedthatbecausetheycannotgetthesupportfromlocallawenforcementtoappearinHousingCourt,particularlyforleaseviolations,�lingnonpaymentofrentbecomestheeasiestwaytogetridof“problemtenants.”Whatisnotcapturedinthisanalysisandtheexistingliterature,however,arethewaysthatnonpaymentofrentisbeingusedbymanytodisportionatelyevadetenants’rightstobefreefromretaliation.TwoMinnesotalawsprotecttenantsfromretaliationbylandlords:oneapplieswhenalandlordseekstoterminateatenancyasapenaltyforatenant’sattempttoenforcerights,andtheotherbansretaliatoryevictionsundertheTenantRemediesAct(TRA).

OnAugust3,2018,Dorsey&Whitney,LLP,submittedanamicuscuriae(LatinforFriendoftheCourt;alegalbriefsubmittedonbehalfofapartyoutsideofacasethathasexpertisethatmay

informthecase)onbehalfofInquilinXsUnidXsporJusticia(“UnitedRenters”)insupportofAaronOlsontotheMinnesotaSupremeCourtinanappeal.Thecourtcasefocusedontheanti-retaliationprovisionoftheTRA,whichstatesthat“aresidentialtenantmaynotbeevicted,havetheirobligationsincreased,orhavetheirservicesdecreased,ifit‘isintendedasapenaltyfortheresidentialtenant’sorhousingrelatedneighborhoodorganization’scomplaintofaviolation.’”A“complaintofaviolation”referstoacomplaintonbehalfofatenantregardinglandlordhousingcodeviolationsorunaddressedissueswiththeproperty.However,theCourtofAppealsconstructedalimitedandexclusionaryde�nitionofwhatlegallyconstitutesa“complaintofaviolation”:itwouldconstitutesolelycomplaints�ledincourtwiththeintentionofcivilactionstobetakenagainstthelandlord.

Dr.BrittanyLewiswassoughtoutforherresearch�ndingsandproceededtoanalyzethe38tenantinterviewsthathadbeencompletedatthetimeandwroteano�cialdeclarationfortheamicuscuriae.Ofthe38tenantsthatsheinterviewedasacomponentofthisstudy,11had“experiencedwhatthetenantperceivedtobeaformofretaliationbytheirlandlordinresponsetothetenantcomplainingaboutanissuewiththeirhousingarrangement,”and5oftheseindividualsreportedspeci�callythattheirlandlord�ledanevictionactionshortlyaftertheyreportedaproblemwiththeirhousing(throughthecity’sInspectionsDepartment).Inaddition,duetodeplorablelivingconditions,landlordsoftenmakeinformalverbalarrangementsforlaterentalpayments.However,theseverbalagreementswouldbeimmediatelybrokenwithanevictionactionbeing�ledbythelandlordifandwhenthetenantcalledtheInspectionsDepartment.UndertheCourtofAppeals’interpretation,thetenantwouldonlybeprotectedundersection504B.441ifthetenant�ledalawsuit.Dr.LewisnotesthatundertheCourtofAppeals’interpretationofwhatentailsa“complaintofviolation,”Minnesota’sretaliationwouldonlygetworse—“unscrupulouslandlordswouldbeemboldenedtoretaliateagainstcomplainingtenants,landlordswouldbeincentivizedtotakeretaliatoryactionsatthe�rstsignofacomplaint(toheado�apossibleretaliationdefense),andachillinge�ectwouldresultinmoretenantschoosingtoliveinunhealthyconditionsinsteadofexercisingtheirrightstoliveinsafeconditionsfreefromdiscrimination.”

LandlordRetaliation:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

EvictionFiledAfterCallingInspectionsorMakingComplaint

Itbasicallysomethingthatwasalongtimecoming.Becauseofhistitfortattypeofgamesand

thingsofthatnature,Ihadtobeverystrategicinmybusinessrelationshipwithhim.IhadtocomplyanddowhatIneededtodoasatenantinordertobeleftaloneifthatmakessense.Ijustpaidmyrent,Italkedtohimprettymuchonlyaboutmoney,veryminimalaboutrepairs.EverytimeIdidaskaboutrepairs,itendedupinretaliation.So,wewenttocourtandweactuallysettled.WeneverevensawthejudgebecauseIhasaskedforrepairstobedone.Hehadheardaboutthisnewtenantcomplainingaboutallthesethingsthatneedtobefixed,soheactually...He,meaningMirAli.Heactuallyphysicallycametothepropertyhimselftobasicallyconfirmthatthesethingsweretruerepairsandnotrenovations.So,hedidmaketheconfirmationthatthosethingswouldberepairedandbytheendofthatmonth,insteadofhavingarepairmancomeinandfixthosethings,Iendedupgettingalettertovacate.Obviously,Ithoughtthatasretaliation,whichwedidn'tevenneedtogotoajudgetosettlethat.Itwassettled.Ijustreallywentthroughitwiththislandlord.Ievenrewrotehisleaseonetime,whichnowhe'scurrentlyusing.(Blackfemale,31yearsold)

WhenIthreatenedtocallher,that'swhenshestartedsaying,"Youowemethis,andyoudidn'tgivemethat,"andIhadneverhadthisissuebefore,becauselikeIsaid,Ihadrentedfor6yearsforsomebody,andhewastheperfectlandlord.But...okay,soIcallSection8,andshesaid,"Justputyourmoneyin[escrow]."Isaid,"Whatisthat?"Andshewaslike,"Thiswhereyoukeepit,andyoudon'tgiveittoheruntilshefixesit."That'salltheladytoldme.So,Ididn'tgivehernomoremoneyafterthat.Itwascoldintheroom,itrainedinthere.Whenitstartedsnowing,nowthisis...itwentfromrainingtosnowingandshestillhadn'tmovedthisdishwasher,andthekidswerelike,"Ithinkthere'smiceintheceilinginthebasement."Well,whenIlistened,itsoundedbiggerthanamouse,soI'massumingit'sthosepossumsthatlivedinouryard.Shedidn'tcomeoutandfixnothing,sowewentbackandforthaboutthemoneyandaboutfixingthestuff,andthenshefiledforeviction.(Blackfemale,42yearsold)

ButIdoknowhewasprettymuchupsetandtoldmehewastryingtosellthesepropertiesandthiscertaincompanyalreadyboughtsome.Theywascomingtobuy20more.Andoutthose20,Iwasopenandhonestwiththeirmaintenanceteamthatcameover,lookingtheplacepriortobuying.OK?AndItoldthemguysIcouldn'ttalktohimbecausehewashere.I'llgetintrouble.He'lldosomething.Wellloandbehold,somebodymust'vesaidsomethingbecauseheliterallysentmeanemail,andeventoldmeatcourt,Iwasthereasontheydidnotbuy.(Biracialfemale,45yearsold)

[TenantcalledtheCityInspectortwice]ThingsstartedgettingroughalittlebitaftertheevictionsandwhenIstartedneedingthingsdone,oryouknow,totheproperty.Yeah.Iwould

callhim.TellhimIneedthisdone,thatdone,andhewouldsendsomeoneouttodoit,butitwouldn'tbedoneright.He'dactuallyfindpeopleoffthestreetstodoit,youknow?Ineededadoor.Hecomeputthedoorup,butit'stooshort,sotheyappliedplywoodtomakeitfit,youknow?Thingslikethat,andIdealtwiththatsinceI'vebeenhere.Theheating'sbad.Theplumbing'sbad,asyoucanhear.Thetoiletwon'tstop.My...I'veneverbeenabletousetheshowerdownhere.Thetubupstairsis...youknow,youlookatthetub,andyoudon'tknowifit'scleanordirty,soyou...me,IliketocleanitoutbeforeIgetinbecauseit'sgotastainarounditthatjustnotliftable.Thetubupstairswasleakingintothekitchen,like,hehadtodo...Idon'tknow.Hecameandputsometypeofstufftostopit,butit'sstillleaking,soIknowit'salltypeofmoldsomewhereinthere,youknow?Mybasementhasbeenleakingstuff,andsotheproblemsstartedaftermycomplaints.(Blackfemale,33yearsold)

[Tenantcomplainedaboutthelackofelectricityinhisapartment]It'sagainststatelawforhimtowithholdpower.Thisisyourbuilding.AndthenItoldhimthecitysaidforyoutocomeandputthatpowerboxupstairs,wirethisbuildingright.Insteadofyoutryingtoextortsomethingoutofme.Whenhecouldn'textortnothing,Idictateanddominate.Folksgetrealraffled,becausetheyfigurethattheytheownerit'sgonnabetheirwayorthehighway.Butunderneathstatelaw,Itoldhimit'sillegaltoretaliate.Sothisiswhathesaid,I'mgonnajustsellthebuilding.(Blackmale,55yearsold)

LandlordRetaliation:BeyondtheAnti-RetaliationProvision

Aftercompletinganalysisofall68interviews,consideringtheanti-retaliationprovisionoftheTRAandlookingcloselyatthosecasesthatfelloutsideitsprovision,wefoundthatthereismuchmorebehindnonpaymentofrentthatcurrentdatahasyettouncover.

Ofthe68tenantsinterviewed,21%(14)reportedcasesthatcouldfallundertheanti-retaliationprovisionand10%(7)falloutsideofthelimitingframeworkoftheprovisionbutprovideinsightintopotentialgapsinthecurrentprovision.Thecasesoutsideofthecurrentprovisionwereinclusiveoftenantswhoreportedretaliation,becausetheyrefusedsexualadvancesbytheirlandlords,landlordsrefusedtoacceptpaymentsafteranagreementwasmade,andlandlordsprematurelyanticipatedtenantsnotpayingduetotheirplanstomove.Althoughthelandlords’conductviolatesthelaw,sincethey�ledtheevictionsasnonpaymentofrentcasesinsteadofseekingtoformallyendthetenancies,Minnesota’santi-retaliationstatutes—intheircurrentform—donotapply.

Evenwhentheanti-retaliationstatutesdoapply,existingevictionproceduresmakethemnearlyimpossibleformanytenantstoaccess.Thelawhasnotcreatedanaccessiblewayfortenantstoassertthedefenseofretaliationoutsideanevictionactionitself.Manytenantsareunwillingtotaketheriskoflosinganevictioncaseinhopestheymightconvincethejudgethattheretaliationdefenseapplies.Andthosewhodowishtoproveretaliationfaceaconfusing,extremelyfastevictionprocessinwhichtomaketheircasesandasystemthatdoesnotguaranteetherighttolegalrepresentation.

BeyondtheAnti-RetaliationProvision

Shellyisa36-year-oldsingleBlackmotherofthreeyounggirls.Atthetimeshewassecuringaplacetolive,shewasworkingthreejobsandpaying$950amonthinrent.Shellysignedamonth-to-monthlease.Althoughshewasinitiallyleerywhenshemetthelandlord,shewasdesperateforaplacetolive.Whilelivingintheproperty,herlandlordtriedtopursueasexualrelationshipwithherinexchangeforpropertyupkeep.Shellyrefusedherlandlord’sadvancesandasaresult,thelandlordrefusedtoacceptherrentpaymentstwiceandinsteadfiledtwodifferentunlawfuldetainersfornonpaymentofrentinanattempttohaveherremovedfromtheproperty.

Shellyfeltdiscriminatedagainstbecauseofherraceandgender.AccordingtoShelly,herlandlordtreatedherlike“thelowestofthelow”byfilingunlawfuldetainersevenaftershehadpaidherrent,askinginappropriatequestions,assumingshewassexuallyavailable,andarrogantlybrushingoffherrefusaltohaveasexualrelationship.

AtHousingCourt,Shellypresentedpicturesofherreceiptsasproofthatshedepositedthemoneyintohisaccount.ThecourtallowedShellytogetanexpungementsinceshewasabletoprovethatshehadpaid.However,thelandlordthenrequiredhertopaythenextmonth’srentwithin7days.Shellycouldnotdoso,sincesheonlygotpaidevery2weeks.Additionally,eventhoughshewonhercase,shestillhadanunlawfuldetaineronherrecord.

ThelandlordspokewithShellyandaskedifshewasplanningtostay.Withlimitedchoices,Shellyplannedtostaybutsherefusedtopaytheextra$500filingfee,becauseitwasthelandlord’schoicetosneakandfileanevictionwithnocause.Additionally,thecourtdidnotrequireShellytopayherlandlord'sattorney’sfees,becausesheprovedthatsheattemptedtopay,butthelandlordrefusedthepayment.However,Shellystillneededtofindawaytopaythefollowingmonth’srentin7days,andshequicklysoughtandreceivedhelpfromtheSalvationArmyinordertostay.

Whiletheyweregoingthroughthecourtprocess,herlandlordreachedouttoherviaphoneandleftamessageaskingifsheknew“whyBlackpeoplediesoyoung?"Shellycalledthelandlord

backupsetandaskedwhathisquestionhadtodowiththeirtenant-landlordrelationship.Thisremarkwasmadeafterthelandlordhadpreviouslymadeapassatherbystating,"Ifyoupromisetobegood,Icouldfixthisplaceupreallyniceforyou."Shellytoldherlandlordthatshedidnotknowwhatotherfemaletenantshehadbeendealingwithinthepast,butthattherewouldbenosexualfavorsorencountersforhertostayintheproperty.Afterthatinteraction,herlandlordwouldcomeupwithreasonstocomeoverandfixthingswithouttellingShellyhewascoming.

AfterShelly’sfirstcourtappearance,thelandlorddecidedthathedidnotwanttowaitontheSalvationArmytopayhernextmonth’srent.WhenShellyattemptedtopay,thelandlordwroteacheckbacktoShellyanddeliveredittoherthroughher12-year-olddaughter.Hethenfiledanotherunlawfuldetainerfornonpaymentofrent.ShellyimmediatelycalledanattorneyatLegalAid.Shelearnedthatsinceherdaughterwasunder18yearsold,shewasnotsupposedtobehandedanything.Shellytookherdaughtertoschoolanduponreturninghomefoundthatthelandlordhadpaidafewmentoremoveherbelongingsfromthehome.Shortlyafter,thesheriffarrivedandforcedShellytoleavetheproperty.Asaresult,shebecamehomelessagain.

DuringthisprocessShellylearnedthatherlandlordwasknowninthecommunityasasexualpredator.AtonepointshehadvisitedthelocalpaydayloanplaceandtheBlackwomanservinghersawherlandlord’snameonherpaperworkandbegantotellShellyaboutthetimethatshewasatenantwiththesamelandlordandhowhepursuedhersexually.

ThestateofMinnesota’scurrentanti-retaliationprovisiondoesnotprotectwomenlikeShelly.Infact,representativesfromMid-MinnesotaLegalAidcon�rmedthatthereiscurrentlynosystematicwayforthesetenantstoseekand�leagrievanceforsexualharassmentandthattheyinternallyarekeepingwhattheycalla“creeplist”totrackthoselandlordswhommultipletenantshavecitedforinappropriatesexualadvances.

InAprilof2019,Mid-MinnesotaLegalAid�ledalawsuitonbehalfofVexadaClarkagainstKarlKruegerandDaneLimited,LLC,forpreying“uponwomenbyconferringhousingbene�tsbecauseoforthroughconditioningrentaltermsonawoman’ssexorwillingnesstoperformsexualfavorsforMr.Krueger”(Clarkvs.Kruegeretal.,CivilActionNo.0:19-cv-745,2019,p.1,trailpendingasofthiswriting).Fouroutof68tenantsinterviewedfortheprojectprovidedvividdetailsabouthowtheirlandlordsorpropertymanagersusedconditionalleasetermstobrokersexfromtenantsinexchangeforupkeeporrent.OneofthefourtenantsstatedthatsheactuallybroughtupherlandlordsinappropriatesexualadvancesinHousingCourtandwastoldbythejudgethat“thiswasnottheplacetobringitup.”TheotherwomenallstatedthattheydidnotfeelcomfortablespeakingupincourtordidnotfeelliketheHousingCourtprocessprovidedtheopportunityforthemtosharewhattheywereexperiencingduetotheopencourtstructure,29yearsoldwhichprovideslittleprivacy.

Andit'snotfairandthenwegottabeliarsbecausewebehindinrent,ohnowyougonnabringitup,whydidn'tyoubringitupbefore?Andifyouwould'vebroughtitup,whatwould'vehappened?IfIcallthepoliceandsay,heymylandlordhittingonme,whatdoy'allgonnatellmetodo?Moveout.SothenifIwannastaythere,wellyoumustlikeit.It'slikeyoucan'twinifyou'relosing.(Blackfemale,33yearsold)

LimitedFrameworkofAnti-RetaliationProvision:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

EvictionFiledforDiscriminatoryReasons

Thesecond[eviction]onewaslastyear.Actuallyhehadhurthishipsohissonwashelpinghimaroundhere.Therewasanissuewiththeheatandhissonactuallycamedownandturnedtheheatdown.Buthewastellingmeitwasdownandhewastellingmeitwashim.Whenhecameoverheremeandhissonhadwords.ItwasonaFridayandMondayIhadeviction.Hefiledforevictiononme.AndthenhesaidIhadn'tpaidrentsinceJuly2017butIhadaletterfromhim,'causeI'mworkingwithHRA.(Blackfemale,29yearsold)

Itkindofwentpersonalbecausehewastryingtohitonmeoryouknowandthat'swhatI...kindof...Itoldmyhusbandwhathedidsoitbroke...Yeahandthenthat'swhenheevictedus.Becausetheygotintoanargument...Rentwasdue.Ididn'tpayrent.That'sbecausehedidn'tpayus[forroofingworkonlandlordsotherproperties].(NativeAmericanfemale,48yearsold)

Butitwasafterhehadbeenallowing—afterhedidalotofcrookedstuff,youknow,towherehesatthereandhemadeapassandwaslikewellifyou'llpromisetobegood,Icouldfixthisupreallyniceforyou.AndthenonceItoldhim,Isaidwhatareyoutalkingabout?Idon'tknowwhatothertypeofwomentenantsyoudealingwith,butI'mnotthatone.Therewillbenosexualfavors,encounters,formetoresidehere.(Blackfemale,36yearsold)

CausesofEvictionActions

Oftheremaining47interviews,amajorityofwhosecaseswere�ledfornonpaymentofrent,tenantsstatedthatinfacttheireviction�lingwasspurredbyotherfactors,challengingourcommon-sensenotionsofwhytenantsare�ndingthemselvesonecrisisawayfrombecomingevicted.

• 22%(15)ofthetenantsstatedthattheireviction�lingwasspurredbyjobloss,decreasedincome,orlackofresources.

• 18%(12)ofthetenantsstatedthattheireviction�lingwasspurredbylandlordmismanagement,suchas�linganevictionfornonpaymentwhenrenthadactuallybeenpaidinfull,orlandlorddisputes,suchaslandlordsmakingverbalagreementsregardingtenantrepairs.

• 13%(9)ofthetenantsstatedthattheireviction�lingwasspurredbydomesticviolenceand/ortrauma,crisis,ordeathsofclosefamilyandfriendsmostoftenconnectedtoissueswithmental,physical,andmedicalhealth.

• 7%(5)ofthetenantsstatedthattheireviction�lingwasspurredbyaconductonpremiseissuemostoftenconnectedtodamageornuisancecausedbyguestsoraroommate.

• 7%(5)ofthetenantsstatedthattheireviction�lingwasspurredbythemsimplynotpayingrent.

• 1%(1)ofthetenantsstatedthattheireviction�lingwasspurredbyahousingprogramfailingtopaytherentontheirbehalf.

What’sBehindNonpaymentofRent?:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

Whatcrisisledtoinabilitytopay?

