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The Hyperbolic Metric in Complex Analysis
Eric Schippers
October 15, 2015
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 1 / 41
Introduction
Geometric function theory
Geometric function theory is the study of geometric properties offamilies of complex analytic functions.
Examples:
Relation between the shape of the image domain and the analyticproperties of a function.Analytic properties which guarantee the functions are one-to-one.Moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces.Distribution of zeroes (value distribution theory).Hyperbolic geometry of analytic functions - special case of studyof “conformal metrics”.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 2 / 41
Introduction
Geometric function theory
Geometric function theory is the study of geometric properties offamilies of complex analytic functions.
Examples:
Relation between the shape of the image domain and the analyticproperties of a function.Analytic properties which guarantee the functions are one-to-one.Moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces.Distribution of zeroes (value distribution theory).Hyperbolic geometry of analytic functions - special case of studyof “conformal metrics”.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 2 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Conformal metrics and length
Definition of conformal metric
Domain = open, connected set in C.
Definition
A conformal metric on a domain D is a C2 function ρ : D → R+.
DefinitionThe ρ-length of a curve γ in D is
Lρ(γ) =
∫γρ(z)|dz|.
|dz| =
∣∣∣∣dzdt
∣∣∣∣dt =
√(dxdt
)2
+
(dydt
)2
dt
for z(t) = x(t) + iy(t)
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 3 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Conformal metrics and length
Definition of conformal metric
Domain = open, connected set in C.
Definition
A conformal metric on a domain D is a C2 function ρ : D → R+.
DefinitionThe ρ-length of a curve γ in D is
Lρ(γ) =
∫γρ(z)|dz|.
|dz| =
∣∣∣∣dzdt
∣∣∣∣dt =
√(dxdt
)2
+
(dydt
)2
dt
for z(t) = x(t) + iy(t)
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 3 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Conformal metrics and length
Terminology
A conformal metric is a special type of “Riemannian metric”.The term “metric” here is not the same as the term in analysis.However, every conformal metric gives rise to a distance function,which is in fact a metric.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 4 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Hyperbolic metric
D = z : |z| < 1 ⊂ C
DefinitionThe hyperbolic metric on D is
λ(z) =1
1− |z|2.
The hyperbolic length of a curve γ in D is
L(γ) =
∫γ
|dz|1− |z|2
.
This is one example of a hyperbolic metric.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 5 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Isometries
DefinitionAn isometry is a one-to-one onto map f : D→ D such that for anycurve γ,
L(f γ) = L(γ).
Möbius transformations T : D D are isometries of the hyperbolicmetric:
T (z) = eiθ z − a1− az
⇒ |T ′(z)|1− |T (z)|2
=1
1− |z|2.
so
L(T γ) =
∫Tγ
|dw |1− |w |2
=
∫γ
|T ′(z)||dz|1− |T (z)|2
=
∫γ
|dz|1− |z|2
= L(γ).
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 6 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Isometries
DefinitionAn isometry is a one-to-one onto map f : D→ D such that for anycurve γ,
L(f γ) = L(γ).
Möbius transformations T : D D are isometries of the hyperbolicmetric:
T (z) = eiθ z − a1− az
⇒ |T ′(z)|1− |T (z)|2
=1
1− |z|2.
so
L(T γ) =
∫Tγ
|dw |1− |w |2
=
∫γ
|T ′(z)||dz|1− |T (z)|2
=
∫γ
|dz|1− |z|2
= L(γ).
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 6 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Isometries
DefinitionAn isometry is a one-to-one onto map f : D→ D such that for anycurve γ,
L(f γ) = L(γ).
Möbius transformations T : D D are isometries of the hyperbolicmetric:
T (z) = eiθ z − a1− az
⇒ |T ′(z)|1− |T (z)|2
=1
1− |z|2.
so
L(T γ) =
∫Tγ
|dw |1− |w |2
=
∫γ
|T ′(z)||dz|1− |T (z)|2
=
∫γ
|dz|1− |z|2
= L(γ).
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 6 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Isometries continued
In fact these are all of them!
Wonderful coincidence:
Isometries =
T (z) = eiθ z − a
1− az: θ ∈ R, a ∈ D
= one-to-one, onto, analytic T : D→ D.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 7 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
hyperbolic distance
DefinitionThe hyperbolic distance between two points z and w is
d(z,w) = infγ
∫γ
|dz|1− |z|2
.