• Jobloss

• Landlordmismanagement

• Domesticviolence

• Conductonpremise

• Simplydidnotpayrent

• Housingvoucherprogramfailedtopay

Wewerebothworking,butheendedupgettinglaidoffprobably3monthsafteruslivingthere,soitwasjustmyincome.Hewoulddotempjobshereandthere,justsowecouldkeepupwitheverything.But,yeah,whenhegotlaidoff,thatwasabiglossofincome.(Blackfemale,35yearsold)

Justthemismanagement,carelessmanagement.It'sonmyrecordasaneviction.However,Iwasabletogoandsitdown,andtheytakeyouthroughthecourt,anddothemediation,andIhadthedocumentationofmyreceipts.Andso,theyweresayingthatIowedthemafeethatIdidn'towebecauseIhadthereceipttolineup.Andso,weweresettledatzero.However,IhavetopayforafilingforthattobeoffofmyrecordthatIcan'tafford.Ican'tafforda$300filingfeetogetthisoffofmyrecordbecauseyouguysweremisinformed.Therefore,translatingtomegettingaplacenowhasbeenterrible.Ittookme9monthstofindaplacebecausethat'sonmyrecord.(Blackfemale,30yearsold)

AndthereasonIdidn'tpayrentinJulyisbecausemyboyfriend.Icomingfromabattersituation.Myboyfriendalwaysbeatmeup,jumpingonme,takingmymoneybecausehewantstodootherthingswiththemoney.ButIsaypaytherentanddifferentstuff,sohestolethatmonth'srent,theJulyrent.ButItoldtheladyIwouldpaythatupnextmonthwhenIpaymyothermonthrent.Icandothat.YouknowwhatI'msaying?Isaythatwouldnotbenoproblem,noissueornothinglikethat.(Blackfemale,53yearsold)

Ihadbrokeupwithmykid’sdadafterbeingwithhimfor17years.SomebodytoldhimIwasatsomeguy'shouseand,Iwasn't,whichendedup...HeendedupfindingoutwhereImovedat...'Bout3monthslater,hestartedseeingIwasveryserious[aboutbreakingup].Hecameoveroneday,hethrewgasolineonmycarandburntmycarup.Hekickedthebackdoorin,pouredgasolineinthebackdoor,andthekidswereupstairsonthebalcony,talkingtohim.Allagreeableandtellinghimnottodoit...Eitherwayitgoes,hedidarson.Andwhenhedidthearson,thelandlordgotmadatme.Eventhoughthelandlordhadinsurance,heendedupgettin'upprosecuted.Hewenttojail,allofthat.Thelandlordgotmadatme,andwantedmetostartpayin'damages...Andsothat'showweendedupfallin'out.(Blackfemale,45yearsold)

Therelationshipwithmygirlfriendandnonpaymentofrent...AndthenIwasholdingit,IwastryingtomakeupmyminddoIreallywanttogiveupthisplace.Andthatwouldhavebeenadumb,stupidestthingIeverdone...Icamehome,Ihadbeenawayfromthepropertyforbouta

coupleofmonths.IcamehometheevictioninthemailandIhadoneonmydoor.(Blackmale,59yearsold)

No,notatthatpoint.Atthatpoint,IknewitwascomingbecauseIhadbeenin,and6,7monthsthemanhadn'tgottenadime.Andnowthey'resweatingme,andI'mlike,wellthatwasyourfriendthatgotusinhereinthefirstplace.AndyouknowtheVA'snotcomingupwiththeirportionandso.ButhereIam,I'mtheonewiththeunlawfuldetainer.(Blackmale,51yearsold)

AndthenbasicallyIlostmyjobbecauseI...thepeopleIwasdrivingwithtocleanhouses...wellfirstourcarbrokedown,weboughtacarinFebruary,brokedownamonthlater.Iwasridingwithpeople,Iwasridingwithmysister,sheworkedwithmeandthenafterthatIwasridingwithmyfriendandbothofthemarethepeoplethatleftandskippedoutonrentandIdidn'thavearidetoworkanywheresoIhadtostopworkingtoo.(Blackfemale,30yearsold)

InformalEvictions

Christopherisa60-year-oldBlackmale.Hewaslivinginasharedroomingsituationwhenhefoundhisownplacetorent.However,thehomethathewasrentingwascondemnedbythecityofMinneapolisandwithjustminutes’warning,hewasorderedtogatherasmanyofhisbelongingsashecouldandvacatethespace.ForChristopher,thisexperiencetriggeredhispastabuseissuesandledtohimcheckingintoapsychward.Afterexperiencingtheeviction,Christopherbecamehomeless.

Christopherlocatedthepropertywhileridingonthecitybus.Hesawafriendstandingoutsideandinquiredaboutpotentialopenings.Atthetimehewaslivinginaroominghousewhereherentedaroomfor$500amonth.Hewantedtomovebecausetheothertenantswereusingdrugsandhedidnotfeelcomfortable.Christopher’sfriendconnectedhimwiththelandlorddirectly,asawomanhadjustmovedoutandtherewasanopeningavailable.

TheapartmentChristopherrentedwashisfirstchoiceofhousing,becausehewasabletogetoutofhislastsituationwithinamonth.Hestatedthathisnewplacewasnicersimplybecausehenolongerhadtoshareabathroomandkitchenwithnineotherpeople.ThehomehelivedinformerlywasinNorthMinneapolisandawomanwassubleasingtherooms.Hestatedthathisroomhadbeenbrokenintotwotimes.

WhenChrisopherrentedthenewplace,thelandlorddidnotdoabackgroundcheck;hesimplyhadhimsignalease.Christopherpaidthefirstmonth’srentandHennepinCountypaidthe

damagedeposit.Whenheviewedthelandlord’sapartment,wholivedon-site,henoticedthatthelandlord’swifewasahoarder.Christopherwastheonlypersonontheleaseandtheonlytenantlivingintheapartmentthroughouthisleaseterm.

Christopherwaslivinginhisnewresidencefor9monthswhenthecityofMinneapolisInspectionsDepartmentcametohisbuildinganddeclaredthatitwasbeingcondemned.Thecityrequiredalltenants,includingthelandlord,tovacatethepremisesimmediately.Thecitygavehim15minutestogatherhisbelongingsandacardwherehecouldcallandarrangetocomebacklaterandgettherestofhisthings.ChristopherdidnotknowthathislandlordwashavinganyissueswiththecityInspectionsDepartment,andhislandlordclaimedhehadnoideathatthecitywasgoingtoclosethebuilding.Christopherdidnotbelievehim.Hefeltthelandlordsimplydidnottellthetenantsandcollectedrentanyway.

Dr.LewisinterviewedChristopheratHousingCourtthedayafterallofthetenantswereremovedfromthisproperty.Hereportedthathewasatcourttofileformalchargesagainsthislandlordfortherentandhisdamagedeposit.Duringtheinterview,Christopherwaswearingahospitalidentificationbracelet.Heexplainedthatafterbeingremovedfromhishome,hecheckedhimselfintothepsychward,becausehewasafraidthathewasgoingto“hurt”himself.Helamentedthatthisapartmentwasthefirsttimehehadeverhadanapartmentinhisname.Heisaformerdrugabuserandbeingremovedfromhisfirstapartmentwithonly15minutestograbhisbelongingsalmostcausedhimtore-abuse,buthecheckedhimselfintothehospitalinstead.

InformalEvictions:AnUnderstudiedPhenomena

Similartootherevictionresearchprojects(Desmond,2012),quantifyingformalevictionactionsmayobscuretherealityofleaseterminationsbetweenlandlordsandtenantsinNorthMinneapolis.Asoneofthelandlordsnoted,“Itrytodothemutualagreement�rst,again,toavoidthecostoftheevictionandknowingtheimpactonthefamily.Also,ifthefamilyhasaSection8voucher,anevictioncanimpacttheirvoucher.Notalways,butsometimes.”

BothtenantsandlandlordsgaveusaninsightintotherealityofinformalevictionsinNorthMinneapolis:6%(4)ofthe68tenantsintervieweddescribedinformalevictions,meaningthattheydidnotreceiveaformaleviction�linganddidnotappearbeforeaHousingCourtjudgebutwererequiredtovacatethepropertywithoutdueprocess(thisratemaybesigni�cantlyskewedtowardformalevictionactionsduetothesamplingframeworkofthisproject);81%(26)ofthe32landlordsinterviewednotedtheuseofmutualterminationinane�orttoevicttenantswithoutinvolvinganeviction�ling.Acrossthegroup,somelandlordsnotedtherareuseofmutual

terminations—onelandlordabout50%ofthetime,andanumberoflandlordspursueamutualterminationalmosteverytime.

InformalEvictions:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

InformalEvictions

• Ownersoldhomeandtoldtenantlastminute

• Buildingcondemnedandtenantgiven15minutestogatherbelongings

• Landlord�ledgrievancewithMPHASection8o�ceandtenantissubjecttolosingvoucher

Yeah,likeIwas2daysfromhavingtogiveittohim,andheknockedonmydoor,tellingmehesoldthehouseandIhadtogetmystuffoutofthere.Hesoldthehouse.SoIwastherelike,literallyaweekandhesolditfromunderme.Andthetenantthatwas,Iguessupstairs,Idon'tknowiftheyknewthepersonornot,butIknowhesaidthathesoldit.ButI,rodepastitafterwardsacoupleoftimesandIstillsawthesamepeopleupstairs,sohonestlyIthink,Igotputinlikeoneofthem,youknow,we’regoingtokeepflowingpeopleinandout.(Blackfemale,22yearsold)

They[thecityinspector]justtoldmegetmystuff,Igot15minutestogetmystuff[buildingcondemned],don'ttakeeverything,theygavemeacardandtoldmeIhadtocomebackandgettherestofmystuff.(Blackmale,60yearsold)

…

Iwasfeelingsuicidal,andItoldhim[thecityinspector],IcalledthecrisisteamandIwenttoHennepinCountyyesterdayandstayedinthepsychwardlastnightbecauseIwasfeelingsuicidalbecausethisshouldhaveneverhappenedtome.(Blackmale,60yearsold)

Theattorneysay,we'regoingtoworkona...BeforeI'mnoteventhemeeting,hesay,“Whatdoyouthinkaboutyourlandlord,ifshesaystay?”Isay,“Itprobablyitwillbeproblemformetofindapropertybuttostayinthisproperty,Ihavenotrust.Idon'ttrustanymore.”Theysay,“Youhavetotalktoyourattorneyaboutthat.”Hetoldme,hegivemethreeoptionwhereaboutto

live.Hesay,eitherbreaktheleaseandmoveandloseSection8oreitherbepatientandstay,untilwefixtheproblem.UnlesssheletyoustayandhaveyouSection8.Thenthatway,itwillbebetterifyouandherdealeachothers.Yousay,“Youknowwhat?YoumindifImove?”That'ssecondchoice.(Blackfemale,53yearsold)

…

Yeah.ItwillbehardtimetofindhousinganditwillbeproblemandifIforcetoleaveandlet'ssay,Idon'twanttodealwiththelandlordandthenIamforcedormove,yes,IwillloseSection8andeverythingwillbehard.That'swhythelawyerwon'tpreferthat.(Blackfemale,53yearsold)


Whenassessinghowandwhyevictionstakeplacefromtheperspectiveoftenants,thefollowingmajorthemesemergedfromtheinterviews:

• Theincreasingnumberofevictionstakingplacethroughoutthecountryissilently,yetviolently,disruptingthelivesofmillions.

• Choiceisanillusionwhenthecontextinwhichyouaremakingdecisionsisalmostalwaysastateofduress,mediatedbythosewithmorepoweroveryourmateriallifethanyouoftenhave,andwheresurvival,ratherthanpersonalandfamilialgrowthandadvancement,isatthecenterofyourthinking.

• Whentenants’basicphysiologicalneedslikefood,shelter,water,andsleepareinaconstantstateof�ux,theyareneverabletoescapesurvivalmode.Rather,theyaremovingfromcrisistocrisis,weighingtheconsequencesofeachdecision,mostofwhicharemadeonlytobuymoretime.

• Racialdiscriminationandacriminalbackgroundwerethetoptwoitemsthattenantscitedasbarrierstoaccessingsafe,qualitya�ordablehousing.

• Evictionsandhomelessnessarehighlycorrelated.Approximately41%(28)ofthetenantsinthisprojectreportedhomelessnessasaresultoftheireviction.

• Thethreatanduseofmultiple�lingsisoftenusedasapunishmenttactic,buttheydonotalwaysresultinatenantvacatingthehome.Inturn,multiple�lingsactuallybecomeabarriertomovingfromahome.

• Tenantswerenotawarethatwhenalandlord�lesanevictionaction,theevictionshowsupontheirrecordregardlessoftheoutcomeofthecase.Distinctfromacriminalrecord,there

isnosuchthingasinnocentuntilprovenguiltyinHousingCourt,andforthetenantsthisisalose-losesituation.

• Thenotionthatonehasfailedinvaluesormoralsisoftenreadandexpressedinmultipleformsbutgenerallyusedtoexplainanindividual'simpoverishedcircumstancesinversely,meaningthatthosewhoarenotpoorhaveahighermoralcompass.Asthetenantsdescribed,thereisaseverementalhealthcrisistakingplaceamongthosecommunitiesmostvulnerabletoexploitation.Thiscrisisisbeingdealtwithprimarilythroughdisciplineandpunishmentratherthanwithcompassionandunderstanding.

• Nonpaymentofrentistheleadingreportedcauseforevictionactions.Yet,TheIllusionofChoiceprojectaimstodemystifywhatnonpaymentofrentreallymeansfromtheperspectiveofthosemostimpacted.Whatisnotcapturedinpreviousanalysesandtheexistingliteraturearethewaysthatnonpaymentofrentisusedbymanytodisportionatelyevadetenants’rightstobefreefromretaliation.

TheIllusionofChoice:EvictionsandProfitinNorthMinneapolisreportre�ectswhatweknow:singleBlackfemaleswithchildrenareatthehighestriskforevictioninNorthMinneapolis.However,ourreportdeepensandilluminatesamuchmorecomplexstorythathasbeenhiddenand/orignoreduntilrecently.Safe,quality,anda�ordablehousingisabasichumanrightandtheanchorforstabilityforindividuals,families,andfuturegenerations.Yettenantswhoarelivingatthebottomofthesocial,economic,andpoliticalstratumofsocietyarecaughtinacyclicaltrapfromwhichotherswithmaterialprivilegebene�t.Choiceisanillusionthatisframedbylimitedandconstrainedoptionsavailabletolow-incometenantsofcolorinNorthMinneapolisandmediatedbypowerbrokerswhocanaidordisruptopportunityatanypoint. Additionally,raceandthecriminalbackgroundsoftenantsand/ortheirfamilymembersprovideevenmorebarrierstoaccessingstablehousing.

Tenantsreportlivinginaconstantstateofcrisisdecisionmaking.Whentenants’basicphysiologicalneedssuchasfood,shelter,water,andsleepareinaconstantstateof�ux,theyarestuckinsurvivalmode,alwaystryingtoweightheconsequencesoftheirdecisions.DoIfeedmychild?Orpaymylightbill?Often,thesedecisionsdriveputtingo�theinevitable.Additionally,beyondthephysical,economic,andsocialimpactofevictions,thereisapsychologicalimpactaswell.Mentalhealthandhousinginstabilityarehighlycorrelated.Tenantsreportedmentalhealthconcernsasbothacauseofhousinginsecurity,aswellasaconsequence.

Thestateplaysamajorroleintheabilityoftenantstobothpreventandmovebeyondanevictionaction.Upon�ling,tenantsarenotonlypresumedguiltythroughanimmediaterecordbutalsoareoftentaggedbylandlordsforthe�lingfee,regardlessoftheoutcomeofthecase.Thesefeesaddtothe�nancialburdenofindividualswhoalreadyface�nancialprecarityinregaininghousingstability.Currentstatutesprovidelimitedandweakprotections,atbest,fortenantswhofaceretaliationfromlandlordswhoareprovokedbytenants’requestsforrepairs

Findings:SocialServiceRunAround

andinteractionswithcityinspections.Thosetenantswhofacecircumstancesoutsideofcurrentstatutes,includingracialdiscriminationandsexualharassment,arenotprotectedbycurrenthousingstatutes.Additionally,theburdenofproofincivilcourtandthecostoflitigationfallontenantstoevenbegintoproveretaliation.

Formalcourtactionsonlyprovideaglimpseofadeeper,systemiccrisisofevictionsinNorthMinneapolis.Tenantsarevulnerabletothepoweroflandlords,whichismitigatedand/orexacerbatedbythestate.Thisrealityiscriticalforafutureunderstandingofhousingstabilityinthecontextoftherelationshipbetweentenants,landlords,andthestate.Forlow-incomepeopleandpeopleofcolor,evictionsposeasigni�cantbarriertoaccessingandmaintainingquality,stablehousing.Themovetowardthestabilizationofallhouseholds,byelevatingtheexpertiseofthosemostvulnerabletoit,willonlybene�tindividualsandfamiliesthathavehistoricallybeenshutoutoffairandjusthousingsolutionsandwillhaveanimpactonfuturegenerations’healthandwellness.

Yeah.IjustwenttoHennepinCountyandyeah,theygavemetosomerapidre-housingcounselor,orsomethinglikethat.ButshekepttellingmeIneededto...Shesaid,"Isthereanythingwrongwithyou?"Iwaslikeno,I'mjustanormalpersonthatlosttheirjob.ShewantedtoknowifIwasadomesticviolencevictim.ShewantedtoknowifIhadmentalhealthissues.ShewantedtoknowifIwasusingdrugs.Which,alloftheabove,butIwastooembarrassedtoshareitwithher.Youknow?Ididn'twantnobodytoknowIwasusingdrugs.YouknowwhatI'msaying?I'mnotanymore,I'mproudofthat.ButIovercameit.ButIdidn'twantnobodytoknowthatIwasusingdrugs.So,Itoldherno.So,atthatpoint,theycouldn'thelpme,becausesomethingneededtobewrongwithmeforthemtogetmehousingrightaway.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

TenantsTheSocialServiceRunaround:DifferentialTreatmentWhatIstheSocialServiceRunaround?

Whentenantswereinterviewed,itwasquitecommonforthemtodescribetheirexperienceofapplyingforHennepinCountyemergencyassistanceas“dehumanizing”andshowemotionalanguishoroftencry.Intervieweeswouldgofurtherandstatethatwhentheywereintheprocessofapplyingandseekingsupport,theyfelttheyweregiventhe“runaround.”Inshort,therunaroundwasquiteliterallytheprocessofcollectingtheforms,paperwork,andpermissionsatdi�erentplaces,withinaframeoflimitedinformation.Forexample,tenantswereoftentold

afterthefactthattheyneededaformaleviction�lingtobeeligibleforservices,forcingthemto“runaround”betweensocialservices,HousingCourt,andpropertymanagerstogatherthepaperworkneededtoevenapplyforsupportservices.

Theresultsofthetenantinterviewsandouranalysisoftheir�ndingsnecessitatedthecreationofthissocialservicerunaroundsection,whichisarrangedtoexaminethreemajorthemes:(1)thepoliticsofdehumanization,(2)discriminationagainstsinglepeople,and(3)the“dollarover”club.Thethreethemesareeachexamined,startingwithashortcasestudyandfollowedbytheemergingconcepts,asevidencedbytheactualstatementsmadebytenantsintheirinterviews(throughout,namesofintervieweeshavebeenchangedtoprotecttheiridentities).Finally,weendwithasummationofhowthethemesexaminedincontextrelatebacktohowandwhyevictiontrendsaretakingplaceinNorthMinneapolis,fromtheperspectivesoftenantsandsocialservicenavigatorsastheyre�ectontheimpactthatthesocialservicesystemhasonevictions.

Seventy-twopercent(49tenants)ofthe68tenantsweinterviewedappliedforHennepinCountyemergencyassistance.Ofthose,61%(30)reportedreceivingaid,while35%(17)reportedbeingdenied.Atthetimeoftheinterview,twotenantsreportedthattheirEAdecisionwaspending.


WhatIsthePoliticsofDehumanization?

Stacyisa42-year-oldmultiracialfemalewhoexperiencedthreeevictionfilingsinthesameproperty.Withalargefamily,Stacysoughtoutaspacethatwouldaccommodateherfamilies’needbutfoundherselfinahomethatwasnotwhatitwasadvertisedtobe.Shenotedthataonceacceptablepracticeofpayingtherentthroughoutthemonthwassuddenlychangedwiththefirstofthreeevictionfilings.Fromthere,shegainedknowledgeofherlegalrights,workedtomeetherfinancialresponsibilities,andfoughttohaveallthreeevictionsexpunged.

Thefirstevictionfiledbythelandlordcameonly2monthsafterStacyandherfamilymovedin.Theywerelateonrent,becauseherpartnerwaswaitingforpaymentfromapaintingjob.Stacyaskedthelandlordifhecouldwait,buthefiledanunlawfuldetaineranyway.Stacycametocourtwithhalftheamountowedandagreedtoapaymentplanfortherest.Shehonestlydidnotunderstandwhythelandlordfiledagainsther,becauseshehadperiodicallypaidlateandsometimessporadicallythroughoutthemonth.Thelandlordhadalwaysworkedwithher.

Stacysoughtemergencyassistanceforrentandutilities,specificallythewaterbill,becauseherpartnerhadgottenhurtathisjobandtheywerefallingbehindonbills.ShestatedthatwhenseekingEA,allthecountywantedtoknowwasiftheyweregoingtobeabletopaynextmonth'srentandkeepupwiththeutilities.AccordingtoStacy,whenapplyingforEA,apersonneededtoshowproofofanevictionnoticeforittobeconsideredan“emergency,”asthatindicatedthepotentialforhomelessness.

Inthemeantime,Stacy’slandlordfiledsecondandthirdevictionsfornonpayment,eventhoughthelandlordknewthattheEApaymentwascoming.Thecountypaidthelandlordbeforethesecondcourtappearance,butatthatpoint,thepaymenthadtakenabout45daysandthelandlordwasnotwillingtowait.

AlthoughStacyhadplannedtomove,thecostofthethirdevictionfilingcreatedanewfinancialburden.Shemadeapaymentarrangementandcameupwithabout$3,000in2weeksjusttoensureshecouldmove.Intheend,EAalsopaidStacy’scourtfees,becauseasStacystated,“Theyknewtheyweresowrong.”

Stacyfeltthatanunlawfuldetainershouldnotbeonaperson’srecorduntiltheyarefoundguiltyincourt.Shesaidpeoplewouldratherseesomeonehomelessthangivethemtheirdayincourt,becauseanunlawfuldetainermeansthatmanypeoplewillenduphomeless.“Youshouldn’thavetobehomelesstobeheard.”