DefinitionA geodesic segment between two points is a curve which attains theminimum distance.
Warning: This is not the usual definition, but in the case of thehyperbolic metric on the disc, it is equivalent to the usual one.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 8 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
hyperbolic distance
DefinitionThe hyperbolic distance between two points z and w is
d(z,w) = infγ
∫γ
|dz|1− |z|2
.
DefinitionA geodesic segment between two points is a curve which attains theminimum distance.
Warning: This is not the usual definition, but in the case of thehyperbolic metric on the disc, it is equivalent to the usual one.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 8 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Geodesics and the distance function
Shortest path from 0 to z is the radial line segment:
0z
So the hyperbolic distance between 0 and z is:∫line
|dz|1− |z|2
=
∫ |z|0
dr1− r2
=12
log(
1 + |z|1− |z|
)= arctanh|z|.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 9 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Geodesics and the distance function
Shortest path from 0 to z is the radial line segment:
0z
So the hyperbolic distance between 0 and z is:∫line
|dz|1− |z|2
=
∫ |z|0
dr1− r2
=12
log(
1 + |z|1− |z|
)= arctanh|z|.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 9 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Geodesics and the distance function
So we can determine the shortest path through any points z and w : let
T (ζ) =ζ − w
1− ζw.
z w
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 10 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Geodesics and the distance function
So we can determine the shortest path through any points z and w : let
T (ζ) =ζ − w
1− ζw.
z w
0 = T (w)
T (z)T
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 10 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Geodesics and the distance function
So we can determine the shortest path through any points z and w : let
T (ζ) =ζ − w
1− ζw.
z w
0 = T (w)
T (z)T
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 10 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Geodesics and the distance function
So we can determine the shortest path through any points z and w : let
T (ζ) =ζ − w
1− ζw.
z w
0 = T (w)
T (z)T
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 10 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Geodesics and the distance function
So we can in turn determine the distance between z and w :
d(z,w) = d(T (z),T (w)) = d(T (z),0) = arctanh∣∣∣∣ z − w1− wz
∣∣∣∣=
12
log1 +
∣∣∣ z−w1−wz
∣∣∣1−
∣∣∣ z−w1−wz
∣∣∣ .
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 11 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Hyperbolic world
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 12 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on the disc
Hyperbolic world
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 13 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
Curvature
DefinitionLet D be a domain in C. Let ρ(z) : D → R+ be a conformal metric. Thecurvature of ρ is
K (z) = − 1ρ2(z)
∆ log ρ(z).
This is a special case of a more general notion in differential geometry.
What is curvature?
Theorem (Gauss-Bonnet theorem (special case))The sum of the interior angles of a triangle D is
π +
∫∫D
KdAρ.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 14 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
Curvature
DefinitionLet D be a domain in C. Let ρ(z) : D → R+ be a conformal metric. Thecurvature of ρ is
K (z) = − 1ρ2(z)
∆ log ρ(z).
This is a special case of a more general notion in differential geometry.What is curvature?