Tounderstandthesocialserviceslandscapefromtheperspectivesofpeopleprovidingandconnectingresidentstohousingsupport,theCURAEvictionsresearchteamcollaboratedwiththeYouthParticipatoryActionResearch(YPAR)teamatJuxtapositionArts,anartseducationandyouthempowermentorganizationlocatedinNorthMinneapolis.Theyouth-ledteaminterviewedeightpartnersfromcommunity-basednonpro�ts,housingandsocialserviceorganizations,religiousandfaith-basedorganizations,andHennepinCountydepartments.Theinterviewdatawerecollectedandusedtocreateaninteractivesimulation,TheSocialServiceRunaround,aimedatcultivatingabetterunderstandingoftheine�cienciesanddi�cultiesinherentinthecounty’scurrentsocialservicesystems.

Thegameisstructuredsuchthatparticipantsarerandomlyassignedtocertainrealities,suchas“unemployed,seekinghousing,”andgivenachecklistoftaskstheymustcomplete,suchas“seek

unemployment,”beforetheendofthegame.Participantsengageinthe“runaround”bytravelingtoandfromdi�erentsocialserviceo�ces,suchasthecountyandhumanserviceso�ce,whilewaitinginlonglinestoreceivedocumentationlikeemergencyassistancedeniallettersneededtoobtainotherservices.Throughouttheprocess,“blessing”and“illusionofchoice”cardsaregivenrandomlytoparticipantstodemonstratetheillusionofchoicethatpeopleoftenfacewhenseekingservices.

TheSocialServiceRunaroundgamewasdesignedbytheYouthParticipatoryActionResearch(YPAR)teamatJuxtapositionArtsincollaborationwiththeCURAevictionsresearchteam.Courtesyof JuxtapositionArts

ThePoliticsofDehumanization:SelectIllusionofChoiceQuotations

DifferentialSocialServices:

• Slow

• Tedious

• Invasive

• Culturallyinsensitive

• Requiresadeniallettertoapplyforassistance

Because[the]majorityofthetime,someonemightnotgethelp,orthey'lltellno.Theymakeyou

feelguilty.Like,every12monthstheyputyoudown.Like,“Oh,welllastyearwehelpedyouwithyourwaterbill.You'restillhavingthesameproblems.You'renotfixingtheissue.”I'vehadstaffliterallysaythattome.Like,“Excuseme,ifI'mcomingforhelpwithawaterbillonceamonth,oronceayear,itshouldn'tmatterwhatI'mherefor.IfI'mhereonlythatonetimeevery12months,youshouldn'tmakemefeelbad.”Forutilizingwhat'ssupposedtobesomethingthat'savailable,aslongasyou'requalified.Butevenifyouqualify,youstill...(Biracialfemale,45yearsold)

Well,Ifelt...I'mnotapersonthatbasesmyselfonpride,butitmademefeelveryworthlessgoingandapplying.BecauseIhadaladythatactuallytoldme,“Yeah,weseethatyou'veappliedalmosteveryyear,andwe'renotgonnahelpyouanymore.”AndIsaid,“Youcan'ttellmethat.”Isaid,“AndI'veappliedeveryyear,becausewhensomethingbetterbecomesavailable,I'llmoveforthebenefitofmychildren.AndifIcansaveandgetnewbeds,orgetnewfurnitureifIendeduphavingtolosesomething,Icanreplaceit.”Isaid,“Youguysarehereforhelp.”Isaid,“I'msorry.Ididn'tknowitcameoutofyouraccount,measkingforthishelpcomesoutofyourpersonalaccount.”(Blackfemale,36yearsold)

...

Butshemademefeelrealworthless,andIsaid,youknowIworkmybuttoff.I'mnotdownheretryingtoscheme,getover.(Blackfemale,36yearsold)

It'salwaysdemeaning'causetheyactlikeit'ssomethingthatthey'regivingyououtoftheirpocketandyouhavetoexplainwhyyouneedit,whatbroughtyoutoneedingit,andiftheyreally,reallywanttohelpyou.Idon'tknow,Iguessyouhavetobeondrugs.Iusedtobeadrugaddict,Igot23yearsofbeingcocaineclean.IfIwasondrugstodayIcouldhavebasicallyanyservicethatwasprovided.You'vegottobewhereyouchronicallyneedhelpsotheyknowthatthey'regoingtobegettingpaidoffofyouforsolonguntilyouatleasttrytogetyourselftogetherorwanttogetyourselftogether,andIthinkthatthat'ssad.IhadmoreserviceswhenIwasacrackheadthanIdoasanadultandI'mahomelessadult,theyhavenothingforme.Igottoworkeveryday,theyhavenothingforme.Icangoandsay,“Canyouallhelpmewithmydeposit?”(Blackfemale,56yearsold)

Ittookawhile.Theydidn'tgetbacktomerightawayandofcourseIwasgettingnervous.IwasstartingtopackupmystuffbecauseIthoughtIwasoutofhereandgettingridofstuff.Ihadahousekeeper,Ihadsomanypotsandpans,Itoldhershecouldtakeacoupleofthem.ImeanI

hadroastingpans,everything.Nicequality.Andshejustemptiedmeout.Shetookeverything.(NativeAmericanfemale,54yearsold)

…

Theinterviewer,heseemedtobeveryinterestedinwhatIneeded.TheladyImetwithafterthat,shewaskindofcold.Icouldn'tunderstandwhyshewouldtreatsomebodyinthatmanner…Ididn'tconsidermyself,butI'manelderandIwasalwaystaughttorespectyourelders.Therewasnoneofthat.ShetreatedmelikearunawayWhiteperson,trashyandIwasneitherofthosethings.IwasbroughtupinCoonRapids.MymompassedherselfoffasbeingFrench,becausetheydidn’tlikeNativesoutthere.Sheusedtohavetochecktheyardeverydayforbrokenglass.(NativeAmericanfemale,54yearsold)

Ijustabandonedthatpursuitbecause...butwedidgo,thefirst,IthinkIwenttwice.Thelengthofthewaitwasjustastronomical.Andintoday'sdayandage,IthinkIsatthere,wesatthereonetimelike2hours,didn'twe?WithJohnRobertson?...AndthenyouknowIwasdoingtempassignmentsandIhadtogettowork.AndIhadalreadyallotted3hourstodoit.Anditalreadydidn'thappenwithin3hoursanditwasjustaveryfrustratingprocess.(Blackmale,51yearsold)

Ifeltthatitwasdegrading,notbecauseI'maboveassistance,butthat'swhyIworktwojobs.It'sbecause,tome,fromwhatI'veseen,thepeoplethatdon'twork,neverworkordon'ttrytowork.Thecountygivethemwhatevertheywant.Theonesthatdoworkandgetsick—theydon'twanttohelpyou.Theladyeven,whenIwentdownthereforassistance,shesaid,"[Informant],youhavenotbeendownheresince1990."(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

…

Ittook30days.Ittookexactly30daysforthemtodenyyou.Todenyit,andeverybodyItalkedto,becauseIbetalkingtootherpeople,andeverybodyItalkedto,theywork,theysick,theygotassistancefromthecountyandjustlikeme,hadoneminorchildortwominorkidsinthehouse,thecountysaidtheymadetoomuch.Didthesamethingtothem.Madethemwait30wholedaystotellthemno.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

Yeah.TheytoldmeIdidn'tmakeenoughincome,sothat'swhenIhadtoadd[husband]totheleaseforthemtopaymyhalfandpayhishalf.(Blackfemale,34yearsold)

…

Long,hard,andexhausting...Igotdenied10times.TentimesIhadgotdenied...Tenlong,miserable,timespeopledeniedme.Icriedsohard.Iwenttoachurchandthemanwasgoingtogivemethemoneytomoveintothehouse.AndafterIgotdonetalkingtotheman,Ifeltsorelieved,andsofree,andI'mlike,“YougavemewhatIneeded.”GodtoldmeI'mgoingtobeokay.Ididn'tneedthemoneyfromhimanymore.Yeah,ittookme10times.Iapplied10timesforemergencyassistanceforthehouse.Icried,andbegged,andpleaded.I'msotiredofbeinghomeless.(Blackfemale,34yearsold)

Theprocess?Itwashectic,becausewhenItriedtodoit,Igotdenied.(Blackfemale,26yearsold)

...

WhattheykepttellingmewasthatIneededtohaveletterssayingthatIwas...Iwaseithergettingevictedoramonmywaytobeevicted...And,bythetimethelettercame,hewasalreadyintheprocessofdoingthat,becausewhenIwastalkingtohim,lettinghimknowwhatIdidapplicationfortheemergencyassistance,andwhenhefoundoutthatitdidn'tgothrough,that'swhenhewentandfoundthepapers[evictionnotice].Igotthepapers,like,afewdayslater.ThatthereasonwhyIgotdenied.(Blackfemale,26yearsold)

Sometimesitwasfine.Butitalldependsonthepersonyouget…Yes.Someof'emarefinetoworkwith,butothers,it'sjust,youain'tnothin'tothem.(Blackfemale,38yearsold)

...

Yeah,theygiveyousomethin'tosay,youapplied...Alittleform,aregularformtheygiveeverybodysayingyouapplied,butittakes30days.Theycanmakeadecisionupto30days.Butlandlordsdon'twannawaitonthat.(Blackfemale,38yearsold)

Andyeah,herattitudewasrealnoncommittal,lackadaisical,likeshewasonlytheretogetapaycheck,letmehurryupandsaynotoyousoIcangetyouupoutofhereandIcangohome.Youknow.Thatwasherattitude.AndIalmostwantedtokindoftellhersomething,butIwaslike,ain'tnosenseinmesayingnothingtoher,becausetheapplicationisdenied.Shegotallthepowerinherhand.Youknow.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

Theprocessisawaitinggame.It'salotofpaperwork.Alotofunnecessaryquestions...Wheredoyourmoneygo?Whywasn'tyouabletopay...Whatgavethelandlordthereasontoraisethe

rent,andquestionsthatwasn'tmeantformetoanswer.(Blackfemale,44yearsold)

Becauseifyougotajobthey'llhelpyou.Butifyouain'tgotnokindofincomethey'renotgonnahelpyou.Yougottahavesomekindofincomeforthemtohelpyou.AndIwasthinkinglike,Ithoughttheyhelppeoplethatain'tgotincomefastertheywillapersonwithincome.YouseewhatI'msaying?(Blackfemale,44yearsold)

WhenIwentdowntoseethemattheemergencyassistance,theytoldmethatIshouldwaituntilIgottheevictionnotice,whichwastotallynew,becauseIwasn'tthinkingaboutitatthetime.ThatmeantIwouldhavetogotocourt,anditwasgoingtoautomaticallystillbeunlawfuldetainerregisteredagainstme.Andthenitwasacourtfee.AfterIdidhavetogotocourt.Andtherewasacourtfee.Ithinkitwasabout$900.(Blackmale,66yearsold)

...

Theadvicewas,insteadofjustgoingthereandpayingrentlikeIplanned,Ihadmostoftherent.Ionlyneeded$300.So,insteadofthemjustguaranteeingthatmoney,andlettingmepayitrightthenandthere,theyinstructedmetowaituntiltheypostednotificationforeviction.(Blackmale,66yearsold)

Slow,tedious,veryinvasive.Sometimesitisinterestingwiththembecauseyoucangothroughemergencyassistanceandgetoneworkerthat'llturnyoudown.Thenwhenyouexplainyoursituationtoanotherworker,shecouldactuallyhelpyouorwanttohelpyou.SometimesIfeltlikeasifitwasuptothem,likethey'rewritingthechecks.Iknowthatasawelfarerecipient,that'soneofthethingsthatyoufeltlikethat'swhattheemergencyassistancewasforwasforassistancetohelpyousothatyouwon'tbehomeless.(Blackfemale,48yearsold)

ItwashardandkindofdiscouragingbecausetheladyIspokewith,Idon'trememberhernamenow,butshewasrudeandmademefeellike,"Youhaveajob,sowhydoyouneedthis?"SoitwasveryhardandwhenIexplainedtoher,"Yeah,Ididn'tknowthatIwassupposedtogetitcutoff.""Well,youshouldknowthat.That'ssomethingyou'resupposedtoknow.You'regrown,"andI'mjustlike,"WellIdidn't."Ifeltlikeshewasrudetome,andthenatfirsttheydidn'tapproveit,andIhadtogobackagain,andthemanthatItalkedtosecondapprovedit.SoIhadtowaitabout30daysor35days.(Blackfemale,28yearsold)

Yeah,theywantedeverything.Theywantedmycheckstubsfrommyjob.TheywantedtomakesurethatIwasn'tworking,theywantedtomakesurethatIwasn'thidingnomoneyornoneofthat.Remindyou,Ihavefourkids,andIstillhadtopaylightandgasbills,soIreallydidn'thavenomoney.Mytaxeswasdelayed.Mytaxesdidn'tcomeuntilJuly.(Blackfemale,27yearsold)

…

Ittookthem3weekstoevenknowitwasapproved.Ihadgavethemeverything.Ihadgavethemmytaxforms,Ihadgavethemmycheckstubs,I'msteadycalling,I'msteadywonderingwhat'sgoingonuntilIwentupthereoneday,thelastweekofmeworkingIhadwentuptheretoseeiftheyhadprocessedmycase,andluckilyIhadcameupthere.Theladywaslike,"Iwasjustworkingonit,"andshehadcalledmylandlordthesamedayandapprovedit.(Blackfemale,27yearsold)

Stressful.Itwasverystressful.Wefeltlike,evenjustgivingup.Whyareweeventrying,becausewealreadyknewthatwewouldn'tgetthatintime?(NativeAmericanfemale,35yearsold)

…

Wetrulytried,goingtothecounty.Whatweshouldhavedoneiswenttochurches,butwedidn'tthinkofthatuntilafterthefact.(NativeAmericanfemale,35yearsold)

…

Ididgetaletterwhilewewereinshelter,thatwewereapprovedforemergencyassistance.(NativeAmericanfemale,35yearsold)

Itwashorrible,itwashorrible.Ifelt,Ifeltliketheydidn'twannahelpme.Ifeltliketheydidn'treallycare.Ifeltlikethey...Okay,soIgotin,Iwent,Iapplied,andthey'relike,"Okay,weunderstandit'syourcase,it'sgonnatakeamonth."I'mlike,"Okay,that'sfine."(Blackmale,29yearsold)

…

It'sgonnatakeamonth.AndI'mlike,"Okay.That'sfine.JustletmylandlordknowthisisthefirsttimeIapplied."They'relike,"We'rereallybusy,everyone'scomingin.They'reapplying."I'mlike,"Okay,that'sfine."SothenI'mcallingandI'mlike,"Doyouguysneedanything?Doyouguyshaveeverythingyouneed?"I'mgoingin,I'mjustdoublechecking,like,"Youguyshaveeverything?"Andthey'relike,"Yeah,wehaveeverything.We'rejustprocessingit."(Blackmale,29yearsold)

…

I'mlike,"Okay,that'sfine."SothenIgetaletterafterthe30daysisupsaying,"Wedidn'treceiveyourW2's."(Blackmale,29yearsold)

Iwishthatthesystemwasmorehumaneforpeopletohavesomekindofdignity,somewherealongtheway.It'dbeokaywithaskingforhelp,andnothavingsomanydoorsshutinyourface.Andallthehoopsyouhavetojumpthrough,withthecounty,tryingtogetassistance.Andthenfindoutthatyoudon'tgetit.Whythehelldoesthattakesolong?(Blackfemale,60yearsold)

Idon'tunderstand.IfI'mmaking$17,$18anhour,andtellyouthatIhadacrisis,somethinghappened,andIgoaskforhelp,youtellme,"No."BecauseImaketoomuchmoney,orwhatever,andIcanaffordmyrent,justneedsomehelp.Whendoyouhelp?(Blackmale,47yearsold)

YPARSocialServiceRunaroundFindings

Whenthe72%oftenants(49outof68)weintervieweddescribedtheirexperiencesapplyingforHennepinCountyemergencyassistance,alsoknownasthesocialservicerunaroundinthisreport,theydescribeditasaslow,tedious,invasive,poorlydesigned,andculturallyinsensitiveprocessthatrequiresadeniallettertoapply,whichoftenguaranteesthatthetenantmustreceiveanevictionactionontheirrecord.TheYPARteamatJuxtapositionArtsinterviewed17socialservicenavigatorstounderstandthechallengesthatlocalresourcenavigatorsandthetenantsbeingevictedtheyservefaceastheyseekassistanceinmitigatingthenegativee�ectsbeingevictedfromtheirhomes.

TheYPARteamscentralresearchquestionswere:

1. WhatisthelandscapeofcrisismanagementresourcesintheTwinCitiesmetroarea?2. Whereisthepotentialtomakecrisismanagementresourcesmoreaccessible?3. Whatinsightsdosocialservicenavigatorshaveforimprovementstotheaccessibilityof

theseresources?

TheYPARteamfoundthreehigh-levelanalysesinthedatatheycollected:

1. Structuralbarrierstoequalitypersist.Thebarriersexperiencedbysocialservicenavigatorsandthoseseekinghousingandevictionresourcesarelinkedandre�ectiveofanimbalance

ofpowerandprotectionbetweenrentersandlandlordsandotherformsofstructuraloppression.

2. Trauma-informedassistanceisneeded.Aresourcesystemthatintegratesevictionpreventionandtrauma-informedassistanceisnecessaryandoneofthe�rststepstoensuringthatpeople�ndandkeepdigni�edhousing.

3. Resourceagenciesexistinsilos.Strengthenedconnectionsbetweenagenciesandnonpro�tso�eringhousingandevictionresourceswilleasethesocialservicerunaroundexperienceforthoseseekingassistanceandmakethejobeasierforresourcenavigators.

BarriersSocialServiceNavigatorsFaced

Structuraloppressionlimitsaccesstohealth,wealth,andhousingresourcesandmayalsoaffectanindividual’sbackground.

Peoplecan'taccessthelimitedaffordablehousing,becauseofbarrierslikebackgrounds.Theymaybedon'thavegoodrentalhistory,thatkindofthing.Sopeoplearehavingahardtime.There'snotenoughaffordablehousingingeneral,andpeoplearehavingahardtimegettingintohousing.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

Evictionsmakeitevenhardertofindaffordablehousing,evenifyouhaveenoughmoney.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

Ifeelthatit'sreallyimportantthatwhenmentalhealthislow,thenitmakesitevenmorechallengingforyoutomoveforwardandtodothingsinyourlife.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

Lackofknowledgeoraccesstoresources.

Peopleneedtounderstandtheirpower.Youaretheresourcewhenyouaretherenteroftheproperty.Whenyoudon’tunderstandthis,itlimitsyourpowerandyourabilitytogoaheadandreport[yourlandlord].(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

Youcankindoftell,ohthey'reyoungortheyreallydon'tknow,youknow,howtomanage.Orthey'rejustconfusedandwantresources,maybehaven'tbeentaught.Youknow,whateverthesituationis.Sometimesitcanbesomeonethat'solderandthey'rejustsetintheirwaysandtheydidsomethingandwhattheyalsoneedtobetaughtsomethings.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

Retaliatoryandexploitativelandlords.

OneofthemostdishearteningthingsthatI’vehadhappen[inmyrole]waspursuingalandlordthathadretaliatorybehavior.AndthenIhadtoseekout,numberone,howdoIprovethat,notjustbasedonwhatI’msaying,I’mseeing.(sta�,publicagency)

No,it’snotcool.Theselandlordsaren’tlivinglikethat,soIdon’texpectthemtoleavepeopleinthoseconditions.ButshewasgonebeforeIcame,bythetimeIcamebackforare-inspection,herandherthreeboyswerenotthereanymore.(sta�,publicagency)

Hopingyoudon'tendupwithalandlordwho'scrapbecauseMinnesotadoesnothaveacapontheirrent.SoIcanhaveatwo-bedroom,Icanchargeyou$1,500foritandit'sabsolutelyridiculous.Stabilityishugething.AndthethingaboutitisthatifIdon'thavearoofovermyheadhonestly...Ican'tdeal.Thereisnoway,I'mconstantlyonsinkingsand.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

RecommendationsforChangebySocialServiceNavigators:

Trauma-informedassistanceisneeded.

Bythetimetheyusuallygettous,they’vegotacriminalthing,orthey’vegotaneviction,versusifsomebodywhentheygotthatfirstcallwaslike,“Ohmygosh,thisladyishavingamentalhealthbreakdown.Let’savertcrisis.Let’spayherrent.Let’skeepherstable.Let’snotletherenterthesystem.(sta�,faith-basedorganization)

Intakehasnoticedthatthere’saproblemwith[aspecific]landlord,whichmightspuraninvestigationtoseeifthereareissuesgoingon.Andthenwemighthelpthatentirebuilding.Insteadofwaitingforpeopletocallus,we’llgooutandlookforthemtoseeifwecanhelpthem.(sta�,legalassistanceorganization)

RevisefederalpovertyguidelinesandMinnesotaFamilyInvestmentProgram(MFIP)grantamountstoreflecttoday’shousingmarket.