Theorem (Gauss-Bonnet theorem (special case))The sum of the interior angles of a triangle D is
π +
∫∫D
KdAρ.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 14 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
Example: geodesic triangles on the sphere
(x , y , z) : x2 + y2 + z2 = 1: geodesics are great circles, K = 1
sum of angles = 3π/2
π +∫∫
KdAρ = π + 1 · Area = π + π/2.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 15 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
Example: geodesic triangles on the sphere
(x , y , z) : x2 + y2 + z2 = 1: geodesics are great circles, K = 1
sum of angles = 3π/2
π +∫∫
KdAρ = π + 1 · Area = π + π/2.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 15 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
Example: geodesic triangles on the sphere
(x , y , z) : x2 + y2 + z2 = 1: geodesics are great circles, K = 1
sum of angles = 3π/2
π +∫∫
KdAρ = π + 1 · Area = π + π/2.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 15 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
A bit more detail
I didn’t define curvature in enough generality to justify that last bit.You can use the definition I gave if you stereographically project:
(1) Trigonometry + work shows: the length of a curve on the sphere, isthe ρ-length of the projected curve if ρ(z) = 2/(1 + |z|2)(2) the ρ-area on the plane is the usual area on sphere(3) the curvature of ρ is 1.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 16 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
A bit more detail
I didn’t define curvature in enough generality to justify that last bit.You can use the definition I gave if you stereographically project:
(1) Trigonometry + work shows: the length of a curve on the sphere, isthe ρ-length of the projected curve if ρ(z) = 2/(1 + |z|2)
(2) the ρ-area on the plane is the usual area on sphere(3) the curvature of ρ is 1.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 16 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
A bit more detail
I didn’t define curvature in enough generality to justify that last bit.You can use the definition I gave if you stereographically project:
(1) Trigonometry + work shows: the length of a curve on the sphere, isthe ρ-length of the projected curve if ρ(z) = 2/(1 + |z|2)(2) the ρ-area on the plane is the usual area on sphere(3) the curvature of ρ is 1.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 16 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
Hyperbolic case
If λ(z) = 1/(1− |z|2), then curvature is −4:
K (z) = − 4ρ2(z)
∂2
∂z∂zlog ρ
= 4(1− |z|2)2 ∂2
∂z∂zlog (1− zz)
= −4.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 17 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Curvature
Hyperbolic triangles
Sum of angles < π.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 18 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Pullbacks
Pull-back
DefinitionLet ρ be a metric on a domain Ω ⊂ C. Let f : D → Ω be an analyticmap such that f ′ 6= 0. The pull-back of ρ under f is
f ∗ρ(z) = ρ f (z) |f ′(z)|.
ρ
f ∗ρf
DΩ
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 19 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Pullbacks
Example
Let DR = z : |z| < R and
f : DR → Dz 7→ z/R
The pull-back of the hyperbolic metric λ(z) = 1/(1− |z|2) on D to DR
is
f ∗λ(z) = λ(f (z))|f ′(z)| =1/R
(1− |z/R|2)
=R
R2 − |z|2.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 20 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Pullbacks
Example
Let DR = z : |z| < R and
f : DR → Dz 7→ z/R
The pull-back of the hyperbolic metric λ(z) = 1/(1− |z|2) on D to DR
is
f ∗λ(z) = λ(f (z))|f ′(z)| =1/R
(1− |z/R|2)
=R
R2 − |z|2.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 20 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Pullbacks
Idea of pull-back
Idea: the pull-back geometry on D is “the same” as the geometry on Ω.
Length is preserved: if γ is a curve in D
ρ-length(f γ) =
∫fγ
ρ(z)|dz| =
∫γρ(f (z))|f ′(z)||dz| = f ∗ρ-length(γ).
Curvature is preserved:
Kf∗ρ(z) = Kρ(f (z)).
Try it!
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 21 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics Pullbacks
Idea of pull-back
Idea: the pull-back geometry on D is “the same” as the geometry on Ω.
Length is preserved: if γ is a curve in D
ρ-length(f γ) =
∫fγ
ρ(z)|dz| =
∫γρ(f (z))|f ′(z)||dz| = f ∗ρ-length(γ).
Curvature is preserved:
Kf∗ρ(z) = Kρ(f (z)).
Try it!
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 21 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on an arbitrary domain
Completeness
DefinitionA conformal metric ρ is complete on a domain D if the associatedmetric space (D,dρ)is complete.
Completeness is preserved under pull-back: if f : D → Ω isone-to-one and onto, and ρ is a complete metric on Ω, then f ∗ρ is acomplete metric on D.
TheoremThe hyperbolic metric on D is complete.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 22 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on an arbitrary domain
Completeness
DefinitionA conformal metric ρ is complete on a domain D if the associatedmetric space (D,dρ)is complete.
Completeness is preserved under pull-back: if f : D → Ω isone-to-one and onto, and ρ is a complete metric on Ω, then f ∗ρ is acomplete metric on D.
TheoremThe hyperbolic metric on D is complete.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 22 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on an arbitrary domain
Completeness
DefinitionA conformal metric ρ is complete on a domain D if the associatedmetric space (D,dρ)is complete.
Completeness is preserved under pull-back: if f : D → Ω isone-to-one and onto, and ρ is a complete metric on Ω, then f ∗ρ is acomplete metric on D.
TheoremThe hyperbolic metric on D is complete.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 22 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on an arbitrary domain
Hyperbolic metric
DefinitionLet D be a domain in the plane. The hyperbolic metric of D is theunique complete metric on D with constant negative curvature −4(provided that it exists).
Example: The hyperbolic metric on D is λ(z) = 1/(1− |z|2).Example: The hyperbolic metric on DR is
λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
Why? Because λR is the pull-back of the hyperbolic metric, and so it iscomplete and constant curvature −4.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 23 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on an arbitrary domain
Hyperbolic metric
DefinitionLet D be a domain in the plane. The hyperbolic metric of D is theunique complete metric on D with constant negative curvature −4(provided that it exists).
Example: The hyperbolic metric on D is λ(z) = 1/(1− |z|2).
Example: The hyperbolic metric on DR is
λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
Why? Because λR is the pull-back of the hyperbolic metric, and so it iscomplete and constant curvature −4.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 23 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The hyperbolic metric on an arbitrary domain
Hyperbolic metric
DefinitionLet D be a domain in the plane. The hyperbolic metric of D is theunique complete metric on D with constant negative curvature −4(provided that it exists).
Example: The hyperbolic metric on D is λ(z) = 1/(1− |z|2).Example: The hyperbolic metric on DR is
λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
Why? Because λR is the pull-back of the hyperbolic metric, and so it iscomplete and constant curvature −4.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 23 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The uniformization theorem
Uniformization theorem
Theorem (Uniformization theorem (Koebe, Poincaré))Every simply connected Riemann surface is biholomorphicallyequivalent to the Riemann sphere C, the complex plane C, or the unitdisk D.
Proof.Too much work for this talk.
Corollary
Every Riemann surface is given by the quotient of C, C or D by a nicegroup action (think tiling).
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 24 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The uniformization theorem
Uniformization theorem
Theorem (Uniformization theorem (Koebe, Poincaré))Every simply connected Riemann surface is biholomorphicallyequivalent to the Riemann sphere C, the complex plane C, or the unitdisk D.
Proof.Too much work for this talk.
Corollary
Every Riemann surface is given by the quotient of C, C or D by a nicegroup action (think tiling).
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 24 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The uniformization theorem
Uniformization theorem
Theorem (Uniformization theorem (Koebe, Poincaré))Every simply connected Riemann surface is biholomorphicallyequivalent to the Riemann sphere C, the complex plane C, or the unitdisk D.
Proof.Too much work for this talk.
Corollary
Every Riemann surface is given by the quotient of C, C or D by a nicegroup action (think tiling).
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 24 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The uniformization theorem
Almost everything is covered by D
• C only covers C• C only covers C, C\0 (cylinder) and tori.
• Everything else is D/G for some nice subgroup of the Möbiustransformations of the form
T (z) = eiθ z − a1− az
a ∈ D...
which are hyperbolic isometries. So almost every Riemann surfacehas a hyperbolic metric inherited from ∆.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 25 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The uniformization theorem
Almost everything is covered by D
• C only covers C• C only covers C, C\0 (cylinder) and tori.• Everything else is D/G for some nice subgroup of the Möbiustransformations of the form
T (z) = eiθ z − a1− az
a ∈ D...
which are hyperbolic isometries. So almost every Riemann surfacehas a hyperbolic metric inherited from ∆.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 25 / 41
Geometry of conformal metrics The uniformization theorem
Uniformization theorem
Nearly all domains have a hyperbolic metric.
Corollary (Uniformization theorem)Any subset of the plane which omits at least two points possesses ahyperbolic metric.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 26 / 41
Complex analysis Introduction
Where’s the complex analysis?
The isometries of the hyperbolic metric are exactly the conformalautomorphisms of the disc.(Conformal automorphisms = one-to-one, onto analytic maps)
So there should be some connection between complex analysis on thedisc and hyperbolic geometry on the disc.Let’s look at some examples.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 27 / 41
Complex analysis Introduction
Where’s the complex analysis?
The isometries of the hyperbolic metric are exactly the conformalautomorphisms of the disc.(Conformal automorphisms = one-to-one, onto analytic maps)
So there should be some connection between complex analysis on thedisc and hyperbolic geometry on the disc.Let’s look at some examples.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 27 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Schwarz lemma
TheoremIf f : D→ D is analytic and f (0) = 0 then |f (z)| ≤ |z|.