Thefederalpovertyguidelineshaven'treallybeenrevisedsincetheseventies.Andallgovernmentbenefitsaretiedtofederalpovertyguidelines.Sopeoplewhoareinneedcanapplyforbenefits,butbenefitsarenotgreatenoughtopayanything.Forafamilyofoneadultandoneminorchild,yourtotalcashamountthatissupposedtobeusedtopayforrentandbuyclothesandmedicineorotherdailyneedsis$437.I'mnotexactlysurerightnowwhattheaverageamountforaonebedroomorwhattheaveragerentforaonebedroomapartmentis.AfewyearsagointheTwinCities,theaveragerentforaonebedroomwasbetween$650and$850amonth.Andso$437isn'treallygoingtoevenrentyouaroominsomebodyelse'shouse.

That'sjustnotenoughmoney.(sta�,legalassistanceorganization)

IncreaseflexibilityforhumansituationswithinHennepinCounty’semergencyassistancepolicies.

Therewasonewoman.Isaid,“HaveyoueverappliedforEA?”Shesaid,“No,butIneverwill.Theytreatedmesobad.Iwon’tsubjectmyselftothat.”ThefeedbackI’vegotten,themajorityofitisnegative.Thewaytheyweretreated,thewaytheyweretalkedto.Evensuggestionsbeingmadeof,“Oh,whydon’tyousellyourstuff?

Whydoyouhaveacar?”Ithinkthatwhenyou’redealingwithasystemlikethatandit’salreadybroken,thenyouhavepeoplethataretalkinganddealingwithyouinthatway,itcanbetraumatizing.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

Thecountyprocessisfrustrating.Ittakesalotoftimeandsometimes[ourclients]don’thavethat.Evictionisknockingonthedoor,andthecountyistaking7daystoprocesseverything,if

youhaveallyourforms.Ifnot,they’regoingtosendyouanotherletterthroughthemailaskingforanotherform.Andyouhavetosenditin.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

Youcanonlyhaveonecrisisayear.(sta�,publicagency)

Correcttheimbalanceofpowerandprotectionsbetweentenantsandlandlords,specificallywithintheevictionprocess.

There’salotofloopholesinthelegalsysteminregardstosafeguardingourrenters.Youcancontact3-1-1tohaveahousinginspectorcomeout.Thethingaboutthewaythat[is]setupisthatthelandlorddoesnothavetherighttoevictyouafteryou’vecontacted3-1-1,butthat’sonly90days.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

Findwaystobettersupportagency/nonprofitstaffwhodirectlyengagewithclientsandthehousingresourcesystem.

Youseealotofthings,likedomesticviolence,whichreallytriggerspeople.Oryoumayseeachildthatgetsremovedfromtheirhomeintochildprotection,andwhatdoesthatdotosomebody?(sta�,faith-basedorganization)

Wehavetotrytoaccountforself-careandburnoutforfolks,becauseworkingwiththispopulationcanleadtoaleveloftirednessanddisparity.Theworkdoesn’talwayshavegoodoutcomes.(sta�,faith-basedorganization)

ResourcesSocialServiceNavigatorsWishTheyCouldGiveTheirClients

• Increasedignifiedhousingprogramsandresourcesforpeoplewithfelonies,seniors,anx singleadults.

• Fundprogramsthatofferassistancewithaffordablechildcare,creditscorerepair,housing applicationfees,transportationassistanceforpeopleseekinghousing,andevictionresources.

Transportationisahugething.Sobeingabletohaveprogramsthatactuallygiveoutcarsoreitherhavesometypeof0%loanforpeoplewhowantedtopurchaseacar.So,there'ssomanypeoplewhooperatekindoflikeinthatlow-middle-classbracket,incomebracket,andthey'retheoneswhoseemtofallthroughthecrackssomanytimes.Sotheydon't,theymaketoomuchtogetassistance,andthentheydon'tmakeenoughtobeabletotakecareofthemselves.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

• Createresourcesforsmall,privatelandlordswhomaybemismanagingtheirproperties.

• Createacityordinancetoprovideanattorneyforeverypersonfacingeviction.

• Createmoreopportunitiesforcommunity-basededucationaroundtenantsrightsand protections.

Moreresourcesthatgettargetedtowardssmalllandlordsofwhat—youknow,whentheysendtheevictionletterortheletterofnonpayment,whatneedstogoonthebackofthatletter?Abouthowtoaccessacountyorhowtoaccessemergency,whatstepstogothrough.Howdowegetmoreoutto,to—becauseImaketheassumptionthat50%oflandlordsdon’twanttohaveahousingturnover.Someit’sjusttheirbusinessmodel.(sta�,nonpro�torganization)

TheYPARteamfoundoverlappingthemesinthelargerevictionsreport�ndings(seeLandlordFindingsandTenantFindings).However,theteamhighlightedthreedi�erentproblemareasthatwerenotexploredinthelargerreport.First,thatthefederalpovertyguidelineshavenotbeenupdatedsincethe1970s,whichinformsthemonthlydollaramountthatfamiliesreceivefromthecountyiftheyqualifyforgovernmentsocialservices.Navigatorsdeterminedthistobe�nanciallyconstraininginthecurrenthousingmarket.Second,HennepinCountyhascontroloveritsownpoliciesandhasexercisedthatpowertomakesituationalchanges,sometimesgivingpeopleaccesstofundsbeyondtheironce-a-yearallotment,buttheircurrentpoliciesdonotmatchtheirclients’urgentneeds.Third,manysocialservicenavigatorsworkwithinorganizationsthatareunabletopaytheirsta�alivablewage,forcingmanynavigatorstoseekthesameresourcesthattheyareassistingtheirclientsinsecuring.

DiscriminationAgainstSinglePeople

Eleanorisa46-year-oldsingleBlackwomanwhoworksfull-timeandisstilllivinginthesamehomewheresheexperiencedthreeunlawfuldetainers.HerlandlordboughttheforeclosedhomeinFebruaryof2017andrentedittoherinMarch,makingnorepairs.Whilelivinginthehome,Eleanorexperiencedanumberofseriousissues,includingabrokenwaterheater,astovethatneverworked,awater-damagedceiling,afloodedbasement,whichledtomildew,andarefrigeratorthathadtobereplacedtwice.InJune2017,Eleanorwrotealetterdocumentingalltheitemsthatneededtoberepairedandsentittoherlandlord.Almostimmediately,thelandlordfiledthefirsteviction.Aftertheevictionfilingandasaresultoftheunmaderepairs,Eleanorbegantowithholdherrent.

AfterEleanorsentthelettertoherlandlord,shereachedouttoCityInspectionsandanumberofcodeorderswereissued.However,assoonastheinspectorspokewiththelandlord,Eleanorfeltshe[theinspector]wason“hisside.”Althoughsherequestedthem,sheneverreceivedcodeorders.Finally,Eleanorcalledtheinspector’ssupervisortoreportthattheworkhadneverbeenaddressedandshefoundthatthecityorderwasmarkedasresolvedeventhoughnorepairswereactuallymade.

ThefirsttimeEleanorandherlandlordappearedincourt,thecasewasdismissedandexpungedbecausethelandlorddidnothavearentallicense.Althoughsheshouldhaveutilizedescrow,Eleanordidnotknowthesystem,soshesimplykepthermoneyorderseachmonth.Thenextmonth,herlandlordfiledanotherunlawfuldetainerfornonpaymentduetoEleanorwithholdingtherentuntilrepairsweremade.Theyreturnedtocourt.

Whileatcourt,EleanorconsultedaLegalAidattorneywhosuggestedapplyingforanexpungement,aprocessEleanorwouldnothaveknownaboutwithouttheattorneytellingher.Althoughshetriedtomediateattheinsistenceofthecourt,theconversationswerenotproductive.Eleanor’slandlordwouldsay“nastythings”toherandwouldnotrespondtothelistofrepairsthatneededtobemade.

Duringthisprocess,EleanorhadgonedowntotheHennepinCountyemergencyassistanceofficetoapply.Theworkeraskedforherincomeanddeniedheronthespot.EleanorleftEAwithoutadeniallettertotaketootherserviceproviders.Eleanorwentfurthertostatethat,“It'skindofhard...Asasingleperson...youreallycan'tgetmuchassistancebecausethey'relookingatthefactyoudon'thavedependents.”

Eleanorhasnowexperiencedathirdeviction.Sheisdisputingtheeviction,stillwaitingforrepairstobemadeandheadedtotrial.Sheattemptedtoapplyfornewhousingduringthis

time,withnoluck.Eleanorisnowstuckintheplacewhereshehasreceivedthreeunlawfuldetainers.

Anunderstudiedrealityofthecityandcounty’sscopeofsocialservicesistheirlimitedsupportforsingleadults.Currently,theEmergencyGeneralAssistance(EGA)programistheonlysourceofsupportforsingleadultsinasocialservicelandscapewherehavingdependentsguaranteesyouimmediateplacementintocountysheltersandaccesstohousingplacementsupportservices.Alltenantsinterviewedwhoweresingleadultsexpressedfeelingdiscriminatedagainstfornothavingdependents,becausetheydidnotreceiveempathyfortheirstateof�nancialduresssinceitwasassumedtheywouldbebettero�sincetheywereonlyresponsibleforthemselves.Thispremisedoesnotaccountforthefactthatrentsandthegeneralcostoflivinghaveincreasedwhilewageshavestayedstagnant,forcingsinglepeopletostruggletofeed,cloth,andhousethemselves.Singlepeopleseekingresourcesarethenmadetofeelashamedfortheirpresumedinabilitytocareforthemselves.

Yeah.HonestlyIthink...Idon'tknow...Ican't...Icanonlyspeakforme.Ifeellikeit'shardbeingasingleadultwithnokids.Andthenthethingiswhenyouhavetoomanykids,youbecomeastereotype.Youhavenokids,wellthenit'slikewhatdoyouneedhelpwith;youdon'thaveanykids.YouknowwhatImean?Soit'skindalike,don'thaveanykidsbecauseyoudon'twannabecomethat...youknow,IgotfourkidsandI'matthecounty.Butifyoudon'thavekids,it'sjustlike...Ifeelbadforasking;likewhyareyouaskingthemforhelp.Youshouldn'tbehere,becauseyoudon'thaveanykids,youknow?Andwhattheydon'tunderstandis,withorwithoutkids,they'restillpaidthesameamountatwork.Theydon'tbaseyourpayoffofhowmanykidsyouhave.(Blackfemale,30yearsold)

It'skindofhard.Sometimes,justbeingasingleperson,youknow,asofrightnow,Imeanit'slikeyou,thingscountagainstyouwhetheryou'resingleorifyouhavekids.Asasingleperson,youreallycan'tgetalotof,ifyouneedsomeassistance,youreallycan'tgetmuchassistancebecausethey'relookingatthefactyoudon'thavedependents.(Blackfemale,46yearsold)

The“DollarOver”Club

Annisa50-year-oldBlackmotherofateenageson.Shewasworkingfull-timeforMinneapolisPublicSchoolsandhadsecuredaplaceinanewhigh-densityhousingdevelopmentinNorthMinneapoliswhensheexperiencedsignificantlossoffamilymemberswhowereclosetoher.Annfeelsthatthislossandherresultingdepressioniswhatledtohereviction.Annshutdownandwascompletelycheckedoutatwork.Shewaseventuallyletgofromherjob.OnceAnn’sunemploymenthadrunout,shecouldnolongerpayrentatall.

Althoughthepropertymanagertriedtohelpherthroughtheprocess,eventuallyAnnwasevictedfromthehome.AtthetimethatAnnreceivedtheevictionnotice,shehadalreadyhit

rockbottomandwasseeingatherapistatHCMCregularly.Atthispoint,AnnappliedforEAbutwasdenied.Theprocesstookupto30days,bywhichtimesheknewshewouldbeevictedandonthestreet.Atthetimesheapplied,EArequiredAnntohaveanevictionletter,whichdidn’tmakesensetoherbecauseshewastryingtopreventaneviction.

FromAnn’sperspective,theprocesswasnothumaneandthereweretoomanyhoopstojumpthroughwiththecounty.

Iwishthatthesystemwasmorehumaneforpeopletohavesomekindofdignity,somewherealongtheway...Andallthehoopsyouhavetojumpthroughwiththecounty,tryingtogetassistance.Andthenfindoutthatyoudon'tgetit.Whythehelldoesthattakesolong?...Theysaidthatwehaveupto30daystorespond.Firstofall,I'mlike,“Hell,we'regettingevictedinafewdays.”It'slikeyouhavetohaveanevictionletterforthemtoevenbotherseeingyou.Itwasn'tlike,no,pre-eviction.Hell,IknowIdon'thavethemoney,soI'mcomingtoyounowtokeepfrombeinghomelessinthefirstdog-goneplace…Then,okay,nowthatIseeyou,youwantmetobringproofthatIgotanevictionletter,okay.NowIgotanevictionletter.[EAthenasks]“Well,where'syourmoneyat?Howmuchmoneydoyouhaveinthebank?”Ineedthattoeat.SoifIdon'thavenoplacetostay,Istillneedtoeatsomething.Idon'thaveaplacetostay,Istillneedtransportationtogetbackandforth.

Annwasamemberofthe“dollarover”club,meaningthatherincomewasslightlymorethantheeligibleamountsoshewasunabletoqualify.

WhileAnnwasgoingbackandforthtryingtolocateandsubmitalloftherequireddocumentation,shewentintotheEAofficetocheckthestatusofherapplication.Shelearnedthatherpaperworkhadnotyetbeenenteredintothesystem.Shewasveryupset.Shemetsomerealgenuinepeopleandthenotherswhomadeherfeellikeshewastakingmoneyoutoftheirpockets.

Annwaseventuallyevictedfromherhomeandiscurrentlyhomelessandstayingwithafriend.Goingforward,shefeelslikethemostsignificantbarrierstosecurehousingincludingracialdiscriminationistheunlawfuldetaineronherrecordandachallengingrentalhistory.

Ann,likemanyothertenantsinthedollaroverclub,weremothersworkingfull-timetomakewhatourmarket-drivennationhasdeterminedtobealivablewage,despitethefactthatthecurrentminimumwagedoesnotincrementallyincreasewithcostofliving.However,thesetenantsarelivingpaychecktopaycheck,withmanypayingmarket-raterent.Knowinglylivingonecrisisawayfrombecominghomeless,despitehavingfull-timeemployment,Annfoundaseriesofdeathsinherfamilyforcedherintoadeepdepressionthatleftherunabletoful�llheremploymentresponsibilities.Sheappliedforemergencyassistancewhenshereceivedher

evictionnotice,anditwasdeterminedthatshemadeslightlytoomuchmoneytoqualifyandthatanysavingsshehadleftshouldbeappliedtotheemergencyitself.Annwasquitefrustrated,asshewasusinghersmallamountofsavingstofeedandclotheherselfandhersonwhilecouchsur�ng.Similarly,othertenantsinthedollaroverclubstatedthatinordertoreceiveassistancetheyneededtonotbeworkingatallorverylittle.

Thedollaroverclubrea�rmstheYPARteam’s�ndingsofadeepneedtoreevaluatethefederalpovertyguidelinesandMFIPgrantamounts,whichseverelyimpacttheabilityofthosemostinneedfromreceivingresources.Intoday’shousingmarket,thosewerefertoasmembersofthedollaroverclubarethosewhodonottypicallyseekcountyresources,butseverefamilialcrisisorjoblossforcesthemtoseeksupporttogetthemselvesandtheirfamiliesbackontheirfeet.Theseareoftenwomenworkinginthelow-tomoderate-wagesectorwhohavelivedmostlyinstablehousingwithalivablewage,butwithoutspousalincome.

YeahIgotturnedout,butIjustdidn'tgobackafterIgotturneddown.ItwasalwaysI'madollarover,youknow,theygotthisyouhavetobewithinevery,adollarrangeofsomething.(Blackfemale,60yearsold)

Seriously.Seriously.That'showitfeels.IthastobejustthatdollarbecauseI'mreallyinneedanditseemslikeyou'rethecandidatebecauseyouwork,you'reinneedatthetime,andyouknowonceyougetthathelpyoucanbounceback.However,you'redeniedandyou'reapprovedwhenyouhavenothingonthetable.So,it'sjustveryveryfrustrating.Itjustfeelslikethehelpistherebutnotreallyandyou'relike,"Whoisithelping?"(Blackfemale,30yearsold)


Whenassessinghowandwhyevictionstakeplacefromtheperspectiveoftenantsandsocialservicenavigatorsastheyre�ectontheimpactthatthesocialservicesystemhasontheirlivesastheyarenavigatinganeviction,thefollowingmajorthemesemergedfromourinterviewsandthatoftheYPARteamatJuxtapositionArts:

• Clientsfeelintensedehumanizationanddespairwhenattemptingtoaccess(successfullyornot)variouspartsofthesocialservicesnetworkinHennepinCounty.Thereareshort-andlong-termmentalhealthimplicationsrelatedtothestigmaofunlawfuldetainersandhomelessness.

• SeveralintervieweessawhowpotentialtenantsseekinghousingwithUDsontheirrecordswouldhavetheirapplicationsdeniedandactivelyworkedagainstthistrend,interactingwithapplicantsingoodfaithandnotusingUDsasanautomaticdisqualifierforhousing.TheynamedUDreformviaexpungement

optionsasoneroutetodestigmatizingapressingproblemaffectingtenantsofcolorinMinneapolis.

• Theeducationofclientsaboutthesocialservicessystemandtheirrightsastenantsisavehicleforpersonalandcommunityempowerment.

• Thereisaneedforhumaneandculturallyappropriateservicesandinteractionsbetweentenantsandtheirfamilieswithlandlords,propertymanagers,andcountysocialservicesemployees.

• Manyinterviewednamedretaliatorylandlordsandlandlordswithevictionrateshigherthan50%asaparticularconcernbecauseofthetraumainvolvedinrepeatednegativeinteractionsandturnoverofaffordablehousingtoinvestmentfirmsthatdonotretainaffordableunits.

• Amoralreorientationofsocialservicesisanecessary�rststeptoensurehousingstabilityforMinneapolisresidents.

• Numerousintervieweesdiscussedhowtheirsocialservicesorganizationsplacedrelationship-buildingwithtenantsasamajorcomponentoftheirworktoensuretenants’stabilityandcomfort,withmuchsuccessinregardtokeepingevictionsandtenantturnoverlow.

• Thefederalpovertyguidelineshavenotbeenupdatedsincethe1970s,whichinformsthemonthlydollaramountthatfamiliesreceivefromthecountyiftheyqualifyforgovernmentsocialservicesandthatnavigatorsdeterminedtobe�nanciallyconstraininginthecurrenthousingmarket.

• Tenantsinthedollaroverclubstatedthatinordertoreceiveassistancefromthecountytheyneededtonotbeworkingatallorverylittle.

• HennepinCountyhascontroloveritsownpoliciesandhasexercisedthatpowertomakesituationalchanges,sometimesgivingpeopleaccesstofundsbeyondtheironce-a-yearallotment,buttheircurrentpoliciesdonotmatchtheclients’urgentneeds.

• Socialservicenavigatorsworkwithinorganizationsthatareunabletopaytheirsta�alivablewage,forcingmanynavigatorstoseekthesameresourcesthattheyareassistingtheirclientsinsecuring.

• Alltenantsinterviewedwhoweresingleadultsexpressedfeelingdiscriminatedagainstfornothavingdependents,becausetheydonotreceiveanyempathyfortheirstateof�nancialduresssinceitisassumedtheyarebettero�sincetheywereonlyresponsibleforthemselves.

ResearchinAction:TheValueandImpactofActionableResearch

WhenCURA’sEvictionsresearchteaminterviewedtenantsandtheYPARteaminterviewedsocialservicenavigators,wecollectivelyfoundthatthecounty’ssocialserviceprocessesleaveitsclientsfeelinglessthanhumanandretraumatized.The“runaround”issimplyatermthattenantsthemselvesusedtodescribetheslow,tedious,invasive,andculturallyinsensitiveprocesstheyfeltforcedtonavigatetoreceivecountyresources.Manytimesthiswasduetosmallersupportagencies’requirementtoreceiveadenialletterfromthecountytoaccessotherpartnerfunds.Manytenantsrecalledbeggingandpleadingwithworkersandsometimesburstingintotearsastheysawnootherwaytoremedytheircrisis.Wefoundthatthevoicesofsinglepeopleandthosetenantsinthedollarovercluboftengounheard,becausetheydonothavedependentsand/oritisassumedthattheyshouldbeabletotakecareofthemselves.Formembersofthedollaroverclub,theymadeslightlyoverthefederalpovertyguidelinesandwereimmediatelydenied,makingthemfeeltheycouldhavereceivedhelpintheirtimeofneedonlyiftheyhadnotbeenfullyindependentpriortotheircrisis.

However,theYPARteam’sinterviewerswithsocialservicenavigatorsproducedaseriesofrecommendationsfromthenavigatorsthemselves.Thenavigatorscalledforareevaluationofthefederalpovertyguidelines,areimaginingofcountyemergencyassistancepoliciestomeettheurgentneedsofclientsbecomingmorenimble,strengtheningconnectionsandinformationsharingbetweenagenciesandnonpro�tso�eringhousingandevictionresources,andprovidingalivablewagetosocialservicenavigators,becausetheyareforcedtoseekthesameresourcesthattheyarehelpingtheirclientstosecure.

TheIllusionofChoicereportaimstoexplorehowandwhyevictionstakeplacefromtheperspectiveofthosemostimpacted,yetwedidnotintentionallysetouttoincludethesocialservicesystemandtheroleofthestate.However,veryquicklyintotheproject,itbecameapparentthatthestate(e.g.,socialservices)playsasigni�cantroleinaidingordisruptingtenantandlandlordsuccess.Accordingtotenantsandpaidsocialservicenavigators,thecountysocialservicesystemfallsshortofitscommitmenttoitsclientsandtheirfamilies.Infact,thecountyisretraumatizingnotonlytheirclientsbutalsoisleavingitssocialservicenavigatorswithouttheresourcestheyneedtobesuccessfulintheirwork.

Thecommunity-engagedactionresearchmodelutilizesmultiplemediumstorealizeitsgoalsofbuildingcommunitypower,assistinglocalgrassrootscampaignsandpowerbrokersinreframingthedominantnarrative,andproducingcommunity-centeredpublicpolicysolutionsthatarewinnable.Thissidebaranalysishighlightsaselectnumberofcommunity-basedinitiatives,

events,orstrategiccoalitionsthattheCURAresearchteamdevelopedasawaytoillustratetheimpactandintentionoftheproject.Westrategicallybuiltthesepartnershipstoaidinknowledgebuildingtoelevatethevoicesandexpertiseofthecommunity.Assuch,theResearchinActionsidebarsinthisreportilluminatecommunityworkthathasoccurredsimultaneouslyandcollaborativelywithTheIllusionofChoice:EvictionsandProfitinNorthMinneapolisproject.

SupportingaRentersForumLedbyOneFamily,OneCommunity

Wecanthinkalot,talkalot,andanalyze,andadorethequestion.[However],weneedfolkswithrealstoriesin[spacesofpolicy-making]...there’snothingmorepowerfulthanhearingfromthepeoplewhoareactuallyaffectedinthesecommunities.-CommunityMember

InMayof2018,Dr.BrittanyLewisandLukeGrundman,fromMid-MinnesotaLegalAid,collaboratedwithMaletaKimmons,morecommonlyknownasQueenNuchie,toengagetenantsinNorthMinneapolisinaRenters’RightsandInformationForum.ThepurposeofQueenNuchie’sforumwastoo�ertenantstheopportunitytolearnabouttheirrightsasrenters,shareperspectivesonhousing,andhelpbuildcommunitypower.ThiseventwashostedandfacilitatedbyQueenNuchie,theexecutivedirectorofOneFamilyOneCommunity,andsupportedbyacommunityengagementmicrograntprogram.Thesecommunityengagementfundsweremadeavailableafterthesettlementofafairhousingcomplaint�ledagainsttheTwinCities,allegingthattheywereperpetuatingsegregationinhowtheyadministereda�ordablehousingprogramsandfunds.

QueenNuchie,anactivememberofhercommunityinNorthMinneapolis,holdsstrongtoherbeliefthathousingisahumanright,deservedbyall.Shehasledmanycommunity-based

initiatives,suchasdirectingcommunitymembersintheprocessofengagingwithpoliticiansandlandlordswhoholdpoweroverwheretheseresidentsendup.InQueen’swords,“Youcanpayalotofmoneytothesedi�erentlandlords,butyoudon’tknowwhat’sagoodlandlord.It’slikeit’sasecret.It’sreallyalandlord’smarketrightnow...Ineededtoknow,whereistheresomeaccountabilityforthelandlords?”

QueenhadavisionfortheMayRenters’RightsandInformationForum,whichwastoensurethattenantsreceiveddirectlegaladviceregardingtheprocessofeviction,aprocessthathitclosetohomeformanyofthoseinattendance.TheforumbeganwithapresentationonlegalinformationintendedtoeducaterentersonboththetechnicalrequirementsofHousingCourtandtheirrightsastenants,includinganexplanationoftheexpungement,settlement,andescrowprocesses.Thepresentationwasfollowedbyapanelthatexaminedtherealitiesofevictionfromtheperspectiveoftenantsandanexplorationofwhatpoliciesandpracticesarecurrentlybeingchangedorcreatedtoaddressitscomplexities.Dr.LewisandLukeGrundmanfocusedonthecreationofarenters’commission,accesstohomeownership,theperilsofthesocialservicerunaroundthroughHennepinCounty’sEAprogram,andmostcrucially,thepowerandimportanceofhearingfromthosewhoaremosta�ectedbyunjustevictionprocessesandunscrupulouslandlordpractices.

Thelastportionoftheforumallowedforexactlythis,whereinrentersweregiventhe�oortoaskquestionsandprovidetheirownperspectivesonaccesstoqualitya�ordablehousing.Theoutcomewasimpactful.Communitymemberssharedtheirownchallengeswithalackofa�ordablehousingoptionsasaresultinin�atedrentalratesandunjustsystems.Oneattendee

discussedthechallengesthatshefacedasavictimofdomesticviolencewhofearsherformerpartnerwilldiscoverwhereshenowlives.Manyofthetenantsdesperatelyexpressedtheneedforsolution-basedanswerstoissuesofa�ordabilitybythecityandstateandafeelingthatthereisalackofrepresentationforrenterswithinthesesolution-basedprocesses.Asoneresidentnoted,“[We]knowwhattheproblemis,andnowlet’sgetintothesolution.”Thisresidentwaslookingforconcretesolutionsthatwillincreasea�ordablehousingopportunities,particularlyinthecontextoflendinginstitutionsthathavethepowertosupporthousingstability.

Formanyresidents,theanswertothisquestionofavailableresourcesisdismalintheirsearchforhousing,astheyareforcedtoacceptunsafeconditionsandexcessive�nancialburdensintheformofdoubledepositsandmultipleapplicationfees.Forsome,thismeansneedingtoaccumulateatleastthreetimestheirrentbeforebeingacceptedintoahome,arequirementthatmakes�ndinganyhomedi�cultandnearlyimpossiblefortheworkingpoor.Oneresidentelaboratedthatafterthedenialofseveralapplications,includingfees,shewasleftwithnootheroptionbuttoacceptamouse-infested,overpricedhomethatwasnotuptocode,becauseitwasthedeadofwinterandshesimplyneededaroofoverherhead.Assherecalls,“Wecan’ta�ord[thehome]butwegonnamove‘causeit’swinter.Orit’sgettingtobewinter,sowe’regonnagoinhereandtryto�ghtandfendeverymonthtotrytocomeupwiththat$1,400.”Thiskindofcrisisdecisionmakingispresentinrealmsextendingbeyondthehousinginfrastructureitselfandintothelivesandrelationshipsofthesetenants.Afterescapingdomesticviolence,onewomansharedherstoryofmakingthedecisiontoleaveherunsaferesidenceandseekouttheresourcesandeducationsheneededtoexpungetheevictionthatshereceivedasaresultofherunsafelivingenvironment.Othersquestionedtheirpersonalsafetywhensurroundedbyviolentneighbors,askingwheretheyshouldgoforsupportandwhattodointhesesituations.

Communityengagement,whichhasbecomearequiredpracticebymanylocalinstitutions,israrelyvoidofpowerimbalances,andoftencommunityvoicesfallsecondarytotheprioritiesoftheinstitution.Dr.Lewisnotesthatoften“when[institutions]saythey’veengaged,they’veproventosomeotherentitythatthey’vedonethework,”[however]“halfthetime,[thework]isnothappening.”Thissituationoccursbecausethevoicesofthosemostimpactedarenotbeingfullyengagedbutrathernominallyappeased.Institutionalbureaucracyensuresacomfortabledistancefromthecommunitiesbeingserved,whichputstheseorganizationsatoddswiththeirownmission-basedethicstotrulyengagewiththosemostimpactedandtoproducepolicyandprogrammaticinterventions.DuringtheRentersRightsandInformationForum,QueenNuchieusedherdeepcommunitytiestocreateaspacetoelevatethosea�ectedmostbyexploitativehousingpracticesinthecity,sheddinglightonwhatactiveandresponsivecommunityengagementtrulylookslikewhenyoumeetpeoplewheretheyareandallowthemtosharetheirstoriestoguidethedirectionandintentionofanycommunityengagementpractice.QueenNuchieandDr.LewisworkedtogethertorealizetheOneFamily,OneCommunitymissionof

true,human-centeredengagement,elicitingvulnerableandprovocativequestionsandresponsesfromthepeoplewhomatterthemost.

What’sBehindNonpaymentofRent:FilingaDeclarationofFactinaMinnesotaSupremeCourtCaseonLandlordRetaliation

TheMinneapolisInnovationTeam’sEvictionsinMinneapolisreportstatesthatnearly93%ofthecity’seviction�lingswerefornonpaymentofrent.Similarly,ofthe68tenantsinterviewedinTheIllusionofChoiceproject,81%(55)oftheirevictionswere�ledfornonpaymentofrent.However,CURA’sresearch�ndingshighlightaneedtodemystifywhatnonpaymentofrentreallymeansfromtheperspectiveofthosemostimpacted.Fromtheperspectiveoflandlords(bothnonpro�tandfor-pro�t),moststatedthatbecausetheycannotgetthesupportfromlocallawenforcementtoappearinHousingCourt,particularlyforleaseviolations,�lingnonpaymentofrentbecomestheeasiestwaytogetridof“problemtenants.”WhatisnotcapturedbytheMinneapolisInnovationTeam’sanalysisandtheexistingliterature,however,arethewaysthatnonpaymentofrentisusedbymanylandlordstodisportionatelyevadetenants’rightstobefreefromretaliation.TwoMinnesotalawsprotecttenantsfromretaliationbylandlords.The�rstapplieswhenalandlordseekstoterminatetenancyasapenaltyforatenant’sattempttoenforcerights.TheotherbansretaliatoryevictionsundertheTenantRemediesAct(TRA).

OnAugust3,2018,Dorsey&Whitney,LLP,submittedanamicuscuriae(LatinforFriendoftheCourt;alegalbriefsubmittedonbehalfofapartyoutsideofacasethathasexpertisethatmayinformthecase)onbehalfofInquilinXsUnidXsporJusticia(UnitedRenters)insupportofAaronOlsontotheMinnesotaSupremeCourt.TheMinnesotaSupremeCourtcasewasanappealoftheMinnesotaCourtofAppealsdecisiononApril9,2018,inCentralHousingAssociatesvs.AaronOlson.Thecasefocusedontheanti-retaliationprovisionoftheTRA,whichstatesthat“aresidentialtenantmaynotbeevicted,havetheirobligationsincreased,orhavetheirservicesdecreased,ifit‘isintendedasapenaltyfortheresidentialtenant’sorhousingrelatedneighborhoodorganization’scomplaintofaviolation.’”A“complaintofaviolation”referstoacomplaintonbehalfofatenantregardinglandlordhousingcodeviolationsorunaddressedissueswiththeproperty.However,theCourtofAppealsconstructedalimitedandexclusionaryde�nitionofwhatlegallyconstitutesacomplaintofaviolation.

InquilinXsUnidXssoughtoutDr.Lewisforherresearch�ndings.Sheanalyzedthe38tenantinterviewsthathadbeencompletedatthetimeandwroteano�cialdeclarationfortheamicuscuriae.Ofthe38tenants,11had“experiencedwhatthetenantperceivedtobeaformofretaliationbytheirlandlordinresponsetothetenantcomplainingaboutanissuewiththeirhousingarrangements,”and5oftheseindividualsreportedspeci�callythattheirlandlord�ledanevictionactionshortlyaftertheyreportedaproblemwiththeirhousing(throughthecity’sInspectionsDepartment).Inaddition,duetodeplorablelivingconditions,landlordswouldoften

makeinformalverbalarrangementsforlaterentalpayments.However,theseverbalagreementswouldbeimmediatelybrokenwithanevictionactionbeing�ledbythelandlordifandwhenthetenantcalledtheInspectionsDepartment.

UndertheCourtofAppeals’interpretation,thetenantwouldonlybeprotectedundersection504B.441ifthetenant�ledacivillawsuit.Dr.Lewisnotesthatunderthisinterpretationofwhatentailsa“complaintofviolation,”Minnesota’sretaliationwouldonlygetworse:“Unscrupulouslandlordswouldbeemboldenedtoretaliateagainstcomplainingtenants,landlordswouldbeincentivizedtotakeretaliatoryactionsatthe�rstsignofacomplaint(toheado�apossibleretaliationdefense),andachillinge�ectwouldresultinmoretenantschoosingtoliveinunhealthyconditionsinsteadofexercisingtheirrightstoliveinsafeconditionsfreefromdiscrimination.”

ThisMinnesotaSupremeCourtappealmakestheargumentthatthe“SupremeCourtshouldreversethedecisionoftheCourtofAppealsandrestoretheproperinterpretationofthisstatute”forseveralreasons.Giventheplainlanguageofsection504B.441,itisindicatedthatitshouldprovidebroadprotectiontotenants,andthattheterm“complaintofviolation”referstoacomplaintinits“commonandapprovedusage”ratherthanaformalcivilcomplaint.ThelegislativehistorysurroundingtheTRAshowsthattheanti-retaliationprovisionwasexpandedtopreventretaliationagainsttenantswhocomplainedaboutamoreexpansiverangeofissuesthansimplythoseraisedtoacityinspector.Landlordretaliationextendsbeyondthelimitsofevictions,suchas�nes,towing,andreduceduseofcommonareas.Theamicuscuriaepresentsthata“properinterpretationofthestatutewouldre�ecttheLegislature’sintenttoprotectthethousandsofMinnesotanswhoexperienceandcomplainaboutviolationsshortof�lingacivilaction,andwouldsendaclearmessagetounscrupulouslandlordsthatretaliationwillnotbetolerated.”TheappealtotheMinnesotaSupremeCourtispending.

DatashowthatthelandlordretaliationprobleminMinnesotaiswidespreadandextendsfarbeyondwhatisrepresentedthroughlegalformalactions�ledbytenantsincivilcourt.Forsomelandlords,evictingtenantswhocomplaintothecityisatypeofbusinessmodel.Asasingularexample,thecityofMinneapolisnotedthatinthecourseofonly2years,asinglelandlord�led26evictionactionsaftertenants�ledrepairorcorrectioncomplaintstothecity.Anotherexampleillustratesthatin2016,asta�memberatInquilinXsUnidXswasdeclinedaleaserenewalbyherlandlordafterbeginningtoorganizetenantsinherbuildingtorequestrepairs.Thissamelandlorddeclinedtorenewtheleasesof�veoutofseventenantswhowroterepairrequests.Theseactsofretaliationwereinresponsetorequestsmadenotthroughformalcomplaints�ledbytenantstoinitiatecivilactionsbutrathertodirectrequeststothelandlords,throughInquilinXsUnidXs,orthroughpoliceassistance.

DownloadtheMinnesotaSupremeCourtrulingonCentralHousingAssociates,LPv.Olson

AThree-PartRadioSeriesonEvictions

Inthesummerof2018,Dr.BrittanyLewispartneredwithKMOJradiohostLissaJonestodevelopathree-partseriesonevictionsinNorthMinneapolis.Theirgoalwastohelpthecommunityat-largeunderstandthecomplexitiesandimpactsofevictionsinthe55411and55412zipcodes.InherKMOJradioshow“UrbanAgenda,”JonesusesBlackhistoryasalenstocontextualizepresent-dayissuesthatBlackpeoplefaceintheUnitedStatesandacrosstheworld.TheshowcelebratesBlackpeopleandBlackculture,�ghtingthedangersofatotalizingstory.

Part1

The�rstepisode intheevictionsseriesshedlightontheeconomictrapthatsingleBlackmothers—locallyandnationally—areoftenforcedinto.Dr.LewisandLissaJonesco-moderatedaconversationbetweentwoBlackwomenfromNorthMinneapoliswhoexperiencedthepainfulrealitiesofevictionastheynavigatedaworldwhere,asJonesputit,thereexists“anarrativeframethatmakesallBlackwomenalwaysalreadytheproblem.”Blackwomenaredisproportionatelyimpactedbyincomeinequalityandoftenforcedintothelow-wagesector.Thiseconomictrap,asJonesdescribed,keepsBlackwomenandtheirfamilieslivinginlow-wealthcommunitieswherehousingdiscriminationandviolenceisrampantandfailingschoolsareunderservingtheirchildren,whichdemonstratetheparticularizedintersectionsofrace,gender,place,andclass.ThetwoNorthMinneapolisresidentssharetheirexperienceswithdeplorablehousingconditions,sexualharassment,andmentalhealthissues,highlightingthat“theeconomictrapdetermineswherewelive...andisallaboutwhogetswhatandhowmuch”—acontinuousproductofsystemicracismandeconomicinjustice.

Themesofperpetualandunavoidabledegradationandassaultbythoseinpowerpervadethesewomen’snarratives,whichleavesthemwithnoalternativebuttosacri�cepersonaldignitytoprotectandhousethemselvesandtheirchildren.JonesexplainsthatBlackwomen“aretryingtosupplyalife[and]tryingtobehumanbeings,andateverypointin[the]housingprocess,our

dignityistaken.”StructuralinjusticesinhousingpolicyshapeBlackwomen’sexperiencesofacquiringandmaintaininghousing.Theseconditionsforcewomenofcolor,especiallysingleBlackmothers,toacceptegregiousorevennonexistentleasestoliveinhomeswithexistinginfrastructuralproblems.Dr.Lewisexplains:

Therearegoodlandlordsandbadlandlords,butunfortunatelyinthezipcodesof55411and55412,thereisabusinessmodelthatfunctionso�ofputtingverylittleintotheirproperties,knowingthere’sapopulationoffolks,folksofcolor,whoarenotgoingtobeabletopassthecriteriaofcertainotherestablishmentsthathavehighcreditratings,requiringthreeplustimestheincome.Theyknowwalkinginthatinsomeways,“you[tenants]need[saidhomes].”

Evenwomenwithhighlevelsofeducationalattainmentgetcaughtinthishousingtrap.Whilelookingforworkinher�eldafterobtainingamaster’sdegree,onetenantstated: “[I]can’ta�ordtolivewhere[I]wouldlike,so[Ihave]toapplyforlow-incomehousingtomakeendsmeet...andjusttryingtokeepeverythingtogetherformeandmydaughter.”

Maintainingnormalcyintheeyesofpoliceandlandlordsisamechanismusedbythesewomentopreservedignity.Itbecomesameansofsurvivalwhenfewoptionsexisttoconfrontmentalhealthissuesortheexploitativepracticesoflandlordsandpolice.Onewomanrevealedthatshe“wassexually,emotionally,mentally,physicallyabused[yet]wastooembarrassedtoadmiteverything[she]hadbeengoingthrough,”andasaresultofshameshechosenottoadmittohercountyworkerwhatshehadexperiencedandhowitwasimpactingher.Somewomen“willopenlyadmitdepression,PTSD,orothermentalhealthissuesthattheydidn’tfeelcomfortabletellingthepoliceorsharingwiththeirlandlords”and“arehavingtostillgetupandtakecareoftheirchildren,stilldealwiththeseexploitativerelationships[when]there’snotasafespacetohavetheseconversations.”

Circumstancesofpainfulandunjustsacri�ceextendintotheexploitationofwomenthroughsexualharassmentbylandlords,athemefartoopervasiveinthesewomen’saccounts.Dr.Lewisrecountssimilarnarrativesfrommanyofthewomenshehasinterviewed:“Womenthatthelandlordisbeingasexualpredatortowards,andstillhavingchildrenandsaying‘ButIhavenowhereelsetogo.’”Forthesewomen,admittinghistoriesandexperiencesoftraumaandabusegivespowertotheiraggressorsandfurtherstheerosionofdignity:“Theyhavedegradedus,humiliatedus,toucheduswhenwesaidno...andstillwehavetostandup,comportourselvesproperly,putourbackstraightsoourdaughterdoesn’tseeus.”Thisimploresustoquestionahousingsystemthatfavorsthesilencingofwomenovertheirwell-beingandsecurity.

Sowhatistheeconomictrap?Asdemonstratedbythesenarratives,itisbeingaBlackmotherwithamaster’sdegreeandgettingturnedawayfromajobbecauseofyourrace.Itisbeingevictedandgoingtothecourtroomtosee“nobodybutpeoplethatlooklike[you].”Itis“losing

everything”topolicewhotearthroughyourhome,destroyingyourmostvaluablepossessions,andstill“[getting]backup,nomatterhowbroken[you]mightfeelatthetime.”Theeconomictrapkeepsthesewomeninastateofeconomicdisadvantage,eliminatingthepossibilityofchoiceandsubmittingthemtothee�ectsofunjustsystemsthatin�uencetheireverydaywell-beingandabilitytothrive.