The “hyperbolically correct” version is
Theorem (hyperbolic Schwarz lemma)If f : D→ D is analytic then
d(f (z), f (w)) ≤ d(z,w).
Analytic maps from D to D are contractions.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 28 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Schwarz lemma
TheoremIf f : D→ D is analytic and f (0) = 0 then |f (z)| ≤ |z|.
The “hyperbolically correct” version is
Theorem (hyperbolic Schwarz lemma)If f : D→ D is analytic then
d(f (z), f (w)) ≤ d(z,w).
Analytic maps from D to D are contractions.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 28 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Schwarz lemma
TheoremIf f : D→ D is analytic and f (0) = 0 then |f (z)| ≤ |z|.
The “hyperbolically correct” version is
Theorem (hyperbolic Schwarz lemma)If f : D→ D is analytic then
d(f (z), f (w)) ≤ d(z,w).
Analytic maps from D to D are contractions.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 28 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
proof of hyperbolic Schwarz lemma
LetT (z) =
z + w1 + wz
, S(ζ) =ζ − f (w)
1− f (w)ζ.
So if f : D→ D then S f T (0) = S(f (w)) = 0.
By the Schwarz lemma, |S(f (T (z)))| ≤ |z| ⇒ |S(f (z))| ≤ |T−1(z)| so∣∣∣∣∣ f (z)− f (w)
1− f (w)f (z)
∣∣∣∣∣ ≤∣∣∣∣ z − w1− wz
∣∣∣∣ .But arctanh is increasing so
d(f (z), f (w)) = arctanh
∣∣∣∣∣ f (z)− f (w)
1− f (w)f (z)
∣∣∣∣∣ ≤ arctanh∣∣∣∣ z − w1− wz
∣∣∣∣ = d(z,w).
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 29 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
proof of hyperbolic Schwarz lemma
LetT (z) =
z + w1 + wz
, S(ζ) =ζ − f (w)
1− f (w)ζ.
So if f : D→ D then S f T (0) = S(f (w)) = 0.By the Schwarz lemma, |S(f (T (z)))| ≤ |z| ⇒ |S(f (z))| ≤ |T−1(z)| so∣∣∣∣∣ f (z)− f (w)
1− f (w)f (z)
∣∣∣∣∣ ≤∣∣∣∣ z − w1− wz
∣∣∣∣ .
But arctanh is increasing so
d(f (z), f (w)) = arctanh
∣∣∣∣∣ f (z)− f (w)
1− f (w)f (z)
∣∣∣∣∣ ≤ arctanh∣∣∣∣ z − w1− wz
∣∣∣∣ = d(z,w).
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 29 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
proof of hyperbolic Schwarz lemma
LetT (z) =
z + w1 + wz
, S(ζ) =ζ − f (w)
1− f (w)ζ.
So if f : D→ D then S f T (0) = S(f (w)) = 0.By the Schwarz lemma, |S(f (T (z)))| ≤ |z| ⇒ |S(f (z))| ≤ |T−1(z)| so∣∣∣∣∣ f (z)− f (w)
1− f (w)f (z)
∣∣∣∣∣ ≤∣∣∣∣ z − w1− wz
∣∣∣∣ .But arctanh is increasing so
d(f (z), f (w)) = arctanh
∣∣∣∣∣ f (z)− f (w)
1− f (w)f (z)
∣∣∣∣∣ ≤ arctanh∣∣∣∣ z − w1− wz
∣∣∣∣ = d(z,w).
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 29 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Theorem (Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma, special case)Let DR be the disc of radius R, with hyperbolic metric λR. For anymetric ρ on DR, such that the curvature Kρ(z) ≤ −4 for all z,
ρ(z) ≤ λR(z)
for all z.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 30 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
The proof
Proof.For r < R we have Dr ⊂ DR. Let
v(z) =ρ
λr; z ∈ Dr .
v is continuous, positive, and v → 0 as |z| → r .
So v has a maximum; thus log v has a maximum; say at z0 ∈ Dr .
0 ≥ 4 log v(z0) = 4 log ρ−4 logλr
= −ρ2(z0)Kρ(z0) + λ2r (z0)Kλr (z0)
≥ 4ρ2(z0)− 4λ2r (z0).