Part2

Thesecondepisode oftheKMOJevictionsseriesdrewupontheuniqueexperiencesoftwoBlackfemalelandlordswhorepresentananomalyinthedemographicmakeupoflandlordsinurbanhousingsystems.AlthoughtwoBlackfemalepropertymanagerswereexpectedontheshow,onlyoneshowedup.Theotherpropertymanagerfearedbothhowherwhiteemployerswouldfeelabouthercommentsandhowlocalresidents,whomshelivesnexttoo,mightinterpretwhatsheintendedtosayontheradio.ThisepisodeexploredthenarrativeofEdith,aBlackfemalepropertymanagerinNorthMinneapoliswhoDr.Lewishadinterviewed.ThenarrativesthattheseBlackfemalepropertymanagersshareddi�ereddrasticallyfromthoseoftheWhitemalelandlordswhomakeup53%oftheinterviewedlandlordsinNorthMinneapolis.Whatmakesthesewomen’sstoriesdi�erentistheintentionalitywithwhichtheyhaveinvestedinthecommunitiestheyworkwith,theirdesirestoensurethatBlackpeoplewerenotpushedoutofNorthMinneapolisbytherealitiesofgentri�cation,andthehistoryofhousingdiscriminationthattheytooexperienced.

ThreadedthroughoutthesenarrativesaretworepresentationsofalargercollectiveofBlackwomengoingaboveandbeyondfortheircommunities,placingcompassionattheforefrontofalloftheirworkdespitethetollittakesontheirownspiritandhealth.Edithillustratesthisexample:“Itrytoadvocate[formytenants]andgetthemtheresourcesandthenetworkssothattheycangethelp,butI’monlybymyselfhere...Ihavetotakethemtogetemergencyassistance.IhavetotakethemtogettheirID.Ihavetogivehelptothesepeople...youdon’tjustwakeupandsay‘Hey,I’mgoingtogrowupandbehomeless.’”Edithhelpshertenantsdespitethepersonalcostsbecausesheunderstandswheretheycomefrom,havingexperiencedhomelessnessherself:“Imakefourbucksanhourwheneverythingissaidanddone...I’mrunningpeoplebackandforthtryingtogetthesetenantsontherighttrack,pickingpeopleupfromunderthebridge.”

Edith’scompassionmakestheserelationshipsnolesscomplexthanothers,asuniquetensionsandcon�ictsarisewhenworkingwithherownpeople. Sherecallsatimewhensomeofhertenantsspoketoherinahostilemanner.ShebelievesthatthesetenantswouldnotdisplaythiskindofanimositytowardaWhitelandlord,because“youknowthewhiteman’sonlygoingtohurtyoufurther.Somaybeyoulashout,justlikeyoudoinamarriagemaybe,tothepeoplewhoareclosesttoyou.”ThetensionswithinherselfandhercommunitydonotstopEdithfrom

engagingmeaningfullywithherresidents:“SometimesIhavetotakeablowortherehastobea�nanciallacktogetthesepeopleontherighttrackandtrytogetthemwheretheyneedtobevictoriousineveryareaoftheirlives.That’smygoal.”

WhileEdithdescribestheheart-wrenchingworkoftryingtohelpthosewhohavesu�eredfromhomelessness,shemustalsobalancethedemandsofherboss.“Ilet[mytenants]inwithnothingsometimesandtrytohelpthemgetajobandthendopaymentarrangements.Lastmonthitwasarealbigturnoverwithmylandlordwithmypeople.Hesaid,‘You’recheatingme,Edith.’...So,IhadtopromisethatIwouldn’tletanybodyinwithoutmoneyanymore.”Sherecountshavingtoturnawayamotherwhosurviveddomesticabuseandhertwochildrenat2:30a.m.,despitehavingopenbeds,and“tearingup”insideknowingthatshecouldbehelpingthisfamily.Accountssuchasthese,whereapropertyownerhasdi�erentmotivationsforpropertymanagement,arenotuncommon.Edithrevealstoustheimbalanceofpowerthatexistsbetweenmanymission-drivenpropertymanagersandtheownerstheymustreportto,illustratingthedi�cultyofengaginginaltruisticandcompassionatecareforone’sowntenantsandfellowcommunitymembers.

EdithdisplaysakindofpropertymanagementstylethatDr.Lewisdescribesasrare.Yetbeingpersonallyinvestedintenants’well-beingdoesnothavetobeananomalyinarestructuredsystem.Thereisanunderstudiedpowerstrugglebetweenhuman-centeredpropertymanagersandlandownerswhosoughtouttheareabecauseacquisitioncostswerecheapandthedehumanizingrealitiesofevictioninwhichlandownersplayamajorrole.

Part3

Thethirdepisode oftheKMOJevictionsseriescenteredsociologistMatthewDesmond(2016)andhiswell-knownbook,Evicted.ThebooktellsthestoriesofeightMilwaukeefamiliesandthetwolandlordswhoowntheirhomes,highlightingthefamilies’experienceswitheviction.Desmondalsoprovidesquantitativeanalysesusingdatafromcourtrecordsandthecensusthat,alongwithinformationgatheredthroughinterviewswithfamiliesandlandlords,informhispolicyrecommendations.ThroughtheEvictionLab,aPrincetonUniversityresearchcenterfoundedbyDesmond,heandhisresearchteamreleasedthe�rstnationalevictionsdatabase,widelyhailedasalong-awaitedtoolforhousingactivism.However,numerousscholarsandhousingorganizershavetakenissuewiththenatureofDesmond’sresearch,particularlyitsfundingsourcesandcontributors.

Agroupofscholar-activistsandcommunityorganizersauthoredaShelterforcearticleentitled“EvictionLabMissestheMark,” wheretheycritiqueDesmond’smethodsandpositionality,namelyhowDesmondpurchasedevictionsdatafrombigdatacompaniesthatgatherinformationfor“tenantscreening”processes.Thegrouparguesthatthedatacollectedbytheirorganizationsthroughcommunity-leddatacollectione�ortsaremorecompleteandaccurate,

demonstratedbythelargediscrepancybetweenthenumbersreported.“Yet,becauseofthesocial(andeconomic)capitalofPrincetonUniversity,theEvictionLab,andDesmond,”theauthorsbemoan,"media,policy,andacademicreportingalikeismorelikelytopayheedtoEvictionLabdatathantothatofsmallergroupsthatunderstandthelayoflocaldisplacementlandsmuchbetter.”DesmondisaWhitemanandhisstatusasaprominentresearcherpositionshimwiththeprivilegetocastanationalspotlightonanissuethatBlackfemalescholarsandactivistshavealreadyidenti�ed,advocatedon,andpersonallyexperiencedforyears.ThefactthatDesmond’spositionalitydistanceshimfromthepeoplehisworkinvolvesisavalidconcernforresearchersandorganizersofcoloralike.Dr.LewissummarizestheissueswithDesmond’swork:“Grassrootsorganizers,low-incomeBlackwomenhavebeendoingtheworkandalwayshavebeenadvocatingandspeaking,butnoonewaslistening.Wehavetoquestionwhyitisthatcertainbodiesareabletopropelcertaindiscussionsintopublicpolicydiscourseandmakeitrelevant.”

Inthelastsegmentinthethree-partseriesonLissaJones’“UrbanAgenda”radioshow,Dr.BrittanyLewis,Dr.TerrionWilliamson,andDr.CrystalMotencametogether,asBlackfemalescholars,toexplorehowtheiracademicworkuncoversthehistoricalsilencingthatBlackwomenhaveexperiencedinrelationtohousinginsecurities,drugaddiction,sexualabuse,raisingchildren,racism,andsexism.Theystarttheirconversationwithaprovocativequestion:“WhogetstospeakforandwithBlackwomen?”Theyprovideinsightintowhohistoricallyhasbeenabletotellthesestories,especiallyininstitutionalsettings.LissaJonesasks:“Whereistherecognitionoftheraisingupof[women’s]voicesasintellectualsandacademicsasresearchers?”Dr.Motenreferencesthesilencingthatoccursthroughcovertandunquestionedmethods,suchastheoveremphasisofquantitativedataattheexpenseofqualitativedatamethods,particularlyinregardtoBlackwomen’spersonalnarratives.Shediscusseshowboththemediaandtheacademyprivilegequantitativedata,andsheurgesustore-evaluatethesuggestionthat“BlackwomenarenotdoingasbadasBlackmen,sothatmeansBlackwomenarenotdoingbad,”promptingustoinstead“lookatthequalitativedatathatsuggestssomethingdi�erentthatisusuallynotprivilegedinthinkingaboutBlackwomenandlabor.”

Throughtheircollectivework,thesewomendiscussedwhatitmeanstobeacommunity-engagedscholar,meaningfullyworkingwithcommunitymembers,andpersonallyrelinquishingpowerasscholarsofeliteinstitutions.Dr.Williamsonnotes:“Whenyou’resteepedincommunity,you’resteepedinwhatitmeanstodocommunalwork,andyouraccountabilityisnottotheinstitutionsomuchasitistothecommunity.”Thisdeepconnectiontothecommunitycanbealensthroughwhichpeoplecanactualizepositivechange.Engagingindeeplypersonalresearchherself,Dr.Motenstruggleswiththelackofcredibilitythatcomeswithwhatsomescholarsperceivetobeas“me-search”asopposedto“rigorousandunbiased”research:“Whenweincludeourselvesorourownexperiencesintheresearch,it’sseenasnotasserious,ortoopersonal,orwehaveahiddenagenda.WhenIthinkaboutthequestionofwhycanawhite

scholarresearchcommunitiesofcoloranditbetakenseriously?Becauseintheacademy,he’sseenasbeingdistancedfromhisresearchstudy.”IftheresearchofBlackwomenisnotembracedbytheacademyandmainstreammediaascredible,itwillnotgetampli�edandhasnopowertoalterthenationaldialogueorcreatelastingstructuralpolicychange.Thisworkmustberecognizedaspowerfullylegitimateforthepurposeofhelpingtobothhealcommunitiesofsystemicinequityandtheproductionofrelevantpublicpolicychange.Drs.Lewis,Williamson,andMotenurgeustocontinuetoquestionwhosenarrativeswechoosetouplift,aswellasimagine,amorecommunaleconomicsysteminwhichweallcanprioritizethewell-beingofourselvesandfellowcommunitymembersoverthesecurityofpowerfulinstitutions.

PartneringwithFormerCongressmanKeithEllisontoIntroduceFederalLegislationandCreateLocalPartnershipsforChange

OnJuly19,2017,formerCongressmanKeithEllison(nowMinnesotaAttorneyGeneral)partneredwithFirstFocusCampaignforChildrentoinviteDr.BrittanyLewis,Dr.MatthewDesmond,andanationallegalrepresentativeandhousingadvocatetoWashington,DCtoleadaneducationalsta�brie�ng.Thebrie�ngwasintendedtoprovideinformationforpolicymakersonpolicysolutionsthatwouldincreaseaccesstocivillegalservicesforfamiliesfacingeviction.Followingthepanel,CongressmanEllisonintroducedtheEqualOpportunityforResidentialRepresentationAct(HR1146),proposingagrantprogramtofundlegalrepresentationforthosefacinghousing-relatedissues.

ThepanelbeganwithanintroductionbyBruceLesley,presidentofFirstFocusanditsCampaignforChildren.Mr.LesleygaveanoverviewofthestatusofchildpovertyandhomelessnessintheUnitedStates.KeynotespeakerMatthewDesmondthentookthestage,discussinghisPulitzerPrize–winningbook,Evicted:PovertyandProfitintheAmericanCity,whichfollowseightfamiliesandtheirexperienceswitheviction.PanelistsfromtheAnnieE.CaseyFoundation,NewYorkUniversity,theLegalAidSocietyofWashington,DC,andlastly,SeniorResearchAssociatefromCURA,Dr.BrittanyLewis.Dr.LewisdescribedtheworkbeingdoneinMinnesotatoprovidecivillegalservicesandothersupportstofamiliesthathadbeenevictedorwereatriskofevictionwhilealsointroducingthegoalsofTheIllusionofChoiceproject.CongressmanEllisonclosedthepanelbydetailinghislegislation,HR1146,theEqualOpportunityforResidentialRepresentationAct,whichisapilotprogramthatwouldprovidegrantstohousing-relatedorganizations,includingthosethatprovidecivillegalservicestofamiliesfacingeviction,landlord/tenantdisputes,orfairhousingdiscrimination.AlthoughthislegislationdidnotmakeitoutoftheCommitteeonFinancialServices,therecommendationsinthereportincludedincreasingthesupplyofa�ordablehousing,expandingaccesstocivillegalservices,strengtheningfamilytaxcredits,reformingtheTemporaryAssistanceforNeedyFamilies(TANF)Program,investinginearlychildhoodeducation,addressingenvironmentalhazardsinhousing,andincreasingequityinpublicschools.

Ninemonthslater,CongressmanEllisonhostedasimilarpanelonApril5,2018,inNorthMinneapoliswithDr.Lewisandothera�ordablehousingprovidersandlegalrepresentativesservingaskeyexperts.CongressmanEllison’sintentionwastobringtogetherlocalpowerbrokersfromacrossmultiplesectorstonametheproblemofevictionsandinbreakoutsessionsdiscusspotentialsolutions.Theeventprompteditsparticipants,mostofwhomwerenonpro�tleadersorpolicymakers,todiscusssolutionsandpolicy�xesinfourkeyareas:(1)legalrepresentationandremediesfortenantsfacingeviction;(2)policyandfundingsolutionstopreserveanddevelopadditionalunitsofa�ordablehousing;(3)emergencyassistance(EA),socialservicesintervention,andwraparoundservices;and(4)city,county,andstatepolicysolutionstostrengthenandprotecttenantrights.

Throughthisevent,Dr.Lewiswasinvitedtosharethestoriesandperspectivesofthosewhodonotoftengetheard—thosemostimpactedbyevictions.ShechosetopulloutdirectquotesfromtheinterviewsconductedwithevictedtenantsthatcenteredaroundtheirexperienceswithEA.Naturally,bybringinginthevoicesoftenants,Dr.Lewisputpolicymakersinanuncomfortableposition,whereintheywereforcedtoconfrontanissuethattheyweretoooftenabletoignore.ItwasatthatforumthatDr.LewiswasabletocompelformerHennepinCountyCommissionerPeterMclaughlintoarrangeameetingwithHennepinCountyEmergencyAssistanceleadershiptopresentthedatabeingcollectedanddiscusspotentialpolicyandprogrammaticsolutions.Communitiesofcolorarefartoofamiliarwiththoseinpositionsofpoweradmiringtheproblemwithoutanyreal,tangibleactionstepstakentoaddressit.BypartneringwithCongressmanEllison,Dr.Lewiswasabletoexploretheproblemofevictionsbycenteringthevoicesofthosemostimpacted,whileusingthosevoicestoshowpolicymakershowtoco-developpolicysolutionsatthefederalandlocallevelswiththosemostimpactedatthecenter.

InvestingintheCapacityofYouthResearcherstoProduceKnowledge

Foryears,CURAhaspartneredwiththeNorthMinneapolis–basedyouthartsorganizationJuxtapositionArts,alsoknownasJuxta.Juxtaclassi�esitselfasanonpro�tyoutharteducationprogram,ateen-sta�edartanddesignenterprise,andalocallyrootedculturaldevelopmentcenter.Juxta ’smissionisto“developcommunitybyengagingandemployingyoungurbanartistsinhands-oneducationinitiativesthatcreatepathwaystoself-su�ciencywhileactualizingcreativepower.”In2018,JuxtabeganitsYoungPeople’sActionResearch(YPAR)team,consistingof�veyouthresearchers,ayouthfacilitatorandtacticallead,AdrienneDoyle,andDirectorKristenMurray.Dr.LewisreachedouttotheYPARteamleadershiptodetermineiftheyouthwouldbeinterestedinpartneringwiththeCURAEvictionsresearchteamtoexploretheinequitiesbehindadi�erentialsocialservicesystemthattenantsconsistentlydescribedintheirinterviews.

Whentenantswereinterviewed,itwasquitecommonforthemtodescribetheirexperienceofapplyingforHennepinCountyEAas“dehumanizing”andshowemotionalanguishoroftencry.Intervieweeswouldgofurtherandstatethatwhentheywereintheprocessofapplyingandseekingsupport,theyfelttheyweregiventhe“runaround.”Inshort,the“runaround”wasquiteliterallytheprocessofcollectingforms,paperwork,andpermissionsatdi�erentplaces,withinaframeoflimitedinformation.Forexample,tenantswereoftentold,afterthefact,thattheyneededaformaleviction�lingtobeeligibleforservices,forcingthemto“runaround”betweensocialservices,HousingCourt,andpropertymanagerstogatherthepaperworkneededtoevenapplyforsupportservices.Theseprocessesweredescribedasine�cientandfrustratingbutmorethananything,dehumanizing.TheYPARteamagreedtopartnerwithCURAonthisaspectoftheproject,withthegoalofusinginterviewstheyconductedwithlocalsocialservicenavigatorstocreateagamesimulationcalledtheTheSocialServiceRunaround.

Inthefallof2018,Dr.LewismetwiththeYPARteammemberstofamiliarizethemwiththescopeofTheIllusionofChoiceprojectandsharetheinterviewinstrumentaswellasde-identi�edinterviewtranscripts.ThesetoolsandDr.Lewis’smentorshiphelpedthemgainabroaderunderstandingofthegoalsandscopeoftheprojectandalsosomeoftheinitialdata�ndings.Dr.LewisthenledaseriesoftechnicalskillstrainingswiththeYPARteam,providinganintroductiontointerviewguidelines,interviewconsentprocedures,qualitativeinterviewskillstraining,ande�ectiveinterviewquestiondevelopment.Dr.Lewisalsohelpedtheteamtoidentifyinterviewparticipantsfromacrosssocialservicesectorsinandoutsidethecounty.

TheYPARteaminterviewed17peopleoverthecourseof6months,meetingasagrouptwiceaweek.FourofthesepeoplewerefromHennepinCountyandworkedintheEmergencyAssistanceDepartmentofHumanServices.Theyalsointerviewedsupervisors,sta�members,casemanagers,andrentalassistanceprogramworkersfromshelters,suchasSt.Stephen’sandSimpsonHousing,aswellaspeoplefromtheSalvationArmy,localchurches,LegalAid,andInquilinxsUnidxs.Theteamreportedinterestingperspectivesfromthosewhoworkatcommunitydevelopmentagencies,suchasCommonbondandUrbanHomeworks,sincetheyfunctionasnontraditionallandlords.TheseinterviewsconcludedinearlyDecemberof2018.Theinterviewdatawerecompiledandusedtocreateaninteractivegamesimulation,TheSocialServiceRunaround,whichaimstocultivateabetterunderstandingoftheine�cienciesanddi�cultiesinherentinthecounty’scurrentsocialservicesystem.

Gameparticipantsarerandomlyassignedtocertainrealities,suchas“unemployed,seekinghousing,”andgivenachecklistoftaskstheymustcomplete,suchas“seekunemployment,”beforetheendofthegame.Participantsengageinthe“runaround”bytravelingtoandfromdi�erentsocialserviceo�ces,suchasthecountyandhumanserviceso�ce,whilewaitinginlonglinestoreceivedocumentationlikeanEAdenialletterneededtoobtainotherservices.TheexperienceofYPAR’ssimulatedsocialservicerunaroundisquicklyandunexpectedlyhumbling.

Allparticipantsare�rstgivenabookletwiththerulesofthegameandthenaskedtorolladiedeterminingtheircurrentsituation,whetheritbeunemployedorrecentlyevictedandhomeless.Eachparticipantisthengivenachecklistoftaskstocompletewithinagivenamountoftime,innoparticularorder,includingtaskssuchas“applyforEAatthecounty,”“applyforunemploymentathumanservices,”and“getUDexpungedfromrecord.”Additionally,playersaremadeawareofthespeci�cphysicallocationoftheseserviceswithinthecontextofthephysicalplacewheretheyplay.Inabrilliante�orttoemphasizetimeasametaphorformoney,YPARdesignedthegamesuchthateachtask—andthetransportationrequiredtoreacheachlocation—costsacertainamountof“timecoins,”�veofwhicharedoledouttoeachparticipantinthebeginning.Simulationparticipantsquicklybecomefrustrated,withlonglinesofpeoplewaitingtheirturntobedeniedforEA,unreliable“transportation”toandfromdi�erentsocialservicelocations,andunexpectedrequirementsofunobtaineddocumentation.Tosimulationparticipants,itquicklybecomesclearthatthereareseveralunwrittenrulestobediscoveredalongtheway,andthattherearenoclearwaystowinthisgame.Inthisprocess,itisalsonotablethatallroadsleadbacktothecounty.Whetheritbetoobtainadenialletternecessarytoreceiveunemployment,oranapprovalonarequestforEA,goingtothecountyisalmostalwaysthe�rststepinmakinganyheadwayelsewhere.

Anothertactfullyrepresentativeelementofthegameistheinclusionof“blessing”and“curse”cardsthatarehandedoutrandomlytoparticipants.Afacilitatorcancomebyatanypointandgiveaparticipantacardthateitherprovidesthemablessing—suchasextratimecoins—oracurse—suchassuddenlybeinglaido�fromajob,thusbecomingunemployed.Thesecardsdemonstratetheillusionofchoicethatmanyexperiencewhenstrugglingtostaya�oatandobtainnecessaryservices.Despiteplayingthegamecorrectly,savinguptimecoinsandapplyingforemployment,thechancecardscreateaninabilitytofullycontroltheoutcomeofthegame,accuratelyparallelingtheuncontrollabilityoflifeeventsbefore,during,orafterseekingservices.