So since z0 was the maximum, ρ(z) ≤ λr (z) for all z.Now let r → R.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 31 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
The proof
Proof.For r < R we have Dr ⊂ DR. Let
v(z) =ρ
λr; z ∈ Dr .
v is continuous, positive, and v → 0 as |z| → r .So v has a maximum; thus log v has a maximum; say at z0 ∈ Dr .
0 ≥ 4 log v(z0) = 4 log ρ−4 logλr
= −ρ2(z0)Kρ(z0) + λ2r (z0)Kλr (z0)
≥ 4ρ2(z0)− 4λ2r (z0).
So since z0 was the maximum, ρ(z) ≤ λr (z) for all z.Now let r → R.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 31 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
The proof
Proof.For r < R we have Dr ⊂ DR. Let
v(z) =ρ
λr; z ∈ Dr .
v is continuous, positive, and v → 0 as |z| → r .So v has a maximum; thus log v has a maximum; say at z0 ∈ Dr .
0 ≥ 4 log v(z0) = 4 log ρ−4 logλr
= −ρ2(z0)Kρ(z0) + λ2r (z0)Kλr (z0)
≥ 4ρ2(z0)− 4λ2r (z0).
So since z0 was the maximum, ρ(z) ≤ λr (z) for all z.Now let r → R.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 31 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
The proof
Proof.For r < R we have Dr ⊂ DR. Let
v(z) =ρ
λr; z ∈ Dr .
v is continuous, positive, and v → 0 as |z| → r .So v has a maximum; thus log v has a maximum; say at z0 ∈ Dr .
0 ≥ 4 log v(z0) = 4 log ρ−4 logλr
= −ρ2(z0)Kρ(z0) + λ2r (z0)Kλr (z0)
≥ 4ρ2(z0)− 4λ2r (z0).
So since z0 was the maximum, ρ(z) ≤ λr (z) for all z.
Now let r → R.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 31 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
The proof
Proof.For r < R we have Dr ⊂ DR. Let
v(z) =ρ
λr; z ∈ Dr .
v is continuous, positive, and v → 0 as |z| → r .So v has a maximum; thus log v has a maximum; say at z0 ∈ Dr .
0 ≥ 4 log v(z0) = 4 log ρ−4 logλr
= −ρ2(z0)Kρ(z0) + λ2r (z0)Kλr (z0)
≥ 4ρ2(z0)− 4λ2r (z0).
So since z0 was the maximum, ρ(z) ≤ λr (z) for all z.Now let r → R.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 31 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Ahlfors
Ahlfors 1907-1996
According to Ahlfors: “This is an almost trivial fact and anyone whosees the need could prove it at once”.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 32 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Ahlfors continued
Finnish mathematician, advisors at University of Helsinki were E.Lindelöf and R. NevanlinnaFirst Fields Medal (with Jesse Douglas) in 1936 for work in valuedistribution theory (Nevanlinna theory).Wolf Prize in 1981Towering figure in Riemann surfaces and complex analysisMost famous as one of the founders of Teichmüller theory andquasiconformal mappings
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 33 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Theorem (Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma, special case)Let DR be the disc of radius R, with hyperbolic metric λR. For anymetric ρ on DR, such that the curvature Kρ(z) ≤ −4 for all z,
ρ(z) ≤ λR(z)
for all z.
It says:The hyperbolic metric is maximal, among metrics with boundednegative curvatureIn particular, if f : DR → Ω, and λR is the hyperbolic metric on DR,and λΩ is the hyperbolic metric on Ω, then f ∗λΩ ≤ λR.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 34 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Theorem (Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma, special case)Let DR be the disc of radius R, with hyperbolic metric λR. For anymetric ρ on DR, such that the curvature Kρ(z) ≤ −4 for all z,
ρ(z) ≤ λR(z)
for all z.
It says:The hyperbolic metric is maximal, among metrics with boundednegative curvatureIn particular, if f : DR → Ω, and λR is the hyperbolic metric on DR,and λΩ is the hyperbolic metric on Ω, then f ∗λΩ ≤ λR.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 34 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Schwarz lemma is special case
Let f : D→ D and λ(z) = 1/(1− |z|2) be the hyperbolic metric.
The curvature of f ∗λ equals −4 since curvature is invariant underpull-back.
So by the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
f ∗λ ≤ λ
so|f ′(z)|
1− |f (z)|2≤ 1
1− |z|2.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 35 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Schwarz lemma is special case
Let f : D→ D and λ(z) = 1/(1− |z|2) be the hyperbolic metric.
The curvature of f ∗λ equals −4 since curvature is invariant underpull-back.
So by the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
f ∗λ ≤ λ
so|f ′(z)|
1− |f (z)|2≤ 1
1− |z|2.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 35 / 41
Complex analysis Ahlfors’ generalization of the Schwarz lemma
Schwarz lemma is special case
Let f : D→ D and λ(z) = 1/(1− |z|2) be the hyperbolic metric.
The curvature of f ∗λ equals −4 since curvature is invariant underpull-back.
So by the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
f ∗λ ≤ λ
so|f ′(z)|
1− |f (z)|2≤ 1
1− |z|2.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 35 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
Liouville’s theorem
TheoremLet f : C→ C be an analytic function such that |f (z)| ≤ M for all z ∈ C.Then f is constant.
Liouville’s theorem can be interpreted as a limiting case of Schwarzlemma.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 36 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
Liouville’s theorem
TheoremLet f : C→ C be an analytic function such that |f (z)| ≤ M for all z ∈ C.Then f is constant.
Liouville’s theorem can be interpreted as a limiting case of Schwarzlemma.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 36 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
Proof of Liouville’s theorem using the Schwarz lemma
Minda, Schober 1983.The hyperbolic metric on the disc of radius R is
λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
For any R, f maps DR into DM .
By the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma, for any R,
f ∗λM ≤ λR
soM|f ′(z)|
M2 − |f (z)|2≤ R
R2 − |z|2
for any fixed z.Letting R →∞, we get that |f ′(z)| = 0 for any z. So f = c.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 37 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
Proof of Liouville’s theorem using the Schwarz lemma
Minda, Schober 1983.The hyperbolic metric on the disc of radius R is
λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
For any R, f maps DR into DM .By the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma, for any R,
f ∗λM ≤ λR
soM|f ′(z)|
M2 − |f (z)|2≤ R
R2 − |z|2
for any fixed z.
Letting R →∞, we get that |f ′(z)| = 0 for any z. So f = c.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 37 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
Proof of Liouville’s theorem using the Schwarz lemma
Minda, Schober 1983.The hyperbolic metric on the disc of radius R is
λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
For any R, f maps DR into DM .By the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma, for any R,
f ∗λM ≤ λR
soM|f ′(z)|
M2 − |f (z)|2≤ R
R2 − |z|2
for any fixed z.Letting R →∞, we get that |f ′(z)| = 0 for any z. So f = c.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 37 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
The Little Picard Theorem
Theorem (Little Picard Theorem)Let f : C→ C be an analytic mapping, whose image omits at least twopoints. Then f is constant.
The Little Picard theorem is really a case of the (Ahlfors-)Schwarzlemma in disguise.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 38 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
The Little Picard Theorem
Theorem (Little Picard Theorem)Let f : C→ C be an analytic mapping, whose image omits at least twopoints. Then f is constant.
The Little Picard theorem is really a case of the (Ahlfors-)Schwarzlemma in disguise.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 38 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
proof of the Little Picard Theorem
Proof.Let p, q be the points omitted from the image of f . Let σ be thehyperbolic metric on C\p,q (uniformization theorem!)
For any R, f maps DR into C\p,q. Since f ∗σ has curvature −4, wemay apply the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma:
σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = f ∗σ ≤ λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
Letting R →∞ (for any fixed z), we see that σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = 0.But σ(f (z)) 6= 0, so |f ′(z)| = 0 (for any z)! So f is constant.
This approach due to Minda and Schober (1983). Actually this is avariation on the classical approach. They also give an elementaryproof without using the uniformization theorem.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 39 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
proof of the Little Picard Theorem
Proof.Let p, q be the points omitted from the image of f . Let σ be thehyperbolic metric on C\p,q (uniformization theorem!)