Thegameendsafterasetperiodoftime,withnoobviouswinners,andparticipationconcludeswithare�ectiononthesimulation’sintentionsandrealityparallels.Mostnotablywastheempathyfeltbymanyparticipantstowardthosewhocannotsimplystopplayingthesocialservicerunaroundgame,whoselivesaredominatedbyinteractionswith�awedsystems.YPARteammembersexplainedthatintheirinterviews,countyresourcenavigatorsthemselvesexpressedaneedforsystemicchangeatthecountylevelspeci�cally,recognizingtheine�ciencyanddehumanizingnatureoftheprocessesthatoccur(ordonotoccur)there.TeammemberAdriennecommentedontheprocessofcreatingthegame:“It’sbeenawesome.Thisissueisreallyimportanttome,andIknowalotofushaveexperienced�rst-handtheseissues.Ithasbeengreattochallengewhoisanexpertandalsoaskingcommunityandadvocatingforchange.”

TheoverallgoalofTheSocialServiceRunaroundsimulationistopromptpolicychangeatthecountylevel,forEAandhumanresources,drawingblatantattentiontotheine�ectivenessof

PolicyInterventionsfromtheGroundup:ProducingCommunity-centeredPublicPolicyandProgrammaticSolutions

theseserviceswhenitcomestomeetingtheneedsofthepeopletheyareintendedtoserve.TheYPARteamhopesthatthisgamereachesbothpolicymakersandcommunitycentersintheirneighborhoods,speci�callyinthezipcodesof55411and55412.Makeda,aYPARteammember,emphasized:“Wewantpeopletocomeoutwithabetterunderstandingofhowtonavigatethesystem,andtheissueswithinthesystemthatmakeitdi�culttonavigate.Also,[wewantthemto]just[learn]empathy.”

Theproductionofcommunity-centeredpublicpolicyandprogrammaticsolutionsispredicatedonourabilityascommunity-engagedactionresearcherstoallowthevoicesofthosemostimpactedtoguideandidentifytheplaceswherechangeisneededthemost.Thenweaimtoutilizetherelationshipsbuiltacrossinstitutionalspheresofin�uencetobringthosemarginalvoicestolocaldecision-makingbodies.

Todothis,�rst,wemustunderstandwhatpolicyprescriptionsarebeingusednationallyandlocally.Second,wemustpaycloseattentiontotheindividualsandinstitutionsthathavehadthemostimpactonthoseweinterviewedandtheirabilitytomaintainsafe,a�ordablequalityhousing.Wedothistoassesswhetherornotlocalpolicyprescriptionsareactuallyaddressingtheneedsofthosemostimpacted.Third,wefocusonthegapbetweenwhatpolicyandprogrammaticinterventionslocalpowerbrokerssupportpubliclyandwhatissuesarosefrominterviewswiththosemostimpacted.Thesegapsareunder-analyzedsitesofpolicychange.Wedothisinane�orttoutilizeourdataasanadvocacyandpolicy-framingtoolthathelpstodrawourattentiontounder-analyzedareasofinterventionthatoftenonlythoseexperiencingtherealitiesofhousinginstabilitywouldbeabletoreadilyidentify.Inshort,wetreatourresearchparticipantsastheexpertsontheirownrealities.

FromtheNationaltotheLocal:CommonPolicyFramesandDivergentApproaches

AcrosstheUnitedStates,tenantorganizinghighlightsanumberofserioushousingconcerns,includingunsafeandunhealthylivingconditions,unresponsivelandlords,dramaticrentincreases,andevictions(Ortiz,2018).Threeofthemajornationalpolicyimperativeshighlightedbytenants,organizers,andhousingadvocatesacrossthecountryarerighttocounsel,universalrentcontrol,andjust-causeeviction(alsotermed“good-cause”eviction).

RighttoCounsel

Righttocounselis“thecommitmenttomakelegalservicesavailabletoalltenantsfacingevictioninhousingcourtandpublichousingauthorityterminationoftenancyproceedings”(NewYorkCityHumanResourcesAdministration,2018).Tenantactivistsandsupportersarguethattenantsareoftenin�nanciallyandsociallyprecarioussituationswhenfacingevictionproceedingswithlandlordsandpublicagencies.Tenantsshouldhavetherighttocounseltomitigatesomeoftheinitialpowerimbalance.NewYorkCityrecentlypassedrighttocounsellegislationwhenorganizers�ghtingforrighttocounselsucceeded.InAugust2017,MayorBilldeBlasiosignedIntro214-bintolaw,o�ciallyguaranteeingNewYorkCitytenantsthisright,whichresultedin33,000householdsreceivingfreelegalrepresentation,advice,orassistancethroughthecity’sO�ceofCivilJustice.Severalotherjurisdictionshaveimplementedorareconsideringsomedegreeofrighttocounselforevictions,basedontheincomeofthetenantorcategoryofhousinginvolved(e.g.,Washington,DC,SanFrancisco,Philadelphia).Duringthe2019Minnesotalegislativesession,StateSenatorKariDziedzicintroducedabillthatwouldprovidecourt-appointedcounselforcertaintenantsfacingevictionfrompublichousingbasedonallegationstheyhadbreachedthelease(SF1785).

UniversalRentControl

Rentcontrolisasetofregulationsonyearlyrentincreasesandthetermsofevictionactions,andpoliciessometimescanalsorestricthowmuchalandlordcanchargeforrent,basedontenants’evictionhistory(TenantsTogether,2019).RentcontrolwasoriginallyafederalpricecontrolimplementedduringWorldWarII,butnowitistypicallyamunicipal,county,orstateregulationthatleadstoseriouschallengesforrentcontroladvocatesinstateswithstate-levellawsregulatingrentcontrolonthemunicipalorcountylevel.Whileopposerscitestudiestyingrentcontroltothereductioninthequantityandqualityofavailablehousing,proponentsholdthatitprovidesanecessaryeconomicstop-gapforneighborhoodsexperiencinggentri�cationduetomassivereinvestmentinrealestateandinfrastructureafterdecadesoftargeteddisinvestment(Stein,2019).WhileCalifornia,NewYork,NewJersey,andMarylandhaverentcontrolincertainmunicipalities,Oregonistheonlystatewithuniversalrentcontrol.Thiscameaboutaftertwodecadesofworkbytenantgroups,whichledtothepassageofSenateBill608,astatelawrestricting“annualrentincreasesto7percent”andbanningno-causeevictions(Walker,2019).

Just-orGood-CauseEvictions

Inmostcases,alandlordinMinnesotamaylegallyterminatealeaseatitsexpirationdate(orattheendofthemonthforamonth-to-monthtenancy)aslongastheyhavegivenpropernoticebasedontheleasetermsandthelaw.Thelandlorddoesnotneedtohaveaspeci�creasoninmostcasesnottorenewalease.Ajust-causeevictionpolicywouldrequirethatevenwhenaleaseexpires,alandlordwouldneedaspeci�c,legallyvalidreasontonotreneworcontinuethe

leasewiththecurrenttenant.Citiesorstateswiththesestandardsallowevictionornonrenewalofaleaseonlyifthetenanthasviolatedtheleaseterms,failedtopayrent,orsomeotherspeci�creasonpermittedbythelaw.Just-causelawscanbeinstitutedatthemunicipal,county,orstatelevels;varyacrossthecountry;andareoftenincludedinrentcontrollawstospecifythetermsofevictionforresidentsinrent-controlledunits.Giventheconstraintsonlandlords’abilitytoservenon-renewalnoticesattheendofatenant’sleaseterm,just-causelawsreceivepushbackfromassociatedparties.Additionally,tenantsareoftenleftwithonlythelimitedprotectionsdescribedintheirleasesinmunicipalitiesandstateswithoutjust-causelaws.Actionsforjust-causearefrontandcenterforurbantenantsfacingrisingeconomicpressuresfromstagnantwagesandgentri�cation.RecentactivismbythePhiladelphiaTenantsUnionandotherhousingactivistsledtotheunanimouspassageofGoodCausebyall17membersofthePhiladelphiaCityCouncil—latersignedintolawbythemayorinJanuary2019—demonstratingtheneedtoensuretenantsaretreatedfairlyinrelationshipswithprivatelandlords(Merriman,2019).

ApproachestoPolicyandProgramChangeintheTwinCities

PolicymakersandtenantadvocatesinMinneapolisandSaintPaulhavepursuedsimilarinterventionsandfoundvaryinglevelsofsuccessinshiftinglocalpoliciesandpractices.FormerMinnesotaCongressman(nowMinnesotaAttorneyGeneral)KeithEllisonintroducedfederallegislationontheissuetitledHR1146,theEqualOpportunityforResidentialRepresentationAct,whichstipulatedthecreationofapilotprogramprovidinggrantstohousing-relatedorganizations,includingthosethatprovidecivillegalservicestofamiliesfacingeviction,landlord/tenantdisputes,orfairhousingdiscrimination.Whilethislegislationdidnotmakeitoutofcommittee,localorganizationscontinuetoworkonrighttocounsellegislation.

Mid-MinnesotaLegalAidandtheVolunteerLawyersNetwork“RighttoCounsel”

Mid-MinnesotaLegalAidandtheVolunteerLawyersNetworkaretwosuchorganizationsresearchingandadvocatingontheissue.Intheir2018projecttitledLegalRepresentationinEvictions,theysoughttodeterminewhetherlegalrepresentationfortenantsintheFourthJudicialDistrictHousingCourtprovidestenantsmeaningfulbene�tsinhousingstability.Theorganizationsfoundthatfullyrepresentedtenantswonorsettledtheircasesin96%ofthesecases,whilethosewithoutanylegalserviceswonorsettledonly62%ofthesecases(GrundmanandKruger,2018).Moreover,incaseswheretenantsagreedtomove,fullyrepresentedtenantsreceivedtwiceasmuchtimetodosoandweredrasticallylesslikelytohaveanevictionrecordafterthisagreementiftheywererepresentedbyalawyer.These�ndingssupportMinnesotalegislativebillsonrighttocounsel,14-daypre-evictionnotices,andevictionexpungementreform.

HOMELine“RighttoCure”

HOMELine,aMinnesota-basednonpro�ttenantadvocacyorganization,advocatesfortenants’rightstoreceiveadequatenoticeofapotentialevictionactionandforlimitingthee�ectsthatpastevictionshaveonfuturehousingoptions(HOMELine,2019).A“righttocure”pre-evictionpolicywouldmandatea14-daynotice,allowingthetenanttheopportunitytogetcurrentonrentorremedyabreachofleasebeforethelandlordcan�leanevictionaction.Forty-threestatesrequiresomekindofnoticetotenantsbeforeacourtevictionis�led.Minnesotaisoneoftheseventhatdoesnot.ManytenantsinterviewedinTheIllusionofChoicereportexpressedfrustrationwiththesmallwindowoftimeprovidedonceanevictionnoticeis�led,becauseitdoesnotalignwiththeHennepinCountyemergency�nancialassistanceprocess.Moreover,evictionactionsmarktenants’rentalhousingrecordslongterm,partlyduetothesituationjustdescribedbutalsobecauseevictionactionsremainonatenant’srecordandpubliclyaccessiblefordecades—informationthatmostifnotallthetenantsinterviewedwerecompletelyunawareof.Toensuretenantscansecurehousinginthefuture,evictionexpungementreformplaysanimportantroleinthelegislativeagendaofHOMELineandothertenantadvocacyorganizations,particularlygivingtenantstherighttodueprocessbeforeanevictionisplacedontheirrecordandlimitingtheamountofyearsthataUDstaysonatenant’srecord.

InquilinXsUnidXsporJusticia’s“Tenant’sBillofRights”

InquilinxsUnidxsporJusticia(UnitedRentersforPower,or“IX”),aMinneapolistenantpowerorganization,seekstochallengethepresentpoliticaleconomyofcommodi�edhousing.Thegroupwasinitiallyorganizedin2015toacquireprobonolegalrepresentationtosueanegligentlandlord.Today,IXmembersutilizeatenantpowerbuildingmodeltosupporttheireducationanddevelopmentasthey�ghtforsystemicchangesinhousingwhiledispellingmythsaboutthelackofrootsthatrentershaveinacommunity.Housingcooperatives,tenantunions,andrentcontrolareimperativesforIXmembers,whoalsocitethenecessityforlawmakerstosigna“tenants’billofrightswhichwouldprovidetenantsadditionallegalmechanismstomoreevenlynegotiatewiththeirlandlordoverapplications,repairs,ordisplacement”withtheengagementandsupportofMinneapolistenants(IX,2018).IX’sfocusonbuildingtenantpowerhighlightsimportantcontradictionsintheUShousingsystem:policieslikerentcontrolempowertenantsandchangethetermsoftheirhousingsituation.Inthecurrentsystemthatcommodi�eshousing,realestateintereststakecommunitymembers’spacesoflaborandconvertthemintospacesofpro�t(Stein,2019).Thus,supportingpoliciesandstrategiesthataimtoseparatethepro�trelationinhousingareimportantcomponentsofbuildingtenantpowerandcontrolforIXandpartners.

CommonBondResidentSupport

Inadditiontothesenationalandlocalpolicyproposalsandtheirsupportiveadvocacye�orts,localhousingandsocialservicesprofessionalsaremakingimportantprogrammaticchangestoaddresstheevictionscrisis.CommonBondCommunities(alsoknownasCommonBond),alarge

nonpro�ta�ordablehousingdeveloperdeliveringservicesintheMidwestUnitedStates,focuseson“supportingresidentsofallagestoachievelong-termstabilityandindependence”throughon-siteprogramsandservicesandorganizationalpartnerships,andcommunity-buildingandengagement;someoftheseactivitieshaveanexpressedgoalofreducingtheriskofevictionforresidentshousedinCommonBondproperties(CommonBondCommunities,2018).Performingasocialreturnoninvestment(SROI)analysisofCommonBond’sevictionpreventionprogram(EPP)activitiesrevealedareturnof“$4insocialbene�tsgeneratedforevery$1investedbyCommonBond.”

HennepinCountyPre-EvictionPilot

Similarly,aPre-EvictionPilot(PEP)carriedoutbyHennepinCounty,theMcKnightFoundation,andthePohladFamilyFoundationtrialedaprograminNorthMinneapolistoreduceevictions.Thisproject,whichtookplacefromJanuarytoNovember2018atNorthPointHealthandWellness,focusedonpreventingeviction�lingsamongresidentswhoexperiencedhardshippayingrent,bringingtogether�nancial,social,andlegalservicestomitigatethepotentialofanevictionactionregardlessoftenantincome.Afterexaminingpilotdata,theresearchersconcludedthatmostPEPparticipantsremainedhoused,didnotexperienceaneviction�ling,accessedhelpfullegalandsocialservices,anddidnotneedtoutilizeanemergencyshelter.The�ndingsdemonstratedmethodsthatgovernments,researchcenters,andtenantadvocacyorganizationscanpromotetoreduceandultimatelyeliminateevictionsandmitigateresultingharmtoindividuals,families,andcommunities.

RamseyCountyEmergencyAssistanceRestructure

RamseyCountypilotedanemergencyassistanceservicerestructuringprogramtitled“ContinuousImprovement,ImmediateAction”from2013to2014.Thedesign-orientedpracticesoftheKaizenmethodutilizedbyRamseyCountyfosteredsigni�cantchangesinemergencyassistancedesign,implementation,andevaluation,indicatingthestrengthsofacollaborativeprocessofpolicyrevisiontoimproveservicedelivery.“Withanaveragewaitoflessthan�vedaysfrominitialapplication,countyassistanceisbetteralignedwithstatemandatesforevictionproceedings,increasingthelikelihoodthatresidentswillbeabletoavoidhousingcourt”(UniversityofMinnesotaCollegeofDesign,2018).

CollageofimagesbyNikkiMcComb

CURA’sPolicyRecommendationProcess:PolicyInterventionsfromtheGroundUp

Itiscriticalthatwepaycloseattentiontoworkalreadybeingdonebothnationallyandlocallytomitigatethenegativeimpactsofevictions,whilealsoacknowledgingthatthesereforme�ortsarealargerpartofacomplicatedsystemthatdoesnotalwaysaskthosemostimpactedwhattheywantorneed.Unfortunately,ournation'shistoryofpaternalismoftenpreventsusfromseeinglow-incomepeopleofcolorastheexpertsontheirownrealities.Toresistthecommonpaternalisticapproachthatpublicpolicydevelopmentoftentakes,CURA’sEvictionsresearchteamengagedinathree-partprocesstoguidethecreationoftheCURAEvictionsPolicyRecommendations.Thisprocessincluded:

1. areviewoftheinterviewdatatoanalyzepolicyrecommendationsthatarosefromstoriessharedbytenants,propertymanagers,landlords;

2. ananalysisofcurrentpolicyproposalsbeingmadebylocalpolicymakersinMinnesotaregardingevictionsatthecity,county,andstatelevels;

3. anevaluationoftenantandlandlordperspectivesonthosecurrentpolicyproposalstoassesswhetherornotthosemostimpactedbelievetheyaretherecommendationsthatthecity,county,andstateshouldpursue.

AReviewofInterviewData

Theresearchteamreviewedtheinterviewdatafromthe32landlordand68tenantsinterviewed,whilelookingforthemesandsuggestionsforpublicpolicyandprogrammaticinterventionsthataimedtoensurethesuccessofthetenantandlandlordrelationship.Althoughparticipantswere

notaskedfortheirpolicyrecommendationsoutright,severaltenantsandlandlordsprovidedexamplesofchangestotheevictionprocessthatwouldprovidereliefforboth.Forexample,onetenantnoted:

Givingsomebodysevendaystomove[afterevictionhearing],that'sreallynotenoughtimefor,Imeanjustthink.IfIwasstillworkinginthesamejobsIwasworkingbefore,Iwouldn'tbeabletopullthatoff.Youwouldhavetogetamovingtruck,geteverythingpackedup,andifyouwork,you'vegottogobetweenyourworkandtryingtogeteverythingdoneandmovedout,andwiththeprocessofthatthey'reusingnowtofindhousing,there'snoway.(Blackfemale,46yearsold)

Anotherexamplecamefromalandlordwhodiscussedsomeofthechallengesfromhisexperiencewiththecounty’semergencyassistanceprograms.Asnotedpreviously,theemergencyassistanceprocesswasarecurringtopicoffrustrationforbothlandlordsandtenants.Onelandlordnoted:

Ourexperienceiswesometimesseepeoplegetdeniedandwe'relike,“Youknow,ifyoujustwouldhavehelpedthem,likemaybewithtwomonths’rent,theycouldhavegottenbackontheirfeet.”Nowthey'respendingalloftheirextratimewithchildren,andalltheirotherthingsintheirlife,whentheyjustneededmaybeonemoremonth,anditwouldhavebeenagreatersuccess.Butthecutoffisjustsofastandhard.AndIgetit,right?Butthispersonwhomaybedidn'tquitehavetheirnewjobyet.Theywereinbetweenjobs.Emergencyassistancewon'thelpunlesstheycanprovetheycanpaythenextmonth'srent.Whatifweloosenedthatfor45days,andthentheresidentgetshelp,andthenit'saone-timehelpversusanescalating...It'sexpensivetomovefortheresident.Nottomentionwhatitdoestothe,iftheyhavechildren,andthedisruption.(Whitefemale,46yearsold,propertymanagerforafor-pro�torganization)

Examiningtenantandlandlordinterviewresponsesinthecontextoftheirevictionexperiencesallowsforaninductiveandorganicassessmentofbothshort-termandlong-termprioritiesofeachparticipant,whichalsoassistedusinidentifyingplaceswherepolicyandprogrammaticreformwasnecessary.

AnAnalysisofCurrentPolicyProposals

Toengagewithlocalpolicymakers,theCURAEvictionsresearchteaminvitedMid-MinnesotaLegalAidtheo�cesofcouncilmemberJeremiahEllisonandstatesenatorBobbyJoeChampiontomeetwiththeCURAEvictionsAdvisoryCounciltodiscusscurrentandfuturepolicyandprogramproposalsaimedatmitigatingtheimpactofevictionsateachlevelofthegovernment.Intotal,theAdvisoryCounciloutlined16di�erentpolicyrecommendationsbasedontheinformationprovidedbytheserepresentatives,alongwithinformationfromongoinginitiatives

suchasthecityofMinneapolisConductonPremisesworkgroup.Thesepolicyrecommendationsincludedproposalssuchaslimitsonbackgroundchecks,shorteningtheemergencyassistanceandemergencygeneralassistancedecisiontimelines,changingconductonpremiseregulations,andensuringlegalrepresentationinHousingCourt.TheCURAEvictionsresearchteamcompiledandexaminedalloftheserecommendations.

AnEvaluationofTenantandLandlordPerspectivesonCurrentPolicyProposals

Inacommunity-engagedactionproject,policyrecommendationscannotendwiththetraditionalexperts.Theymustbeproduced,vetted,andenhancedbythecommunitymemberswhostandtobeimpactedthemostbytheimplementationoftherecommendations.Togaugetenantandlandlordperspectivesonthecurrentpolicyproposals,theCURAEvictionsresearchteamcompiled16policyproposals,outlinedbystateandlocalo�cials,intoanelectronicpolicysurveyandsentittoall100researchparticipants(68tenantsand32landlords).ACURAEvictionsresearchteammemberattemptedtocontacteachparticipantaminimumofthreetimes,eitherbyphone,email,ortextmessage.Foreachpolicyorprogramproposal,thesurveypromptedparticipantstochoosebetweenthreeresponses:“stronglyagree,”“neutral,”or“stronglydisagree.”Additionally,thesurveyincludedopen-endedtextboxestoallowsurveyparticipantstheoptiontocommentorelaborateontheirresponses.Attheendofthesurveyparticipantscouldo�ertheirowngeneralinsightsandrecommendationsforevictionpolicy.

Intotal,26(38%)tenantsand16(50%)landlordsrespondedtothesurvey.Itisimportanttonotethatwithinthe4monthsbetweentheendofinterviewsandtheonlinepolicysurvey,thecontactinformationforapproximately12(18%)ofalltenantparticipantswasinvalid.Severalothertenants’phonenumberswereoutofservice,andalthoughateammemberreachedoutviaemail,theserequestsforinputgarnerednoresponse.Thisisaseriouschallenge,researchlimitation,andcharacteristicemblematicofworkingwithhighlymobilepopulations;however,itdoesnotdeemtheresponsesreceivedirrelevant.Rather,theintegrationoffeedbackfromtenantsandlandlordswhoexperienceandparticipateinevictionactionsinHennepinCountyplaysacriticalroleinourbroaderpolicyrecommendations.Thelackofacompletesetofparticipantresponsesshouldnotdismissthesaliencyandgravityoftheresultingrecommendations.Theresearchteamusedthisdatatoinform,reinforce,andcritiquethepolicyrecommendationsoutlinednext.

Utilizingourthree-partprocess,theresearchteamidenti�edthreemajorpolicyrecommendationsthatcansupporte�ortstopreventevictionaction�lingsandmitigatetheirconsequences.

CURAPolicyRecommendationsPolicyRecommendation#1:ExtendingtheLengthoftheEvictionsProcess

Ifthenoticeisforeviction,andthelandlorddoesnothavea“justcause”fortheeviction,thelandlordshouldgivethetenanta30-daynoticefromthedatetherentispaidon,tomove.Nothingless.(Blackfemale,55yearsold)

Werecommendextendingthelengthoftheevictionprocess.Minnesotahasoneofthefastestcourtevictionprocessesinthecountry.Undercurrentlaw,alandlordcan�leanevictionthe�rstdayrentisoverdue.Aninitialhearingisheldbetween7and14daysafterthelandlord�lesthecase(Minn.Stat.§504B.321).Ifthecaseisnotresolvedatthathearing,thetenantfacesafulltrial,whichthecourtschedulesforamaximumof6daysout(Minn.Stat.§504B.341).AccordingtotheMinneapolisInnovationTeam’sreport,onaverage,eviction�lingsareclosedin14days,withover90%closedwithin30days.Therapidnatureoftheprocessleavesminimaltimefortenants,LegalAid,andemergencyassistancetogarnertheresourcesnecessarytoresolveormitigatetheconsequencesofanevictionaction.

Arapidevictionsprocessisparticularlyconcerningintightrentalmarkets.Althoughthedemandforrentalpropertiesishigh,whichbene�tsmostlandlords,thesupplyofhousingislow,whichplacesrentersinaprecariouspositionofaccessingandmaintainingahome.CURAaimstocenterthetenantinthispolicyrecommendation,aspreventingandmitigatingtheimpactofevictionsmayalsopreventfurthereconomic,social,andpsychologicalburdens.

Currently,HennepinCountyhostsoneofthefastestevictiontimelinesinthecountry,accordingtoMid-MinnesotaLegalAid.Moretimeshouldbeallottedtohelpindividualsandfamiliestransitionthroughadi�cultandarduoustime,enhancingtheirabilitytoseekadditionalresourcestopreventdisplacement.HOMELine,apartnerinTheIllusionofChoiceproject,hasoutlinedasampleevictionstimeline:

EvictionsandEmergencyAssistanceProcesses

GraphicadaptedfromHOMELine

CommunityVoiceandResponse

Communityadvocatesandpolicymakershaveaimedtolengthentheevictionprocessinane�orttocreateaprocessthatismoreresponsivetovulnerabletenants. Mid-MinnesotaLegalAidpresenteditsrecommendationofextendingtheevictionprocesstotheCURAEvictionsResearchAdvisoryCouncil.Onewaytodothiswouldbetorequirelandlordstogivetenantsa14-daynoticepriorto�linganevictionofanykind(exceptexpeditedaction).Additionally,Mid-MinnesotaLegalAidproposesadditionstothestatutethatall�lingswouldrequiremoredetailaboutconductonpremiseviolationsandtheexact�nancialinformationinquestionfornonpaymentoflease�lings.Whenasked,tenantandlandlordshaddi�erentresponsesintermsoflevelsofsupportforthispolicyproposal:


Clearly,thereisadiscrepancyinthesupportforthisproposalbetweenlandlordsandtenants.Asonelandlordnoted,“Theevictionprocessisalreadyunacceptablyslowandexpensive.Thisaddressesandrecti�esnoneoftheunderlyingproblems.”

Anotherlandlordexplained:

Apropertycostsagreatdealofmoneytomaintaineveryday,andadding14daysontothepossessionbyapotentiallynon-payingpartycanunfairlycostanownermoneythattheyshouldnothavetolose.Aleaseoutlinesreasonsforpossibleeviction,andtenantsshouldbeawarethattheycanpotentiallybeevictedfornotpayingrentorviolatingtermsoftheirlease.(Whitefemale,35yearsold,individualpropertyownerandmanager)

Ontheotherhand,tenantswereinhighsupportofthisproposal.Onetenantnotedthatthis“wouldgivetenant[s]timetogetmoneytogetherifneedbe.”CURArecognizesthetimeandexpenseofevictionactionsforbothlandlordsandtenants.Although,itisimportanttonotethat

landlordsandtenantsthroughoutthisprojectcitedthatoftenlandlordswho�leanevictionactionpassonthe�lingcosttothetenant.ThiscostforHennepinCountyis$297.Tobuildhousingstability,particularlyinhighevictionactionareassuchasNorthMinneapolis,thestatemustallowtimefortenantstogarnertheresourcestomitigatetheimpactofevictionactions.

PolicyRecommendation#2:AHumaneandTimelyApproachtoEmergencyAssistance

Iwishthatthesystemwasmorehumaneforpeopletohavesomekindofdignity,somewherealongtheway.It'dbeokaywithaskingforhelp,andnothavingsomanydoorsshutinyourface.Andallthehoopsyouhavetojumpthrough,withthecounty,tryingtogetassistance.Andthenfindoutthatyoudon'tgetit.Whythehelldoesthattakesolong?(Blackfemale,50yearsold)

Yeah,they[emergencyassistance]giveyousomethin'tosay,youapplied...Alittleform,aregularformtheygiveeverybodysayingyouapplied,butittakes30days.Theycanmakeadecisionupto30days.Butlandlordsdon'twannawaitonthat.(Blackfemale,38yearsold)

Werecommendarevisioningofthesocialservicesmodelutilizedintheemergencyassistance(EA)andemergencygeneralassistance(EGA)programs.Itisimperativethattherevisioncenteronculturallyrelevantservice,aswellasareductionoftimespentprocessingEA/EGArequestsalignedwiththeHousingCourtevictionprocess.EnsuringthattheEA/EGAsystemcenterstheneedsofeachindividualand/orfamilyisvitaltothisvision.Additionally,duetotherapidnatureoftheevictionactionprocess,thetimelineofEA/EGAapplicationandappealresponseneedstobeshortened.Werecommendanopenandtransparentcommunity-engagedprocessforcollectingfeedbackfromthosemostimpactedbytheEA/EGAprogramthatincludesdiversepartnerorganizationsandadvocates.

EA/EGAprogramsserveroughly5,400and3,600households,respectively,eachyear,helpingthosebehindonrentorstrugglingtopayutilitybills.HennepinCountyalsoprovidescasemanagementto30,000peopleeachyear,andcasemanagerscanbeastrongpartnerinmaintaininghousingforclients.ThespeedofHousingCourtstandsincontrasttothespeedwithwhichHennepinCountyrespondstohousingemergenciesbroughtbyclients.ForfamiliesservedbytheEAprocess,halfareapprovedin16daysandhalfofEGAcasesareapprovedwithin10days.However,morecasesaredeniedthanapproved,andthosehavemediandenialtimesof20daysand31days,respectively.HousingCourt,ontheotherhand,hasmandatedtimelinesof“�rstappearance”incourtwithinaslittleas7daysafterserviceofnoticetothetenant.Ifthecaseisnotresolvedat�rstappearanceandthetenantconvincesthecourtthatadisputeexists,thenatrialissetwithin6days.Ifajudgmentofevictionresults,theSheri�’sO�cecanproceedtoremovethetenantsandtheirbelongings24hourslater.(HennepinCounty,2019).

EvictionsandEmergencyAssistanceProcesses

GraphicadaptedfromHOMELine

Challengesincludesta�ngresourcesandthecurrentcomplexityoftheentiresystemandhowEA�tsintoit—fewcanseethesystemfromapointofviewbigenoughtocutthroughthatcomplexity.AnotherchallengeistheintensefocusonincrementalchangetotheEAprogram,whenwewouldliketolookbroadertocreateasystemthatworksforthoseseekingassistance.

TheHennepinCountyHumanServicesDepartmentintendstoengagepartnersfromtheFamilyHomelessPreventionandAssistanceProgram(FHPAP)undertheMinnesotaHousingFinanceAgency(MHFA),alongwithEAsta�,forpolicyanalysis.Oncetheyhavemadesomeprogress,theywouldalsoliketosimilarlyincludeanyotherprivatelyfundedpartnerswhoareinterestedandwillingtobeincludedinthepolicypieces.Theirviewisthatwithacomprehensiveviewoftheprogramsandpolicies,thoseworkingtoreduceevictionscanseemoreclearlywheregapsexistthatcanultimatelyinformlegislativepriorities,countypolicyprescriptions,nonpro�twork,andmore.

Moreover,HennepinCountyHumanServicesisexploringtheideaofhavingsta�atHousingCourt,buttheagencywantstotakeaholisticview�rstas“thatseemslikeareactivepointinthegame(butitmay�tintothedesignofthelargersystem)”(JuxtapositionArts,2018).Nonetheless,thispolicyideaalignswithresearch�ndingsandpolicyrecommendationsmadebyMid-MinnesotaLegalAidstatingthesuccessoftenantsinoverturningevictionactiondecisionsiftheyhavelegalrepresentation.Havingcountysta�availablewouldalsoprovideareputablesourceofinformationfortenantsinHousingCourt,asmanystudyparticipantsstatedthattheywerenotawarethatevictionactionsremainontheirrecordevenincaseswheretheyprevail.

CommunityVoiceandResponse

Asnotedinthelargerreport,twomainthemesemergedfromtenantinterviewsregardingtheHennepinCountyEA/EGAprocesses.First,bothlandlordsandtenantsreportedthatthelengthoftimeittakestogetadecisionregardingsupportfromEAorEGAoftendoesnotmatchupwiththerapidnatureofevictionactions.Second,anumberoftenantsdescribedtheprocessofapplyingforEA/EGAasdehumanizing,asifthosewithwhomtheywereworkingweregivingthemmoneydirectlyfromtheirownpockets.TenantsandlandlordsalikewereoverwhelminglyinsupportoffasterdeadlinesforEA/EGAdecisions(within5days):


InadditiontoincreasingthespeedatwhichEA/EGAdecisionsaremade,Mid-MinnesotaLegalAid,alongwithHOMELineandseveralothercommunitypartners,hascalledforEA/EGAtorede�ne“emergency”inthestatute,streamlinetheapplicationprocess,anddecreasethelengthofappealdecisionsinane�orttomaketheprocessmoreaccessibleandhuman-centeredforthoseinneed.

Finally,Dr.LewisisworkingasapartnerwithHennepinCountytore-envisionaprocessofEA/EGAassistancethatcentersthosemosta�ectedbyevictions.ShehasshareddataandstoriesfromTheIllusionofChoiceproject,whichhasinturninformedanewpartnershipbetweenthePohladFamilyFoundationandHennepinCountytoimplementa“HousingStabilityResourceRedesign.”

PolicyRecommendation#3:CenteringPeople’sAgency:EndingCurrentSelf-PayProceduresinHennepinCountyShelters

Youknowtheotherironywiththiswholesystemisthat,Idon'tknowwhatit'scalledbutthere'sasheltersituationwhere...yesyoucancomein.Yesyouhavelodging,youhaveabed,yousharecommonspace,yougetthreesquaresaday.Butwhateveryourmoneyis,youhavetogiveitalltousfor$75dollars,eachmonth,andyou'refamiliarwithit.Sothenhowdoyougetahead?Imeanhow

doyouthensay,"Wellyouknow,Idon'twanttobehereforever."YouknowwhatImean?AndIlearnedthatasaresultofthesituation,too.Isaid"Wow."Andthentheywonderwhyfolksbecomedependentandarethereforever.(Blackfemale,70yearsold)

Togototheshelter.Thatwastheonlywaytheywouldhelpus.Ifyou'reintheshelterandletthemtakealittlebitofmoneyfromyou,ortakemoneyfromyou,andtheninthatsituation,ofcourse.Withyourownmoneywe'llhelpyoupayforstuffthatyoucouldapaidforifyouwouldajustgaveusthatmoneyoriginally.Theywerepayingtwo,threethousanddollarsamonthfortheshelter,butwastakingmoremoneythanthatfromme.Iftheywouldajustletussavethatmoneyforonemonth,wewouldabeenouttatherethefirstmonth.(Blackmale,28yearsold)

Werecommendendingthecounty’spolicyonself-payatshelterstoenableshelterstodevelopandimplementasset-buildingand�nancialeducationprogramsforshelterguests.Therelevantcountypoliciesrequiresheltergueststoexhaustallavailableresourcestoaddresstheiremergency.However,manytenantsintervieweddiscussedtheparadoxofbeingevictedbecausetheydidnothaveenoughmoneytopayrentonlytoenterintoasheltersystemthatrequiredthemtopayperbed.Endingself-paywillallowshelterstoplayapositiveandempoweringrolefordistressedshelterguests.

Duringinterviews,severaltenantsrevealedthattheyoftensleptintheircarsasanactofresistanceinsteadofpayingtheapproximately$30perbedpricetostayatacountyshelter.Whileguestsbelievedthatthiswasashelterpolicy,itisactuallyaHennepinCountypolicyknownas“self-pay,”andshelterscontractingwiththecountyareobligatedtoenforceit.Onetenantinterviewedillustratedthefrustrationinpayingashelterforservicesatatimeofhardshipwhenthesheltercouldbesupportingtheir�nancialindependence:“Theywerepayingtwo,threethousanddollarsamonthfortheshelter,butwastakingmoremoneythanthatfromme.Iftheywouldajustletussavethatmoneyforonemonth,wewouldabeenouttatherethe�rstmonth.”

Undertheself-paypolicy,guestsofcountysheltersmustexhaustall“availableresources”toresolvetheemergencyforwhichtheyareseekingEA/EGAbeforethecountyexpendsreimbursementstotheshelter.ThisHennepinCountypolicyappliestoallcountysheltersbutisnotexplicitlywrittenintotheindividualcontractswithshelters.Thecountybene�tseconomicallyfromthisrelationshipbecausethecountyshelters(e.g.,PeopleServingPeople)cannotpreciselyanticipatethenumberofgueststheywillhave,whichultimatelya�ectstheirreimbursementamount.

RelevantCountyPoliciesInformingSelf-Pay:

• 2.6:Allresourcesavailabletothefamilyunitmustbeusedtoresolvetheemergency.

• 2.6.1:Resourcesaredefinedasallrealandpersonalpropertyownedinwholeorinpartandallincome,minusbasicneeds,receivedfromdateofapplicationforEmergencyAssistancethrough

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• 2.6.2:Basicneedsaredefinedastheminimumpersonalrequirementsofsubsistencerestrictedtoshelter,utilities,food,andotheritemsthelossoforlackofisdeterminedbyHennepinCountytoposeadirect,immediatethreattothephysicalhealthorsafetyofamemberofthefamilyunit.

TheEvictionsteamandthecountysheltershopetoreimaginethisprocesstoserveresidentsmoreholistically.SuggestionsandcritiquesmadebytenantsinterviewedandAdvisoryCouncilmembersinclude:

• Helpingguestssavemoneybystarting�nancialhelpprogramsasacomponentoftimespentatacountyshelter.

• Theacknowledgmentthatthepolicytoexpendallavailableresourcesdoesnothelpthefamilyoutofhomelessness;rather,itcancompoundcrisis-baseddecisionmakingforthosea�ected,limitingtheiroptionsthereon.

• The“rose-coloredglasses”viewofcountyshelterturnoverrates.Atthemoment,theaveragecountyshelterstayis32days(HennepinCounty,2019).However,sincemanyhousinginsecuretenantsrefusetostayinsheltersifthesta�makethempayfortheirbed,thisformofresentfulresistancecouldnegativelyskewtheaverageshelterstay;thatis,becausemanypeopledecidenottostayattheshelter,theaverageshelterstaymaynotbeareliableindicatorofthestateofhomelessnessandhousinginsecurityinMinneapolis.

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JuxtapositionArts,YouthParticipatoryActionResearch(YPAR)

AdrienneDoyle,LeadFacilitator

JuxtapositionArtsYPARYouthApprentices

ElijahBuchanan,youth

TaisiaCleveland,youth

BirdCoulter,youth

DaraCrawford,youth

TatiyanaGross,youth

JusticeJones,youth

Ky’MariLove,youth

SageMack,youth

MakedaParrish,youth

EvictionsResearchProjectAdvisoryCouncil

JenniferArnold,InquilinXsUnidXsporJusticia

BobBono,AllianceHousing,Inc.

ChristopherErvinBrown,tenant

LucretiaBrown

ElizabethGlidden,MinnesotaHousingPartnership

LukeGrundman,Mid-MinnesotaLegalAid

EricHauge,HOMELine

JeweleanJackson,tenant

ShanikaHenderson,tenant

JulianneLeerssen,CityofMinneapolis

LaelRobertson,StateofMinnesota

RosalindSullivan,Attorney

CarolynSzczepanski,TheAlliance

ZoeThiel,CityofMinneapolis

LisaThornquist,HennepinCounty

JonathanWilliams-Kinsel,CityofMinneapolis

Artist-in-Residence

NikkiMcComb,ArtIsMyWeapon

EarlyEngagementPartners

InquilinXsUnidXsporJusticia

HOMELine

Mid-MinnesotaLegalAid

MinneapolisPromiseZone

HennepinCountyCourts

MinnesotaMultiHousingAssociation

UrbanHomeworks

ProjectforPrideinLiving

AEON

NorthsideAchievementZone

MinneapolisPublicHousingAuthority

NeighborhoodHub

Northpoint

PeopleServingPeople

CommunityActionPartnership

CityofMinneapolis,RegulatoryServices

StairstepFoundation

1Family,1Community

MinneapolisPublicSchools

Faithleadersacross55411&55412

St.StephensHumanServices

CURAStaff

JonathanMiller

KristenMurray

KatieHare

Funders

Copyright

©2019TheRegentsoftheUniversityofMinnesota.

ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0UnportedLicense.Toviewacopyofthislicense,visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ orsendalettertoCreativeCommons,444CastroStreet,Suite900,MountainView,California,94041,USA.Anyreproductionordistributionofthisworkunderthislicensemustbeaccompaniedbythefollowingattribution:“©TheRegentsoftheUniversityofMinnesota.ReproducedwithpermissionoftheUniversityofMinnesota’sCenterforUrbanandRegionalA�airs(CURA).”Anyderivativeuseofthisworkmustbelicensedunderthesametermsandaccompaniedbythefollowingattribution:“AdaptedwithpermissionoftheUniversityofMinnesota’sCenterforUrbanandRegionalA�airs(CURA)fromTheIllusionofChoice:EvictionsandPro�tinNorthMinneapolis,http://evictions.cura.umn.edu,June15,2019.”Forpermissionsbeyondthescopeofthislicense,contactCURA.

TheviewsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthorandnotnecessarilythoseoftheFederalReserveBankofMinneapolisortheFederalReserveSystem.

EvictionsReportTableofContents

IntroductiontoProject

LiteratureReview

© 2019 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. The University of Minnesota is an equal

opportunity educator and employer. Privacy Statement

Report Web Disability-Related Issue

Methodology

Findings:Landlords

Findings:Tenants

Findings:SocialServiceRunAround

ResearchinAction:TheValueandImpactofActionableResearch

PolicyInterventionsfromtheGroundup:ProducingCommunity-centeredPublicPolicyandProgrammaticSolutions

References

Acknowledgementsandcopyrightinformation

A research project of the Center for Urban and Regional Affairs (CURA)

the illusion of choice - evictions and profit in north...

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