For any R, f maps DR into C\p,q. Since f ∗σ has curvature −4, wemay apply the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma:
σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = f ∗σ ≤ λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
Letting R →∞ (for any fixed z), we see that σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = 0.But σ(f (z)) 6= 0, so |f ′(z)| = 0 (for any z)! So f is constant.
This approach due to Minda and Schober (1983). Actually this is avariation on the classical approach. They also give an elementaryproof without using the uniformization theorem.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 39 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
proof of the Little Picard Theorem
Proof.Let p, q be the points omitted from the image of f . Let σ be thehyperbolic metric on C\p,q (uniformization theorem!)
For any R, f maps DR into C\p,q. Since f ∗σ has curvature −4, wemay apply the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma:
σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = f ∗σ ≤ λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
Letting R →∞ (for any fixed z), we see that σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = 0.But σ(f (z)) 6= 0, so |f ′(z)| = 0 (for any z)! So f is constant.
This approach due to Minda and Schober (1983). Actually this is avariation on the classical approach. They also give an elementaryproof without using the uniformization theorem.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 39 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
proof of the Little Picard Theorem
Proof.Let p, q be the points omitted from the image of f . Let σ be thehyperbolic metric on C\p,q (uniformization theorem!)
For any R, f maps DR into C\p,q. Since f ∗σ has curvature −4, wemay apply the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma:
σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = f ∗σ ≤ λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
Letting R →∞ (for any fixed z), we see that σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = 0.
But σ(f (z)) 6= 0, so |f ′(z)| = 0 (for any z)! So f is constant.
This approach due to Minda and Schober (1983). Actually this is avariation on the classical approach. They also give an elementaryproof without using the uniformization theorem.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 39 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
proof of the Little Picard Theorem
Proof.Let p, q be the points omitted from the image of f . Let σ be thehyperbolic metric on C\p,q (uniformization theorem!)
For any R, f maps DR into C\p,q. Since f ∗σ has curvature −4, wemay apply the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma:
σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = f ∗σ ≤ λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
Letting R →∞ (for any fixed z), we see that σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = 0.But σ(f (z)) 6= 0, so |f ′(z)| = 0 (for any z)! So f is constant.
This approach due to Minda and Schober (1983). Actually this is avariation on the classical approach. They also give an elementaryproof without using the uniformization theorem.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 39 / 41
Complex analysis Applications of the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma
proof of the Little Picard Theorem
Proof.Let p, q be the points omitted from the image of f . Let σ be thehyperbolic metric on C\p,q (uniformization theorem!)
For any R, f maps DR into C\p,q. Since f ∗σ has curvature −4, wemay apply the Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma:
σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = f ∗σ ≤ λR(z) =R
R2 − |z|2.
Letting R →∞ (for any fixed z), we see that σ(f (z))|f ′(z)| = 0.But σ(f (z)) 6= 0, so |f ′(z)| = 0 (for any z)! So f is constant.
This approach due to Minda and Schober (1983). Actually this is avariation on the classical approach. They also give an elementaryproof without using the uniformization theorem.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 39 / 41
Conclusion
Summary of hyperbolic complex analysis theorems
The Schwarz lemma really says that analytic maps from D to Dare hyperbolic contractions.Liouville’s theorem is really a limiting case of the Schwarz lemma.The Little Picard Theorem is really a limiting case of the Schwarzlemma.Actually, any holomorphic map between hyperbolic Riemannsurfaces is a hyperbolic contraction.The hyperbolic metric is central to complex analysis.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 40 / 41
References
Some References
1 D. Minda and G. Schober, Another elementary approach to thetheorems of Landau, Montel, Picard and Schottky. ComplexVariables 2 (1983) 157–164.
2 S. Krantz Complex analysis: the geometric viewpoint. CarusMathematical Monographs 23 (1990).
3 D. Kraus and O. Roth. Conformal metrics. arXiv:0805.2235v1(2008).
4 L. Ahlfors, An extension of Schwarz’ lemma. Transactions of theAmerican Mathematical Society 43 (1938) 359–364.
Upcoming book: D. Minda (Cincinnati) and A. Beardon (Cambridge),The hyperbolic metric in complex analysis. Springer.
Eric Schippers Hyperbolic metric October 15, 2015 41 / 41